高考英语语法复习十一 助动词与情态动词 6页

高考英语语法复习十一助动词与情态动词（一）助动词有be,have,do,will,shall。它们本身没有词义，只和实义动词的一定形式构成复合谓语，用来表示时态和语态，构成否定、疑问及加强语气等。1、be(am,is,are,were,been)(l)“be+-ing”构成进行时态；（2）“be+过去分词”构成被动语态；（3）“be+动词不定式”构成复合谓语：①表示按计划安排要发生的事。TheprimeministeristovisitJapannextyear.总理将于明年访问日本。②用于命令。You"retodoyourhomeworkbeforeyouwatchTV.你得做完了作业才能看电视。2、have(has,had)(1)“have+过去分词”构成完成时态。如：Haveyouseenthefilm?(2)“havebeen+-ing”构成完成进行时态。如：Whathaveyoubeendoingthesedays?这些日子你一直在干什么?3、do(does,did)(1)“donot+动词原形”构成行为动词的否定式。如：Hisbrotherdoesn’tlikeplayingbasket.；(2)“Do+主语+动词原形”构成行为动词的一般疑问句。Doeshegotoschoolbybikeeveryday?(3)“do+动词原形”用于祈使句或陈述句中表示加强语气。如：Ididgotoseehim,buthewasn’tin我确实去看望他了，但他不在家。Dodosomework.请一定做点什么；(4)代替前面刚出现的动词以避免重复。Mymothertoldmetogotobedearly.SoIdid.4.will,shall(would,should)“will(shall+动词原形”构成一般将来时，一般来说shall用于第一人称，will用于第二人称或第三人称，口语中常用will代替shll，如：Wewillhaveameetingtodiscusstheproblem.（二）情态动词情态动词表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度，可以表示“可能”、“可以”、“需要”、“必须”或“应当”等之意。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。但不能单独作谓语动词用，必须和不带to的不定式连用构成谓语动词。只有情态动词ought要和带to的动词不定式连用，在句中作谓语用。将情态动词置于主语之前即构成其疑问式，在情态动词之后加not既构成其否定式。现将各情态动词的基本用法分述如下：1、can和could(could为can的过去式)的基本用法(1)表示能力，如：HecanspeakEnglishbetterthanyou.(2)在疑问句和否定句中表示“怀疑”、“猜测”或“可能性”，如：CanthisgreenbikebeLiuDong"s?(3)表示“许可”时can可以和may换用，如：Youcan(may)gohomenow.(4)如果要表示语气婉转，可用could代替can，这时could不再是can的过去式，如：Couldyoucomeagaintomorrow?(5)can和beableto都可表示能力，两者在意思上没有什么区别。但是can只能有现在式和过去式，而beableto则有更多的形式，如：Hewillbeabletodotheworkbetter.2、may和might(might为may的过去式)的基本用法(1)表示允许或征询对方许可，有“可以”之意，如：Youmayusemydictionary.在回答对方说“可以做某事”或“不可以做某事”时，一般多不用may或maynot，以避免语气生硬或不容气。而用比较婉转的说法进行回答。如：----MayIusethisdictionary?----Yes, please.或----Certainly.在请求对方许可时，如果MightI…?就比用MayI…?语气更婉转些，如：MayIhavealookatyournewcomputer?但是表示“阻止”或“禁止”对方做某事时，要用mustnot代替maynot，如：----Mayweswiminthislake?----No,youmustn’t.It’stoodangerous.(2)may或might都可以表示可能性，表示“或许”、“可能”之意，如果用might表示可能性，则语气更加不肯定，如：Theymay(might)beinthelibrarynow.3、must的基本用法(1)must表示“必须”、“应该”之意，其否定式mustnot，缩写形式为mustn"t，表示“不应该”，“不准”、“不许可”或“禁止”之意，如：Wemuststudyhardandmakeprogresseveryday.Youmustn"ttouchthefire.(2)对以must提出的疑问句，如作否定回答时，要用needn"t或用don"t(doesn"t)haveto(不必)来回答，而不用mustn"t，因为mustn"t表示的是“禁止”或“不许可”之意，如：----Mustwefinishtheworktomorrow?----No,youneedn"t(don"thaveto),butyoumustfinishitinthreedays.(3)在肯定句中must可以表示推测，表示“一定”或“必定”之意，如：----Whosenewbikecanitbe?----ItmustbeLiuDong"s.Iknowhisfatherhasjustboughthimanewone.4、can,could,may,must后接完成式的用法(1)can,could后接完成式的用法：①在否定句或疑问句中表示对过去发生过的事情的“怀疑”或“不肯定”的态度，Couldhehavesaidso?②在肯定句中，可以表示过去可能做到而实际并没做到的事情，有“劝告”或“责备”的语气。如：----Whendidyouanswerherletter?----Onlyyesterday.----It"stoolate.Youcouldhaveanswereditearlier,Iamsure.(2)may,might后接完成式的用法①表示对过去某事的推测，认为某一件事情在过去可能发生了。如果使用might，语气就比较婉转或更加不肯定，如：MarymighthavelearnedsomeChinesebefore.②可以表示过去本来可以做到而实际没有做到的事情，有“劝告”或“责备”的语气，如：Youdidn"tdotheworkwellthatday.Youmighthavedoneitbetter.(3)must后接完成式的用法：表示对过去某事的推测，认为某事在过去一定做到了，如：LiuDongisn’tintheclassroom.Hemusthavegonetothelibrary.5、haveto的基本用法：haveto和must的意义相近，只是must侧重表示说话人的主观看法，而haveto则表示客观需要，如：Imuststudyhard.Ihadtogiveitupbecauseofillness.6、oughtto的基本用法(l)表示根据某种义务或必要“应当”做某事，语气比should强，例如：Everyoneoughttoobeythetrafficregulations.(2)表示推测，注意与must表示推测时的区别：Hemustbehomebynow.(断定他已到家)，Heoughttobehomebynow.(不十分肯定)，Thisiswheretheoilmustbe.(比较直率)，Thisiswheretheoiloughttobe.(比较含蓄)；(3)“ought+have+过去分词”表示过去应做某事而实际未做。例如：Yououghttohavehelpedhim.(butyoudidn’t)这时，ought与should可以互相换用。注意，在美国英语中oughtto用于否定和疑问句时to可以省略。例如：Oughtyousmokesomuch?Yououghtn’tsmokesomuch.7、dare的基本用法(l)dare(dared为其过去式)作情态动词用时，主要用于否定句，疑问句和条件从句中，如：Daredhebreadthetrafficregulationsagain?(2)在现代英语中dare常用作行为动词，其变化与一般行为动词相同，如：Shedarestostayathomealoneatnight. 8、need的基本用法(1)need作情态动词用时，主要用于否定句和疑问句中，如：Heneedn"tworryaboutusnow.(2)need也可作为行为动词用，可用于肯定句，否定句和疑问句中，其后可接名词、代词、动名词或带to的动词不定式为其宾语。如：Youneedtopractisereadingaloudeveryday.(3)needn"t后接完成式可以表示过去做了一件本来不必要做的事情，如：----Didyouanswertheletteryesterday?----Yes,Idid.----Butyouneedn’thaveansweredit.9、shall的基本用法(1)shall用作情态动词时，用于第二、三人称，表示说活人的意愿，可表示“命令”、“警告”、“强制”、“威胁”或“允诺”等意，如：Heshallgofirst,whetherhewantstoornot.(2)在疑问句中，shall用于第一、三人称，表示说话人的征询对方意见或请求指示，如：ShallIopenthedoor?10、should的基本用法(1)should作为情态动词可以表示“建议”或“劝告”，有“应该”之意，如：Youshouldlearnfromeachother.(2)should后接完成式表示过去没有做到本来应该做的事情，或是做了本来不应该做的事情。如：Youshouldhavegivehimmorehelp.11、will的基本用法(1)用于各人称，可以表示“意志”或“决心”，如：Ihavetoldhimagainandagaintostopsmoking,buthewillnotlisten.(2)在疑问句中用于第二人称，表示说话人向对方提出请求或询问对方的意愿，如：WillyoupleasetellmehowtogettotheCapitalGymnasium?(3)will可以表示一种习惯性的动作，有“总是”或“会要”之意，如：Everymorninghewillhaveawalkalongthisriver.12、would的基本用法(1)would作为will的过去式，可用于各人称，表示过去时间的“意志”或“决心”，如：Hepromisedhewouldneversmokeagain.(2)在疑问句中，用于第二人称，表示说话人向对方提出请求或许问对方的意愿时，比用will的气更加婉转，如：Wouldyoulikesomemorecoffee?(3)在日常生活中，学用“Iwouldliketo…”表示“我想要”或“我愿意”之意，以使语气婉转，如：IwouldliketodoEx.2first.(4)would可以表示过去的习惯动作，比usedto正式，并没有“现已无此习惯”的含义。如：LastyearourEnglishteacherwouldsometimestellusstoriesinEnglishafterclass./Duringthevacationhewouldvisitmeeveryweek.(5)表料想或猜想，如：Itwouldbeabouttenwhenhelefthome./Whatwouldshebedoingthere?/Ithoughthewouldhavetoldyouaboutit.13、usedto,hadbetter,wouldrather的用法(1)usedto表示过去的习惯动作或状态，现在已不存在，在间接引语中，其形式可不变，例如：Hetoldusheusedtoplayfootballwhenhewasyoung.在疑问句、否定句、否定疑问句或强调句中，可有两种形式。疑问句：Didyouuseto/Usedyoutogotothesameschoolasyourbrother?否定句：Iusedn’tto/didn’tusetogothere.(usedn’t也可写作usen’t)；否定疑问句：Usen’tyouto/Didn’tyouusetobeinterestedinthetheatre?强调句：Icertainlyusedto/didusetosmoke,butitwasalongtimeago.；其反意疑问句或简略回答中，也有两种形式：Sheusedtobeveryfat.didn’tshe?/use(d)n’tshe?Didyouusetoplaychess?Yes,Idid./Usedyoutogetupearlyinthemorning?Yes,Idid./usedto.(2)hadbetter意为“最好”，后接不带to的不定式，例如：----Wehadbetter gonow.----Yes,wehad(we"dbetter/wehadbetter)./Hadn’twebetterstopnow?(Hadwebetternotstopnow?)/IthinkI’dbetterbegoing.(用于进行时态，表“最好立即”)/Youhadbetterhavedonethat(用于完成时态，表未完成动作)注：hadbetter用于同辈或小辈，对长辈不可用。(3)wouldrather意为“宁愿”，表选择，后接不带to的不定式，例如：I’drathernotsayanything./Wouldyouratherworkonafarm?/----Wouldn’tyouratherstayhere?----No,Iwouldnot.I’drathergothere.由于wouldrather表选择，因而后可接than，例如：Iwouldratherworkonafarmthaninafactory./IwouldratherwatchTVthangotoseethefilm/Iwouldratherloseadozencherrytreesthanthatyoushouldtellmeonelie./I’dratheryoudidn’ttalkaboutthistoanyone.(句中的"drather不是情态动词，would在此是表愿望的实义动词)练习、助动词与情态动词1.Ifthey_________todothiswork,hemightdoitsomeotherway.A.wereB.shouldC.willD.can2.Iwastoldyesterdaythatthecompany_________metoRomenextweekforabusinessconference.A.shouldhavesentB.weregoingtosendC.shouldbesendingD.shouldsend3.Let"stakeawalk,________?A.willweB.don"tweC.doweD.shallwe4.Hewasagoodswimmersohe_________swimtotheriverbankwhentheboatsank.A.couldB.mightC.shouldD.wasableto5.Iwenttothedoctor"syesterday,Ihadtowaitforhalfanhourbeforehe________seeme.A.canB.mayC.mightD.could6.----_________thisbookbeyours?----No,it________notbemine.It________behis.A.Can,must,mayB.May,might,mustC.Can,may,mustD.Must,can,may7."Wedidn"tseehimatthelectureyesterday.""He_________it."A.mustn"tattendB.can"thaveattendedC.wouldhavenotattendedD.neededhaveattended8.They_________theplane,orperhapstheyhavebeenpreventedfromcomingforsomereason.A.canhavemissedB.mayhavemissedC.canhavelostD.mayhavelost9.Sincethegroundiswhite,it_________lastnight.A.hadsnowedB.musthavesnowedC.mustbesnowingD.musthavebeensnowing10.Youmustbefifty,________? A.mustn"tyouB.needn"tyouC.aren"tyouD.mnyn"tyou11.Youmusthaveseenhimoffyesterday,_________?A.haven"tyouB.didn"tyouC.mustn"tyouD.needn"tyou12.----Thatmustbeamistake.----No.it_________be.A.can"tB.isn"tabletoC.canD.wasableto13.Hehadknownthematterbeforeyoutoldhim,soyou_________havetoldittohim.A.mustn"tB.can"tC.needn"tD.shouldn"t14.How________so?A.dareyoutosayB.dareyousayC.doyoudaresayD.daretosay15.Youaretheirteacher.You_________careofthem.A.shouldtotakeB.mighttotakeC.oughttotakeD.needtotake16.Sheisstudyingmedicalsciencenowbutshe_________alawyer.A.usedtobeB.wouldbeC.wereD.hadbeen17.IfyouwereinanEnglish-speakingcountry,you,too,_________Englisheveryday.A.willbeusedtospeakB.willbeusedtospeakingC.mustbeusedtospeakD.wouldbeusedtospeaking18.Ididnotcalltomakemyairlinereservation(预订)butI_________.A.shouldhaveB,mayhaveC.musthaveD.shallhave19.Asagirl,she_________getupatsixeveryday.A.wouldB.willC.mightD.should20.Don"tyourememberthatwe_________tothecinematonight?A.wouldgoB.goC.aregoingD.willbegone21.----ShallItellJohnaboutit?----No,you_________.I"vetoldhimalready.A.needn"tB.wouldn"tC.mustn"tD.shouldn"t22."WouldyoumindifIopenthewindow?"“__________”.A.Idon"tlikeitB.Yes.pleaseC.No,pleaseD.No.I"msorry23."Wouldyoutellmesomethingabouttheaffair?"“__________”.A.Yes.pleaseB.AllrightC.NotatallD.Ido24.M:________?T:I"dloveto,butI"mafraidIhavenotime."M:0h,no.You"llsurelycomeover.T:It"sveryniceofyou.ButI"msorryIhavetogotoameeting.A.DoyouhavelunchoutinarestaurantB.ShallIhaveyouwithmeatmybirthdayC.DidyougotoseethefilmD.Haveyouenjoyedyourselfattheparty25."Yououghttohavecomeheretenminutesago?""Yes,I_________."A.oughttoB.oughttohaveC.oughtD.haveought to26."Wouldyouliketogooutforawalk?""Yes,___________."A.I"dliketoB.I"dlikeC.I"llliketoD.Iwould27.________yousucceed!A.CanB.MayC.MustD.Will28.Didheneed________then?A.leaveB.toleaveC.leavingD.left29.Doyouthinkifhedares_________inpublic.A.speakB.speakingC.tospeakD.spoken30.He________eatingAmericanfoodsincehecamehere.A.usedtoB.hasbeenusedC.hasbeenusedtoD.wasusedto31.Acomputer________thinkforitself;it________betoldwhattodo.A.maynot,mustB.mustn"t,mightC.shouldn"t,couldD.can"t,must32."________youmindmyopeningthewindow?""Notatall."A.ShallB.ShouldC.WillD.Would33.1didn"thearthephone.I_________asleep.A.mustbeB.musthavebeenC.shouldhavebeenD.couldhavebeen34.You_________meaboutitearlier,butyoudidn"t.A.shouldhavetoldB.wouldhavetoldC.musthavetoldD.shouldtell35.Theteachertoldthestudentsthatthey________keepsilentinclassallthetime.A.oughttonotB.oughtnottoC.oughtnottohaveD.can"t36."MayIgonow?""No,you________."A.mustn"tB.needn"tC.mightn"tD.won"t37.You_________dotheexerciseifyoudon"twantto.A.maynotB.can"tC.mustn"tD.needn"t38.You_________paymoreattentiontoyourspellingnexttime.A.wouldB.shouldC.willD.shall39.Thegirl_________outaloneatnight.A.darenotgoB.darenottogoC.daresnotgoD.doesnotdarego40.There________bealotofsmallhousesonbothsidesofthestreet.A.usedtoB.getusedtoC.wouldD.diduseto