高考英语语法复习十七 名 词 7页

高考英语语法复习十七名词（一）考纲要求名词应掌握以下内容：分清名词的可数性与不可数性；可数名词有单复数，有些名词只有复数；物质名词、抽象名词不可数但可以具体量化使用；名词所有格和of格的语言现象；名词直接作定语；国家名词的正确使用；名词词义的区分和搭配；单位名词的搭配；名词前的修饰语so,as,quite等；time及常考点。（二）命题导向名词的“可数”与“不可数”是高考命题的热点之一。不可数名词前不能与不定冠词连用，之后不能加-s。有些抽象名词却有复数形式，但意义与原来词不同。有些可数名词复数有两个意思，一个与单数意义相同，另一个和单数含义不同，高考中这些含义很可能成为考查的内容。词语的固定搭配及名词作定语也是高考命题的注意点。（三）知识概要英语的名词分为专有名词和普通名词两大类。专有名词是指个人、团体、地方、机构或事物等所专有的名称，它的第一个字母必须大写。如：Einstain,Beijing,Asia等。普通名词是指一类人、一类事物、某种物质抽象概念的名称，可分为：个体名词（可数，如：worker,father,book,tree,school等）；集体名词（可数，如：people,family,class,team等）；物质名词（不可数，如：iron,paper,snow,water,chalk,gold等）；抽象名词（不可数，如：life,thought,idea,strength等）。注意：可数、不可数是英文名词和中文名词的一个重要差异——即学习的重点。而很多英语名词具有双重性。即，名词的类别不是固定不变的，它们会根据词义的变化和场合的不同而相互转换，其名词类别的转换可归纳如下：1、个体名词转抽象名词或抽象名词转个体名词e.g.Ourschoolisnotfarfrommyhome.（个体）我们学校离我家不远。Schoolisoveratsix.（抽象）六点钟放学。2、物质名词转个体名词或个体名词转物质名词e.g.Hebrokeapieceofglass.（物质）他打破了一块玻璃。Hebrokeaglass.（个体）他打破了一个杯子。3、个体名词转专有名词e.g.Hisfatherisateacher.（个体）他父亲是个教师。“Whatareyoudoingthere?”Fatherasked.（专有）“你在那儿干什么？”父亲问道。（四）名词的数名词分为可数（有单、复数形式）和不可数名词（只有单数形式）。1、可数名词单数变复数：①一般加s：lesson→lessons,pen→pens②以s,x,ss,ch,sh,o结尾的加es：buses,boxes,classes,watches,brushes,hero→heroes但有些以o结尾的名词，是加s构成复数：kilo→kilos,piano→pianos,radio→radios,photo→photos,zoo→zoos③以辅音字母+y结尾的改y为i，再加es：city→cities,story→stories④以f或fe结尾的，一般将f或fe改为v，再加es：knife→knives,leaf→leaves但有些以f结尾的名词，是在f后加s，构成复数形式：belief→beliefs,roof→roofs,safe（保险箱）→safes,proof（证据）→proofs,chief→chiefs,handkerchief→handkerchiefs2、有些名词，不按上述规则构成其复数形式，有以下几种情况：①单复数形式相同：Chinese,Japanese,deer,sheep②不规则变化：man→men,woman→women,goose→geese,foot→feet,tooth→teeth,child→children,mouse→mice,ox→oxen。但是，German→Germans ③复合名词的复数形式：editor-in-chief→editors-in-chief,daughter-in-law→daughters-in-law,grown-up→grown-ups,womanteacher→womenteachers,mandriver→mendrivers3、注意以下几个名词单复数问题①物质名词一般不用复数形式,但有些物质名词要用复数形式来表示不同的类别,如：fishes各种鱼，fruits各种水果，steels各种钢材。②物质名词表示数量时，一般用表示数量的短语来表示。如：acupoftea,threebagsofapples,fourpiecesofbread。③有些抽象名词的复数形式表示不同的含义。如：work（工作）→works（著作），arm（手臂）→arms（军火），glass（玻璃）→glasses（眼镜），cloth（布）→clothes（衣服）。④定冠词加上姓氏的复数形式，表示全家人或夫妇二人；姓氏的复数形式前不加冠词，则表示若干个姓…的人。如：theWangs王家，threeWangs三个姓王的。⑤只用作单数的复数形式的名词。如：physics,mathematics,news,theUnitedStates⑥有些名词形似单数，但实为复数。如：police,people,cattle⑦有些名词如被看作整体时就作单数用，如被看作组成该集体的各个成员时就作复数用。如：class,family,couple,audience,government,public⑧有些抽象名词在具体化时，可以复数形式出现。表示特指时，可和定冠词连用；表示“某种”或“一次”意义时，可和不定冠词连用。如：Howdidyousmoothawaythedifficulties?（指各种具体困难）；Itisagreatpleasuretotalkwithyou.；Whatasurprise!（五）名词的所有格名词的所有格在句中表示所有关系，作定语用。1、有生命名词的所有格一般在词尾加上“’”或“’s”。如：Tom’sbike,Engles’s(Engles’)works,aworks’school,Women’sDay,theeditor-in-chief’soffice2、如果一个事物为两个人所有，只在后一个名词的词尾加“’s”，如果不是共有，就要在两个名词的词尾都加上“’s”。如：TomandMike’sroom.（共有），Tom’sandMike’sbooks.（不共有）。3、表示时间、距离、国家、城市的无生命名词，可以在词尾加“’s”或“’”表示所有格，如：today’spapers,tenminutes’walk4、表示店铺或某人的家时，常在名词所有格之后省去shop,house,home。如：thetailor’s5、无生命名词的所在格通常用of短语来表示。如：thewindowoftheroom6、表示有生命的名词有时也可用of短语来表示所有关系，而且当该名词带有较长的定语时。如：theteachersoftheNo.1MiddleSchool.7、双重所有格结构前的被修饰名词通常指整体中的部分或一个，双重所有格只能用于有生命的名词，这个名词是确定的。被修饰名词前有不定冠词、指示代词、疑问代词、不定代词或数词等限定词时，一般只能用双重所有格。如：anoldfriendofmyuncle’s,adaughterofMrsGreen’s,thehouseofoneofmyfriends（六）名词的普通格作定语表材料、地点、用途、性质、泛指时间、整体等普通名词可以作定语，一般用单数形式。e.g.stonefigures（石像）；papermoney（纸币）；countrymusic（乡村音乐）；tablecloth（桌布）；riverbank（河岸）；schoolgate（校门口）；bookstores（书店）；trafficlights（交通灯）；summerholidays（暑假）；eveningdress（晚礼服）。但在个别情况下，也有需用复数的。e.g.sportsmeet（运动会）；theUnitedStatesgovernment（美国政府）；studentsreading-room（学生阅览室）；goodstrain（货车）；twomendoctors（两个男医生）。练习、名词1.The____oftheroomwerecoveredwith____. A.roofs,leafsB.roofs,leavesC.rooves,leafsD.rooves,leaves2.Therearethree____inourfactory.A.womandoctorsB.womendoctorsC.womandoctorD.womendoctor3.Whichdoyouprefer____or____?A.potatos,tomatosB.potatos,tomatoesC.potatoes,tomatosD.potatoes,tomatoes4.Theyare____ofdifferentpresses(出版社).Nowtheyarehavingameetinginoneofthe____office.A.editor-in-chiefs,editors-in-chief’sB.editors-in-chief,editor-in-chief’sC.editors-in-chiefs,editor’s-in-chief’sD.editors-in-chief,editors-in-chief’s5.Theanthastwo____.A.stomachesB.stomacksC.stomachD.stomachs6.Hedoesn’tlike____forsupper.A.chickB.chickenC.chickensD.chicks7.Itwas____hotweatherthatmanyofuswentswimming.A.soB.suchC.soasD.sucha8.____wonderfulspacetheysawontheroom!A.HowB.HowaC.WhatD.Whata9.Weknow____travelsnotsofastaslight.A.soundB.soundsC.thesoundsD.asound10.Myfamilyraisealotof____,includingtwo____.A.cattle,cowsB.cows,cattleC.cattles,cowsD.cow,cattles11.Anumberofsoldiers____athecampgate（军营门口）.A.havegatheredB.hasgatheredC.isD.was12.TheBrownshavespentalarge____ofmoneyontheirnewcar.A.dealB.amountC.numberD.size13.____workhasbeendonetoimprovethepeople’slivingstandard.A.ManyB.AgreatmanyC.AgreatdealofD.Anumberof14.MrLishook____warmlywithafriend.A.handB.ahandC.handsD.thehands15.Two____,please.A.coffeeB.coffeesC.cupofcoffeeD.cupscoffee16.Ican’tpayas____asheaskedfor.A.highpriceaB.highpriceC.ahighpriceD.highaprice17.____knowledgeofspacedevelopsrapidly.A.Man’sB.Men’sC.Mens’D.Person’s18.Istayedat____.A.XiaoWang’sB.Wang’shomeC.theWangsD.homeofWang19.SisterCarrieworksina____factory.A.shoesB.shosesC.shoeD.shoe’s 20.Haveyoueverread____?A.todaynewspaperB.newspapertodayC.newspaperoftodayD.today’snewspaper21.Two____walkdidn’tmademetired.A.hourB.hoursC.hour’sD.hours’22.Themotheroverthereis____mother.A.JuliaandMaryB.JuliaandMary’sC.Julia’sandMary’sD.Julia’sandMary23.LiMing’shandwritingisbetterthan____intheclass.A.anyone’sB.anyoneelseC.anyone’selse’sD.anyoneelse’s24.Thechildrenareplaying____onthe____.A.sand,sandB.sands,sandsC.sand,sandsD.sands,sand25.Ifthesetrousersaretoobig,buyasmaller____.A.setB.oneC.copyD.pair26.Tomusuallytakesa____inbusonrainydays.A.walkB.rideC.tripD.travel27.Wehaveno____aboutwhereshehasgone.A.informationB.newsC.messageD.flash28.Foodand____aredailynecessities（需要）forthepeople.A.clothB.clotheC.clothesD.clothing29.My____ofhearingisnotsogoodasitusedtobe.A.strengthB.senseC.powerD.skill30.The____causedbycarelessness____yesterday.Manyworkerswerekilled.A.incident,washappenedB.matter,happenedC.event,wastakenplaceD.accident,tookplace31.Theroomwassoquietthatshecouldhearthe____ofherheart.A.beatingB.waysC.knockingD.striking32.____hasbeentoldnottothrowwastethingsanywhere.A.ThepublicB.PeopleC.WomenD.Man33.Hewasan____inthegovernment____.A.office,officialB.official,officeC.officer,officeD.official,officer34.Thereareseveral____inthisnovelwhoaredifferentin____.A.character,characterB.characters,charactersC.character,charactersD.characters,character35.Wevisitedhim____whenhewasinhospital.A.everyotherdaysB.eachotherdayC.everyotherdayD.everytwoday36.Myfriendwillreturnin____.A.onedayortwoB.adayortwoC.onedayortwoD.aortwodays37.____isalwaysdifficultforme.A.TranslationB.TranslateC.ThetranslationD.Atranslation38.____ofthisnovelisexcellent,quitetomysurprise. A.TranslationB.TranslateC.ThetranslationD.Atranslation39.Thepolice____lookingintothematternow.A.beB.isC.areD.aregoingto40.TheChineseare____braveandhardworkingpeople.A.theB.aC./D.one41.Nonews____goodnews.A.isB.areC.haveD.has42.Mathsstill____verydifficultforme,thoughIhavedonemybest.A.looksB.seemsC.isD.are43.“Where____mytrousers?”theboyasked.A.isB.wasC.wereD.are44.Howhappytheyare!Obviously,theyare____.A.innicespiritsB.innicespiritC.inhighspiritsD.inhighspirit45.Isawmany____seatedinthecornerreadingsomething.A.JapaneseB.JapanesesC.ofJapaneseD.ofJapaneses46.Fatherwenttohisdoctorfor____abouthishearttrouble.A.anadviceB.adviceC.advicesD.theadvices47.Weare____andtheyare____.A.Englishmen,GermansB.Englishmen,GermanC.Englishmans,GermansD.Englishmen,Germen48.____aremadeof____.A.Aglass,aglassB.Glasses,glassC.Theglass,theglassD.Glasses,glasses49.I’llhavetobuy____trousers.A.aB.twoC.apairofD.acoupleof50.Therearetwo____inourclass.A.LiuB.LiusC.Liu’sD.Lius’51.____isneededincoldcountries.A.AlotofclothesB.MuchclothingC.ManyaclothD.Lotsofclothes52.Theyare____.A.mathematicsstudentB.mathematicstudentsC.studentsinmathematicsD.mathematicsstudents53.Thelaboratoryassistantrecordedthe____reactions（反应）.A.mouses’B.miceC.mices’D.mice’s54.Thisletterwassentby____.A.myfatherfriendB.myfatherfriend’sC.afriendofmyfather’sD.afriendofmyfather55.Tenyearshadpassed.Ifoundshehad____.A.alittlewhitehairB.somewhitehairC.afewwhitehairD.afewwhitehairs56.Ihavemade____withBilly.A.friendsB.friendC.afriendD.thefriend57.ThepopulationofBeijingis____thanthatofXi’an.A.moreB.largerC.fewerD.small58.Therearethirty-two____inourschool.A.womanteacherB.womenteacherC.womenteachersD. womanteachers59.Hehadtriedeverythingbutitmadelittle______.　　A.use　B.good　C.difference　D.result60.Youmustgettherewithinhalfanhour.Thereshouldbeno______insendingthebloodtothedyingman.　　A.wait　B.delay　C.time　D.hurry61.Enoughofit!Nobodyherethinkswhatyouaresayingshouldmakeany______.　　A.excuse　B.sense　C.use　D.value62.-Howdareyouplayonsuchthinice?-Playingoniceisnotmy______ofsparetime.　　A.idea　B.thought　C.mind　D.intention63.HelensaidshewouldliketogotoAtlantabyair,butIwonderifshehasenoughmoneytopayforthe______.　　A.travel　B.tourism　C.journey　D.course64.Onesplendidmountain______followedanotherduringourjourneyfromMieheelmoretoRurunz.　　A.view　B.glance　C.screen　D.scene65.Thenewlawwillcomeinto___onthedayitispassed.(1999上海)　　A.effect　　B.use　　C.service　　D.existence66.Whenyouplay"football,what______doyouplay?　　A.situation　B.place　C.part　D.position67.It"simportantforustoemployawordoraphraseaccordingtothe______inlanguagestudies.　　A.situation　B.expression　C.condition　D.translation68.Iwrotehimalettertoshowmy______ofhisthoughtfulness.　　A.achievement　B.agreement　C.view　D.appreciation69.Oneoftheadvantagesoflivingonthetopfloorofahigh-riseisthatyoucangetagood______.　　A.sight　B.scene　C.view　D.look70.Nowadaysnaturalgas,windandotherformsof______arewidelyusedinthecountry.　　A.energy　B.force　C.power　D.materials71.______withforeigncountriescanbringusmuchinformationabouttheworld.　　A.Contrast　B.Competition　C.Contact　D.Combination72.Weallknowthat______speaklouderthanwords.A.movements　B.performances　C.operations　D.actions73.Wehaveworkedouttheplanandnowwemustputitinto___.(NMET199738)　　A.fact　　B.reality　　C.practice　　D.deed74.We"vemissedthelastbus.I"mafraidwehaveno____buttotakeataxi.(Met1993,33)　　A.way　　B.choice　　C.possibility　　D.selection75.Hedroppedthe___andbrokeit.(Met1993,38)　　A.cupofcoffee　　B.coffee"scup　　C.cupforcoffee　　D.coffeecup 76.Here"smycard.Let"skeepin____.(NMET1994,33)　　A.touch　　B.relation　　C.connection　　D.friendship77.Hegainedhis___byprinting___offamouswriters.(NMET1995,40)　　A.wealth;work　B.wealths;works　C.wealths;work　D.wealth;works78.I"lllookintothematterassoonaspossible,justhavealittle___.(MET1996,10)　　A.wait　　B.time　　C.patienceD.rest79.Ifbyanychancesomeonecomestoseeme,askthemtoleavea____.(NMET1997,18)　　A.message　　B.letter　　C.sentence　　D.notice80.Thesefootballplayershadnostrict___untiltheyjoinedourclub.(1997.上海20)　　A.practice　　B.education　　C.exercise　　D.training81.Manycountriesareincreasingtheiruseofnaturalgas,windandotherformsof___.(1996.上海.15)　　A.energy　　B.source　　C.power　　D.material82.You"llfindthismapofgreat__inhelpingyoutogetroundLondon.(NMET199821)　　A.price　　B.cost　　C.value　　D.usefulness83.Weallknowthat___speaklouderthanwords.(1999.上海24)　　A.movements　B.performances　C.operations　　D.actions84.Myparentsalwaysletmehavemyown____ofliving.(1999.上海25)　　A.way　　B.method　　C.manner　　D.fashion