[英语学习]大学英语语法第八讲动词 212页

第八讲动词一、分类根据意义和句法作用,英语动词可分为四类:行为动词workstudyswim系动词beseembecome助动词shallwilldo情态动词canmaymust二、变化形式绝大多数英语动词都有四种变化形式:不定式studyridesing过去式studiedrodesang过去分词studiedriddensung现在分词studyingridingsinging规则动词的变化形式如下表所示:情况过去式过去分词现在分词例词一般情况加-d-ed加-ing(去e)laugh—laughed—laughinglive—lived—living以辅音字母加y变y为i加-ed加-ingtry—tried—trying(但:played)以重读闭音节结尾末尾只有一个辅音字母双写末尾的辅音字母加-ed,-ingplan—planned—planningoccur—occurred—occurring以辅音字母c结尾c后加k再加-ed,-ing traffic—trafficked—traffickingpicnic—picnicked—picnickingNote:①有些双音节词变成过去式、过去分词和现在分词时,英国人习惯上双写最后一个辅音字母,而美国人则不双写。例如:traveltravelled(英)travelling(英)traveled(美)traveling(美)kidnapkidnapped(英)kidnapping(英)kidnaped(美)kidnaping(美)..其他如:dial,equal,worship,quarrel,cancel,counsel,model,signal,devil,carol,level,revel,pencil,program,hiccup,initial,label,marvel,panel,pedal,refuel,rival,shovel,spiral,shrivel,total,stencil,tunnel,unravel等亦有这种差异。..但:prevail→prevailing,因l前有两个元音。②注意下面八个动词的现在分词形式:lie—lyingdie—dyingtie—tyingcanoe-canoeinghoe—hoeingtoe—toeingdye—dyeingsinge-singeing(把..轻微地烧焦) 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书388第八讲动词③以-ee结尾的动词,直接加-ing。例如:agree—agreeingsee—seeing④有少数动词的过去式和过去分词均有两种形式,常可以通用,如:quit(辞职)→quit,quitted;bet(打赌)→bet,betted;rid(免除)→rid,ridded;knit(编织)→knit,knitted;wed(娶,嫁)→wed,wedded;wet(弄湿)→wet,wetted;bid(吩咐,招标)→bid,bade(过去分词也可用bidden)。⑤有少数动词,其过去式和过去分词有英国拼法和美国拼法的不同,英国拼法以t结尾,而美国拼法则以-ed结尾。例如:burnburnt,burnt(英)burned,burned(美)leanleant,leant(英)leaned,leaned(美)dreamdreamt,dreamt(英)dreamed,dreamed(美)learnlearnt,learnt(英)learned,learned(美)leapleapt,leapt(英)leaped,leaped(美)spellspelt,spelt(英)spelled,spelled(美)spillspilt,spilt(英)spilled,spilled(美)smellsmelt,smelt(英)smelled,smelled(美)⑥zigzag(作锯齿状)和humbug(欺诈)二字的重音虽在第一个字母,过去式和过去分词仍要双写g,即:zigzagged,humbugged。 ⑦bias,bus和focus的过去式、过去分词和现在分词可有两种形式,即双写s或不双写s。例如:biasbiased/biassedbiasing/biassingfocusfocused/focussedfocusing/focussingbusbused/bussedbusing/bussing三、短语动词短语动词是由动词加介词、副词或其他词构成的固定词组,其作用和动词差不多。有些短语动词相当于及物动词,有些则相当于不及物动词。1.动词+介词动词加at,for,from,into,of,to,with构成的短语动词总是动介型的。这类短语动词相当于一个及物动词,其后必须有宾语,宾语(不管是代词或名词)只能放在介词后,不能放在动词和介词之间。在被动语态中,整个短语动词要作为整体看待,不可拆开或漏缺。例如:Wemustlookintothematterimmediately.我们必须马上调查此事。Theshopwasbrokenintobythieveslastnight.昨夜盗贼闯进了那家商店。..常见的这类短语动词有:speakof,thinkabout(考虑),thinkof(想到),referto,relyon,seeto,sendfor,standfor,doubtof,laughat等。再如:acton按照..行动accountfor说明applyfor申请amountto等于believein信仰attendto关照breakthrough冲破breakinto闯入comeacross遇见consistof由..组成dealwith对付,处理dowithout废除improveupon改进complainof(about)抱怨lookafter照料lookinto调查 大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)389三、短语动词objectto反对operateon为..动手术readof(about)读到approveof赞成,满意dreamof梦到conceiveof想象addto增加adjustto适应allowfor允许agreeon(with,to)同意aimat(for)瞄准argueabout争辩arrangefor安排askfor要求callon访问carefor喜欢commenton评述concentrateon集中conformto适合consentto答应contributeto贡献dwellon(upon)详述enlargeon(upon)扩大hearof(about)听说hintat暗示hopefor希望insiston坚持interferewith干涉learnabout得知lectureon(about)教..listento听liveon靠..生活longfor渴望partwith分手payfor付款prayfor祈祷..providefor提供quarrelabout(with)争吵referto意指rejoiceat高兴relyon依靠resortto采取speakabout(on)讲述taketo喜欢admitto承认Note:①Themandecidedonthetrain.为歧义句,有两种含义:①这人在火车上做出了决定。(onthetrain作状语)②这人决定乘火车。(decideon为短语动词:resolvedtotake)②动词+介词和动词+副词都可以构成短语动词,区别究竟是介词还是副词可用下面三种方法。第一,考察宾语的位置。如果宾语只能放在短语动词之后,那一定是介词;如果宾语可以放在短语动词中间,那必然是副词。例如:Theyallstandbyyou.他们都支持你。(by为介词)Shecametoseeusoff.她来为我们送行。(off为副词)第二,考察动词的性质。如果动词是及物动词,其后应是副词;如果动词是不及物动词,其后应是介词。例如:Thewindblewupthevalley.风吹过山谷。(blew意为“吹过”,不及物动词,up为 介词)Heblewupthebridge.他炸毁了那座桥。(blew意为“炸毁”,及物动词,up为副词)第三,如果是介词,是一种意思,如果是副词,则是另一种意思。例如:Theflooddasheddownthehill.洪水从山上冲下来。(down为介词,不可说dashedthehilldown)Theflooddasheddownthedam.洪水冲倒了大坝。(down为副词,可以说dashedthedamdown)Theytalkedoverthetelephone.他们通过电话谈话。(over为介词,不可说talkedthetelephoneover)Theytalkedoverthetelephone.他们谈了那部电话。(over为副词,可以说talkedthetelephoneover) 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书390第八讲动词Theygotunderthefire.他们到达火下面。(under为介词,不可说gotthefireunder)Theygotunderthefire.他们控制了火势。(under为副词,可以说gotthefireunder)比较:Sheleftbeforeus.(介词)Sheleftbefore.(副词)Hethrewitoutsidethewindow.(介词)Hethrewitoutside.(副词)Shewentupthehill.(介词)Shewentup.(副词)Theywentinsidethecave.(介词)Theywentinside.(副词)Shehidbehindthedoor.(介词)Shehidbehind.(副词)Herowedthemacrosstheriver.(介词)Herowedthemacross.(副词)Theystrolledaboutthetown.(介词)Theystrolledabout.(副词)Hefelldownthestairs.(介词)Hefelldown.(副词)Hegotinthroughthebackdoor.(介词)Hereadthebookthrough.(副词)Thecatclimbedupthetree.(介词)Hegotupfromhischair.(副词)Theytravelledalongtheseacoast.(介词)Thecrowdmovedalong.(副词)Shemovedthedeskintoanotherroom.(介词)Shemovedthedeskin.(副词,不用into)③这类动介型短语中的to均为介词,后可加名词或动名词,但不可加不定式。例如:Heconfessedtotellalie.(误)Heconfessedtotellingalie.(正)Thisamountstodonothing.(误)Thisamountstodoingnothing.(正)2.动词+副词 动词加away,back,out,ahead,forward,aside构成的短语动词总是动副型的。这类短语动词有些相当于及物动词,有些则相当于不及物动词。1)“及物动词+副词”相当于一个及物动词,可以用于被动语态,也可以有宾语。但值得注意的是:如果宾语是人称代词(包括it)或反身代词,其结构是“动词+代词+副词”;如果宾语是名词或不定代词(somebody,anybody,anything,noone等),既可以放在副词之前,也可以放在副词之后Shepickeditup.(正)Shepickedupit.(误)Shepickedthebookup.(正)Shepickedupthebook.(正) 大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)391三、短语动词Wecutofftheirretreat.Shecanlaydownherburdennow.Shetookdownwhatyousaid.Hetoreuptheletter.Shelockedinthedog.Shemadeoverthepropertytoherdaughter.Theyhisseddownthesinger.Shewalkedoffherheadache.Theylaugheddownthespeaker...常见的这类短语动词有:workout,winover,wipeout,turnout,windup,turnon,turndown,throwaway,takeover,thinkover等。再如:backup支持blowup炸毁calloff取消bringup抚养cutoff切断carryout执行giveaway暴露findout查明handin上交giveup放弃lookup查找handout分发makeup构成makeout认出pointout指出pickup拣起putforward提出putoff取消ringup给..打电话puton穿上seeoff为..送行ruleout排除setup建立setaside留出takeoff脱下takein吸收,受骗2)“不及物动词+副词”相当于一个不及物动词,这种结构的短语动词不能用于被动语态,也不能接宾语Thewarbrokeoutin1980andlastedeightyears.那场战争于1980年爆发,延续了8年。(不能说wasbrokenout)Theplanetookoffinspiteofthefog.尽管有大雾,飞机还是起飞了。..常见的这类短语动词有:breakdown出故障cometo苏醒dieaway逐渐消失dropout退出givein让步growup长大knockoff停工lookout当心passaway去世runout耗尽showoff炫耀turnup出现fallthrough失败fallout争吵passout死,不复存在blowover结束(storm等) comeoff成功lookup改进,有起色comeout开花makeoff逃跑fallback后退makeup和好falloff下降catchon理解pullup停下cropup发生,出现Note:①动词+across,by,around,through,over,on,off,over,down,round,past,up,without,inside,既可构成动介型短语,也可构成动副型短语,但动词同off,up,around, 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书392第八讲动词about,in,inside,down等多构成动介型短语。另外,动介型短语之间可插入副词,而动副型短语之间一般不可插入副词。例如:Shecalledearlyonherteacher.(动介型)Hehasgonerightoffcampingholidays.他对露营度假已完全失去了兴趣。(动介型)Theboatsailedslowlyuptheriver.(动介型)Hequicklyputupthemap.(动副型)Heputquicklyupthemap.(误)②比较:Hegotoverhisillnesssoon.他的病很快就好了。(动介型)We..dbetterthinkoverwhathesaid.(=think...over,动副型)Itkeptonrainingforawholeday.(动介型)Theywereaskedtokeepoffthesunlight.(=keep...off动副型)Whichuniformdidtheymarchin?他们行军穿什么服装?(动介型)Whichprisonerdidtheymarchin?他们把哪一个罪犯押了进来?(=march...in,动副型)Hehasgonethroughalotoftrouble.(经受过,动介型)Hewillcarrythroughtheproject.(进行到底,=carry...through,动副型)Shewasgettingonthetrain.她在上火车。(动介型)Shewasgettingonthelid.她在把瓶盖盖上。(=geton,动副型)You..dbetterpassoverit.你最好不要计较。(动介型)You..dbetterpassitover.你最好把它递过去。(动副型)3.动词+名词+介词这类短语动词相当于及物动词,需要跟宾语,既可作谓语动词,也可作非谓语动词;这类短语动词大多可以构成被动语态,而且常有两种构成方式:把短语动词中的名词用作被动语态句的主语,或把短语动词后的介词宾语用作被动语态句的主语;这类短语动词中的名词前可以有定语;这类短语动词的三个组成部分的词序有时可以变动:名词置句首或介词连同其宾语置句首等。例如:Thosehousesweresetfiretobytheenemysoldiers.那些房子被敌军放火烧了。Thepresidentgotoffthecarandshookhandswiththeministers. Nofaultcouldbefoundwiththepaper.Tothisshedidn..tpaytheslightestattention.Thelandshouldbemaderationaluseof...常见的这类短语动词有:catchsightof看见getridof摆脱layfoundationfor为..打基础makefunof取笑makeuseof利用payattentionto注意takecareof照顾takepartin参加findfaultwith挑..毛病giveriseto引起losesightof看不见makefriendswith与..交友putanendto结束takeadvantageof利用takenoticeof注意到drawone..sattentionto吸引..注意力makemuchof重视keepaneyeon留意keeppacewith赶上layholdof抓住layemphasis(stress)on强调makeamessof弄糟 大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)393三、短语动词makementionof提到makeafoolof愚弄setfireon放火shedlighton说明takeaccountof考虑takeheadof注意takeholdof抓住takeexceptionto除开4.动词+副词+介词这类结构的短语动词相当于一个及物动词。例如:Pleasekeepoutofheraffairs.请不要介入她的事情。Theoldshouldlearnfromtheyoungandkeepupwiththetimes.老年人应向青年人学习,跟上时代的发展。Theoldlawmustbedoneawaywith.旧的法律必须废除。..常见的这类短语动词有:catchupwith赶上comedownwith患病datebackto追溯到getawaywith逃避惩罚getalongwith与..相处goonwith继续liveupto不负于,实现lookforwardto期望makeupfor补偿runoutof用光checkoutof付账离开getawaywith成功,逃避getthroughto理解,打通电话listeninto听广播holdonto抓住comeupwith得出cutdownon减少doawaywith废除getdownto认真从事getthroughwith完成goinfor从事lookdownon轻视lookupto尊敬keepawayfrom避免standupfor保卫,支持putupwith忍受sitinon旁听watchoutfor留神checkupon核对,调查 comeinfor得到,受到dropoutof退出fillinfor代替comeupto达到,符合getbackat报仇keepupwith跟上gothroughwith完成readupon研究,专攻breakinon打扰lookinon访问,看望faceupto面对lookoutfor警惕turnoutfor出席5.某些及物动词和不及物动词+介词的含义比较有些动词,既可作及物动词,也可作不及物动词,但用作“及物动词”是一种意思,而用作“不及物动词+介词”则表示另一种意思。例如:Sheansweredme.她回答了我。Shewillanswerforhissafety.她要为他的安全负责。Hestabbedhisenemy.他刺死了敌人。Hestabbedathisenemy.他向敌人刺去。Sheattendedthemeeting.她出席了会议。Sheattendedonthewounded.她照顾伤员。Heallowedmetoentertheroom.他允许我进入房间。Itallowsofnodelay.这不可耽搁。Sheaskedtheway.她问路。Sheaskedformoremoney.她要更多的钱。 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书394第八讲动词Ican..tbearthesound.我忍受不了这声音。(=endure)Shebearswithhistemper.她对他的脾气很耐心。(=ispatientwith)IfearJim.我害怕吉姆。IfearforJim.我为吉姆担心。Shecalledme.她叫我。(或她给我打电话)Shecalledonme.她来看我。Shecalledtome.她向我大声喊。(speakloudlyto)Ishallconsultalawyer.我将咨询一下律师。(seekadvicefrom)Ishallconsultwithmyfriends.我将同朋友们商量一下。Icanhearhim.我能听见他说话。Ihaven..theardfromhim.我没收到他的来信。Ihaven..theardabouthim.我没听说过他的事情。Heinquiredthereason.他询问原因。Heinquiredintothecase.他调查这个事件。Sheescapedbeingpunished.她躲过了惩处。Sheescapedfromtheprison.她从监狱逃跑了。Theyenteredtheroom.他们进了房间。Theyenteredintoanewcontract.他们缔结了一个新条约。Hehasjustenteredonabusinesscareer.他刚开始经商。Thedoctorfelttheboy..shead.医生摸了摸那男孩的头。Hefeltforhispeninthedarkroom.他在黑暗的房间里摸着找他的笔。Don..toffendhim.不要惹他。Don..toffendagainstthelaw.不要违反法律。Iknowher.我认识她。Iknowofher.我知道她。(不太熟)Shemetherfriendatthestation.她在火车站迎接朋友。Shemetwithagreatloss.她遭遇了很大损失。Heoperatedthemachine.他操作机器。Heoperatedonthewounded.他为伤员做手术。Shepreparedalesson.她备课。Shepreparedforajourney.她为旅行做准备。Hiseyesightfailedhim.他失明了。Hefailedinhisbusiness.他生意失败了。Sheplayedmusic.她演奏音乐。Sheplayedwithherlittledaughter.她同小女儿嬉戏。Hereadthepaper.他读报。Hereadof(或about)theevent.他读到过那个事件。Hepaidthetax.他付了税。(款项)Hepaidforthedictionary.这本词典他付的钱。(物品) HelecturedJim.他训斥吉姆。Helecturedontheinternationalsituation.他就国际形势发表演讲。HespokeFrench.他说法语。Hespokeof(或about)you.他说起过你。Hestartedthetripyesterday.他昨天开始旅行。Hestartedwithafewdollarsandbecameamillionaireinafewyears.他以几美元起家,几年内就成了百万富翁。 大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)395三、短语动词Hetoldajoke.他说笑话。Hetoldonhisfriends.他告发了朋友。Theystormedthetown.他们攻打了那座小城。Hestormedather.他对她大发雷霆。Shetastedthedish.她尝了那菜。Shehasnevertastedofpeace.她从未有过安宁。Thesouptastedofonion.这汤有洋葱味。Shetreatshimbadly.她对他不好。Theessaytreatsofmodernmusic.这篇文章论述的是现代音乐。Hewaswatchingafootballgame.他在观看足球赛。Hewatchedoverthesheep.他看守羊群。Hewatchedforanemptyseat.他寻找空位。Shewitnessedtheaccident.她目睹了那个事件。Shewitnessedtohisinnocence.她为他的无辜作证。Thetownboastsafamoustower.这座小城里有一个著名的塔。Heboastsofhisson.他为儿子而自豪。Thedogbittheboy.狗咬了那个男孩。Thedogbitattheboy.狗向那个男孩咬去。Heguessedthemeaning.他猜出了含义。Heguessedatthemeaning.他试图猜出含义。6.同根词与介词的搭配问题1)英语中有些同根词,与同一个介词搭配beseparatefrom与..分离separationfrominquireinto调查makeaninquiryintoinviteto邀请sendaninvitationtotriumphover战胜betriumphantoverdependon(或upon)依靠bedependentuponlivedependentlyupon2)英语中有些同根词,与不同的介词搭配prideoneselfon以..自豪takeprideinbeproudofshowcompassionfor对..同情takecompassiononbecompassionatetobefondof喜欢 haveafondnessforhindersb.from阻碍beahindrancetobeconfidentof相信haveconfidenceinhaverespectfor尊重berespectfultobepartialto对..偏袒showapartialityfortakedelightin以..为乐bedelightedwithbedifferentfrom(或to,than)与..不同havedifferenceinhaveambitionfor对..雄心勃勃beambitiousofhaveanaffectionfor爱慕beaffectionatetofeelcontemptfor瞧不起becontemptuousofdescendfrom为..的后裔beadescendantofcontrastwith与..对照beacontrastto 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书396第八讲动词alternatewith与..交替beanalternativetoaccordingto根据inaccordancewithsympathizewith同情showsympathyforbesympathetictohaveadesirefor渴望bedesirousof7.复合动词复合动词是由两个单词合成的动词,大都由“名词+动词”构成,有些由“形容词、副词+动词”构成,另有一些其他词构成。复合动词大都要用连字符连接,但也有些不带连字符,另一些带不带连字符皆可,如:hitch(-)hike。复合动词有些用作及物动词,有些用作不及物动词,还有些可用作及物动词或不及物动词。1)名词+动词day-dream做白日梦whip-lash鞭打baby-sit看孩子window-shop浏览商店橱窗brain-wash为..洗脑jaywalk乱穿马路bottle-feed人工喂养roller(-)skate穿四轮溜冰鞋滑行chain-smoke一支接一支地吸(烟)eavesdrop偷听drip-feed静脉输液water-ski滑水fire-bomb用燃烧弹轰击proof-read校对jog-trot缓步而行ghost-write代人写作,为人捉刀lip-read唇读理解tape-record用磁带录下来pinpoint指出,确定位置spring-clean彻底打扫sleep-walk梦游ice-skate溜冰stage-manage把..安排得有戏剧效果2)形容词+动词ill-treat虐待blacklist列入黑名单white-wash粉刷short-circuit发生短路cross-examine盘问short-change少找钱dry-clean干洗3)副词+动词backtrack往回走about-turn向后转hard-boil煮(蛋)至硬back-pedal从..退缩 overeat吃得过多overcharge超额收费undergo经历oversleep睡过头deep-fry炸4)其他形式court-martial军法审判air-freight用飞机运输blow-dry吹干stir-fry炒tilly-tattle闲聊kowtow磕头,叩头hitch-hike免费搭车行(路)spin-dry甩干pooh-pooh认为..愚蠢可笑dillydally浪费时间,闲混criss-cross往来,交叉double-cross欺骗force-feed强迫进食shilly-shally犹豫不决Weshouldnotill-treatanimals.我们不应虐待动物。Thepolicecross-examinedallthosepresent.警察盘问了所有在场的人。 大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)397三、短语动词Nowyouhaveseenhowhewilldouble-crossyou.现在你看到了他将如何欺骗你。Theelectionofthepresidentisstage-managedtothelastdetail.总统选举的整个过程都是周密安排的。Wehavetodry-cleanthesecoats.这些大衣必须干洗。Allthedetailshavebeencross-checked.所有的细节都仔细核对过。It..stimetospring-cleantheofficeandopenupafewmorewindows.是把办公室彻底打扫一番,多开几扇窗的时候了。Hehitch-hikedhiswaytothewest.他一路搭乘便车去西部。Theygoice-skatingeverySaturdayafternoon.他们每个星期六下午去溜冰。Theoldgrannyregularlybaby-sitsforthem.这位老奶奶常帮他们看孩子。Sheoftengoeswindow-shoppingonSunday.她常在星期天去逛商店。Ittookherawholemonthtoproof-readthebook.校对这本书整整花了她一个月时间。Stopshilly-shallyingandactatonce.不要犹豫不决,马上就干吧。Animals..trackscriss-crossedinthesnowyfields.动物的足迹纵横交叉地印在积雪的田野上。Don..tback-pedalledonyourcommitments.不要从你的承诺退缩。Heatetoomuchandchain-smokedcheapcigars.他吃得太多,劣质雪茄不离口。(及物动词)Hewaslefttochain-smokeintheroom.剩下他一个人在房间里一根接一根地抽烟。(不及物动词)8.常用短语动词1)v+aboutcareabout关心boastabout自夸fumbleabout乱摸索seeabout查考,留意knowabout了解speakabout谈到goabout着手,走动speculateabout思考complainabout抱怨inquireabout询问concernabout关心,挂念bringabout引起,产生,使实现argueabout争论hearabout听说setabout着手fussabout大惊小怪worryabout担心,忧虑hangabout闲荡,待在近旁comeabout发生lieabout散在四处2)v+across runacross偶然遇见getacross通过,被理解comeacross无意中碰到,被理解cutacross超近路,穿过3)v+afterlongafter渴望hankerafter渴求thirstafter渴望runafter追赶goafter追逐keepafter紧紧追赶yearnafter思慕,渴望hungerafter渴望lookafter照顾takeafter长得像..askafter问候makeafter追随4)v+againstgoagainst违反voteagainst投反对票argueagainst反对standagainst反抗 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书398第八讲动词defendagainst抵抗holdagainst责备rebelagainst反叛informagainst告发preventagainst预防guardagainst防备provideagainst预备sailagainst逆风行驶turnagainst反对runagainst起而反抗protestagainst对..抗议protect...against防卫chargeagainst控告prepareagainst防备warnagainst谨防layupagainst贮存以备weighagainst权衡5)v+apartfallapart崩溃tellapart区分takeapart拆开comeapart崩溃tearapart弄乱setapart区别,突出6)v+aroundtalkaround说服playaround玩弄,闲荡showaround带领参观kickaround虐待7)v+asidesetaside拨出throwaside抛弃leaveaside不考虑pushaside推开,避免layaside暂放一边putaside搁置castaside抛弃8)v+atmarvelat惊叹shudderat颤栗cryat哭泣weepat哭泣hesitateat踌躇wonderat惊奇trembleat发抖rejoiceat欣喜blushat面红gazeat凝视grieveat悲伤laughat笑estimateat预估comeat攻击,拜见jumpat作出getat到达,了解keepat坚持makeat攻击workat从事,致力于9)v+awaythrowaway抛弃castaway丢弃fadeaway声音消失,渐弱dieaway渐渐消失workaway连续工作cutaway割掉wearaway磨损,消逝clearaway扫除giveaway赠送,泄露passaway去世,时间过去putaway贮存 10)v+backtakeback撤回holdback忍住,退缩hangback犹豫不决putback放回,阻碍bringback使想起,带回talkback反驳stayback不介入keepback抑制traceback追溯writeback回信 大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)399三、短语动词answerback回嘴cutback修剪lookback回顾,踌躇callback回电话setback逆转11)v+bygoby时间过去,根据,遵守stickby出于sitby袖手旁观abideby遵守comeby经过,得到standby支持dropby顺访swearby发誓putby储蓄concludeby结论12)v+downcutdown削减bookdown登记burndown烧毁(多用于建筑物)calmdown平静下来crushdown压碎letdown失望,放低rundown耗尽,撞倒diedown渐熄breakdown出故障settledown定居copydown记录calldown责备handdown传递,遗传backdown让步13)v+foranswerfor对..负责makefor向..移动arrangefor安排hopefor希望cravefor渴望yearnfor思慕thirstfor渴望huntfor寻找speakfor为..辩护applyfor申请accountfor解释wantfor缺少goinfor爱好haveatastefor喜好allowfor考虑到wishfor希望hankerfor渴望longfor渴望searchfor搜寻askfor要求,请求,索要prayfor祈求fallfor深信,迷住takefor误以为14)v+forthsetforth启程,发布bringforth产生,引起pourforth流出callforth唤起,激起comeforth出现15)v+forwardputforward提出pushforward推进bringforward提出driveforward坚持下去16)v+fromarisefrom由..而产生springfrom源于originatefrom(in)起源于descendfrom为..后裔,出自varyfrom不同于quotefrom引自 datefrom起源于separatefrom与..分离fleefrom逃跑removefrom远离,除去derivefrom源于emergefrom由..出现resultfrom产生于,由于issuefrom自..发出,流出 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书400第八讲动词copyfrom抄自adaptfrom改编自avertfrom避开partfrom离开inferfrom推论estrangefrom疏远keepfrom抑制dismissfrom开除risefrom起源于keepawayfrom远离,不靠近refrainfrom抑制(自己)prohibitfrom阻止dissuadefrom禁止,不准releasefrom免除abstainfrom劝阻resignfrom辞职restrainfrom抑制discouragefrom劝阻shelterfrom保护,庇护比较:Shewasdeliveredfromdanger.她脱离了危险。(outof)Shewasdeliveredofachild.她生了一个小孩。(givebirthto)17)v+inbreakin闯入aboundin盛产bringin引入,收益cashin兑现dropin访问givein投降handin交上keepin抑制resultin导致setin季节开始stepin介入takein欺骗tradein交易,从事addin加进,包括checkin签到cutin干涉,插嘴countin算在内fillin填写gainin增加involvein卷入letin放入sendin提交intervenein干涉,调停succeedin成功turnin交出,就寝weighin测量rejoicein喜欢lookin探望delightin以..为乐liein在于18)v+intoget(run)intodebt负债bumpinto不期而遇flyintoapassion发脾气comeinto继承intrudeinto打扰putintoexecution实施enterinto着手,开始谈putintoeffect实行inquireinto调查seeinto看透developinto发展成为divideinto划分getintotrouble陷入困难fallinto开始,分成fallintoanerror出错burstinto闯入,突然爆发runinto碰见,数目达comeintostyle(fashion)流行fitinto适合gointobusiness经商 burstintotears(laugh)突然大哭(笑)turninto变成convertinto转变talkblackintowhite指鹿为马19)v+ofinquireof询问approveof赞成knowof知道,了解learnof闻知,听说talkof谈起requireof要求 大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)401三、短语动词hearof听到过,风闻speakof谈起,说到warnof告知despairof失望tellof讲述complainof抱怨(dis)approveof(不)赞同bragof自诩dreamof梦想remindsb.of提醒convincesb.of使相信accusesb.of指控suspectsb.of猜疑repentof后悔informof通知admitof容许boastof自夸treatof论述assuresb.of使确信informsb.of告知warnsb.of警告convictsb.of宣判..有罪20)v+offcomeoff发生,实现,脱落,成功dieoff相继死亡buyoff买通cutoff切去layoff戒绝,停止shakeoff解雇,摆脱makeoff匆匆逃离showoff炫耀playoff决赛holdoff隔离,冷漠calloff取消giveoff散发,放出breakoff中断,停止carryoff夺去,获奖dashoff急速离开payoff付清债telloff责骂,计算roundoff使完全seeoff送行signoff节目播完,解雇leaveoff中止21)v+ondwellon评论,详谈speakon讨论writeon论述commenton评论decideon决定insiston坚持lectureon宣讲enlargeon详述touchon谈及discourseon演说determineon决定debateon辩论deliberateon考虑reflecton沉思concentrateon注意prideoneselfon以..为自豪reston依靠walkontiptoe踮着脚尖走stand(keep)onone..slegs站立着fallonone..sknees跪下dependon依靠acton遵照..行事bringon引起,促成catchon抓牢,理解dawnon开始理解gainon侵蚀,超过hiton巧遇,忽然想起holdon继续imposeon强加于,占便宜playon利用,影响takeon雇用waiton服侍operateon动手术liveon靠..生活 feaston以..设宴dineon以..为膳食weighon压迫infringeon侵犯turnon攻击intrudeon(upon)打扰baseon以..为根据museon默想 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书402第八讲动词congratulatesb.on祝贺leanon(upon)倚靠lieonone..sback仰卧fallonone..sface俯伏counton(upon)仰赖reckonon(upon)依赖bankon依赖,指望counton依靠enteron开始,着手figureon预料growon渐强hangon坚持,抓紧improveon(upon)改进seton攻击thriveon靠..繁荣meditateon沉思keepon继续feedon以..为食subsiston以..为生encroachon(upon)侵犯,打扰trampleon蹂躏,践踏trespasson侵犯avengeon报仇22)v+outlayout计划putout熄灭,伸出keepout扣留,不准入bringout说明,显现comeout开花,出版passout昏倒,分发burnout烧毁,燃尽crossout勾销figureout算出,理解holdout坚持到底letout说出,释放makeout理解standout突出spellout详解,拼出wearout磨损thinkout想出watchout监视playout筋疲力尽giveout分配buyout使人放弃beatout胜过helpout帮助,救济countout把..除外burstout喊叫cancelout取消feelout试探leaveout省略,删去seeout送至门口pickout挑选ruleout拒绝考虑turnout生产,证明,关掉workout计划,想出kickout解雇breakout爆发,突然大声..washout洗掉,忘记cleanout清理(由内部)23)v+overglanceover浏览readover审阅doover重做,粉碎presideover主持会议runover浏览,车压过talkover商议pickover精选takeover接管lookover检查一遍cryover悲伤laughover边笑边谈getover复原,渡过(难关)handover移交tideover克服困难 goover复习,检查winover说服makeover转让24)v+roundglanceround环顾handround分发workround改变观念comeround恢复知觉或健康getround说服,逃避serveround分发东西 大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)403三、短语动词sendround使流传25)v+throughpullthrough渡过难关seethrough看透carrythrough完成fallthrough失败gothrough经历,细查getthrough完成,通过putthrough接通电话,完成cutthrough走近路26)v+toapplyto适合adjustto适应answerto符合,与..一致objectto反对attendto处理adhereto坚持,粘附appealto恳求attributeto归因belongto属于contributeto促成,捐助referto提及,指setto着手succeedto继承subscribeto捐款,预定testifyto证实yieldto屈服于assentto同意conformto适应correspondto相称addto增加amountto总计,达到adaptto适应bringto苏醒,停下来cometo合计,恢复知觉fallto开始relateto与..有关seeto确保succumbto屈服taketo喜爱上,专心于turnto求助于27)v+togetherputtogether加起来,装配sticktogether粘在一起throwtogether匆匆拼凑gettogether联欢,聚集28)v+underkeepunder抑制,征服serveunder在手下供职situnder听讲getunder制服29)v+upbeatup毒打chokeup说不出话endup结束putup举起,住宿mixup弄混signup立约strikeup开始唱(奏)coverup包庇,掩盖cutup切碎callup打电话drawup草拟hangup挂断电话takeup从事showup出现washup洗餐具talkup称赞dressup盛装playup强调bringup养育,提出cropup突然出现,发生holdup阻止,妨碍bearup支撑,鼓足勇气clearup清理,澄清burnup烧旺,烧毁 breakup结束,终止eatup吃完brushup温习doup修饰,收拾cleanup打扫,获利30)v+with 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书404第八讲动词unitewith与..联合associatewith联合mergewith与..合并conferwith与..商量disagreewith不同意concurwith与..一致complywith符合dealwith处理,相处keepabreastwith与..并行consistwith与..一致matchwith联姻,匹配getalongwith与..相处correspondwith与..相符coincidewith与..一致gowith与..相配makefriendswith同..交友comeupwith追上,找到,得出dowith忍受copewith处理collidewith碰撞,冲突competewith与..竞争partwith分手,放弃putupwith忍受dispensewith废弃findfaultwith挑剔interferewith抵触meetwith遇到,受到makeawaywith除掉furnish...with供给present...with赠送,提供charge...with控告trouble...with打扰increasewith随..而增长contrast...with同..对照varywith随..而变化havemuchtodowith和..大有关系havesomethingtodowith和..有些关系havenothingtodowith和..毫无关系四、动词的五种句型结构结构例句与说明动词(不及物)Birdsfly.Yellowleavesarefallingintheautumnair.系动词+表语Herfatherisaprofessor.Shebecameangryatthewords.Heseemssatisfiedwiththenewjob.动词+宾语Janelikesmusicverymuch.Hedecidedtogiveupsmoking.ShesaidthatshewouldleaveforParissoon.动词+间接宾语+直接宾语Fatherboughtmeanewcap.Thegirlaskedmewherethebookstorewas.常接双宾语的动词有:bring,buy,ask,tell,show,give, fetch,make,take,pass,send,write,teach等。动词+宾语+补语Ifoundthebookinteresting.Theteacheraskedthestudentstohandintheirpapers.Theyelectedhimdeanofthedepartment.五、各类动词使用要点1.行为动词(从句法和词汇意义两方面综合考察)1)及物动词及物动词一般都有宾语,可以用于被动语态,如make,build,open,convince等。例如:Theworkersarebuildinganewrailroad.ThesecarsaremadeinJapan. 大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)405五、各类动词使用要点Hisspeechangeredtheaudience.他的讲话激怒了观众。比较:Shemadeagoodwifeforhim.她成为他的好妻子。(一个宾语)Shemadehimagoodwife.(双宾语,him为间接宾语,可省,agoodwife为直接宾语,意同上句)Shemadehimagoodhusband.她使他成为好丈夫。(make为使义动词,agoodhusband为宾语补足语,him不可省)Note:有些动词通常用作及物动词,但偶尔也用作不及物动词,不带宾语。例如:Hisdenialdidnotconvince.他的否认不能使人信服。Somepeoplebuildwhileothersdestroy.有些人建设,而另一些人破坏。Suchafinemealcannotfailtoplease.这样一顿好饭菜不能不令人满意。2)不及物动词不及物动词不能接宾语,也不能用于被动语态,如come,rise,fall,arise等。例如:Mr.JameshasgonetoParis.Leavesfallwhenwindblows.风吹叶落。Doangelsexist?有天使吗?Note:有些不及物动词在特定情况下也可以用作及物动词。例如:Hediedanaturaldeath.他是自然死亡。Sheweptherselftosleep.她哭着睡着了。Thetabledinestencomfortably.这张餐桌可宽绰地容纳10人用餐。Shescreamedawarningnottotouchtheelectricwire.她尖叫着警告别碰电线。Theysleptthemselvessober.他们一觉过后就清醒了。(1)有些动词既可以是及物动词,也可以是不及物动词,使用的场合不同,意思有所变化,如:sit,stand,fly,work,mind,air,dress,escape,miss,hang,meet,play,pass,move,press,run,shoot,turn,touch,tend,follow,exercise,hold,count,head,show,win,reflect,propose,cheat,beat,blow,hurt,fit,manage,spread,stretch,strike等。例如:Thetreesmovedinthewind.树在风中摇曳。Thetalemovedhertotears.这故事使她感动得落泪。Thecurrentisrunningstrong.水流湍急。Heranashoponthestreetcorner.他在大街拐角上经营一个商店。Mind,there..sabuscoming!当心,公共汽车开过来了。Theoldmanmindedaflockofsheep.老人照看羊群。Heproposedtoheronbendedknee.他跪着向她求婚。 Heproposedanewmethod.他提出一种新方法。Heisstandingatthedoor.他在门旁站着。Ican..tstandthatfellow.我不能容忍那个家伙。Heisworkingveryhard.他工作非常努力。Heworkedthehorsetodeath.他把那匹马累死了。(2)有些动词可以作及物动词,后面带宾语,也可以作不及物动词,后面不带宾语,意思上没有什么变化。这类动词常用的有:drink,help,change,clean,cook,draw,lend,save,ride,point,steal,marry,shave,drive,smoke,lecture,sing,wash,write,type,study,learn,iron,spend,eat等。例如:Theweatherchangedsuddenly.天气突然变了。Owingtothebadweathertheplanehadtochangeitscourse.由于天气恶劣,飞机不得不改变航行。 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书406第八讲动词Theboyoftensteals.这男孩常偷东西。Someonestoleapaintingfromthemuseum.有人从博物馆里偷走了一幅画。Wehaveeatenalready.我们吃过东西了。Heatehissandwichanddrankaglassofmilk.他吃了三明治并喝了一杯牛奶。Icouldfinishtheworkfasterifyouwouldhelp.如果你肯帮忙,我就可以很快地完成这项工作。Godhelpthosewhohelpthemselves.自助者天助之。(3)有些动词通常用作及物动词,但其宾语有时可承上省略,这时就成了不及物动词,这类动词常用的有:miss,join,know,lead,lose,move,play,begin,order,pass,sign,notice,blow,aim,accept,fit,phone,ring,strike,push,share,offer,enter,board,blow,gain,serve,watch,approach,answer,choose,follow,judge,remember,forget,search,produce,understand,win等。例如:Iaskedheraquestion,butshewouldnotanswer(it).我问了她一个问题,但她不愿回答。Hetoldmethathehadpassed(theexamination).他告诉我,他已通过考试。Thecoatfits(me)perfectly.这件上衣(我穿)很合身。Ishallforeverrememberyourtimelyhelpandshan..tforget(it).我将永远记着你的及时帮助,不会忘记。(4)有些动词通常用作及物动词,但也可用作不及物动词,涉及到宾语向主语的转变;有时,这种动词以主动形式,表示被动意义。这类动词常用的有:close,open,shatter,break,dry,end,cook,burn,shrink,shut,split,sail,shake,run,start,tear,stop,widen,thicken,quicken,crack,darken,change,diminish,swing,worsen,slow,boil,bend,back,burst,fade,empty,grow,fly,continue,park,spin,improve,roast,rock,stretch,decrease等。例如:Theweightofsnowbentthebranches.雪压弯了树枝。 Thebranchesbentundertheweightofsnow.Heshutthedoorwithabang.他砰地一声关上了门。Thedoorshutwithabang.门砰地一声关上了。Astoneshatteredhisglasses.一块石头打碎了他的眼镜。Theglasseswillnotshatter.这眼镜不会打碎。Hesplitthefirewoodwithanaxe.他用斧头劈木柴。Thefirewoodsplitseasily.这木柴容易劈开。(5)有些动词可用作及物动词或不及物动词,作及物动词时带宾语,作不及物动词时同介词连用,表义上有些相同,有些不同。这类动词常见的有:jump→jumpover,enter→enterfor,check→checkon/up,fight→fightagainst/with,chase→chaseafter,roam→roamover,brush→brushover/aside,sip→sipat,leap→leapover,sniff→sniffat,tug→tugat,hiss→hissat,gain→gainin,nibble→nibbleat,play→playagainst,mourn→mournfor/over等。例如:Thechildrenarechasingeachother.孩子们在相互追赶。Thelittlegirlischasingafterabutterfly.那小女孩在追赶蝴蝶。Shestillmournsherhusband.她至今还在悼念她的丈夫。IshallalwaysloveGuyandmournforhim.我将永远爱盖伊并悼念他。Heenteredtheuniversityateighteen.他十八岁进了大学。Heenteredfortheexamination.他报名参加考试。Shetuggedthedoorbutitwouldn..topen.她用力拉门,但拉不开。Shetuggedatthedoorbutitwouldn..topen. 大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)407五、各类动词使用要点Hesippedcoffee.他一口一口地抿咖啡。Hesippedatcoffee.Ourteamplayedthesophomoreteamyesterday.我们队昨天同二年级队比赛。Ourteamplayedagainstthesophomoreteamyesterday.(6)相互动词有些动词后常跟eachother或oneanother,表示相互关系,称为相互动词。有时候,这类动词后也可不跟eachother或oneanother,这时就成为不及物动词。这类动词常用的有:embrace,kiss,marry,consult,fight,hug,cuddle,match等。例如:Theyembraced(eachother)warmly.他们热情拥抱。Theloverskissed(eachother)andsaidgoodbye.这对情人亲吻了说再见。Thebirdsfought(eachother)forthebread.鸟儿为面包而争斗。Theyhugged(eachother)andkissed.他们相互拥抱接吻。Thetwocoloursdon..tmatch(eachother).这两种颜色不相配。Note:①有些“动词+with”构成的短语动词后常跟eachother或oneanother作宾语。例如:Theyagreedwithoneanotheronthematter.他们在这件事上意见一致。Thetwopoetshavecommunicatedwitheachotherforalongtime.这两位诗人相互联系已经很久了。②某些不及物动词有向及物动词转化的趋势,如walk,swim,sleep,laugh,glance,die,lunch,starve,bow,look,wave,flash,cry,sweat等。例如:Hereyeswereflashingfire.她的目光闪现着热情。Hesweatedbloodandtearsinhislife.他一生都在苦苦奋斗。Theylookedinquiry.他们露出询问的表情。Shebowedhergratitude.她鞠躬致谢。Welunchedher.我们请她吃午饭。Henoddedhisconsent.他点头表示同意。3)动作动词(1)活动动词。这类动词表示各种持续活动,可用于进行时态,如do,play,ask,drink,rain等。(2)过程动词。这类动词表示情况的改变,可用于进行时态,如turn,become,grow,change等。 Note:①有些动作动词表示的是短暂的动作,没有持续性,即“一发生就结束”的动作。这类动词一般称为“非延续性动词”或“终止性动词”,不能同表示一段时间的状语连用。常见的这类动词有:go,come,leave,arrive,lose,land,catch,join,kill,find,occur,happen,takepartin等。例如:Hehasjoinedtheclubforalongtime.(误)Hehasbeenamemberoftheclubforalongtime.(正)②但是,有几个表示去向的非延续性动词如go,come,start,leave等,可以同表示时段的时间状语for短语连用。但要注意,这种用法的for短语表示的不是句中谓语动词延续的时间,而是该动词动作完成后再做某事所需要的时间。例如:Shehascomehereforthreedays.(=Shehascomehere,intendingtostayforthreedays.)HehasgonetoNanjingfortwoweeks.(HehasgonetoNanjing,intendingtostaytherefortwoweeks.) 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书408第八讲动词AlicehasleftforParisforthreemonths.(=AlicehasleftforParis,intendingtostaythereforthreemonths.)WearestartingforShanghaifortwoweeks.我们将启程去上海,在那里待两周。③非延续性谓语动词后有非谓语动词时,可与表示一段时间的状语连用;这时,时间状语所修饰的不是句中的谓语动词,而是非谓语动词。例如:Shewenttoworktherefortwomonths.(fortwomonths修饰towork)HebegantoreadEnglishforoveranhour.(foroveranhour修饰toread)④如果非延续性谓语动词是否定完成时,表示的是一种状态,故可同表示一段时间的状语连用;如果非延续性谓语动词的完成时表示经常重复的行为,可同表示时段的时间状语连用,但应慎用。例如:Shehasn..ttakenpartinlabourforweeks.IhaveoftengonetoBeijingsince1985.⑤在不同的语言环境中,有些动词可以作延续性动词或非延续性动词,如sit,walk,move,run,feel等。例如:Hesatinthegrass,watchingthesunrising.(延续性)Hesatinthegrassandbegantoread.(非延续性)4)状态动词状态动词表示非活动性的静止状态,不用于进行时态。但有些状态动词如果转义成为动态动词,又可以用于进行时态。状态动词还可分为:(1)感官感觉动词。这类动词表示的是不自觉的、无意的活动,如see,feel,hear,taste,smell等。例如:Iseeapictureonthewall...但:TheyareseeingsightsintheEasternSuburb.他们正在东郊游览。(2)心理、情感、状态动词。这类动词很多,如:believe,consider,desire,despise,dislike,doubt,forget,fear,hate,hope,imagine,know,like,love,mind,object,prefer,remember,suppose,think,understand,want,wish,worship,assume,care,envy,expect,detest,regret,feel(=think),find(=consider),mean,notice,interest等。例如:Ithinkheisbothhonestanddiligent.(正)我认为他既诚实又勤奋。 Iamthinkingheisbothhonestanddiligent.(误)..但:Iamthinkingabouthisplan.(正)我正在考虑他的计划。Note:状态动词know等不可与longago连用。比较:Iknowherlongago.(误)Igottoknowherlongago.(正)(3)拥有、关系动词。这类动词或动词词组有:belongto,concern,consistof,contain,cost,deserve,equal,fit,hold(contain),include,involve,lack,matter,need,owe,own,possess,remain,require,resemble,applyto,differfrom,equal,weigh,standfor,measure,have,exist,compare,dependon,benefitfrom等。例如:Thebookisbelongingtoher.(误)Thebookbelongstoher.(正)这本书是属于她的。Theroomholdstwentypeople.(正)这个房间可以容纳20人。Theroomisholdingtwentypeople.(误)..但:Theyareholdingameeting.(正)他们正在开会。 大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)409五、各类动词使用要点Note:有些动词只能表示状态或持续的动作,不可用来表示非延续性动作(瞬间完成的动作),反之亦然。比较:Shedidn..tsleepuntilfouro..clockinthemorning.(误)(sleep是持续动作)Shedidn..tfallasleepuntilfouro..clockinthemorning.(正)直到早上4点钟她才睡着。Iwasfirstawareofthedangeronlyatthattime.(误)(be是状态动词)Ifirstbecameawareofthedangeronlyatthattime.(正)我在那时才第一次意识到了危险。Thepenhasbeenputonthetableforthreedays.(误)(put是非延续性动词)Thepenhasbeenlyingonthetableforthreedays.(正)这支钢笔放在桌上已三天了。5)心理使动词所谓心理使动词,指那些使人产生某种心理反应、心理活动的动词。这类动词大都有“使”的意思,但不是“使役动词”,不是表示让人做什么,而是表示使人感到怎样,使人产生某种(喜悦、恐怖、沮丧等)心理活动。心理使动词有如下几个特点:①主语一般是物(偶尔可以是人),宾语则只能是人。②均有-ed和-ing两种形式,可作定语和表语;-ed形式作定语和表语时,句中主语或被其修饰的词应是表示人的名词,-ing形式作定语和表语时,句中主语或被修饰的词一般是表示物的名词,偶尔可以是人的名词。③在被动语态中,施动者多由at,with,in,about引导,较少用by引导。④这种动词的-ed形式状态意味强,有些已经形容词化了,能用rather,more,very,quite等副词修饰,且可同feel,seem等系动词连用。..心理使动词有下列几种。(1)表示激动、喜悦、满意:excite,thrill(使激动),flatter(使愉快),elate(使得意),amuse,transport(使万分激动),fascinate,encourage,delight,please,enchant,charm,strike(使感动),relieve,satisfy,interest等。(2)表示惊讶、困惑:puzzle,startle,frighten,bewilder,surprise,amaze,embarrass,overwhelm(打翻,压倒),shock,horrify,scare,perplex,confuse,astonish, upset,astound(使大惊),disappoint等。(3)表示烦躁、厌恶:bore,harass(折磨),distress,depress,worry,bother,annoy,irritate,trouble等。例如:Weareinterestedinthefilm.(-ed形式→人)Thefilmisinteresting.(-ing形式→物)Thesatisfiedwomanisgone.(-ed形式→人)Thesceneryisreallyfascinating.(-ing形式→物)Hewas(felt)verydelightedat(by)thenews.Thegirlwasenchantedwith(by)thepicture.2.系动词1)系动词的三种词汇意义(1)表示某种持续状态。例如:rest,stand,lie,keep,continue,stay,burn,loom,hold等。Hetoldmetokeepcalmunderallcircumstances.Itstayedfresh.Hestayedyoung.Thepaperstayedblank.Heheldaloof.他孤高。Theruleheldgoodfortwoyears. 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书410第八讲动词Theoldmanwouldneverrestidle.Thediseaserestsmysterious.(2)表示具有某种性质、特征和处于某种状态。例如:sit,smell,sniff,live,look,sound,marry,mean,break,bleed,lick,feel,eat,ring,seem,play(假装是),moan,die,cut,buy,appear,shine,spilt,taste,awake,read,remain,stand等。IdaresayIstandinnocentofanywrong.Theactorlookedherpart.那个演员看上去就像她演的角色。Helookedthejoyhefelt.他流露出他所感到的欢乐。Shedoesn..tlookherage.她看上去不像她的实际年龄那么大。Sheawokeangryathiscallingher.Heappearedquitetouchedatherwords.Heappearsanormalperson.他看来是一个正常的人。Theplandoesnotsoundreasonable.(3)表示动词的动作和过程所产生的结果,或状态的开始。例如:burst,cook,go,grow,stop,run,rise,wear,prove,pass,wash,wax,turn,fly,flush,fall,drop,dawn,draw,blush,burn,become,stain,take,work,grow,get,freeze,come,plead,slam,turnout,comein,comeoff等。Sheblushedcrimsonatseeinghim.她一看见他脸就红了。Herdreamhascometrue.Morningdawnedmistyandcloudy.Theleaveshaveturnedredinthehills.Thebookbecamewidelyreadbyyoungpeople.It..sbecomingaseriousproblem.它正成为一个严重问题。Hebecameveryfondofher.他变得非常喜欢她。Hegotstung.Hegottobefriendly.(=became)Shewentlame.Theriverwentdry.河流干涸了。Itwentrotten.它朽了。Theplanwentunheardandunnoticed.Thebillcamedue.账单到期了。Sheiscomingeighteen.Theseamcameunseen.Thepricesranhigh.Provisionsranshort. Thebusinessdoesnotrunsmooth.Hefelldumb.他沉默了。Hefell(a)preytoevildreams.他常常受到噩梦折磨。Thespearfellwideofthewolf.矛未刺中狼。Thehousefellintodecay.房子已经腐坏。Therentfelldue.租金到期了。Thepostfellvacant.这职位空缺。Shefellthinking.她陷入了沉思。Theroomstruckcomfortablewhensheentered.Thewoundprovedfatal. 大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)411五、各类动词使用要点Itturnedoutcorrect.Itturnedoutrainy(arainyday).Hecameoffsecondbest.他得了第二名。Thetoolcameinuseful.(=prove)2)系动词的五种语法结构(1)系动词+形容词。这类结构最多,常用的系动词有:split,ring,make,wear,flush,come,wax,sound,return,look,feel,buy,lie,rest,smell,wash,fall,burst,burn,eat,lick,sit,turn,remain,taste,shine,read,keep,drop,break,draw,hold,prove,take,stop,sell,play,grow,dawn,blow,appear,bleed,cut,go,mean,seem,stand,run,marry,free,cook,become,awake,fly,continue,rise,stain,work等。例如:Themeatcookedtender.这肉烧得嫩。Thesoldierlayflatontheground.那个士兵直挺挺地躺在地上。Thesunrosered.太阳升起红艳艳。Hecamehomedog-tired.(=Whenhecamehome,hewasdog-tired.)Hesattheresilent(dumb).Shediedyoung(poor,miserable).Thecriminaldroppeddead.那个罪犯倒毙了。Hedroppedasleep.他不知不觉睡着了。Shestoodthereirresolute,notknowingwhattodo.她犹豫不决地站在那里,不知如何是好。Sheleftarrogantandcamebackmodest.她离开时很傲慢,回来时却很谦虚。Hereturnedmorediligentthanbefore.他回来时更勤奋。Hemarriedyoung(old).他结婚早(晚)。Mypatientiswearingthin.我渐渐变得不耐烦了。Theboxwaswornwhite.箱子已磨得发白。Hispromiserangfalsetome.他的诺言我听起来不够诚实。Theropefellshort.Thehorsefelllame.Hearrivedsafe.Sheawoketired.Thedoorblewopen.Theaudiencefellsilent.观众静下来了。Heplayeddumb.他装哑。Thedaydawnedcloudy.天亮时,天空阴沉沉的。 Oneofthetigersbrokeloose.一只老虎从笼子里跑出来了。Misfortunenevercomessingle.Thefireburnedbright.Themoonhunglow.(low也可看作副词)Thebirdglidedpeaceful.鸟儿自在地蹦跳着。Sheblushedred.她羞愧得脸发红。Shelivespoor.Heruledsupreme.Thesnowisfallingsick.Itgleamedwhite. 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书412第八讲动词Thesunshinesbright.YoucanrestassuredthatIwilldomybest.你放心,我会尽力。Theplandidseemfeasible.这计划的确似乎可行。Babysleepseasyatnight.Shespokesensible.Hestandsfivefeethigh.Hestoodfirmonhispledge.他坚守誓言。Shestoodstill(motionless).她一动不动地站着。Thefireisburninglow.火势减弱了。Hetalkedbig(funny,silly).他吹牛(说话滑稽,说蠢话)。Shewalkedlame.她走起路来一瘸一瘸的。Thepostfellvacant.这个职位空缺。●feelHefeltdizzyinthemorning.他早晨感到头晕。Thewaterfeelshot.水摸起来很热。Itfeltpleasanttakingawalkintheevening.晚间散散步很愉快。Note:常同feel连用的形容词还有:sure,sorry,right,fit,gloomy,well,sick,comfortable,miserable,shy,happy,soft,warm,smooth,lonely,weak,ill,guilty,sympathetic,proud等。●getIt..sgettinglate.天晚了。He..sgettingfat.他胖起来了。Theygotrestless.他们焦躁不安。Shegothomesick.她想家了。Note:常同get连用的形容词还有:dark,bald,worse,chilly,angry,well,deaf,ready,tired,hateful,wet,dry,impatient,light,stout,usedto等。●goHiseyeswentgreenwithenvy.他的两眼充满妒意。Theblackhairisgoinggrey.黑发正在变成白发。Shewentpaleatthenews.听到那个消息,她的脸变得苍白。Thechildrenmustnotgohungry.孩子们不能挨饿。Hehasgonedeadtired.他累得要命。Fishsoongoesbadinhotweather.热天鱼很快变坏。Thehorsehasgonelameinonehindleg.这匹马的一条后腿瘸了。Thecompanywentbrokelastmonth.这家公司上个月破产了。Note:常同go连用的形容词还有:mad,blind,sick,green,sour,purple, insane,bald,bankrupt,independent,dry,sentimental等。●growHiscoldisgrowingworse.他的感冒越发严重了。Thewindgrewfiercer.风刮得更大了。Theseaisgrowingcalm.大海变得平静起来。Thedisputegrewmoreviolent.争执越发激烈了。Note:常同grow连用的形容词还有:cold,old,thin,big,grey,restless,uneasy,fat,dark,serious,intimate,hot,tall,angry,rich,weak,loud等。●keep 大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)413五、各类动词使用要点Sheknewshemustkeepcalm.她知道她必须保持镇静。Theweatheriskeepingfine.天气很好。Iwishthosechildrenwouldkeepquiet.我希望那些孩子们保持安静。Note:常同keep连用的形容词还有:fit,well,cool,warm,close,happy,up-to-date,near,clear等。●lookShelookedreflectivethen.她那时看上去沉于回想似的。Heisnotabigman,buthelooksstrong.他个子不高,但看起来很强壮。Helookedyoungerthanattheirfirstmeeting.他比他们第一次见面看上去年轻了。Thedisheslookedinviting.菜肴看上去很诱人。Note:常同look连用的形容词还有:tired,fit,nervous,pale,good-humoured,well,good,excellent,promising,strong,sad,happy,worried,pretty,friendly,apologetic等。●remainHeremainedsingleallhislife.他一生独身。Sheremainedunmarriedtillfortyyearsold.她直到四十岁还没有结婚。Herfaceremainedexpressionless.她的脸上没有表情。Note:常同remain连用的形容词还有:calm,open,active,inactive,silent,lean等。●proveHisstoryprovesfalse.他的叙述表明是假的。Thispictureprovedsatisfactory.这幅画证明令人满意。Note:常同prove连用的形容词还有:correct,incorrect,easy,difficult,sound,useful,useless,effective,unsatisfactory,interesting,fatal等。●runThisenginehasrunhot.引擎发烫了。Theriverrandry.这条河干涸了。Theweedsrunwildontheriverbank.野草在河岸上疯长。Theshirtrunssmall.这件衬衫小了。Hehasrunshortofmoney.他缺钱了。Thetideisrunningstrong.潮水涨了。Herfeelingsranhigh.她的感情奔放。Note:常同run连用的形容词还有:cold,loose,high,low,mad,rife等。●tasteThemilktastessour.这牛奶有酸味。Thepeartastesdelicious.这梨味道很好。Thefruittastesbitter.这果子是苦的。 Note:常同taste连用的形容词还有:good,horrible,bad,sweet,terrible等。●smellRosessmellsweet.玫瑰花闻起来很香。Theairsmeltdampandmusty.空气中有种潮湿的霉味。Thebooksmellsold.这本书闻起来就很陈旧。Note:常同smell连用的形容词还有:sour,good,nice等。●soundTheadventuresoundsinteresting.这冒险故事听起来很有意思。Theideasoundsmarvellous.这主意听起来妙极了。Thestoryofyoursdoesn..tsoundverylikely.你说的那些话听起来似乎不大可信。 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书414第八讲动词Thetonesoundspleasant.这曲调很悦耳。Hisvoicesoundedresentful.他的声音听起来好像很愤恨的样子。Note:常同sound连用的形容词还有:silly,suspicious,true,grave,right,sweet,good等。●turnTheleaveshaveturnedyellow.树叶变黄了。Hishairturnedgreyovernight.他一夜之间白了头。Shehasturnedquarrelsome.她变得有些爱吵架。Sheturnedpaleathiswords.听到他的话,她的脸变得苍白。Note:常同turn连用的形容词还有:nasty,red,scarlet,black,green,sour,chilly,cold,giddy,crimson等。(2)系动词+名词。常用的用:return,seem,stand,prove,remain,flush,make,play,look,live,draw,die,blush,become,turn,fall,commence等。例如:Hediedaheroicdeath.他死得英勇。Hecameoutadifferentman.Hecameoffaloser(winner).Sheemergedavictor.Helivedabachelor.他鳏居。Shedidcookanddidhost.她烧菜,又招待客人。Sheactedhostess.Hereturnedarichman.Hewentapprenticetoatrade.Hediedaprisoner(abeggar).Shewentanenemyandreturnedafriend.Shesatthereapatient.Hestoodmyfriend.Hefell(a)preytotheplague.他死于瘟疫。Shecommencedwriterintheearlynineteenthcentury.Sheturnedtraitor.她成了叛徒。Heturnedrobbermerelyforrevenge.他为了报复才成了强盗。Isitwiseforageneraltoturnpolitician?将军从政明智吗?Heturnedwriterinhisforties.他四十几岁成了作家。Itseemstomeagoodidea.这在我看来似乎是一个好主意。Heseemsanunusuallycleverboy.他似乎是一个绝顶聪明的男孩。Itsoundsaverygoodsong.这听起来是一首很好的歌曲。Shesoundsaproudwoman.她听起来像是一个傲慢的女人。 Helooksascholar.他看上去像个学者。Helooksareliableman.他看上去是个可靠的人。Themanlooksaperfectfool.那人看起来是个十足的傻瓜。Helivedasaint,anddiedamartyr.他生为圣徒,死为烈士。Itremainedacompletemystery.这一直完全是一个谜。Airpollutionremainedaproblem.空气污染一直是一个问题。Hediedamillionaire.他死时是一个百万富翁。Theypartedthebestoffriends.他们分手时成了好朋友。Don..tactthefool.别发傻了。 大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)415五、各类动词使用要点Thesignatureprovedaforgery.这个签名被证明是假冒的。Itprovedadifficulttask.它证明是一项艰巨的任务。Heprovedarudeman.事实表明他是一个粗野的人。He..sgettingquitealadnow.他就要长成大小伙子了。Hisdreamhasnowbecomeareality.他的梦想已变成现实。Thegirl..sfacewentaveryprettypink.女孩的脸变成了漂亮的粉红色。Herfacewentthecolourofcream.她的脸变成了乳白色。(3)系动词+副词。常用的有:pass,keep,fly,prove,flush,continue等。例如:Theykepttogetherinthestruggle.Thegirlflushedupatthewords.(4)系动词+分词。常用的有:come,become,get,feel,lie,look,prove,stand,seem,appear,grow,pass,remain,get,rest等。例如:Thesmalltownremainedunchanged.Thechildrenappearedamusedbythestory.Thedoorswingsshut.Hestoodplayingtheguitar.Hesatcross-legged.Hepassedunnoticed.Sheentereddressedinred.Shelayshivering.Itlayhiddeninthehills.它隐于深山中。Shecamesmiling.她微笑着来了。Theydepartedunseen.他们离开了,没有人看见。Atlastthetruthbecameknown.最后真相大白了。Thehallsoonbecamecrowded.大厅里不久就挤满了人。Hefeltdisheartened.他感到失望。Shefeltinsulted.她感到受了侮辱。There..snothingtogetexcitedabout.没有什么可激动的。I..mgettingboredwithhistalk.我对他的讲话感到厌倦了。Thentheygotchattingtogether.他们接着在一起聊了起来。Shegrewalittleexcited.她变得有点激动。Hegrewdissatisfiedwiththework.他对这工作不满意了。Johndidn..tlookconvinced.约翰显得不太自信。Shelookedratheroffended.她显得很生气。Thegateremainedclosedalldaylong.大门整天关着。Heremainedstandingfortwohours.两个小时他一直站着。Sheseemedinclinedtogothere.她似乎想去那里。Heseemedlackinginimagination.他似乎缺乏想象力。 Theseamcameunsewn(unstitched).衣缝开线了。Hediedbeloved,reveredandmournedbymillionsofpeople.他去世了,受到亿万人们的尊敬、爱戴和悼念。Themeatsmellsburnt.肉闻起来烧焦了。(5)系动词+介词短语。常用的有: 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书416第八讲动词read,sound,split,stand,appear,shine,smell,seem,grow,continue,keep,look,prove,remain,taste,come等。例如:Themanappearedathisease.Itdoesn..treadlikeanarticlewrittenbyaboyofeleven.Helayonhisbreast(onhisback,onhisside).他俯卧着(仰着,侧身躺着)。Hisaccountalmostsoundslikesciencefiction.他的描述听起来几乎像科幻小说。Sheseemsinbadmood.她似乎情绪不佳。Heseemsonthewatchtocontrolhimself.他似乎很注意控制自己。Heisalwaysrunningoutofmoneybeforepayday.他总是没等到发薪日就把钱用光了。Theagreementshallremaininforceforaperiodoffiveyears.这个协议有效期为5年。Itwentoutoffashionyearsago.这好几年前就不时新了。Shefellintoadoze.她打起盹来了。Hehasfallenintoabadhabit.他沾染了一种坏习惯。Note:①系动词有自己的非限定动词形式。例如:Hesatdown,feelingquiteexhausted.②系动词可以有逻辑上的主语和表语。例如:Ifindyougrowingyounger.③look,seem,appear等还可跟asif从句作表语。例如:Itseemsasifitisgoingtosnow.Helooksasthoughhemightbetired.3)flushcrimson———系动词的固定搭配某些词同系动词构成固定搭配,已成为惯用习语,参见上文。再如:gowrong出毛病godead(电话)中断,(电池)用完gowhite(脸色)发白gobald头秃breakfree挣脱,从..跑出wearsmooth磨得光滑runwild疯长ringtrue听起来真实comeloose松开comeright没有问题flushcrimson(脸)发红liewaste荒芜Note:有些系动词同时也是实义动词,但要注意用法上的区别:作系动词用时,后跟形容词或名词,不可跟副词;作实义动词用时,后跟副词,不可跟形容词或名词。比较:Thespongefeelssoft.Hefeltherheadcarefully.Theoilisrunningshort. Thecarisrunningrapidly.Thesouptastesdelicious.Themantastedthewinesuspiciously.Tomappearedquiteagitated.Astrangeideaappearedsuddenlyinhermind.比较:Shemarriedyoung.(=Shewasyoungwhenshewasmarried.)young是形容词,为系表结构。Shedressesyoung.(=Shedressesyouthfully.)young是副词,为动状结构。Hereturned,worriedandwretched.(动状结构)Hereturnedworriedandwretched.(系表结构)4)从Thedaydawnedmisty看系动词结构的表层和深层 大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)417五、各类动词使用要点Thedaydawnedmisty.天亮时,雾很大。Johnleftaboy,andcamebackahusbandandfather.约翰走时还是个孩子,回来时可就拖家带口了。第一句中的misty不可换为mistily。第二句中的leftaboy不是“留下一个男孩”,而是Whenhelefthome,hewasaboy;其中camebackahusbandandfather意为whenhecameback,hehadalreadygotmarriedandbecomeafather。这两个句子中的dawn,leave和comeback都具有系动词的性质,表示某种状态或结果,其后只可用形容词或名词,不可用副词。透过这两个句子表层的薄雾,我们便不难发现其深层的脉络:Thedaydawned.Itwasmisty.Johnleft.Hewasaboy.Hecameback.Hewasahusbandandfather...下面几个句子中的动词都是作为系动词使用的,其深层结构也不难发现:Mr.Jonescrumpledtothefloorunconscious.(不用unconsciously)Thewatergoesindirtyandcomesoutclean.(不用cleanly)JimandHattypartedthebestoffriends.Shewenthomedisappointed.Heleftschoolagoodstudent.Hecamehomeagreatscientist.Heleftthetownapoorboy.Hecamebackanewman.Hewenttobedapoormanandthenextmorninghewokeupamillionaire.3.助动词和情态动词助动词和情态动词都是“辅助性”或“帮助性”动词,不能独立使用,而是用来帮助构成不同的时态和语态,表达不同的意念。助动词和情态动词的基本区别是:助动词本身没有词义,有数和人称的变化,大都有与相应时态的变化形式,但shall、will只有两种形式should和would;情态动词本身有词义,表示说话者的某种情态,没有人称和数的变化,may、can有变化形式might和could,而must无任何变化形式。助动词和情态动词的共同特点是:构成一般疑问句、反意疑问句、否定句、虚拟语气等,并可用作替代词。..考察下面两句: A:MustIdoitagain?B:.A.Yes,youneedB.No,youmustn..tC.Yes,youdoD.No,youneedn..t(D项正确)Shebelievesthatherbrotherwillcomeoutfirstinthespeechcontest,?A.won..theB.willsheC.doessheD.doesn..tshe(D项正确)4.可用名词作宾语补足语的动词这类动词常用的有:call,count,believe,consider,feel,appoint,leave,keep,make,crown,select,choose,nominate,name,find,prove,elect,think,certify,confess,declare,deem,hold,imagine,keep,presume,proclaim,suppose等。参阅本章其他部分。例如:Theycrownedhimking.他们立他为王。Hedied,leavingheranorphan.Heprovedhimselfanableman.Peoplebrandedhimathief.人们把他称作“贼”。Theychristenedtheship“TheConqueror”.他们把船命名为“征服者”。Thecriticsvotedthedramaasuccess.评论家公认这个话剧很成功。 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书418第八讲动词Hetermedhimselfaprofessor.他自称作教授。5.可用形容词作宾语补足语的动词这类动词常用的有:lay,set,turn,let,cut,buy,like,push,boil,beat,dye,cry,shout,keep,paint,drive,see,push,pull,swallow,have,believe,build,call,certify,render,declare,consider,deem,find,get,leave,hold,prefer,make,proclaim,presume,profess,pronounce,reckon,prove,wish,want,turn,think,send,report,suppose等。参阅本章其他部分。例如:Helaidhimselfflatontheground.他直挺挺地躺在地上。Shewon..thavehimidle.Thenewsstruckusdumb.Herremarkrenderedhimspeechless.Thestationreportedtheroadsclearofsnow.Setyourhatstraight.把帽子戴正。Theswindlerbledtheoldmanwhite.骗子把那个老人的钱都诈光了。Theyheldherresponsibleforthedamage.他们认为她应对损坏负责。Ilikemyteastrong.我喜欢喝浓茶。Heslepthimselfsober.他睡了一觉清醒过来。Haveyourmoneyready.把钱准备好。6.可接同源宾语的动词能接同源宾语的动词有:dream,sigh,think,die,smell,smile,laugh,sleep,breathe,live,titter,blow,strike,fight,nod,look,swear,run,say,pray,bow等。同源宾语的特点是:①多数同源宾语在词源和意义上与谓语动词相同,但有些同源宾语与谓语动词词形不同,或意义接近,或隐约相关;②同源宾语可有形容词修饰,有些亦可用冠词或形容词性物主代词修饰;③有些同源宾语可以用复数,可以省略;④有些同源宾语可以转换为副词或介词短语等;⑤同源宾语有时可用于被动语态。例如:Shesmiledafriendlysmileandbowedalittlebow.(同源,有定语)Hetitteredaninfuriatingtitter.他发出恼怒的窃笑。(同源,有定语)Shesighedadeepsighofrelief.(同源,有前后置定语)Shesleptapeaceful(sound)sleepanddreamedahappydream.(同源,有定语)Hefoughtahardfight.他进行了一场苦斗。(同源,有定语)Sheclosedhereyesandwishedawish.她闭上眼睛许了一个愿。(同源) Shesworeafalseoath.(意义接近,有定语)Hedidn..tsleepawink.(意义接近)Itblewaheavygale.(意义接近,有定语)Hethinksanoblethought.(意义接近,有定语)Thinkhappythoughtsandyou..llfeelbetter.想些高兴的事,你会感觉好些。Shestruckafatalblowattheman.(意义接近,有定语)Shesniffedapleasantsmellofrose.她闻到玫瑰的香味。(意义接近,有前后置定语)Henoddedhisconsent.他点头表示同意。(隐约相关)Jimshoutedhisdisapproval.吉姆大声喊叫表示不同意。(隐约相关)Shelooksherthanks.(隐约相关)Themanbreathedhislast(breath).(省略)Sheranherfastest(race).(省略)Shesanghersweetest(song).(省略)Shefoughtherbest(fight).(省略)Theoldmanwailedaloud,animalwailing.(动名词) 大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)419六、一些主要助动词和情态动词的用法Hislife..sraceisnearlyrun.(被动语态)Sheprayedanearnestprayer.(=prayearnestly)Hediedagloriousdeath.(=diegloriously)Shebowedheragreement.(=Sheexpressedheragreementbybowing.)Helaughedaheartylaugh.Heisnowlivingahappylife.Hetriedahardtry.他奋力尝试。六、一些主要助动词和情态动词的用法助动词情态动词be(is,am,are,was,were,been,being)can,could,(beableto)have(has,had,having)may,mightdo(does,did)shall,should(oughtto)will,wouldshall(should),will(would)dare,need,must(haveto)1.助动词be“be+动词不定式”可以表示下面几种意思。1)命令或指示Nooneistoentertheroomwithoutpermission.不经允许,切勿入内。Thebooksarenottobetakenoutofthereading-room.不得将书拿出阅览室。2)计划或安排(相当于begoingto)Anewbridgeistobebuiltovertheriversoon.这条河上不久就要架一座新桥。Theexpeditionistostartinaweek..stime.探险队预定一周后出发。3)可能或不可能(相当于may,can)Thiskindoftreeistobefoundinthatforest.在那个森林里能够找到这种树。Hewasoftentobeseentakingawalkonthepath.在这条小路上经常可见到他散步。4)应该或不应该(相当于should,oughtto,must,haveto)Suchpeoplearetobecriticized.这种人应该受到批评。Whatistobedone?该怎么办?Infutureyouarenottogooutalone.以后你不要一个人出去。5)表示后来发生的事,可以用来表示一种命运或注定Theysaidgood-bye,littleknowingthattheywerenevertomeetagain.他们告别了,没想到再也不能相见了。Theworstisstilltocome.最坏的还在后头。 Hewastoregretthedecision.他有一天会后悔作出这一决定的。ThisIwasonlytolearnlater.这一点我只是以后才知道。Hedidn..tknowthathewastobecomerichlateron.他不知道他后来会富有。6)表示“如果想..”,用于条件状语从句中Ifwearetowinthematch,we..llhavetotrainevenharder.如果我们想要赢得这场比赛,我们得更刻苦地训练。Ifyouaretowatchthesunrise,you..llhavetogetupearly.如果你们想看日出,就得早起。7)用于习语WhereamItogo?我该向何处去?WhatamItodo?我该怎么办? 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书420第八讲动词Note:①be还可用作实意动词,表示动作Theconferencewillbeinamonth.会议一个月后举行。(takeplace)Whatmustbe,mustbe.天意不可违。(该发生的事总是要发生的。)Howlongagowasit?这是什么时候的事了?(happen)Ithink,soIam.我思故我在。Whenistheceremonytobe?典礼什么时候举行?Themeetinghasalreadybeen.会已开过。Whateverisisright.存在的就是合理的。Cansuchthingsbe?可能有这样的事吗?②have(has)been+不定式可以表示“去做某事”。例如:I..vebeentoseetheflowershow.我去看过花展了。He..sbeentwotimestoseeher.他去看过她两次了。③was(were)+不定式完成式,这种结构表示“本来打算..,本来要..(而结果则没做)”。例如:Hewastohaveattendedthemeeting,buthefellill.他本来要参加会议的,但是生病了。(因此没参加)..考察下面一句:Theythefactory,butaheavydownpourspoiledtheirplan.A.visitedB.werevisitingC.weretohavebeenvisitedD.weretohavevisited(D项正确)2.haveto和musthaveto和must在表示“必须”这个意思时是很接近的,但也有一定的区别。1)haveto比较强调客观需要,表示因客观环境或事态促使而不得不做某事;must强调主观看法,表示主观上认为有必要做某事Imustlearnanotherlanguage.(主观想法:Iwantto)Ihavetolearnanotherlanguage.(客观需要:身为一名外交官)Youmustbebackbefore10o..clock.(叮嘱或命令)Youhavetobebackbefore10o..clockbecausethetrainistoleaveat10:05.(客观需要)Jimhastoshaveeverymorning.(长着一脸大黑胡子)Jimmustshaveeverymorning.(军人服从命令)Shemustdoitherself.Ishan..thelpher.(说话人的意志)Shehastodoitherself.Shehasgotnoonetohelpher.(客观情况使得) Youmuststayforsupper.(becauseIwantyouto)Youhavetostayforsupper.(becausethere..snowhereelsetogoto)Someonemusthavelostthegame.估计一定是谁输了。Someonehadtolosethegame.反正必定要有输家。Youhaveonlytosayaword,andshewilldoeverythingforyou.你只需说一个字,她就会为你做一切。(同only连用)Iamhavingtosticktomyprinciple.我必须坚持自己的原则。(进行时)2)must可以表示“偏偏,偏要”,指不愉快的事,而haveto则不可AfterIgavehermyadvice,shemustgoanddotheopposite.我给她出了主意后她偏反着干。JustwhenIwasgoingout,someonemustknockatthedoor.我正要外出,偏偏有人敲 大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)421六、一些主要助动词和情态动词的用法门。Mustyoutroublehim,justwhenheisbusydoingthecooking?他在做饭,你干吗偏要打扰他?Thoughshedidn..tneedto,shemustgo.虽然她不用去,她却偏要去。Youdon..thavetocomeagain,butyoumust.你不必再来,可是你执意要来。3)haveto多表示义务或习惯动作;must则用于表示一种重要或急迫的事情Wehavetocarefortheyoung.(义务)Shehastobeattheofficebeforeeighteveryday.(习惯)Youmustgotothemanageratonce,oryou..llbedismissed.务必马上去见经理,不然你会被开除的。(急迫的事情)4)haveto可用于不同的时态,可同情态动词连用,可用于被动语态,后面有时可跟不定式进行式;must一般只用于现在时(但也可以表示将来的情况,在间接引语中也可以表示过去时)。在现代英语中,即使不是在间接引语中,must有时也可表示过去的情况Ihaveto(或must)leavenow.We..llhavetobuyanotherTVset.Theyhadtoputoffthesportsmeetbecauseofthebadweather.Sheisalwayshavingtomakedecisions.她要经常作出决定。Hehashadtoreconsiderhisposition.他不得不重新考虑他的立场。Ifithadn..tbeenforhishelp,shewouldhavehadtoleave.如果不是他帮助,她就不得不离职了。Shemayhavetostaytherelonger.她可能不得不在那里呆更长时间。FirstI..dhavetosaysomethingaboutthebackground.首先我必须说一下有关背景。Alltheweaponshavetobemovedawaybeforedawn.所有这些武器都必须在天亮前移走。It..llhavetobefinishedbeforenoon.这事得在中午以前完成。Weshallhavetobegoing.我们得走了。Peoplehadtoberemindedofthedangerthatnight.那天夜晚,必须提醒人们注意危险。He..sbeenhavingtoforcehimselftotalk.他必须一直强迫自己说话。Itwouldn..tbegoodforhimtohavetodoitthatway.他非得那样做,是不大好的事。Havingtoreachthetownbeforedawn,theyhadtowalkondespitetheheavyrain.他们 必须在天亮前到达那个小城,所以不得不冒着大雨前行。Hesaidthattheworkmustbefinishedwithintwoweeks.Theyhadnowayout.Theymustfighttotheend.5)must还可以表示一种推断和揣测,而haveto则不能ThismustbeJim..spen.这一定是吉姆的笔。Youmustbejoking.你准是在开玩笑。Theremustbesomethingwrongwiththemachine.机器准是出了毛病。Hemustbecomingthismoment.他这会儿准在来。Shemustbelivinginthecountrythisweek.她本周一定住在乡下。Hemustremainsingleuntiltoday.他准是独身到今天。Povertymustfollowafteralongwar.长期战争之后必然是贫穷。Youmusthavebeenthinkingofsomething.你一定在想心事。Someonemusthavebeensmokinghere.一定有人在这里抽烟。6)“must+动词完成式”可以用来表示对过去情况的揣测,而haveto则不能Shemusthavereadthebooksometimeinthepast,orshecouldn..thaveansweredthe 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书422第八讲动词questionsowell.她一定在过去某个时候读过这本书,不然,这个问题她不会回答得这么好的。Ican..tfindmykey.Imusthaveleftitinthebus.我找不到钥匙了,一定是丢在车上了。Theessaymusthavebeenwrittenbyawoman.这篇散文一定是一个女子写的。7)must可以表示客观必然性,意为“必然(会),总是会”,而haveto则不可Allmenmustdie.人固有一死。Competitionmusthappen.竞争总会发生。Truthmustbeout.真相总会大白。Wintermustbefollowedbyspring.冬天过后一定是春天。Theremustbeadayforrevenge.总有报仇的那一天。8)hadhadto+动词原形可用于表示过去情况的虚拟条件句中IfIhadhadtodothework,Ishouldhavedoneitinadifferentway.如果我不得不做这项工作,我会以不同的方式去做。(=hadbeenobligedto)IfIhadhadtorunthefactory,Iwouldhavehaditrunbyablemen.如果我得管理这家工厂的话,我就会让它由能人管理。(=hadbeenobliged,forced)9)在虚拟条件句或主句中,可用must代替hadto,would,should等IfImustmarryher,Iwouldcertainlyregretitsomeday.如果我必须同她结婚的话,我有一天肯定会后悔的.(=hadto)Ifyouweremorecareful,thingsmustbebetter.如果你更仔细些的话,情况会更好些。(=wouldsurely)Note:①在现代英语中,haveto的否定式和疑问式既可以按照助动词的变化规则构成,也可以按照行为动词的变化规则构成。例如:Hedoesn..thavetowearglassesforreading.他读书不必带眼镜。Whydidyouhavetodoit?你为什么不得不做那件事?Whatdowehavetodotogetheroutofthedifficulty?我们要怎么做才能使她从困境中解脱出来?Haveyoutofinishtheworkbeforesupper?Doyouhavetofinishtheworkbeforesupper? Hehadn..ttoworksolate.Hedidn..thavetoworksolate...在英国英语中,也常用haven..tgotto...,指现在或将来。例如:Idon..thavetogonow.Ihaven..tgottogonow.(got也可省略)②havegotto常可同haveto换用,但有时表示不同的含义。比较:Hehastoreporttotheheadquarterseverytwodays.(例行公事,习惯动作)Hehasgottoreporttotheheadquarterseverytwodays.(一道指示或命令,必须每两天报告一次)..另外,作“有”解时,havegot和have通常是可以换用的,havegot更口语化,但有时表示不同的含义。比较:Themanhasablindeye.那人有一只眼瞎了。Themanhasgotablueeye.那人有一只眼被打青了。③mustnot和neednot。mustnot表示禁止,是说话人强有力的劝告或命令,意为“一定不要,不准”。因此,在回答由must引导的问题时,如果是否定的回答,表示“不必,没有必要”,不 大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)423六、一些主要助动词和情态动词的用法能用mustn..t,而要用needn..t或don..thaveto。例如:Youmustn..tleaveus.你一定不要离开我们。Youmustn..tforgettoposttheletter.你可别忘了寄那封信。Youmustn..tbreatheawordofthistoanyone.你千万不要对任何人说这件事。Wemusthurry,wemustn..tbelate.我们得快走,我们不能迟到。Youmustnotdrivefast.你不能开快车。(路险或有速度限制)Youneedn..tdrivefast.你不必开快车。(时间充裕)Youmustnottellothers.不准告诉别人。(警告)Youneedn..ttellothers.不必告诉别人。(没有必要)④mustneeds和needsmust。needs为副词,相当于necessarily,ofnecessity。mustneeds和needsmust均可表示“必须,必定,不得不”,这层意义上可以通用;但mustneeds还可表示“偏偏,偏要”,含有讥讽、不满的意思,而needsmust则一般无这层意思。例如:Imustneedsgotherenow.我现在非到那里去不可。(可用needsmust)Needsmustwhenthedevildrives.情势所迫不得不那样。ShemustneedsgoawaywhenIwanther.我正需要她时,她偏偏离开了。(不可用needsmust)ThetelephonemustneedsringwhenIwenttobed.我上床睡觉时偏偏有人来电话。(不可用needsmust)⑤must的三种不同否定形式。比较:Hemustbeonthesportsground.他一定在操场上。(表示推测,意为“一定,准是”)Hecannotbeonthesportsground.他不可能在操场上。Hemustgetupatfive.他有必要5点起床。(表示有必要,意为“应当,必须”)Heneednotgetupatfive.他没有必要5点起床。Hemustparkthecarhere.他必须把车停在这里。(表示命令,意为“必须”)Hemustnotparkthecarhere.他不准把车停在这里。(不允许)Heneednotparkthecarhere.他不必把车停在这里。(可以停在别的地方)3.助动词need和行为动词needneed指主语的主观特需情况而使之必要。need可以作助动词,也可以作行为动词。作助动词时,need没有人称和数的变化,后接不带to的不定式(动词原形),否定式为needn..t。作行为动词时,need同别的行为动词一样,有人称和数的变化, 后接带to的不定式,否定式要在前面加don..t(doesn..t,didn..t),疑问句用do(does,did)提问。1)助动词need常用于否定句中或含有否定意义的句子中Youneednotdoanythinghere.你在这里什么也不要做。Heneverneedknow.他不需要知道。(=Heneverneedstoknow.)Sheneedhardly(或scarcely)sayanythingtohim.她几乎不需要对他说什么。Idon..tthinkheneedcome.我认为他不需要来。(=Ithinkheneednotcome.)Shegoesthereoftenerthanneed.她没有必要去那里次数那么多。(=Sheneednotgotheresooften.)Sheneedonlywait.她只需等待就行。(=Sheneednotdoanything.)Thereisnomorethatneedbedone.没有更多需要做的了。(=Nomoreneedbedone.)2)助动词need常用于疑问句中NeedIrepeatit?要我重复一下吗?Thereneedbenohurry,needthere?不必匆忙,是吗? 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书424第八讲动词Youneedn..tdoitatonce,needyou?你不需要马上就做,是吗?WhatelseneedIdo?还需要我做什么?Needhehaveworkedsohard?他需要那么辛苦吗?3)助动词need可以用来表示过去情况,用于过去时中Youneednotgotherelastnight.你昨晚不必去那里的。Needshegodowntownyesterday?她昨天需要进城吗?Hetoldherthatsheneednotwaitforhim.他告诉她不必等他。4)助动词need也用于if,unless等引起的状语从句中IfIneedstartearly,Iwill.如果需要早点动身,我会早点动身。IwonderwhetherIneedadvisehim.我不知道是否需要劝他。Iwon..twriteherunlessIneedwriteher.除非需要给她写信,否则我不会给她写信。5)助动词need可用于虚拟语气中Iflifewereadream,oneneednotbetooearnest.如果人生是一场梦,就不必太认真。Ifshehadbeentherewithhim,heneednothavesufferedsomuch.如果她同他在一起的话,他就不必受那么多苦了。Youneednothaveborrowedthemoney.你本来不必借那笔钱。(Butyoudid.)6)neednotbe和neednothave+过去分词表示“不一定”Itneednotbetrue.这不一定真实。(Itmaybetrue,ornot.)Themanneednotbethirty.那人不一定30岁。(Hemaybethirty,ornot.)Amanneednotbehappythoughheisrich.富有的人不一定幸福。(maybe,ornot)Hewastherethen,butheneednothavestolenthemoney.他当时在那里,但他不一定偷了钱。(mayhaveormaynothave)Hetravelledalot,butheneednothavevisitedtheGreatWall.他旅游到过许多地方,但不一定参观过长城。(mayhaveormaynothave)7)needhave+过去分词,还可用于比较结构中Shewasmorecarefulthansheneedhavebeen.她不必那么小心的。Hedrovefasterthanheneedhavedone.他没有必要把车开那么快。Theroadwaswiderthanitneedhavebeen.路不必要那么宽。8)neednothave+过去分词,还可表示“不必做某事,但却做了”Youneednothaveaskedheraboutit.你本不必问她那件事的。(但却问了)Youdidnotneedtoaskheraboutit.你不必问她那件事。(也没问) Fathersentmethebook,soIdidn..tneedtowritetohimforit.父亲把那本书寄来了,所以我不必为此给他写信了。(信没写=Ididnot)Fathersentmethebook,soIneedn..thavewrittentohimforit.父亲把那本书寄来了,所以我本不该为此再写信给他的。(信已写=ButIdidwrite)Shedidn..tneedtocome.她不必来的。(实际也没来=Shedidnotcome.)Sheneedn..thavecome.她本来不必来的。(但却来了=Butshedid.)Note:①在will或shall表示的将来时中,要用行为动词need。例如:Youwillneverneedtoworryabouthim.你永远也不必为他担心了。Youwillneedtosaynothing.你什么也不必说。②助动词need通常用于疑问句和否定句中,在肯定句中常用must,haveto,should,oughtto等。例如:Needyoudoitrightnow?Ineedn..t,buthemust.③havenoneedto,don..thaveto,haven..tgotto,benotboundto等也可以表示needn..t的含义。例如: 大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)425六、一些主要助动词和情态动词的用法Ineedn..ttalkwithhim.=Ihavenoneedtotalkwithhim.=Idon..thavetotalkwithhim.④比较:Shedoesn..tneedtobetold.Shehasalreadyknownit.(客观情况使得告诉她没有必要:她已经知道)Sheneedn..tbetold.Weshouldkeepitsecretfromher.(主观上不愿告诉)4.oughttoought没有词形变化,通用于所有人称,可以用于现在时、过去时和将来时,同带to的不定式连用,否定式为oughtnot(oughtn..t)to,读作[......tnt];疑问式把ought放在主语前。1)表示理应做的事,应该做的事,意为“应该,应当”Yououghttostudyhard.你应该努力学习。(=Itisyourdutytostudyhard.)Yououghttoreadthebook.你应该读这本书。(=Itwilldoyougoodtoreadthebook.)Suchasentenceoughtn..ttobeusedhere.这个句子不应在这里使用。(=Itisnotpropertousesuchasentencehere.)Hesaidsheoughtnottobehiswife.他说她不该成为他的妻子。Hewillsaythatyououghttodoyourbestandwhooughtnot?他会说,你应尽全力,谁不该尽全力呢?2)表示推测,可译为“应是,应该,会是”Heishonest,sowhathesaidoughttobetrue.他很诚实,因此他的话该是真实的。Itisalreadytwelveo..clock.Lunchoughttobeready.现在已经是12点,午饭应该好了。Heoughttohavewrittentheletterbynow.他现在该把信写好了。(现在以前的动作)Heoughttohavemadealotofmoney.Hedidbusinessmanyyears.他经商数年,应该赚了许多钱。3)oughttohave+过去分词常表示一个与过去事实相反的情况,肯定式表示“应该做某事而没有做”,否定式表示“不应该做某事但却做了” Itistoolate.Yououghttohavetakenthechancethen.现在太晚了,你本该当时就抓住机会的。(Butyoudidn..t)Hehassufferedalottheseyears.Heoughttohavefollowedmyadvice.他这些年吃了许多苦,他本应听从我的劝告的。Hiswifeisvainandselfish.Heoughtn..ttohavemarriedher.他妻子虚荣自私,他本不该娶她的。4)oughttohave+过去分词还表示过去更早的时间应该如何ShecamelastFriday.Butsheoughttohavecomethreedaysbefore.她上周五来的,但她应该早三天来。Ithinkheoughttohaveresignedlastyear.我想他去年就应该辞职的。Sherefusedtomarryhimandmanyofherfriendsthinksheoughttohaverefusedtomarryhim.她拒绝嫁给他,她的许多朋友都认为她理应拒绝他。(Shedidrefusehim.)Note:①oughtto与must,haveto,should的含义比较接近,但不完全相同。oughtto表示义务或责任,用以提醒某人注意其义务,指出一个正确、明智的行为。must强调的是主观愿望,指必须做什么,牵涉到说话人的权威。haveto则表示由某种情况、环境所迫而不得不做某事。should同oughtto同义,oughtto口气稍重一些, 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书426第八讲动词在生活交际中多用should;另外,oughtto有时有针对性,而should则表示一般的忠告。比较:Yououghttorespecttheold.应该尊重长者。(正确的行为)Youmustdoitatonce.你必须立即做这件事。(含有说话人的权威性)We..llhavetoreconsiderthematter.我们务必重新考虑这件事。(情况所迫:发现有新的问题,有差错)Weshould(oughtto)domoreforthecountry.我们应多为国家出力。(义务,责任)Weoughtnottelllies.我们可不应该说谎话。(针对性强)Weshouldnottelllies.我们不应该说谎话。(忠告)②表示“必然”时,oughtto的语气不像must那么肯定。比较:Thisiswherethegolddepositsmustbe.这里一定有黄金。Thisiswherethegolddepositsoughttobe.这里应该有黄金。③在美国口语中,oughtto在疑问句和否定句中可省去to。例如:Yououghtn..tbuythecar.你不应该买那部车。Oughtwestopnow?我们现在应该停下来吗?5.usedto+动词原形和be(become,get)usedto+动名词(名词)usedto[..ju:st..]+动词原形表示一种过去的习惯、过去的例行活动或方式,一个与现在情况相反的过去状况,意为“过去常常”,否定式为usednotto(usedn..tto),疑问式把used放在主语前,也可用did引起。be(become,get,grow,accustomed)usedto+动名词或名词(不能加动词原形)意为“习惯于..,对..习惯”。例如:Shedidn..tusedtocome.Sheusedn..ttocome.她过去不常来。Didn..theusedtogetupearly?Usedn..thetogetupearly?他过去不是早起吗?Note:usedto还可以同often,never,always连用。例如:Heoftenusedtoworklateatnight.他过去常工作到深夜。Shealwaysusedtogetupatfouro..clockinthemorning.她过去总是早晨4点起床。6.shall除在一般将来时中用于第一人称外,shall还有如下用法。 1)表示征求意见或请求指示Shallwemeetintheevening?晚上见好吗?HowshallIstartthemachine?怎样开动这部机器?Note:shall只表示“愿意按对方的指示去做”,而may,might或can表示“征求对方的同意”,意为“行不行,好不好,可以不可以”。比较:ShallIcomein?你要我进来吗?May(或Might,Can)Icomein?我可以进来吗?ShallIbuythedictionary?要我买那本词典吗?May(或Might,Can)Ibuythedictionary?我可以买那本词典吗?ShallIgotheretomorrow?要我明天去那里吗?MayIgotheretomorrow?我明天去那里好吗?2)用于第二、三人称,要重读,不可缩写,表示意图、意志、允诺、命令、命运或必然结果等;但shall所表示的意志是说话人的意志,而非句子中主语的意志。在法律、条约、协定等文件中,shall表示义务、规定等Youshallhavealotofmoney=Ishallgiveyoualotofmoney.(意图)你会有很多钱 大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)427六、一些主要助动词和情态动词的用法的。(我会给你很多钱的)Eachcitizenshallcarryhisidentificationcardwhentravelling.(规定)旅行时每个公民务必带上身份证。Youshallarrivetherebeforesunset.你们要在日落前到达那里。(命令Iwantyouto...)Youshallnotsmoke.不准抽烟。(禁止=Iforbidyouto...)Ifyoudon..tbehaveyourself,youshallbepunished.如果你行为不规的话,你会受到惩罚的。(威胁)ThetaskshallbefinishedbySunday.任务会在星期天前完成。(允诺)Thechildshalltroubleyounomore.这孩子不会再打扰你了。(允诺)Sheshallgetthispaperintheevening.(允诺)Thedayshallcome.那一天一定会来。(决心)Heshallgetwhathedeserves.(警告)Deathiscertaintoall;allshalldie.死必临万物;万物皆会死。(命运)Betterdaysshallsoonfollow.(预言)Heshan..tcomehere.我不会让他来。(威胁)Thetimeshallcomewhentheyshallbeavenged.(意志)Whotouchespitchshallbedefiled.玩火者必自焚。(必然结果)POWsshallnotbeill-treated.战俘不得受虐待。(法律用语)3)用于修辞性问句Whoshallbelievehim?(=Nobodywillbelievehim.)Whatelseshallamandesire?(=Amancandesirenomore.)7.will和wouldwill和would除在将来时态中用于第二、三人称(will用于一般将来时,would用于过去将来时)外,还有如下用法。1)表示请求(这时will和would通用,而would更委婉,也用won..t)Willyougivehertheletter?你把这封信给她好吗?Wouldyoupleasetellmeyourtelephonenumber?请把你的电话号码告诉我好吗?Won..tyousitdown?2)表示习惯或倾向。will用于一般的习惯,would用于描述过去的习惯或例行的活动。would同usedto的区别是:would用于回想过去,强调过去某种特定情况下的活动,是完全过去的事情,同现在没有联系;would只表示重复的活动,不表示状态。usedto强调过 去的习惯性动作或状态,但如今已不存在,与现在的情况形成对比,既可表示过去持续的状态,也表示过去重复的行为Peoplewilltalk.人总会说闲话。Adrowningmanwillcatchatastraw.快淹死的人一根稻草也要抓。Jealousywillspoilfriendship.嫉妒会破坏友谊。AnEnglishmanwillshowyouthewayinthestreet.英国人在街上是会给你指路的。(英国人一般都会这样做)Sometimeshewillwanderinthehillsallafternoon.有时他会整个下午在山里漫游。Scarfusedtobeaheavysmoker.(现在不再吸烟)Fatherusednottobesoforgetful.(父亲现在好忘事)Heusedtogetupatfive,butnowhegetsupatsix.Hewilloftenreaddeepintothenight.他会读书到深夜。(现在习惯)Hewouldreaddeepintothenight.他会读书到深夜。(过去习惯) 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书428第八讲动词Sheusedtogetupatsixinthemorning.(正,重复的行为)Shewouldgetupatsixinthemorning.(误)Manusedtothinkthattheearthwasflat.(正,持续状态)Manwouldthinkthattheearthwasflat.(误)Note:would可以表示不规则的习惯,usedto则不可。例如:Sometimesshewouldtakeawalkintheneighbouringwoods.(不用usedto)Inthosedays,wheneverIhaddifficulties,IwouldgotoMr.Shenforhelp.(不用usedto)3)表示推测ItwillbeMr.Wangknockingatthedoor.敲门的该是王先生吧。Itwouldbeaboutteno..clockwhenhelefthome.他离开家时大概10点钟左右。Shewillhaveheardoftheaccident.她想必已经听到那个事故了吧。Youwon..tknowthewomaninred.Sheisournewneighbour.你不会认识那个穿红衣服的女士的。她是我们的新邻居。Youwillnotbefamiliarwiththeserareplants.这些稀有植物你们可能不熟悉。Sorrytobelate.Youwillhavebeenwaitingforsometime.对不起我来迟了。你想必等了一些时候。Note:will表示推测时没有must把握大,should也可以表示推测,但比will把握略小。其程度由低到高为:might→may→could→can→should→oughtto→would→will→must。4)表示命令、强迫等(只用will,通用于所有人称)Allwillarrivebefore7:45.所有人员务必在7:45之前到达。Iwon..tallowhertodothat.我不会让她做那件事的。5)表示意愿或固执坚持。用于非人主语时,表示固有性质、倾向Shewon..tlendmethemoney.她不愿把钱借给我。Heisthemanwhowillgohisownway.他是一个自行其是的人。Thewindowwon..topen.窗子打不开。Thedoorwon..tshut.门关不上了。Iwon..targuewithyou.Iwouldhaveagoodcry.我简直想大哭一场。(feelinclinedto)比较: Hewilldoit,whatevermighthappen.不管发生什么,他都要做这件事。(主语He坚持要做)Heshalldoit,whatevermighthappen.不管发生什么,他都必须做这件事。(我们坚持要He做)6)表示能力(拟人化)Thehallwillseat1,000people.Thatwasastrongdog.Howmuchwoulditcarry?7)表示客观事实Fishwilldieoutofwater.Oilwillfloatonwater.Birdswillbuildnests.鸟会筑巢。8)表示意图或允诺Iwilltroubleyouforthedictionary.我想麻烦你把那本辞典递给我。 大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)429六、一些主要助动词和情态动词的用法Youwillhaveyourshare.你会得到你的一份的。Iwon..tletyoudown.我决不会让你失望。9)表示拒绝,用won..tIwon..tlistentoyournonsense.Thedogwon..tstopbarking.Iurgedhimtodoit,buthewouldn..thearofit.10)willdo或woulddo表示“解决问题,就行”Eitherpenwilldo.哪支钢笔都行。Thatwilldo.那就行了。Willthedictionarydoforagift?这本辞典用作礼物行吗?Itwouldnotdo.那不行。(指过去)Itwouldnotdotoworktoolate.工作太晚不行。11)用于让步状语从句中,表示“不管..”,相当于nomatter...,常用倒装结构Saywhowill,nobodybelievesit.不管谁说也没有人相信。Gowhereyouwill,Iwillaccompanyyou.不管你去哪里,我都将陪伴着你。Comewhatwould,Iwouldgomyownway.不管发生什么,我都会走自己的路。Readwhichbookyouwould,youshouldreaditcarefully.不管读哪本书,都要细心读。Livewithwhomyouwill,youshouldkeepyourroomcleanandtidy.不管同谁住在一起,你都要使房间干净、整洁。Speakhowfasthewill,Icanunderstandhim.不管他说得多快,我都能听得懂。Letthematterbewhatitwill,Iwon..tloseheart.不管情况怎样,我也不会灰心的。Beitasdifficultasitwill,Iwillsolveit.不管它多么难,我都要加以解决。Makemoneyhow(或as)youwill,itshouldbespentwisely.12)will在if从句中的运用在含有if从句的主从复合句中,如果if引导的条件状语从句表示的是一般将来时或过去将来时,不可用will或would,而要用一般现在时或一般过去时代替。但是,will可用于if从句中表示各种“愿望”,这些愿望包括“请求,意愿,拒绝,同意,允许,能够,坚持,选择,计划”等。例如:Ifyouwillcomeintothehall,themeetingwillbeginsoon.请到大厅里来,会议快要开始了。(请求) Ifyouwillmakeanothertry.Ishalldoeverythingpossibletohelpyou.如果你愿意再试一次的话,我愿尽一切可能帮助你。(意愿)Ifhewon..tgowithyou,Ishallasksomebodyelse.如果他不肯同你一起去的话,我将另找他人。(拒绝)Ifyouwillagreewithme.Ishalltellyoueverythingaboutit.如果你同意我的观点,我将把一切都告诉你。(同意)Ifyouwillnotcomelateagain,Ishallletyouin.如果你答应不再迟到的话,我就让你进去。(允诺)Ifanyonewillfindacuretothedisease,itwillbeawonder.如果有人能够治好这种病的话,那将是一个奇迹。(能够)Ifyouwilldoitlikethat,youwillfail.如果你坚持要那样做的话,你会失败的。(坚持)Ifyouwillbuybread,Ishallbuybeer.如果你买面包,我就买啤酒。(选择)Ifyouwon..tlendmoneytohim,pleaseletmeknow.如果你不打算把钱借给他的话,就让我知道。(计划)Note:①下面几个句子中的will表示“难免”: 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书430第八讲动词Accidentswillhappen.事故难免发生。Boyswillbeboys.男孩子总是男孩子。..在下面的句子中,would有“可能”的含义:Iwouldn..tdreamofit.我做梦也不会想到。That..swhathewoulddo.他会那么做的。Youwouldn..tknow.你不会知道的。②比较:Thestudentwillberewarded.这位学生将会受到奖励。(单纯将来)Thestudentshallberewarded.这位学生会受到奖励。(允诺)IshalldiewhenIamold.我老了就会死去。(单纯将来,自然规律)Iwilldie.Iamtiredoflife.我想死,我对生活厌倦了。(说话人的愿望,=bewillingto)Youshalldiebecauseyouarefoundguiltyofmurder.你被发现犯了谋杀罪,你必死无疑。(说话人的意志,=Youmustdie.)Ishallhearsomenewsongs.我将听一些新歌。(单纯将来)Iwillhearsomenewsongs.我想要听一些新歌。(主观愿望)PerhapsIshallfail,butIwilltry.也许我会失败,但我一定要努力。(shall表示单纯将来,will表示意愿)Isuggestheshalltryandifhewilltry,heshallsucceed.我建议他试一下,如果他愿意试,他会成功的。(第一个shall表示意愿,指I有意愿要他试;will表示he的意愿,相当于iswillingtotry,第二个shall表示结果或命运)8.hadbetter(best)+动词原形,wouldrather+动词原形,wouldrather(sooner)+动词原形+than+动词原形和wouldrather+虚拟式从句1)hadbetter结构意为“最好..”,否定式为hadbetternot,疑问句把had放在主语前。这个结构用于现在时或一般将来时,通用于所有人称(had不是过去式)Hadhebetterleaveatonce?他最好马上动身吗?..考察下面一句:Yougobyair.A.hadn..tbetterB.hadbetternottoC.havebetternotD.hadbetternot(D项正确)2)wouldrather意为“宁愿,宁可”,后接动词原形,否定式为wouldrathernot,疑问句把 would放在主语前。wouldrather(sooner)...than意为“宁愿..而不”,than后面接动词原形(不带to)。wouldrather后面接从句时要用虚拟式Whathadwebetterdo?我们最好干什么?Hadn..twebetterleavenow?Hadwebetternotleavenow?我们现在离开不好吗?Bettersayyes,ifheasksyou.(省去had)Wouldn..tyouratherworkhere?你不愿在这里工作吗?I..dbetterbegoingnow.我想我最好就走。(可用进行时)..考察下面两句:Hewouldratherthanthesecret.A.die...tellingB.die...totellC.dead...tellD.die...tell(D项正确)Iwouldratheryouherthebiketheotherday.A.didn..tlendB.hadn..tlent 大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)431六、一些主要助动词和情态动词的用法C.shouldnotlendD.wouldn..thavelent(B项正确)Note:hadbetter和wouldrather后可用动词完成式,表示过去未完成的动作。例如:Youhadbetterhavedonethat.(当时)你最好把那件事做完。(并没有做完)Shewouldratherhavebeenapainter.她本来宁愿当一名画家的。(但没能)9.can,could和beableto(指人体力、智力、性格上的主观可能,也指性质上可能)1)表示许可。can表示许可时,是may在非正式场合的替代词Youcanborrowtwobooksatatimefromthelibrary.一次可以从图书馆借两本书。Mothersaidwecoulddoanythingwewished.母亲说我们想要干什么都行。2)表示能力。can表示能力时(即有某种知识和技能而能办到),可与beableto换用,但在将来时和完成时中必须用beableto结构;表示经过努力而成功地办到了某个具体的事情时,只能用beableto,不可用can。这种用法的beableto相当于succeedin或manageto。另外,cannot比cannot更强调。缩写式can..t,英国读作[k....nt],美国读作[k.nt]Canyoutype?Areyouabletotype?Shecouldn..tclimbthemountain.(没有能力爬,因而也没爬)Shewasnotabletoclimbthemountain.(尝试爬过,但没能爬上去)Hecouldswimacrosstherivereveninhislateryears.Hewasabletoswimacrosstherivereveninhislateryears.I..msureweshallbeabletogetyouajobsoon.(不可用can)Hehasbeenabletofinishtheworkontime.(不可用can)Afteryearsofhardworkhewasabletowintheprize.(不可用could)Shewasn..tsurewhetherhewouldbeabletojumpoverthestream.她不能肯定他是否能跳过那条小溪。Ihaven..tbeenabletogetalicence.我一直未能弄到驾驶证。Hesaidhehadbeenabletokeepcalm.他说他一直能够保持冷静。..但是,当can表示will的含义或表示允诺(permission)等时,can可以用于将来时中,在表示将来的if或when引导的从句中,也可以用can。不过,这几种用法较少见,应慎用。例如:Canyoucometothemeetingtomorrow?(=Willyou...?)YoucangowithhimnextSunday.(=Youarepermitted...)Ifyoucanpasstheexamtomorrowmorning,Ishallbuyyouagift. 3)表示可能性,常用于疑问句和否定句中,指“某事是否是事实”。在肯定句中要用mayCanitbetrue?这可能是真的吗?Canhebesoselfish?他可能会这么自私吗?Canshebelivingthere?她可能会住在那里吗?(=Isitpossible...)Canthehallseatathousandpeople?这大厅能坐下1000人吗?比较不同的含义:Canthestorybetrue?这个故事可能是真的吗?Itmaybetrue.可能是真的。Itmaynotbetrue.可能不是真的。Itmustbetrue.一定是真的。Itcannotbetrue.Itmustbefalse.不可能是真的,一定是假的。4)表示温和的命令或批评Youcangoandfetchsomewater.你去打点水来。(=Iwantyouto...)Youcancleanthewindows,John.约翰,你擦窗户吧。 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书432第八讲动词Youcouldreadmoreinfuture.你今后要多读书。Youcouldbemorecautious.你要更谨慎些。Youcouldhavedonebetter.你应该做得更好才是。5)用于修辞性问句,表示某种情绪Whatcansatisfyher?什么能满足她呢?(不满)Whatelsecanyousay?你还能说什么呢?(不耐烦)HowcanIdosuchathing?我怎能做这样的事情呢?(难办)6)beableto可同情态动词或某些系动词连用,并可用于非谓语动词中Shemightbeabletoplaytherole.她也许能扮演这个角色。Youshouldbeabletochooseyourowncourse.你应该能选择自己的道路。Maryseemedabletovoicetheircriticism.玛丽似乎能说出他们的意见。Heregrettednotbeingabletobringforthnewevidence.他对不能提供新的证据感到非常遗憾。Ishouldliketobeabletocarryouttheinvestigation.我希望能够进行这项调查。Note:can..thelp,couldn..tbear等习语中的can..t或couldn..t不能变成beableto,因为can..thelp等表示的是不自觉的行为,而beableto表示的总是自觉的、有意识的行为。另外,beableto作谓语时,主语通常只能是人,且一般不能用于被动语态。下面两句是错误的:Theweatherwasabletoclearup.Thefirewasnotabletobeputout.Note:①could是can的过去式,除具有can的各种功能外,还可以用来比较委婉、客气地提出问题或陈述看法。例如:Couldyoucomealittleearlier?IamsorryIcouldn..tlendyouthebooknow.②can和could还可以表示某人或某物一时的特点,可译为“有可能,有时会”。例如:Itcanbeverymistyinthisarea.这个地区有时会大雾弥漫。Hecanbeveryfriendlyattimes.他有时候会很友好。(并不是一贯友好)Hecouldbeveryproud.他有时会很骄傲。Awomancandoanythingwhenjealous.女人妒意大发时什么都干得出来。Theweathertherecanbeextremelyhot.那里的天气有时会非常热。Mancanbeascruelaswildbeasts.人有时会像野兽一样残忍。 Measlescanbequitedangerous.麻疹会很危险。Childrencanbeverytrying.孩子们有时会让你很伤脑筋。Thebad-temperedmancanbequitecharmingwhenhewishes.那个脾气暴躁的人愿意时可以很温和。③can(could)+have+过去分词有时相当于may(might)+have+过去分词,意为“可能”。can是could的口语体,语气上较婉转。cannothave+过去分词和couldnothave+过去分词均可表示“过去不可能”。参阅本章其他部分。例如:Johncan(could)havebeenseriouslyhurtintheaccident.约翰可能在那次事故中受了重伤。Cantheyhavemissedthetrain?他们可能是没有赶上火车吗?Shecouldn..thaveheardyouknockingatthedoor.她可能没有听到你敲门。Hecouldn..thavebeenswimmingallday.他不可能整天都在游泳。④肯定的推测用must,否定的推测用cannot。参阅上文。比较: 大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)433六、一些主要助动词和情态动词的用法Whatshesaysmustbetrue.她说的一定是真的。Whatshesayscannotbetrue.她说的一定不是真的。⑤canbe和couldbe后可接possible作表语。例如:Canitbepossible?Itcan..tbepossible.这是不可能的。Coulditbepossiblethathedialedawrongnumber?他可能拨错了号码吗?⑥possible的副词形式possibly也可同can或could连用,表示强调等。例如:Ican..tpossiblydoit.It..sagainstthelaw.10.may(指客观各方给予主语的可能)1)表示许可,允许,常译为“可以”(正式场合)Youmaytakethebookhome.你可以把这本书带回家去。Candidatesmaynotbringreferencebooksintotheexaminationroom.考生不准带参考书进入考场。(表示说话人不许可,相当于Wedon..tpermit...)Peoplemaynotpickflowersinthepark.人们不得在公园里攀折花木。Imaycomein,mayn..tI?我可以进来吗?(IsupposeImay)2)表示可以做或可能发生的事Theymaynotbetheretoday.他们今天可能不在那里。Asituationlikethismay(或can)occurfromtimetotime.Foolsmayaskquestionsmorethanwisemencananswer.傻子问的问题聪明人也可能回答不了。Anybodymaygetill.人人都会生病。Onemayliveahundredyears,butcannot(不用maynot)livethreehundred.人可能会活到100岁,但活不到300岁。3)表示祝愿MayHeavenprotectyou!愿上天保佑你!Mayourfriendshiplivelong.愿友谊长存。Mayyoubehappy!愿你幸福!Longmayyoulive!愿你长寿!Mayyouhavemanyhappyyearstogether!祝你们在一起过许多年的幸福生活!Happymayyourbirthdaybe!祝你生日快乐!MayGodblessyou!愿上帝赐福给你!4)用在表示目的的状语从句中Getupearlysothatwemaycatchthetrain.早点起床,以便赶上火车。Theyworkhardinorderthattheymay(或will,can)liveabetterlife.他们辛勤地工作, 以便能过上更好的日子。Shewentbyairthatshemight(或should,could)arriveearlier.她乘了飞机,以便早些到达。Hediedthatshemightlive.为了她能活着,他死了。5)用在表示让步的状语从句或分句中,可译为“尽管”Whoeverhemaybe,heshouldobeytherules.不管他是谁,都应遵守规则。Comewhatmay,I..mpreparedforit.不论发生什么,我都有所准备。Hewouldworkdiligently,howeverrichhemightbe.不管多么富有,他都会勤奋工作。Amanmaysmileandsmileandbeavillain.笑中可能藏刀。(面善者可能心毒。)(=Amanmaybeavillainthoughhesmilesandsmiles.)Note:①比较: 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书434第八讲动词Theymay′notgoswimming.(Idonotpermitthem.)他们不可以去游泳。(不许可)They′maynotcomeifitrains.如果下雨,他们就可能不来。(Itisprobablethattheywon..tcomeifitrains.)Theymustn..tgoswimming.他们一定不能去游泳。(责令不得去)②might是may的过去式,在表示“可能”这个概念时,may和might是可以换用的,但might表示较多的怀疑,可能性较小,或者表示更婉转的语气。试比较:Jimmaylendyouthemoney.(可能性较大)Jimmightlendyouthemoney.(可能性较小)MightIaskaquestion?(较婉转)③回答MayI...?问句时,maynot意为“不可以”;回答Can...?问句时,maynot意为“可能不”;maynot还可以表示“可以不”。例如:MayIsithere?No,youmaynot.不,你不可以。Canthestorybetrue?Itmaybe,ormaynotbe.可能是,也可能不是。Youmaynottellherthat.你可以不把那件事告诉她。(也可以表示:你不可把那件事告诉她。)④may表示“可能”时一般不用在疑问句中,而以belikelyto等结构替代。例如:Ishelikelytowinthematch?他有可能会赢这场比赛吗?11.maywell+动词原形和may(might)aswell+动词原形maywell+动词原形意为“理应,有足够的理由”(havegoodreasonto)。may(might)aswell+动词原形用来建议或劝说某人采取某种行动,有时相当于hadbetter,常译为“还不如,不妨”。例如:Hemaywellbeproudofhisson.他大可以他的儿子为荣。Shemaywellsayso.她说得对。(有足够的理由这样说)Itisverylate,soyoumay(或might)aswellgotobed.夜深了,还是去睡吧。Youmightaswellthrowyourmoneyintotheseaaslendittohim.借钱给他还不如把钱扔进海里。(=Lendinghimmoneyislikethrowingitintothesea.)Shemightjustaswellteachabulltoclimbatreeasteachtheboytobehave.她教那个男孩懂礼貌,比公牛爬树还难。(可加just) Noonewilleatthefood;itmightjustaswellbethrownaway.没人会吃这食物,还是扔掉算了。12.should1)用于疑问句或感叹句中,表示意外、惊异等情绪,与what,how,why,who连用,如果是疑问句,则不需要回答,有些相当于修辞性问句WhyshouldIfear?我会害怕?(=Idon..tfearatall.)Whyshouldyoubeattheboy?你为什么打那孩子?(=Youshouldn..tbeattheboy.)WhatshouldIseebutmisery?所见皆是一片凄惨。(=Icouldseenothingbutmisery.)Whatshouldshedobutcryforhelp?除了呼救她还能做什么呢?(=Shecoulddonothingbutcryforhelp.)Shouldwestandbyanddonothing?我们袖手旁观什么也不干吗?(=Weshouldn..tstandbyanddonothing.)Shouldyoubesosilly?你会这么傻吗?(=Youarenotsosilly.)A:Mary,whatwillhedo?玛丽,他会做什么呢?B:Whatshouldhedo?他还能做什么呢?(Whathewilldoisobvious.)HowshouldIknow?我怎么会知道? 大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)435六、一些主要助动词和情态动词的用法Whyshouldyoubeworrying?你为什么要担心?Whoshouldcomeinbutthepresidenthimself!进来的正是总统本人!..考察下面一句Whotomeetusbutthemanager?A.iscomingB.willcomeC.shouldcomeD.hascome(C项正确)..下面一句中有一词用得不妥,请改正:Whywasitthatthemanagerwouldgobackonhiswords?2)用在某些状语从句中Hetookataxitothestationsothatheshouldnotmissthetrain.(也可根据需要,用might或could)Theyremovedandburiedallmachinesforfear(that)theenemyshouldmakeuseofthem.3)表示应该做,且有一种道义上的责任Ishouldhelphimbecauseheisintroublenow.Youshoulddoitbecauseyouhavepromisedto.比较:would常用来解释为什么没做某事。例如:Iwouldgotothefootballmatchbuttheweatheristoobad.SoIwon..t.IwoulddoitbutIhavesomethingtoourgenttobedelayed.4)意为“可能,该”,表示对现在情况、将来情况或过去情况的某种推测Heshouldarriveatnoon.他该在中午到达。Jimshouldbeathome.吉姆可能在家。Heshouldbetakingabathnow.他可能正在洗澡。Theyshouldhavefinishedtheworkbytomorrow.到明天他们就可能完成工作了。Theyshouldhavereachedthetownbynow.他们现在该已经到达那座小城了。Note:这种用法的should均可用oughtto替代。5)在下列结构中表示惊讶、忧虑、惋惜、欢欣等情绪I..msurprised(perplexed,sorry,content,satisfied,glad)+that从句I..mafraid(anxious,uneasy,worried)+lest从句Ithinkitimportant(consideritapity,consideritagoodjoke)+that从句Icannotimagine(believe,bear)+that从句Iregret(rejoice)+that从句Itworriesme(astonishesme,perplexesme,makesmeangry)+that从句Itisproper(likely,probable,possible,unthinkable,urgent)+ that从句Itisapity(amarvel,amisfortune,nowonder)+that从句Heisanxiouslestsheshouldbeillagain.他担心她再生病。It..sunderstandablethatheshoulddoitthatway.他那样做是可以理解的。Itisamarvelthatsheshouldhavesurvivedthedisaster.她竟从那场灾难中活过来了,真是个奇迹。Ican..tbearthatheshouldspeakillofme.他竟说我的坏话,我难以容忍。Iconsideritagoodjokethatheshouldmarrysuchawoman.他竟同这样一个女子结婚,真是个笑话。Itworriesmethatheshouldbesolazy.他竟如此懒,真使我担心。Howcanyouexpectthatsheshouldlendmoneytoyou?你怎么能指望她借钱给你呢?Itisastonishingthatheshouldhavecommittedthesamemistake.他竟犯了相同的错误,真令人吃惊。(表示惊讶的情绪)Itisastonishingthathehascommittedthesamemistake.令人吃惊的是,他犯了相同的错误。(表示事实情况,用陈述语气) 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书436第八讲动词Itisapitythatsheshouldhavefailedintheentranceexamination.她没考取,真是可惜。(现在感到遗憾,没考取是过去的事)Itwasapitythatsheshouldhavefailedintheentranceexamination.她没考取,真是可惜。(过去感到遗憾,没考取是过去的事)Note:thanthat引导的比较从句以及由why或where引导的从句,也常用should,表示某种情绪。例如:Nothingisworsethanthatweshouldloseheart.没有比灰心更糟的了。Thereisnoreasonwhyheshouldrefusethesuggestion.他没有理由拒绝这项建议。6)用在独立的that从句中,这时,that从句或Othat从句已成为感叹句,可视为省略了I..msorry等Thatheshouldbesostubborn!他竟如此固执!Thatthingsshouldcometothis!竟落到这种地步!Thatamanshouldbesocruel!人竟会如此残忍!O(that)lifeshouldbesohard!生活竟如此艰难!O(that)heshoulddiesoyoung!他竟英年早逝!7)用在结果状语从句中,表示“竟会..”,含有某种强烈情绪Whoishethatheshouldbesoarrogant?他是谁,竟如此傲慢?WhathaveIsaidthatyoushouldgetangry?我说了什么竟使你生气了?Howlonghaveyouworkedthatyoushouldbesotired?你干了多长时间的活竟这么累?Howfarhaveyourunthatyoushouldbesweatingallover?你跑了多远竟满身大汗?Whereisyourmannersthatyoushouldlaughatacripple?你竟嘲笑一个跛子,还懂礼貌吗?Howmanybookshashereadthatheshouldknowsomuch?他读了多少书,竟知道这么多东西?Isheabeastofburdenthatyoushouldexpecthimtoworkalldaylong?你竟让他整天干活,难道他是一头牲畜吗?Whatanoblemanheis,thatheshouldpreferdeathratherthanbetrayhiscountry?他宁死也不叛国,多么高尚的人啊! Note:关于should在虚拟语气中的用法,参见“第十四讲”。13.助动词dare和行为动词daredare表示意志上的主观可能,意为“敢于”,指在勇气、胆量上可能。dare既可用作助动词,又可用作行为动词。作助动词用时,dare通用于所有人称,否定式为darenot,后接动词原形;作行为动词用时,dare的否定式是don..t(doesn..t,didn..t)dare,过去式是dared,现在完成式是havedared,后接带to的动词不定式,但有时可省。1)助动词dare+动词原形通常表示现在或将来时间,可用于肯定句、否定句、疑问句或if、unless等引导的从句Hedaregodeepintothemountainsalone.他敢于一个人到深山里去。Shedaresaywhatshethinks.她敢于说出自己的想法。Hedarenotcriticizeher.他不敢批评她。(=daren..tcriticizeher)Sheneverdarespeakinpublic.她不敢在公众面前讲话。Noonedaregothere.没有人敢去那里。Iscarcelydarethinkofit.我简直不敢这么想。Ineverdaregonearthedog.我从来不敢靠近那条狗。Idon..tthinkhedarelaughather.我认为他不敢嘲笑她。(=Ithinkhedarenotlaughather.) 大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)437六、一些主要助动词和情态动词的用法Howdareyoudosuchathing?你怎么敢做这样的事?Youdaren..tjumpdown,dareyou?你不敢跳下来,是吗?Iwonderwhethershedaredisclosethesecret.我不知道她是否敢泄露秘密。2)助动词dare有时也可用于过去时中Nobodydaregotherethen.当时没有人敢去那里。=Nobodydaredtogotherethen.Shewassofrightenedthatshedarenotmoveabit.她非常害怕,一动也不敢动。ItoldherIdaredoanythingtosaveher.我告诉她,为了挽救她我敢做任何事情。(=daredtodoanything)3)dare同shall,will,should,would,was,have,had连用时,后面要加toIwillnotdaretoclimbthetree.我不敢爬那棵树。Hewouldneverdaretodoit.他永远也不敢做那件事。Theyhaveneverdaredtoswiminthelake.他们一直不敢在那个湖里游泳。4)darehave+过去分词表示过去敢做某事Darehehavedoneittwoyearsago?他两年前敢做这件事吗?Hedaren..thaveleftwithoutyourpermission.没有你的同意,他是不敢离开的。5)dare可用于虚拟语气中Ifyoudarewalkacrossthedesert,youwouldbeahero.如果你敢步行穿过沙漠,你就是个英雄。(=daretowalkacross)Theydaren..thavebulliedyouifyouhadbeenpowerful.如果你们强大的话,他们就不敢欺负。(=wouldn..thavedaredtobullyyou)6)dare用作行为动词时,常用作及物动词,表示“敢于,敢冒,敢于面对,挑激,向..挑战”,后可跟名词、代词或不定式。daretodosth.中的to可省Hedaresanydifficulties.他敢于面对任何困难。Hedaresmetojumpoverthewall.他挑激我跳过那堵墙。(to不可省)Idaredhimtogonearthedog.我问他敢不敢走近那条狗。Idareyoutodoit.量你也不敢。Hedared(to)swimintheriver.他敢于在那条河里游泳。Shedidnotdare(to)speakofit.她不敢说那件事。Shehasneverdared(to)tellhermotherthat.她从不敢把那件事告诉母亲。..试解下面一题:youitagain? A.Do...daretotouchingB.Dare...totouchC.Do...daretouchingD.Dare...touch(D项正确)Note:①Howdareyou(he)...?表示“愤怒,谴责”之意,不表示疑问。例如:Howdareyoucallhimaliar?你怎敢说他撒谎?②Idaresay或Idaresay为惯用语,意为“我想,我以为”。例如:Shewillkeepherword,Idaresay.我想她会守信用的。Idaresayshewillcome.我以为她会来的。③用作助动词时,dare在现代英语中也可以有过去式,为dared。例如:Noonedaredspeakofitatthattime.当时没人敢提这件事。Howdaredyouasksuchaquestion?你怎么敢问这样的问题?Ineverdaredstaylong,becauseIwasafraidshemightthinkmeabore.我不敢呆得时间太长,因为我怕她厌烦。Howdaredyouoffendhim?你怎么敢惹他? 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书438第八讲动词Daredyouaccusehimofdishonestythen?你当时敢指责他不诚实吗?14.情态动词+动词完成式(may,must,should...+have+过去分词)1)may和might+动词完成式(1)此结构常用于推测过去的行为,表示“可能已经”。例如:Shemayhavesaidso.她可能这样说过。Hemayhavereceivedtheletter.他可能去年就已经收到那封信了。ShemayhavefinisheditlastFriday.她上周五可能就完成了。ItmighthavebeenlastOctober.那可能是去年10月的事。Shesaidthathemighthavemissedtheplane.她说他可能误了航班。(2)“mayhave+过去分词”也可表示将来某时之前的情况。例如:Hemayhaveleftwhenyougetthere.你到达那里时,他可能已经离开了。Shemayhavediedbeforehereturns.在他回来之前,她可能已经死了。(3)“mighthave+过去分词”也可表示现在的情况,表示推测。例如:Hemighthavearrivednow.他现在可能已经到达了。Shemighthavegotupnow.她现在可能已经起床了。(4)“mighthave+过去分词”还可表示过去应该做而没做的事,或未做的事。例如:Hemighthavetriedthismedicine.他本可以试试这种药的。(Buthedidnot.)Theproposalmighthavebeenrefused.这个建议本该拒绝的。(Butitwasnot.)Imighthavetakenanotherpath.我本可以走另一条路的。(ButIdidnot.)(遗憾)Imighthavegotintotrouble.我险些弄出麻烦来。(ButIdidnot.)..试解下面一题:Ifwehadtakentheotherroad,weearlier.A.mightarriveB.hadarrivedC.mightbearrivingD.mighthavearrived(D项正确)2)can和could+动词完成式(1)表示过去能做而没做的事,有一种对过去未付诸实施的事情的惋惜。例如:Inthosecircumstanceswecouldhavedonebetter.在那样的情况下,我们本来可以做得更好的。(但没有做得更好)(2)推测过去的某种行动,表示“可能”,可同过去时间状语连用。例如:Wherecan(could)shehavegone?她可能到哪里去了呢?..试解下面一题:Theboythebooksosoonbecauseitisdifficulteventoanadult.A.hasfinishedreadingB.willfinishreadingC.can..thavefinishedreadingD.can..thavefinishedtoread (C项正确。这孩子不可能那么快就把这本书读完的,因为即使对一个成人来说,这本书也是相当难的。)Canhehavedonesuchafoolishthing?他会做这样的傻事吗?(=Isitpossible...)Canshehavelostthemoney?她可能丢了那笔钱吗?(=Idoubtwhether...)Canhehaveplayedmeatrick?他会对我耍了个花招吗?Canshehavecomelastnight?她可能昨晚来了吗?Canhehavefinishedwritingthebookbynow?他现在可能写完那本书了吗?Note:can..t和couldn..t+动词原形可以用来表示否定推断。例如:Hecan..tbeoverfifty.他不可能超过50岁。3)must+动词完成式表示对过去行为的推断,具有较大的可能性,意为“一定..,想必..”。例如: 大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)439六、一些主要助动词和情态动词的用法Shemusthavegonethroughalot.她一定吃过很多苦。Note:must+动词原形→对现在的推测,mustbe+现在分词→对未来或现在正在进行的推测。例如:Shelookshappy;shemustbehavingagoodtime.(现在正在)Itmustberainingtomorrowaccordingtotheradio.(未来)4)needn..t+动词完成式和didn..tneedtodo(1)needn..t+动词完成式表示一种已经做过的但并无必要的行为。参阅上文。例如:Youneedn..thavewateredtheflowers,foritisgoingtorain.你本来不必浇花的,因为天要下雨了。(但却浇了)..试解下面一题:Wehimthenewsbecauseheknewitalready.A.toldB.wouldhavetoldC.needn..thavetoldD.neededtotell(C项正确)(2)didn..tneed(have)todo结构表示没有必要做某事,实际上也没有做。例如:Ididn..tneedtocleanthewindows.Mysisterdidit.我不必擦窗,我妹妹擦了。(我没有擦)..试解下面一题:Wehisluggage;hisbrothercarriedithimself.A.needn..thavecarriedB.didn..tneedcarryingC.neededtohavecarriedD.didn..tneedtocarry(D项正确)5)should+动词完成式(1)此结构的肯定式表示应该做的事而没有做,否定式表示某种行为不该发生但却发生了。例如:Youshouldhavegivenhermorehelp.你应该多给她一些帮助的。(但没有给)比较:Ishouldhavedoneit.(因自己没做某事而责备自己)Iwouldhavedoneit.(想做但未能做或没去做)..试解下面一题:Shethehospitalsosoon,forshehadnotyetrecovered.A.hasleftB.didleaveC.musthaveleftD.shouldn..thaveleft(D项正确。她本不该那么早就离开医院的,因为她还没有康复。)(但离开了)(2)表示推测,意为“可能”,但可能性较小。参阅上文。例如:Heshouldhavefinishedtheworkbynow.他现在该把工作完成了。(推测) Ithinktheyshouldhavearrivedbythistime.我想他们现在该到了。(3)should(would)havethought意为“本以为,本认为”。例如:A:Canyoutype?你会打字吗?B:Certainly.当然啦。A:Well,Ishouldhavethoughtyouwouldn..t.哦,我本以为你不会的。Ishouldhavethoughtshewouldn..tagree.我本来认为她不会同意的。(4)shouldhavethought有时意为“认为,以为”,相当于shouldthink,但表示更为委婉、谦逊或不肯定的语气。例如:Ishouldhavethoughtitfairlygood.我以为它是很不错的。Ishouldhavethoughtyoumighttakethisintoconsideration.我认为你要把这个考虑进去。 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书440第八讲动词A:Ithinkheislackinginexperience.我想他缺乏经验。B:Ishouldn..thavethoughtso.我却不这么认为。(5)在下面一句中,shouldhave+过去分词用于虚拟语气:Hadyouwrittenhim,youshouldhaveknownthedetails.(6)表示轻微的批评。例如:Youshouldhavetoldmethisearlier.你本该早些告诉我这件事的。Heshouldn..thavedoneitsocarelessly.他不该这样草率做事的。6)oughtto+动词完成式。此结构表示某种过去应该做而没有做的事,或被忽略未做的某种明智行为。例如:Yououghttohavereturnedthebookearlier.你本应该早些还书的。(还晚了)..试解下面一题:Youheratthebeginning,butnowitistoolate.A.oughttorefuseB.haveoughttorefuseC.oughttohaverefusedD.oughthaverefused(C项正确。你在一开始就应该拒绝她的,但现在已经太晚了。)Note:这里的oughtto也可以用should代替。比较:Can(或Could)hehavereadthebook?他可能读过那本书吗?Hemay(或might)havereadthebook.他也许读过那本书。Heshould(或oughtto)havereadthebook.他应该读过那本书。Hemusthavereadthebook.他一定读过那本书。Hecan..thavereadthebook.他不可能(决不会)读过那本书。15.情态动词+动词进行式和完成进行式这两种结构表示“:应当正在..,可能正在..”“,应当一直在..,可能一直在..”等。例如:Shemightbestillthinkingofyou.她可能还在想着你呢。Hemusthavebeenworkinghardtheseyears.这些年来他一定是非常努力的。..比较→对现在活动的推测:Whatcan(或could)shebedoingnow?她现在会在做什么呢?Shemay(或might)bewateringtheflowers.她可能在浇花。Sheshould(或oughtto)bewateringtheflowers.她应该在浇花。Shemustbewateringtheflowers.她一定在浇花。Shecan..tbewateringtheflowers.她不可能在浇花。..比较→对一直在进行的活动的推测:Hemayhavebeenwritingthepaperformonths.他也许几个月来一直在写论文。Hemusthavebeenwritingthepaperformonths. 他肯定几个月来一直在写论文。Canhehavebeenwritingthepaperformonths?难道他几个月来一直在写论文吗?七、一些常用行为动词和词组的用法与比较1.see和look,hear和listensee和hear是感觉感官动词,表示的是一种不自觉的、无意的感觉,人们有视力就能看见(see),有听觉就能听见(hear)。see和hear一般不用于进行时态。look(at)和listen(to)是动作动词,表示的是有意的动作,强调“看”和“听”这两个动作,并不表示“看”或“听”的结果。例如:Lookatthesky.Canyouseeanythingmoving?请往天上看,你能看见什么东西在移动 大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)441七、一些常用行为动词和词组的用法与比较吗?Listentothespeakerplease.Canyouhearwhatheistalkingabout?请注意听演讲,你能听见他在谈什么吗?I..dliketohearwhatyouhavetosay.(听取)Pleasehearmeout.请听我说完。Nonearesodeafasthosewhowillnothear.(倾听)..考察下面一句:Shestoodatthedoorandbutnothing.A.heard...listenedB.listenedto...heardC.listened...heardD.hadlistened...heard(C项正确。她站在门旁听着,但什么也没听见。)Note:如果see和hear转义成为动作动词,又可以用于进行时态。参阅有关部分。例如:Theywereseeingtheguestsoffwhenwegotthere.我们到达时,他们正在为客人们送行。Themanagerishearingouropinions.经理正在听取我们的意见。(听取)Thejudgeishearingacase.法官在审理案件。(审理)2.lay和lie原形过去式过去分词现在分词中文意思用法lielaylainlying躺,位于不及物动词lieliedliedlying说谎不及物动词laylaidlaidlaying放置,产卵及物动词Theuniversityliesintheeastofthecity.这所大学位于城市的东部。..考察下面一句:It..sSunday.Manypeopleareonthegrassinthegardenenjoyingthesunwhilesomeworkersarebusybricksacrosstheriver.A.laid...lyingB.lying...lyingC.lain...layingD.lying...laying(D项正确。星期天,许多人在公园里的草地上躺着晒太阳,而河的对面,一些工人正忙着砌砖建房。)3.arise,rise和raise原形过去式过去分词现在分词中文意思用法arisearosearisenarising出现,发生,兴起不及物动词riseroserisenrising上升,起身不及物动词 raiseraisedraisedraising举起,提高,唤起,饲养及物动词Thesunhavingsetdown,amistarose.太阳落山后起了雾。Thepricerises.物价上涨。Theyraisedpigs.他们养猪。Raiseyourhands.举起手来。..考察下面一句:Theoldmanfromhisseatandembracedtheyoungmanbyhimtwentyyearsbefore.A.arose...raisedB.raised...arisenC.arisen...risenD.rose...raised 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书442第八讲动词(D项正确。老人站起身,同他20年前抚养过的那个年轻人紧紧拥抱。)4.hang的用法原形过去式过去分词现在分词中文意思用法hanghunghunghanging吊,挂及物动词hangedhangedhanging绞死及物动词Hehunghisclothesonthewall.他把衣服挂在墙上。..考察下面一句:Themurdererwasandthedeadwasavenged.A.hungB.hangingC.hangedD.tohavebeenhanged(C项正确。杀人犯被绞死了,为死者报了仇。)5.say,tell,speak和talk1)say指用语言表达思想,意思就是“说”,强调说的内容,可接单词、词组或句子,也可接直接引语Hesaidsomethingniceaboutyou.Shesaidthatshewouldn..tcome.Shesaidtome,“Pleasecometomorrow.”Mywatchsays6:30.Note:say不能以表示某种语言的词作宾语,但可以用goodmorning,goodevening,goodnight,hello,prayer,grace等作宾语。例如:DoyousayFrench?(误)ItisnoteasytosayEnglishwell.(误)HowdoyousaythatinFrench?(正)SheaskedmetosayitinJapanese.(正)Saygrace.做祷告。2)tell意为告诉某人关于某种情况或事情,后面可接双宾语(单词、词组或句子),常接的名词有:thetruth,lies,asecret,astory,ajoke,thenews,thefacts等Hetoldthestudentsastory.Hetoldusabouttheaffair.Note:tell还有“辨别”的意思,例如:tellthegoodfromthebad辨别(分清)好坏。tell可用于tell+宾语+不定式结构,但say则不能。可以说sayaword,sayaname,sayasentence,sayaphrase,但要说tellthetime,telltheaddress,tellyourage,tellthe number,telltheresult,tellthedifference等。3)talk指同某人谈话或谈论某人某事,一般结构是:talkto(with)sb.aboutsth.。talk还常同nonsense,sense,rubbish,business,Chinese,thesituation,slang等连用Hetalkedwithmeaboutmusic.他同我谈论音乐。Shewastalkingto(with)afriend.TheytalkedChinese.他们讲汉语。(用汉语谈话)Theytalkedslang.他们用俚语讲。4)speak可以用作及物动词和不及物动词,表示说某种语言时是及物动词,在表示“说话”这个动作或说起某人某事时,是不及物动词,一般结构为:speakabout(of)sth.,speaktosb.Hecanspeakseverallanguages.他能说几国语言。Shespoketomeaboutitlastnight.她昨晚同我谈了那件事。..考察下面一句:WhenIwalkedpastthewindow,Iheardthemeachother. 大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)443七、一些常用行为动词和词组的用法与比较A.speakingB.sayingC.talkingwithD.telling(C项正确。我从窗子旁边走过时,听到他们在谈话。)Note:说谎话只可用tellalie,不可用say,speak;说实话可用tell/speakthetruth,不可用say。6.sit,set和seat原形过去式过去分词现在分词中文意思用法sitsatsatsitting(使)坐及物动词不及物动词setsetsetsetting安放,调整下沉及物动词不及物动词seatseatedseatedseating使坐,容纳及物动词Theoldmanoftensatbythefireonwinterevenings.那位老人常在冬天的晚上坐在火炉旁。Thewaiterissettingthetable.服务员在收拾桌子。Thehallcanseat3,000audiences.这个大厅可容纳3000名观众。Pleaseseatyourself.=Pleasebeseated.请坐。Note:seat后面可跟反身代词,也可用于被动语态。..考察下面一句:Thehostesshadthechairsbeforeaskinghergueststobe.A.seat...sittingB.set...seatC.seated...settingD.set...seated(D项正确。女主人把椅子放好,请客人们坐下。)7.affect和effectaffect(influence,touch)影响,触及,感动,侵袭effect(bringabout,cause)实现,带来(变化),产生,促成Shewasdeeplyaffectedbyhermother..sdeath.母亲的去世使她非常难过。ThereformhaseffectedgreatchangesinChina.改革给中国带来了巨大变化。..考察下面一句:Noonecanpreventhimfromhispurpose.A.affectingB.beingeffectingC.effectingD.havingeffected(C项正确。谁也不能阻止他实现自己的目标。)Note:名词effect构成的短语有:in(into)effect(生效),totheeffect(大意是说,以便),for effect(装门面),tothateffect(那样的意思,按照那种意思)。8.allow,permit和let这三个词都是及物动词,allow和permit意为“允许”,用法相近,permit稍正式一些。allow可以物作主语。这两个词的接续结构一般是:1)allow(permit)+宾语+带to的动词不定式Theydonotallow(permit)peopletofishinthelake.他们不允许别人在这个湖里钓鱼。Theplanallowedanhourforlunch.计划安排一个小时吃午饭。2)allow(permit)+动名词Theydonotallow(permit)smokingintheroom.他们不允许在这个房间里吸烟。3)let意为“让”,口语中常用,这层意义上一般不用于被动语态,其接续结构是:let+宾语+不带to的动词不定式Pleaseletmesaysomethingmore.请让我再说几句。 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书444第八讲动词Note:在被动语态中,allow和permit一般不可用不定式或非人称it作主语。例如:Tofishisnotallowedinthelake.(误)Fishingisnotallowedinthelake.(正)Itisnotpermittedtospeakillofothers.(误)Speakingillofothersisnotpermitted.(正)..有这种特点的动词还有advise,recommend,encourage,authorize等。9.agree的用法1)agree+带to的动词不定式Theyagreedtotakehimalong.他们同意把他带着。2)agree+介词(1)agreeabout:涉及讨论的题目或表示对(某物,某事)的价值、重要性有一致的看法。例如:Theyneveragreedaboutpolitics.关于政治问题,他们总是意见不一致。Teachersagreeaboutthevalueofpraise.教师都认为表扬具有重要的价值。Peopleofallwalksoflifeagreeabouttheimportanceofgivingsuperioritytothedevelopmentofnationaleducation.各界人士对于优先发展教育的重要性有着共识。(2)agreeon:确定某件事情、某个日期、某个条件,或在某方面意见一致。例如:Theyhaveagreedonthedateforthenextmeeting.(已经确定了)Weagreeonthebasicpolicies.我们在基本原则方面有一致意见。(3)agreeto:同意某项建议、计划。例如:Willheagreetoyourproposal?他会同意你的建议吗?(4)agreewith:同意某人或某人的观点、意见、想法、分析、解释等。例如:Iagreewithyourviewsonthematter.我同意你在那件事上所持的观点。Idon..talwaysagreewithhim.我并不总是同意他的意见。Note:agreewith还可以表示“适合,与..一致”。例如:Theclothesofthiscolourdon..tagreewithher.这种颜色的衣服她穿不合适。Whatyouhavesaiddoesnotquiteagreewiththefact.你所说的跟事实不尽相符。..agreeon和agreeto可用于被动语态,但agreewith和agreeabout不可用于被动语态。Youarequiteagreedwithbyher.(误)10.receive和accept 1)receive意为“收到,接到”(信、包裹等),并不表示“接受”2)accept意为“接受,同意”(邀请、建议等)IhavereceivedhisinvitationcardbutIwillnotacceptit.(已收到,但不接受)11.fit和suit这两个词都可以作及物动词,意为“适合”,但用法有所不同。fit指的是尺码、大小的“适合”,suit则是指款式、花色、程度的“适合”。例如:Thispairofshoesdoesnotfitme.这双鞋我穿不合适。Redandblackarecoloursthatsuithimverywell.(notfit)红黑两色是很适合他的颜色。Yourclothesfityou.(尺码合适,不大不小)Yourclothessuityou.(穿着好看,款式和花色都合适)12.answer和reply1)answer是及物动词,意为“回答”,后接直接宾语或宾语从句2)reply是不及物动词,意为“答复”,不可直接跟宾语,一般结构是replyto,但可直接跟宾语 大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)445七、一些常用行为动词和词组的用法与比较从句..考察下面一句:Uptonow,hetoasingleoneofourquestions.A.hasansweredB.repliedC.hasnotrepliedD.hasnotanswered(C项正确。到目前为止,我们的问题他一个也没回答。)13.fall,feel和fell原形过去式过去分词现在分词中文意思用法fallfellfallenfalling落下,减弱不及物动词feelfeltfeltfeeling摸,感觉(到)(不)及物动词fellfelledfelledfelling砍伐,打倒及物动词Theleavesfallinautumn.秋天叶落。Snowfeelscold.雪摸起来是冷的。Ifeelthehouseshaking.我感到房屋在晃动。Shefeltgriefforthefailure.她因失败而感到悲伤。..试解下面一题:Thetreewasbyanoldman.A.feeling...feltB.fallen...fellingC.felling...fallenD.fallen...felled(D项正确。那棵倒下的树是被一位老人砍伐的。)14.cost,spend和takecost意为“花费”,主语通常是某物,“花费”的是金钱、时间或劳力,可接双宾语。take指“花费”时间,主语一般是某件事,可接双宾语。spend指“花费”金钱或时间,主语一般是人。Thedictionarycosthertwentydollars.这本词典花了她20美元。Itwilltakeustwoweekstofinishthework.完成这项工作我们要用两周时间。..试解下面一题:Heisamanwhomoneylikewaterandwillbuyanythinghelikeswhateveritmay.A.costs...spendB.takes...costC.spends...takeD.spends...cost(D项正确。他是一个花钱如流水的人,只要喜欢,什么都买,不管价钱多贵。)15.clash,crash,crush和smashcrush为及物动词,其余三个词既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词。clash:(刀剑、铃铛等)碰撞,冲突,(意见等)抵触;crash:(发出猛烈声音地,尤指汽车、飞机)撞击,坠毁,(使)破碎;crush:压(碾)碎(指用压力pressure),压倒,击溃;smash: 打碎(器皿等),粉碎(阴谋,侵略)。Thecarcrashedintoawall.Thismachineisusedtocrushwheatgraintomakeflour...试解下面一题:Ourtroopswiththeenemysoldiersforseveraldaysandfinallythem.A.crushed...clashedB.smashed...crashedC.clashed...crashedD.clashed...crushed(D项正确。我军同敌人一连激战了数天,最终把他们击溃了。)16.assure和ensure1)assure意为“使..相信,使..放心”,指为别人解除某种顾虑,使别人相信而作出承诺。后须接人称代词或指人的名词,其结构为assuresb.ofsth.或assuresb.that从句 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书446第八讲动词Icanassureyouofhishonesty.我可以向你保证他是诚实的。Icanassureyouthatheissafenow.我向你保证他现在是安全的。2)ensure意为“保证”,后不能跟人,而要跟事物名词、抽象名词或动名词,表示对某种行为、结果有把握,其结构为:ensuresth.,ensurethat从句或ensuredoingsth.Wecanensurehissafety.我们能够保证他的安全。Iensuredoingtheworkwell.我保证把工作做好。Iensurethattheworkshallbefinishedontime.我保证这项工作按时完成。Note:①ensure还可表示“使安全,保护”,结构为ensuresb.from(against)sth.保护某人免受;还可表示“保证给”,结构为ensureto(或for)sb.sth.保证给某人某东西。例如:Heensuredtheoldmanfrombeingkilledbytheenemy.他保护那位老人免遭敌人的杀害。Ican..tensureto(for)himeverythingheasksfor.我不能保证给他所要的一切。..试解下面一题:Althoughhecouldn..tmysuccess,hemethathewouldgivewhateverhelpIneeded.A.beensured...assuredB.assured...ensuredC.assure...ensuredD.ensure...assured(D项正确。他虽然不能保证我一定成功,但是他让我放心,他会提供一切帮助的。)②insure意为“保险”,指对人或物作经济上的保险。表示“给..保险,以防..”时,用insure...against,不可用from。例如:Shehasinsuredherlife.她已经给自己保了人寿险。Shehasinsuredthehousefor3,000dollars.她用3000美元为那所房子保了险。Hehasinsuredthebuildingagainstfireandtheft.他已经给这幢楼房保了火险和防盗险。17.appear,emerge,breakout,showup和turnup这些均为不及物动词或不及物动词短语,中国学生容易把它们误用为及物动词, 须特别注意。另外还有occur,happen,takeplace等,也属此类。..试解下面两题:Twocaraccidentsonthehighwaythismorning.A.appearedB.washappenedC.occurredD.emerged(C项正确。今天上午,公路上发生了两起车祸。)Thewarin1964.A.hadtakenplaceB.wasturnedupC.wasbrokenoutD.brokeout(D项正确。那场战争于1964年爆发。)18.arrive,get和reach这三个动词均可译为“到达”,但arrive和get为不及物动词,reach为及物动词。结构为:arrive+at(in)+宾语,get+to+宾语,reach+宾语。..试解下面一题:Whentheythevillage,itwasgettingdark.A.arrivedB.gotatC.reachtoD.reached(D项正确。他们在苍茫的暮色中到达了那个村庄。)19.beat,defeat和winwin作及物动词用时意为“赢得”,后面可以接一场比赛、一场辩论、一场战斗、奖品或钱等;作不及物动词用时意为“获胜”。beat意为“战胜,打败”,后面接比赛、辩论或战斗中 大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)447七、一些常用行为动词和词组的用法与比较的对手。defeat意为“击败”,更多地指“敌军,入侵者”。TeamAwonTeamBinthefootballmatch.(误)TeamAdefeated(beat)TeamBinthefootballmatch.(正)TeamAwonthefootballmatch.(正)IbeatJohnatchessyesterday.(正)20.dress和weardress可用作及物动词或不及物动词,意为“穿衣服,给..穿衣服”,指的是一个动作。wear是及物动词,意为“穿着..衣服”,指的是一种状态。Hewearsquickly.(误)Hedressesquickly.(正)..考察下面一句:Themanablackjacketistheboy.A.dressing...wearingB.iswearing...dressingC.worn...dressingD.wearing...dressing(D项正确。穿黑夹克的人正在给那个男孩穿衣服。)21.adapt和adopt二者均为及物动词。adapt意为“使适应,改写”。adopt意为“采取(态度,方法),采纳,收养”。..考察下面一句:Thecommitteehasyoursuggestionandwillhavethenovelforafilm.A.adapted...adoptB.adopted...adaptC.adopted...tobeadaptedD.adopted...adapted(D项正确。委员会已经采纳了你的建议,将把那部小说改编成电影。)22.identify,realize,recognize和specify四者均为及物动词。identify:辨认,认为同一,支持(oneselfwith);realize:认识到,实现;recognize:认出,承认;specify:规定,指明。Heidentifiedthecriminalamongthecrowd.他在人群中辨认出了那个罪犯。Thecontrastspecifiedthebricksmadeinthatareaforthebuilding.合同规定用那个地区生产的砖建造这座大楼。..考察下面一句:Hesoonthatpeoplewouldnothimasalawfulking.A.specified...recognizedB.realized...identifiedC.recognized...realizedD.realized...recognize(D项正确。他不久就认识到,人民是不会承认他是合法的国王的。)23.damage,destroy,hurt,spoil,wound和injure hurt可作及物或不及物动词,其他几个动词均为及物动词。damage:损害(坏)(有仍可修复、弥补的含义);destroy:(彻底地)摧毁,毁掉,打破(希望,计划);hurt:伤害(感情,身体某部位),疼痛;spoil:破坏,糟踏(计划,参观,旅游等),惯坏(小孩);wound:使受伤(多指枪伤或刀伤);injure:伤害(one..spride,reputation,feeling),损害,指一时难愈之伤。..考察下面两句:Iamsorrytoyourfeelings.A.havespoiltB.havedestroyedC.havehurtD.havedamaged(C项正确。伤害了你的感情,我很难过。)Youhaveallherlifeandallherhopes. 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书448第八讲动词A.hurtB.destroyedC.damagedD.spoilt(B项正确。你毁了她的一生,使她所有的希望都破灭了。)24.arouse和rouse二者均为及物动词。arouse:引起,唤起,常跟一个抽象名词做宾语(怀疑,兴趣,同情等);rouse:唤醒(睡觉的人),激发(热情),唤起(使振作起来)。Theman..sstrangebehaviourarousedsuspicioninthepoliceman..smind.那个人的奇怪行为引起了警察的怀疑。Thenoiserousedmeoutofasoundsleep.吵闹声把我从沉睡中唤醒了。25.begin,start,commence和resume这四个词都是及物动词。begin和start为普通用语,commence较正式。begin和start作“开始”解时,用法相近,后面可接动词不定式或动名词(接不定式时指某次具体的活动,接动名词时指经常性的活动);commence后面一般接动名词;resume表示“继续做..,重做..”,后接名词或动名词,不接不定式。比较:Shepreparedtoresumetowork.(误)Shepreparedtoresumeworking.(正)Theybegan(started)tobuildthebridgeonApril5th.TheycommencedbuildingthebridgeonApril5th.Note:在下列场合,只能用start,不能用begin:①表示“动身,启程”。例如:Hestartedatsixinthemorningandarrivedthereatmid-night.他早上六点动身,于午夜到达。②表示(机器)“开始工作”。例如:Thecarwon..tstart.这车子发动不起来。③表示“开动”(机器)。例如:Canyoustartthistypeoftruck?你会开这种型号的汽车吗?26.belongin和belongtobelongin表示“在某个地方正合适,应归入(类别,范畴等)”;belongto表示“属于,为..所有”。..考察下面一句:Thedeskthecornernearthesouthwindow.A.belongstoB.isbelongingin C.hasbeenbelongingtoD.belongsin(D项正确。这个桌子应放在靠南窗的角上。)27.bringup和educatebringup意为“养大”,指在家里被抚养,受到道德和社交的训练,educate意为“教育”,指人们在学校受到的训练(特别是智能和文化方面的训练)。..考察下面一句:JanewasbyherGrannyandatalocalprimaryschool.A.educated...broughtupB.tobebroughtup...educatingC.broughtup...educatedD.bringingup...educating(C项正确。珍妮是由祖母抚养大的,在一所地方小学上的学。)28.enjoy的用法enjoy是及物动词,后面一定要有宾语,这个宾语可以是反身代词(表示“玩得痛快”)、名词或动名词,但不能用动词不定式。 大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)449七、一些常用行为动词和词组的用法与比较Sheenjoyedherselfverymuchattheparty...考察下面一句:Heverymuchwhenhewasyoung.A.enjoyedtotravelB.enjoyedtotravellingC.hasenjoyedtravellingD.enjoyedtravelling(D项正确。他年轻时非常喜欢外出旅行。)29.enter,enterinto和enteruponenter意为“进来”,为及物动词,后面不用介词;enter表示“开始”(谈话,讨论,begintotalkordiscuss)或“参与”(engagein,takepartin)时,为不及物动词,要同into连用。enterinto意为“达成,进行,缔结(契约,婚约等)”,常跟表示抽象概念的词,如discussion,agreement,argument等。enterupon意为“从事,开始,获得”。Heenteredtheroomwithoutbeingseen.Ienteredintocorrespondencewithhertenyearsago.我十年前开始同她通信。Heenteredintonegotiationswithhisbusinessrivals.他开始同商业对手们谈判。..考察下面一句:Thetwocountriesanewtradeagreement.A.haveenteredB.areenteredintoC.haveenteredintoD.willbeenteredinto(C项正确。这两个国家已经达成了一项新的贸易协定。)Thebookisenteringuponafourthedition.这本书正在出第四版。Hehasentereduponanewcareer.30.get的用法1)get+宾语在这种结构中,get通常意为receive(收到),obtain(获得),fetch(拿来),take(拿)。例如:Igotherletteryesterday.2)get+形容词表示某种状态的变化,意思同become相似。例如:Whenyougetold,yourmemorygetsworse.3)get+过去分词这种结构与“be+过去分词”相似,相当于被动语态。例如:Hisleggotbrokeninthecaraccident.Theygotcaughtintherain.4)get+宾语+形容词(分词,不定式)这种结构表示“使..变得,使..移动,使..做,使..被做(用过去分词)”。例如:Ican..tgetmyfeetwarm.我没法使脚暖和起来。 Canyougetthecargoing?你能把车开动起来吗?IshallgetMr.Wangtodoitforme.我将让王先生给我做那件事。Igotmywatchrepairedyesterday.我昨天让人把表修了。Note:有时候“get+宾语+过去分词”并不表示“要某物被别人做”,而是表示“经历..,遭受..”。..试解下面一题:Theygottheirroofinthestormlastnight.A.blowingoffB.tobeblownoffC.beingblownoffD.blownoff(D项正确。昨晚的暴风雨把他们的房顶给掀掉了。) 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书450第八讲动词31.have的用法have+宾语+不带to的动词不定式have+宾语+现在分词have+宾语+过去分词这三种结构可以表示:1)使某人或某物做某事,使某物(某事)被(他人)做Hehadeverybodyfilloutaform.他让所有的人都填了表。Shehaduslaughingallthroughthemeal.在吃饭过程中,她使我们始终笑个不停。..试解下面一题:Ifyoudon..tgetoutofmyhouseI..llhaveyou.A.arrestingB.tobearrestedC.arrestedD.arrest(C项正确。如果不离开我的房子,我就让人把你抓起来。)Note:①在have+sth.+done结构中,句子主语与实际动作执行者的关系有三种情况:同一个人,不是同一个人,可能是同一个人或不是同一个人。例如:Heistoooldtohavethebookcompleted.他垂垂老矣,这本书写不完了。(同一个人)Heisgoingtohavethebadtoothpulledout.他要去拔牙。(不是同一个人)Shehashercarcleanedtwiceaweek.她每周洗刷两次汽车。(同一个人或不是同一个人)②have+sb.+doingsth.结构表示正在进行的、尚未完成的动作;have+sb.+dosth.结构表示已经完成的动作。比较:Ihadhertypingoutthepaper.我让她正在打出那篇论文。Ihadhertypeoutthepaper.我让她打出了那篇论文。2)经历某个事件或行动,遭遇..(句子的主语不是动作的执行者)Hehadhislefthandcutoffwhenoperatingthemachine.他在操作这部机器时左手被切掉了。It..slovelytohavepeoplesmileatyouinthestreet.在街上,人们朝你微笑是件非常愉快的事。Shehadtwopensmissing.她丢了两支钢笔。3)拒绝接受,不允许(won..thave),相当于don..tallow/permitsb.to dosth.,或forbidsb.todosth.Iwon..thaveyoudo(doing)thatagain.我决不会让你再做那件事。Theywon..thavetheirlandturnedintoabattlefield.他们决不允许把他们的家园变成战场。4)静态的have不同于动态的have(1)作静态动词用时,have意为“有”,疑问句可用Haveyou...?Haveyougot...?Doyouhave...?三种形式;否定句可用haven..t,haven..tgot,don..thave三种形式;但静态动词have不可用于进行时态或被动语态。例如:Haveyouasister?Haveyougotasister?Doyouhaveasister?Ihaven..tasister.Ihaven..tgotasister.Idon..thaveasister. 大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)451七、一些常用行为动词和词组的用法与比较Janehasaroomupstairs.(正)Janeishavingaroomupstairs.(误)AroomishadbyJaneupstairs.(误)(2)作动态动词用时,have的意义相当于实义动词eat,take,catch,wear,get,receive,obtain,experience,meetwith,earn等,通常可用于进行时态或被动语态。动态have的疑问句只能用Doyouhave...?形式,否定句只能用don..thave形式,陈述句只能用have形式。例如:Sheishavingababy.她怀孕了。(=isexpecting...)Therewasnothingtobehad.(=obtained)Agoodtimewashadbyus.我们度过了一段美好时光。Doyouhavelunchattwelve?(不可说Haveyoulunch...?或Haveyougotlunch...?)Hedidn..thaveagoodsleep.(不可说Hehadn..ta...,或Hehadn..tgota...)Hehadsupperatseven.(不可说Hehadgot...)32.hire,rent和let1)三者均为及物动词。hire和rent意为“租用,把..租给”,但用法略有不同。hire多用于短期的租用,rent多用于长时间租用hireabike(acamera,aboat,acar,ahallforameeting,agardener)rentaflat(ahouse,asetoffurniture)2)let指“出租房子”,多用于主动语态,但如果有副词修饰,或有另一不定式作对照时,亦可用于被动语态。参阅有关章节Theyletthebuildingtotheforeignstudents.他们把这幢楼租给了外国留学生。HousetoLet.房屋招租。Theflatletsfor100dollarsamonth.(=Theflatistobelet...)这套公寓每月租金100美元。(不可说islet)Thiscaristobelet,nottobesold.这部车是供出租,不是卖的。33.marry的用法1)marry后一般不用介词,但在getmarried和bemarried后可用介词to,不可用withShemarriedwithaworker.(误)Shemarriedaworker.(正) Shegotmarriedtoaworker.(正)2)marry可以表示“使成婚(causetotakeinmarriage)”,与to连用Shemarriedherdaughtertoarichman.她把女儿嫁给了一个富人。3)marry用于转义时,可表示“把全副精力给予..,使密切结合在一起”等义Sheismarriedtoherresearch.她全力以赴地进行研究工作。Commoninterestsmarriedthetwoparties.共同的利益使两党紧密地联合在一起。Shemarriedmoney.(=marryarichman)4)marry也可用作不及物动词,其名词形式为marriage(to),注意下面几个句子Shemarriedlateinlife.她结婚很晚。Hismarriagetoanheiressisatragedy.他同一个财产继承人结婚是一场悲剧。Ishemarried?(正)他结过婚没有?Hashemarried?(误)Hashebeenmarried?(误)34.prefer的用法1)prefer+动名词,表示“更喜欢某种”活动 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书452第八讲动词“Doyoulikeballgames?”“No,Ipreferswimming.”2)prefer+动词不定式,表示在某个特定场合“宁愿,更喜欢”Iprefertogooutforanoutingthisafternoon.我今天下午想出去郊游。3)prefer+动名词+to+动名词,表示在两者之间更喜欢哪一种Hepreferssailingtoswimming.他喜欢航海胜过游泳。4)preferto+动词不定式+ratherthan+不带to的动词不定式,意为“宁愿..而不”Hepreferstostayathomeratherthangoout.他宁愿呆在家里而不出去。(不说togo)5)prefer+动名词+ratherthan+动名词,表示“宁愿..而不”Sheprefersremainingsingleratherthanhavingafamily.她宁愿独身,而不愿有家累。..考察下面一句:Hewouldprefertostayathomeratherthaninsuchbadweather.A.togooutB.wentoutC.gooutD.begoingout(C项正确。在这样的坏天气里,他喜欢呆在家里,不愿出门。)35.ask和demandask表示要求做某事或要求某人做某事,是比较客气或正式的请求。demand表示因具有某种权利而坚持要求。例如:Janeaskedmetowaitforheratthecinematonight.珍妮要我今晚在电影院等她。Theworkersdemandedhigherwages.工人们要求增加工资。36.ring和strikering表示摇铃,响铃,也可表示打电话;strike表示敲钟,撞击,打击。例如:Thedoorbellisringing.门铃在响。Theclockhasjuststruck12.钟刚刚敲过12点。37.take和bringtake意为“拿走”,指把某物从说话人所在的地方取走、带去;bring意为“带来”,指把东西带到说话人所在的地方。例如:Wheneverhecame,hewouldbringmegoodnews.他每次来都给我带来好消息。Pleasetakehimalongwhenyougoonatrip.旅行时请把他带上。38.refuse,decline,deny和rejectrefuse意为“拒绝”,表示拒绝做某事或拒绝某种行为,后接不定式;decline表示婉转的 拒绝或谢绝,指“邀请,提议”等;deny含义较广,有“否认,不承认,拒绝,节制,戒绝”等含义;reject的含义更为强烈和坚决,除有“拒绝”之意外,还表示“驳回,抛弃,否定,剔除”等。例如:Sherefusedtomarryhim.她拒绝同他结婚。Hedeclinedtheinvitationbecausehewastoobusy.因为太忙,他谢绝了那次邀请。Hedeniedhavingmurderedtheking.他否认自己谋杀了国王。Thechairmanrejectedtheproposal.主席否决了那项提议。Thegirlwasrejectedbyherparents.那个女孩被她的双亲抛弃了。Note:deny的常用结构有:deny+名词(代词)deny+间接宾语+直接宾语deny+从句deny+宾语+不定式deny+动名词deny+oneself+名词Shedeniedthistobethecase.Hedeniedhimselfmanycomfortsoflife.39.reduce和minimize 大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)453七、一些常用行为动词和词组的用法与比较reduce意为“缩减”,指降低价格,紧缩开支,裁减人员,减少压力或痛苦,或者在大小、外观上减小;minimize指在程度上减少,减至最少量或最低程度。例如:Hewon..treducetherentofthehouse.他不愿减少房租。Youcanminimizethedangersofdrivingbytakingcaretoobeyalltherulesoftheroad.注意遵守路规,行车中的危险就可以大大减少。40.advise,suggest和recommendadvise意为“劝告,给予忠告”,后接动名词;“劝告某人注意(不做)..”一般用advisesb.againststh.(doingsth.);表示“劝告某人做..”,用advisesb.todosth.。suggest表示提出一种可供选择的、推测性的建议,后接动名词。recommend意为“推荐,介绍”,后可接双宾语,recommendsb.sth.;其它结构为recommenddoingsth.,recommendsb.todosth.,recommendsb.for(as)。这三个动词后都可以接从句,从句一般要用虚拟式。例如:Iadvisewaitingtillpropertime.我建议等待适当的时机。Hesuggestedpostponingthemeeting.他建议会议延期举行。Sherecommendedmeanewdictionary.她向我推荐了一本新辞典。41.refrain和restrainrefrain表示抑制自己不做某事,常用结构是refrainfromdoingsth.。restrain表示“抑制,遏制”,既可以表示抑制自己(restrainoneself,one..stearsoranger),也可以表示阻止他人做某事(restrainsb.fromdoingsth.)。例如:Onhearingthejoke,shecouldn..trefrainfromlaughing.听到这个笑话,她不禁大笑起来。Ifyoucan..trestrainyourdogfrombitingpeople,you..dbettershuthimup.如果你不能阻止你的狗咬人,你最好把它关起来。42.look,seem和appearlook强调由视觉得出的印象,意为“看上去,看起来”。seem表示根据某种情况、状态或迹象所作出的判断,这种判断可靠性较大。appear表示外表给人的印象,这种印象可能是靠不住的,虚假的。例如:..考察下面一句: HetobeyourfriendbutIdoubtifheis.A.looksB.seemsC.appearsD.isappearing(C项正确。他看来好像是你的朋友,但我怀疑他是否真是。)Itseemsasthoughthereisnowayoutofourdifficulty.似乎没有办法摆脱我们的困境。Helooksverystrong.他看上去很强壮。Note:①look的常用结构为:look+形容词或分词,look+名词,look+介词短语②seem的常用结构为:seem+名词,seem+介词短语,seem+形容词或分词,seem+不定式,Itseems+that从句③appear的常用结构为:appear+形容词或分词,appear+介词短语,appear+不定式,Itappears+that从句43.discover和inventdiscover意为发现了以前已经存在、但尚未为人们所知道的东西。invent意为“发明”,表示制造出以前不存在的东西。例如:ColumbusdiscoveredAmericain1492.哥伦布于1492年发现了美洲。ThetelephonewasinventedbyBellin1876.电话是由贝尔于1876年发明的。44.replace和substitute这两个词的意思都是“代替”,都是及物动词,但搭配结构不同:substitute+宾语+for, 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书454第八讲动词replace+宾语+by。比较:Theysubstitutedredballsforblueballstoseeifthebabywouldnotice.Theyreplacedblueballsbyredballstoseeifthebabywouldnotice.他们用红球代替蓝球,看看婴儿是否会注意到。45.avenge和revengeavenge意为“报仇”,多指出于义愤或正义感为某人的死、受侮辱或被伤害而报仇,avenge后面的名词应该是受害者(one..sbrother,one..sfriend或one..sdeath)。revenge多指为自己受侮辱、伤害而进行报复,后面常接反身代词,也可接defeat,injustice等。例如:Heavengedhisfatheronthemurderer.他为父亲向凶手报了仇。Herevengedhimselfonhisenemybyburningdownhishouse.他为报复而焚烧了仇人的房子。46.remember,remind和recallremember意为“记得,记起,记住”,所记起的是以前知道或经历过的事,通常指无意记起。remind意为“提醒某人注意某事,使..想起了”,结构为remindsb.ofsth.;“提醒某人做某事”结构为remindsb.todosth.或remindsb.that从句。remind+宾语+about意为“提醒”。recall意为“回想起,回忆起”,表示一种有意识的回想。例如:Thepictureremindsherofthevillagewheresheoncespentherholidays.这幅图画使她想起了她度假时曾住过的那个村庄。Thatsuddenlyremindedherthatshehadpromisedtocome.这使她突然想起她曾答应要来的。Iremindedthedriverthatwehadn..tgotanypetrolleft.我提醒司机说,车里没有油了。IncaseIforget,pleaseremindmeaboutit.如果我忘了,请提醒我。ItisJimwhoremindedmetoposttheletter.是吉姆提醒我寄了那封信。Ican..trememberwhathappenedthen.当时发生的事我记不得了。Icanstillrecallherface.我还能回想起她的面容。 ..下面四种结构表达同一个意思:Irememberseeingher.Irememberhavingseenher.Iremembertohaveseenher.IrememberthatIhaveseenher.47.prohibit和forbid这两个动词意思都是“禁止”,均为及物动词,但用法不同。prohibit+宾语+fromdoingsth.forbid+宾语+不定式Theyprohibitedchildrenfromswimmingintheriver.Theyforbadechildrentoswimintheriver.他们禁止儿童在那条河里游泳。48.settle和solve这两个动词的意思都是“解决”。但所接的宾语有所不同。solveaproblem(amystery,apuzzle,difficulties,etc.)settleaquestion(anargument,aquarrel,amatter,anaffair,aclaim,etc.)Theysettledtheirquarrelinafriendlyway.他们以友好的方式解决了争端。Itwasnoeasythingforhimtosolvethedifficulty.要他解决那个困难远非易事。49.borrow,lend和loanborrow意为“借来”,指从别人那里把某物借入。lend意为“借出”,指把某物借给别人。 大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)455七、一些常用行为动词和词组的用法与比较loan意为“贷款给..”,指银行贷款,国际贷款,但在美语中意同lend。例如:HeborrowedfiftydollarsfromMarylastweek.他上周向玛丽借了50美元。Wouldyoupleaselendmeyourumbrella?请把伞借给我用一下好吗?Thebankhasloanedmuchmoneytothecompany.银行借贷给那家公司一大笔钱。50.do,make,take,give和have+名词构成的习惯说法这几个动词常同某些名词连用,表示一个动作,名词前有时加a/an,some或one..s,有时名词用复数形式。●dobedroom,one..sbest,credit,one..sduty,engineering,favour,one..shair,harm,flowers,fiction,good,harm,honour,one..slessons,service,one..sshopping,one..sthinking,atranslation,evil,akindness,business,one..sbit,one..sutmost,teeth,dishes,windows,vegetables,fish,science,sums,militaryservice,sketches,cooking,talking,knitting,typing,noreading,somestudying,somesightseeing,sometelephoning,muchwashing,mostofthetalking●makeamends,anappointment,arrangements,abed,achange,acopy,adecision,ademand,adifference,aface,adiscovery,aneffort,anexcuse,afire,afortune,friends,afuss,agesture,aguess,haste,ajourney,aliving,amistake,aprofit,progress,areport,asuccess,war,advance,bread,tea,generalization,abow,money,peace,noise,apromise,aspeech,aturn,contribution,acquaintances,allusion,answer,apology,appeal,appearance,arrest,attack,attempt,choice,comment,comparison,confession,concession,dash,deal,detour,display,distinction,enquiry,error,examination,experiment,explanation,fight,go,hit,impression,investigation,inspection,mention,mess,love,motion,mockery,move,objection,observation,preparations,pretence,proposal,protection, provision,purchase,recovery,remark,reference,reply,research,resolution,scene,sacrifice,search,signal,slip,start,stay,statement,trip,study,stride,suggestion,translation,visit●takeadvantage,aim,care,one..schance,charge,adegree,effect,anexamination,afancy,fright,heart,heed,one..sleave,aliberty,aliking,notice,anoath,offence,theopportunity,pains,apicture,aphoto,aseat,steps,action,bath,break,control,(some)exercise,grip,inspection,lead,nap,look,note,pity,place,pride,power,revenge,risk,sip,shape,step,stand,trip,(the)trouble,turn(s),vacation,vote,walk●giveanalysis,cry,sign,sigh,smile,account,approval,groan,beating,answer,gasp,advice,consideration,consent,kiss,kick,jump,hint,shout,injection,laugh,pull,report,slap,scream,nod,lecture,sketch,support,start,speech,talk,shriek,wash,welcome,warning,chuckle,blow,glance,lesson,message,instruction,badnews,homework,hug,kick,recital,reply,performance,concert,evidence,example,punch,scowl,ring,shot,squeeze,thought,play,summary,title,offence,polish●havechat,drink,lie,rest,bath,dance,go,cry,wash,win,ride,shave,shower,look,conversation,row,love,talk,think,win,laugh,fear,celebration,dream,wish,fight,discussion,dislike,dispute,respect,smoke,quarrel,interview,swim,sleep,success,try,walk,run,argument,kindness,cigarette,goodtime,badtemper 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书456第八讲动词Doyouoftenhavecolds?你常患感冒吗?Hegaveadeepsigh.他重重地叹了一口气。IthinkIcouldmakeaguessatit.我想我可以猜一猜。Haveyoudoneyourteeth?你刷过牙了吗?Ihavetodosomestudying.我得学习一会儿。ShewasdoingherhairwhenIgotin.我进来时她在梳头。Didyoudoscienceatschool?你在学校学科学吗?IusuallydothewindowsonSunday.我通常在星期天擦窗户。Shedidnoreadingthatnight.她那天晚上没看书。Thewaitressisdoingtheroom.女服务员在打扫房间。TheydidthetemplelastSaturday.他们上星期六参观了那座寺庙。Hedidsometelephoninginthemorning.他上午打了几个电话。Shedoesfishverywell.她鱼烧得好。Thegroupisdoing“Macbeth”thisweek.这个剧团本周要上演“麦克白”。Shewasfounddoingtheflowers.发现她在插花。Theydotheguestswell.他们把客人招待得很好。Hedidthejourneyinfivehours.他在路上开了五小时车。Shedidthebeef.她炖牛肉。HedidHamletlastnight.他昨晚扮演哈姆莱特。I..mdoingmodernlanguage.我在学现代语言。Shewantedtodoherfacebeforetheparty.她想在宴会前化妆一下。Thebookwasdoneintoaplay.这本书已被改编成戏剧。Canyoudotoday..scrosswords?你能填对今天的字谜吗?Wedidfivemilesinourwalk.我们步行了五英里。Thehairdresserwilldoyounext.理发师接着就给你理发。Hedoesthreeyearsfortheft.他因偷盗服刑三年。Thebutcherdidme—themeatwasunderweight.肉贩骗了我———那肉分量不足。Shedoeslovelyoilportraits.她能画优美肖像油画。Hehasdoneanarticleontheblackhole.他写了一篇关于黑洞的文章。Wedidtwoconcertslastmonth.我们上个月听了两场音乐会。ShedidEnglandinthreeweeks.她在英国游览了三个星期。比较:Sheisdoingthebowls.她正在洗碗。Sheismakingthebowls.她正在制碗。Hashedonethetables?他把桌子擦好了吗?Hashemadethetables?他把桌子做好了吗?..考察下面几句:Aftertheexplosion,thedirectoroftheindustrialcomplexfailed totopreventsimilardisaster.A.makestepsB.dostepsC.takestepsD.havetakensteps(C项正确)Don..tafussaboutsuchtrifles.A.takeB.doC.goD.make(D项正确)Wouldyoupleasemeafavourbyliftingthebaggage?A.takeB.makeC.doD.pass(C项正确) 大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)457七、一些常用行为动词和词组的用法与比较Note:在某些名词前,do,take和make可以换用,如:make(do)acopy复制一份,make(do)thetranslation,make(do)anexperiment,do(make,work)wonders,make(take)atrip等。51.regain和recoverregain意为“恢复”,指重新得到原先就有的东西。recover意为“回复”,指重新恢复到原有的水平,常指身体康复。52.neglect和denyneglect意为“忽略,遗漏”,指在责任与工作方面忽略。deny意为“否认,不顾”,指故意不理睬某事。neglect和deny后接名词或动名词,通常不接不定式。53.disappear和dissolvedisappear意为“消失”,指突然从视线中消失。dissolve意为“溶解,消散”,指慢慢地分解,消失。54.prevent和avoidprevent意为“防止”,指以某种阻碍物防止某事,常用结构为preventsb.(sth.)fromdoing。avoid意为“避免”,指设法避免某事,后接名词或动名词。55.distinguish和separatedistinguish意为“区别”,指辨别特征,以区别于他物。separate意为“把..区分开来”,指把结合在一起的东西分开来。56.inquire和questioninquire指为得到确切的情况而详细地“询问”或“调查”。question指对某人、某事提出问题,有时表示“审问”。57.exclude和exemptexclude意为“除外,排除”,指把某人或某事不算在内。exempt意为“免除”,指因某种原因而免除某种义务或任务。58.obtain和attainobtain意为“得到”,指如意地达到某种目的,得到所渴望的东西。attain意为“实现,达到”,指实现某种不易达到的目的,有较强的抱负和渴望之意。59.know,knowof和knowaboutIknowhim.我认识他。(亲自和他认识的,直接的认识)Iknowofhim.我知道他。(听别人说起过他,间接的了解)Iknowabouthim.我了解他。(非常清楚其为人、学识等) 60.askfor和askafteraskfor意为“请求,恳求,要求”,接续结构为:askforsth.,askforsth.tobedone,asksb.forsth.,asksb.todosth.。askafter意为“问候,问安”。例如:Heaskedformoreinformation.他要求更多的信息。Heaskedafteryou(yourhealth).他向你问安。61.callon和callatcallon意为“访问(某人)”,后接的宾语是人;callat表示“访问(某地)”,后接的宾语是某一地方。callat也可以表示车、船停靠站或码头;callon(upon)sb.todosth.意为“请求(邀请,指派,呼吁)某人做某事”。callsb.up意为“给..打电话”;callup意为“唤醒,使想起,征调”。例如:Icalledonanoldfriendlastweek.我上周拜访了一位老朋友。Icalledathishouseyesterdaymorning.我昨天上午到他家访问。TheshipwillcallatNanjingHarbouratmidnight.这艘船将在午夜停靠南京港。Icalledonhimtokeepthesecret.我请求他保守秘密。 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书458第八讲动词Whocalledmeupjustnow?刚才谁把我叫醒的?Theboywascalledupfromsleep.62.carefor和careaboutcarefor表示“喜欢,为..操心,为..担心,照顾,照料”等意思;careabout意为“关心,介意”。例如:Idon..tcareforstrongtea.我不喜欢喝浓茶。Thedrivercaresforthesafetyofthepassengers.驾驶员为旅客的安全操心。CharlesLambspentyearscaringforhissicksister.查尔斯·兰姆花了好多年时间照料他生病的妹妹。Allhecaresaboutishimself.他只关心自己。Idon..tcareaboutwhathesaid.对他的话我不介意。63.consistin,consistof和consistwithconsistin意为“在于,存在于”(haveasabase,dependon);consistof相当于becomposedof或bemadeupof,表示“由..组成”;consistwith意为“一致,符合”(match)。例如:Hercharmdoesnotconsistonlyinherbeauty.她的魅力不仅在于她的美貌。Thecommitteeconsistsofninemembers.这个委员会由九个会员组成。Healthdoesnotconsistwithintemperance.健康与纵欲不相容。64.hearfrom和hearofhearform意为“接到信件”(getaletterfrom);hearof意为“听说过,获得消息,知其动静”(getnewsof,receiveareportabout)。例如:Ihaven..theardfromherforalongtime.我好久没有收到她的信了。IhearfromAmericaeveryweek.我每星期都有美国的信。Ihaveneverheardofhim.我从来没有听说过他。Theywereshockedtohearofhisdeath.得知他的死讯他们非常震惊。Note:hearabout亦表示“听到,听说”,常可同of换用,但却表示听到更加详细的情况(afullerknowledgeofthedetails)。例如:Itwasnotuntilaweeklaterthatweheardaboutwhathadhappened.(不可用hearof)比较: Haveyouheardofmysister?(Haveyoureceivedanynewsofher?Hasanyonementionedhertoyou?)Haveyouheardaboutmysister?(Whathasshedone?Doyouknowwhathashappenedtoher?)65.takeone..splace和taketheplaceoftakeone..splace意为“到达特定的位置,被看成是”;taketheplaceof表示“代替”。例如:Pleasetakeyourplaceatthetable.请入席吧。Thenovelwilltakeitsplaceamongthebestworksinworldliterature.这部小说将被看作是世界文学中的最佳作品之一。GeorgehastakentheplaceofJackascaptainoftheship.乔治代替杰克当了船长。66.applyfor和applytoapplyfor表示“请求,申请”,后接某物;applyto后接某人;applytosb.forsth.意为“向某人请求(申请)某物”。例如:Heisapplyingforapassport.他在申请一份护照。 大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)459七、一些常用行为动词和词组的用法与比较Hewillapplytothepresidentforadmissiontotheuniversity.他将向校长申请进入该校。67.shoutto和shoutatshoutto指“对..高声说话”;shoutat指“对..喊”。例如:Themanisshoutingtoher.那个人同她说话声音很大。Themanisshoutingatherwithrage.那个人气愤地冲着她大声喊叫。Note:在某些动词后,to表示动作的善意性,at则表示动作的非善意性。例如:ShedonatedmoneytotheRedCross.Thetigermadeatthewoman.老虎向那女人扑过来。Theyfiredatherbutmissed.他们朝她开枪,但没有打中。Theyalllaughedtoeachotherheartily.他们都会心地笑了。Theshamefulactwaslaughedatbythepeople.那可耻的行为遭到众人的耻笑。68.runto和runatrunto指“向..跑过来”;runat指“向..扑过去”。例如:Heisrunningtotheboy.他向那个孩子跑过来。Heisrunningattheboy.他向那个男孩扑过去。再如:Shecaughtmyhandandheldittightly.她抓住我的手紧紧握住。Shecaughtatarope,butmissedit.她想抓住绳子,但没有抓住。(=trytocatch)Heshotabird.他打死了一只鸟。(=killwithagunoranarrow)Heshotatabird,butmissedit.他朝鸟开枪,但没打中。(=aimorfirewithagunoranarrow)Hestruckher.他打了她。(hit)Hestruckatherbutmissed.他朝她打去,但没打着。(attempttostrike)Heaskedtostickanoticeonthedoor.(贴上)Hesticksattheworkalldaylong.(坚持)69.throwsth.to和throwsth.atthrowsth.to指“把..扔给某人”;throwsth.at指“用..向某人砸过来”。例如:JimthrewtheballtoJack.吉姆把球扔给杰克。JimthrewtheballatJack.吉姆用球砸杰克。70.dealwith和dealindealwith意为“对付,处理”;dealin意为“买卖,经营”。例如:Thissortofmanishardtodealwith.同这种人打交道很难。Thisshopdealsindailynecessities.这家商店经营日用品。71.comparesth.to和comparesth.withcomparesth.to意为“把..比作”;comparesth.with意为“拿.. 与..相比,比较”。注意,表示“与..相比,比较”时,用comparewith和compareto均可。例如:Hecomparedthepoettoabird.他把诗人比作鸟。HecomparedShelleywith(或to)Keats.他把雪莱和济慈相比较。72.improvein和improveonimprovein意为“改进”;improveon(upon)意为“比..好”。例如:Heiscertainlyimprovinginhisspelling.Thesecondeditiongreatlyimprovesonthefirstedition.73.thinkabout和thinkofthinkabout意为“考虑”;thinkof意为“想起”。例如: 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书460第八讲动词Janeisthinkingaboutquittingthejob.Wheneverhethinksofthesadexperience,hisheartsinks.74.touchat和touchontouchat意为“停靠”;touchon意为“提到”。例如:TheshiptouchedatNanjingHarbourthismorning.ThelecturertouchedonHemingwayinhistalk.75.waitfor和waitonwaitfor意为“等待”;waiton意为“侍候”。例如:Hewaswaitingforabus.Shewaswaitingontheguestscourteously.76.listenfor,listento和listeninlistenfor意为“等着听,听着”;listento意为“听,注意听”;listenin意为“听广播,监听,窃听”。例如:Thedogsatquietly,listeningforhismaster..swhistle.Themanagerlistenedpatientlytohiscomplaints.AlltheChristianslistenedforthechurchbellstoannouncethenewyear.所有的基督徒们都在等着听教堂钟声宣告新年的到来。Shelistensintotheradiomuch.她常收听广播。TheFBIhasbeenlisteningintothetelephoneconversationofpeopleontheblacklist.联邦调查局一直在窃听列入黑名单上人的电话。77.partwith和partfrompartwith意为“放弃,出让”;partfrom意为“与..分别”。例如:Hedoesn..twanttopartwiththecar.ShepartedfromJimatsunset.她在日落时同吉姆告别。78.standby,standfor,standupfor和standupto1)standby意为“站在..一边,支持”;standfor意为“代表..的意思”Nomatterwhathappens,Iwillstandbyyou.Thestarsintheflagstandsfortheoriginalthirteencolonies.2)standupfor表示“要求并坚持享有某种权利”或“支持、拥护某人、某件事或某项事业”,standupto则指人“勇敢地面对”困难、危险、敌人等,还表示勇敢地抵抗某人或某事,也可表示物品或人体等“经得起、耐得住”压力、考验或磨损等Theyaredeterminedtostandupfortheirrights.他们决心维护自己的权利。Oneshouldstandupfortheweak.应该为弱者说话。 Asoldiermuststanduptodanger.士兵必须勇敢地面对危险。Thistypeofbuildingstandsuptothegalesverywell.这种建筑物经得起大风暴的袭击。Herpoorhealthwillnotstanduptothecolddampclimate.她身体虚弱,经受不了这种寒冷、潮湿的气候。79.accountfor的多层含义1)解释,说明There..snoaccountingfortastes.人各有所好。Howdoyouaccountforthelostring?2)是..的原因Hiscarelessnessaccountsforthefailure.3)占 大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)461七、一些常用行为动词和词组的用法与比较Theprovinceaccountsforabout1/15ofthecountry..stotalareaandpopulation.4)考虑到,顾及Itisurgenttotakenewmeasurestoaccountforthesafetyoftheworkers.5)击落(解决,捕获)Theyaccountedforfiveenemyaircraftinoneday.6)交待出(说明用途)You..llhavetoaccountforeverypennyofthemoneyentrustedtoyou.80.answerto和answerfor1)answerto意为“符合,适合,作解释,对..有反应”Thebikeexactlyanswerstothedescriptionofthestolenone.(符合,与..一致)Thehorseanswerstotheslightpullontherein.(对..有反应)2)answerfor意为“保证,对..负责,应付需要,适用”Icananswerforherhonestyinmoneymatters.(保证)Onedayyouwillhavetoanswerforwhatyouhavedone.(对..负责)Thefaxmachineisn..tagoodone,butitwillanswerforthepurpose.(应付需要)81.accusesb.of和chargesb.with两者均有“指控”之意。前者所指控的事不一定很严重,但往往直截了当。后者常指法律上的控告或严肃正式的指控,用于重大罪行或错误。有时两者也可换用。例如:Themanageraccusedhimofbeingtoocareless.Hewaschargedwithhightreason.他被指控犯了叛国罪。82.acquaintsb.with和beacquaintedwithacquaint是及物动词。前者指使某人明白或熟悉某物,表示一个动作;后者指认识或知道某人或某物,表示一种状态。例如:Thetravelhasacquainteduswiththecustomsofotherlands.Mrs.Oliverisacquaintedwithmymother.Note:“我两年前认识李先生的”正确说法:IacquaintedMr.Litwoyearsago.(误)IwasacquaintedwithMr.Litwoyearsago.(误,beacquaintedwith只表示状态)Igot(或became)acquaintedwithMr.Litwoyearsago.(正)ImadeMr.Li..sacquaintancetwoyearsago.(正)83.clean和clear1)作动词用时,clean多指清洗衣物污垢,整理房间等;clear多指清理废物、障碍物等,也用 于比喻中Motherhadmyclothescleanedandironed.Thefarmersareclearingtheweedsfromthefields.Heclearedhisthroatandbegantosing.2)作形容词用时,clean指人或物的干净、清洁,也指人的“纯洁,清白”;clear指物的清楚明白,清澈明亮,天气晴朗或心情开朗等Themeaningofthephraseisnotquiteclear.Hehasacleanconscience.3)词组cleanup意为“收拾,整顿”,而clearup除表示“收拾”外,还有“弄清,澄清,开朗,放晴”等含义Nursehastocleanupaftersupper.(收拾)Hehascleareduptherumour.(澄清)Theskyisclearingup.(放晴) 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书462第八讲动词..另外要注意clean...of...和clear...of...结构,均意为“清除”。例如:Alotofpeoplecameouttoclearthestreetofsnow.84.aboundin和aboundwith这两个短语均有“很多,丰富”之意。aboundin相当于berichin;aboundwith相当于berichwith。aboundin用于褒意;aboundwith有时含贬义。例如:Theregionaboundsinnaturalresources.Thehouseaboundedwithratsinthepast...也可以说:Naturalresourcesaboundedintheregion.Ratsaboundedinthehouseinthepast.(此句不可用with)..下面几组句子意思相同,但表达方式不同,前句为动态句,后句为静态句:Fishteeminthislake.Thelakeisteemingwithfish.这个湖产鱼很多。Peoplejammedintothetrain.Thetrainisjammedwithpeople.火车上挤满了人。Bathersareswarmingonthebeach.Thebeachisswarmingwithbathers.海滩上到处都是海浴的人。85.consider的用法consider的常用结构有:consider+动名词,consider+名词,consider+宾语+as,consider+宾语+不定式,consider+that从句,consider+it+不定式(或that从句),consider+复合宾语等。例如:Theyareconsideringchangingtheplan.Shewasconsideredas(tobe)oneofthegreatestartistsofthetime.Iconsideritfoolishtodolikethat.Heconsidershimselfveryimportant.Weconsiderthatsheisqualified.86.decide的用法decide的常用结构有:decide+名词(代词),decide+介词,decide+不定式,decide+从句等。例如:Thejudgedecidedthecaseinherfavour.Theydecidedagainstholdingthemeeting.Hehasdecidedonthematter.(aboutit)Shedecidedthatwemustleaveatonce. 87.feel的用法feel的常用结构有:feel+名词(代词),feel+过去分词,feel+宾语+现在分词,feel+宾语+过去分词,feel+宾语+不定式(不带to,但be动词除外),feel+反身代词+形容词(名词),feel+介词短语,feel+宾语从句,feel+it为先行词的复合结构,feellike+动名词(名词)等。例如:Whentalkingtoastranger,shealwaysfeelsatalossforwords.Idon..tfeellikesleeping.Hefelthisconducttobeshameful.Shefeelsconfidentofsuccess.Wefeltitourdutytohelpher.Ifeltmyselfunworthyofthehonour.88.happen,chance,takeplace和occur 大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)463七、一些常用行为动词和词组的用法与比较1)happen最常用,指偶然或意外的事Themurderhappenedintheremotecountry.2)chance指极为巧合或偶然的事Themanhekilledchancedtobehislonglostbrother.3)takeplace常指预定要发生的事,还表示“举行”Theweddingtookplacesometwomonthsago.4)occur为较正式的用语,常有具体的时间或地点等条件,还有“突然产生某种想法”的意思Eightfiresoccurredthismonthinthecity.Anewideahasoccurredtohim.89.insiston和persistininsiston指在思想上或语言上“坚持认为,坚持说”;persistin指在行动上坚持做下去。例如:Theteacherinsistedontheimportanceofmasteringaforeignlanguage.Hepersistedincarryingontheexperimentinspiteofallkindsofsetbacks.90.look,looklike和belikelook在疑问句中询问对某人或某物的印象,在陈述句中表示说话人对某人或某物的印象;looklike在疑问句中询问某人或某物像什么,在陈述句中表示说话人认为某人或某物像什么;belike在疑问句中询问某人的外表、品行或某物的情况,在陈述句中表示说话人的判断。比较:Howdoeshelook?他看来怎样?Helooksverystrong.他看来很强壮。Whatdoeshelooklike?他看来像是什么样的人?Helookslikeanhonestman(apoet).他看来像是个诚实的人(一个诗人)。Whatishelike?他是个什么样的人?Heisjustlikeanybodyelse.他和别人完全一样。91.regard的用法regard的常用结构有:regard+宾语+as+名词(代词),regard+宾语+as+形容词,regard+宾语+分词,regard+宾语+as+介词短语,regard+宾语+with+名词(看待,对待),regard+宾语+副词或介词短语(看待,尊重),regard(名词)+for+名词。例如:Don..tregardwhatisimpossibleaspossible.不要把不可能的事看成可能的事。 Idon..tregardhimasbeingcapable.我认为他并不能干。Heregardedherbehaviourwithsuspicion.他对她的行为抱有怀疑。Youshouldhaveregardforotherpeople..sfeelings.你应该考虑别人的感情。Iregardherhighly.我对她很尊重。92.resultin和resultfromresultin意为“产生,导致”;resultfrom意为“由..引起,由..产生”。例如:Thefireresultedinthirtydeaths.那场大火造成30人死亡。Thetalkhasresultedinbetterunderstandingbetweenthetwocountries.这次对话增进了两国间的相互了解。Thedamageresultedfromnegligence.损失是由疏忽引起的。Nothinghasresultedfromtheirmeditation.他们的调停没有产生什么结果。93.owe的用法owe的常用结构有:owe+间接宾语+直接宾语,owe+宾语+to+名词(代词),oweitto...that等,意为“欠钱,欠人情债,应当给予,归功于,全靠”等。例如:Iowedhim100yuan.我欠他100元。 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书464第八讲动词Heowedalotofmoneytotheneighbour.他欠了邻居一大笔钱。Ioweagreatdealtomymother.母亲对我情深似海。Ioweyoumybestthanks.我非常感谢您。Sheowedittohimthatshetidedoverthedifficulties.多亏他的帮助,她才渡过了难关。Note:①owe作“归功于”解时,不可跟双宾语,要用owesth.to...结构。例如:Iowehimmysuccess.(误)Iowemysuccesstohim.(正)②owe表示“欠(债等),怀有”时,可跟双宾语。例如:Heowesnobodyillwill.他对谁都没有恶意。94.make构成的惯用语make是英语中的“万用词”之一,搭配关系极强,下面是make构成的非常有用的短语:makesenseof了解..的意义,makementionof提到,makeapointofdoing坚持(做某事),makeanoteof把..记下来,makeamealof把..当饭吃(把..做得太过分),makeamanof使..成人或成才,makeahabitof养成习惯,makeagoodjobof做好或处理好,makeagoofsth.把..办成(使..成功),makeadayofit花整整一天时间干..,makeasuccessof使..成功,makelittleof认为..无关紧要,makelightof把..不当回事(藐视),makeheavyweatherof把..搞得复杂化,makeheadortailof弄明白某事(用于否定句),makeanexhibitionofoneself出洋相,makeanassof闹出笑话(出洋相),makeamonkeyof愚弄..,makemuchof重视(吹嘘,理解),makenothingof轻视(不懂),makethemost/bestof充分利用,makeapretenceof假装,makeuseof利用,makefunof戏弄(嘲笑),makeanendof结束,maketrialof试用(试验),makeaconvenienceof利用,makeapracticeof经常进行,makeamessof把..弄得一团糟,makeafoolof愚弄Ican..tmakesenseofwhathesaid.Hewasangrytorealizethathehadbeenmadeaconvenienceof. Hetriedtomakeamanofhisson.Shemadelittleofherillness.Theboasterendedupmakinganassofhimself.Icannotmakeheadortailofit.95.Hestaredhisamazement———可以带宾语的不及物动词某些不及物动词后可以跟同源名词或其他名词作宾语(参阅上文)。例如:Hedreamedastrangedream.他做了一个奇怪的梦。Hefoughtashortfight.他进行了一场速决战。Shehasbreathedherlast.她咽了最后一口气。Shenoddedassent.她点头表示同意。Hebowedhisthanks.他鞠躬表示感谢。Shestaredhersurprise(amazement).她瞪着眼睛表示惊讶(惊异)。96.Thepoemdoesn..ttranslatewell———形式主动、意义被动的动词有些英语句子,主语在逻辑上是动作的承受者,但谓语动词却要用主动形式。这类句子中的主语多为事物名词,谓语动词表示主语的特定动作,后常跟一个表示主语特征、性状的状语(参阅第十讲)。常用的这类动词有:peel,pour,work,wash,tear,lock,last,digest,dry,fill,blow,close,iron,read,burn,spoil,count,act,strike,draw,make,wear,write,photograph,move,end,finish,feel,clean,catch,adjourn(中止,休会),addup,translate,divide,dress,drive,shave,sail,polish,smoke,unlock,undo,steer,spoil,open,let,look,windup等。 大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)465七、一些常用行为动词和词组的用法与比较Themeetingadjournedateleven.会是11点散的。Thedinnerfinishedwithasong.宴会以一首歌曲结束。Whatdoesasnakeeatlike?蛇吃起来什么味道?Thefiguresaddupcorrectly.Thebookreadseasily.Theseleavesdryveryslowly.Shephotographedwell.Theclockwindsupattheback.Thedoorunlockseasily.Foodspoilsquicklyinsummer.Thecarsteerseasily.Theflatletsonamonthlybasis.Shedresseswell.Theapartmentdividesintosevenrooms.Meatkeepslongerincoldweather.Thebooksellswell.Thisclothwasheseasily.Theliquordrinkswell.Thedoorwon..tshut.Thiscomparesfavourablywiththat.Thedoorwon..tlock.Theplanworkedoutwithsuccess.Note:若无状语,这类句子有些不成立。下面的句子是错误的:Thisnovelsells.(要加well等)Yourpenwrites.(要加quitesmoothly等)97.attendto和attendonattendto意为“处理”(dealwith),attendon意为“侍候”(waiton),二者不可换用。例如:Hehasalotofaffairstoattendto.他有很多事情要处理。Theoldladywasattendedonbythreeservants.那位老太太有三个佣人侍候。..在表示“照顾,照料”(lookafter)时,二者常可换用。例如:Therearetwonursesattendingto(on)her...但是,attendto表示“注意,倾听”(takenoticeof,giveone..sattentionto)时,to不可改为on。例如:Herlecturesareoftenattendedtobyalargeaudience.98.seethroughsb.不同于seesb.throughseethroughsb.意为“看穿,识破”(seethetruemeaning,natureorcharacterof);seesb. through意为“给予经济支持,帮助渡过难关”(helpsb.tocomethroughthedifficulties),其中的through可改用out,并可在through后加trouble,difficulties,crisis等词。seesth.through还可表示“办完,把..进行到底”(carryouttotheend)。例如:Shewillseethroughhimsoonerorlater.她迟早会看穿他的。Shewillseehimthroughhistrouble.她会帮助他渡过难关的。Shewillseehimout.她会帮他的。Sheisdeterminedtoseetheworkthrough.她决心把这项工作做好。99.outgrow的三种含义 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书466第八讲动词outgrow用作及物动词,有三种含义:①长得比..更快、更高(growfasterortallerthan);②长得太高、太大而不适于(原来的衣服等)(growtootallortoolargeforone..sclothes,etc.);③因长大而放弃(不好的习惯、幼稚的意见或兴趣等)(leavebehind,asonegrowsolder,badhabits,childishopinionsorinterests,etc.)。例如:Youhaveoutgrownyourelderbrother.你的身高已经超过了你哥哥。Shehasoutgrownthecoatboughtlastyear.她长得很快,去年买的上衣不能穿了。Herfamilyhasoutgrownthehouse.她家人口增长得房子住不下了。Hehasoutgrownthosechildishideas.他已长大了,不再有那些幼稚的想法了。..out构成的动词还有:outlive活得比..长(脱险),outnumber人数比..多,outsmart出奇制胜(使意料不到),outlast超过..时间(比..久),outgun武器装备优于..等,out均表示“超过,多于”等意思。100.survive的两种含义(1)作及物动词时,survive意为“比..活得长”(livelongerthan...);(2)作“幸免于,从..中存活下来”(remainaliveinspiteofadisaster,etc.)解时,既可作及物动词,又可作不及物动词。例如:Hesurvivedhiswifebytenyears.他比他妻子多活了10年。Heissurvivedbyhiswifefortenyears.他妻子比他多活了10年。Onlyagirlsurvivedthedisaster.只有一个女孩在那场灾难中幸存下来。Onlyagirlsurvivedaftertheflood.洪水后只有一个女孩活了下来。101.donatemoneytoher还是donatehermoneyexpress,propose,present,suggest,donate,explain,pointout,bestow等动词不可跟双宾语,只能跟一个宾语+to(on)短语。例如:Shesuggestedherawayout.(误)Shesuggestedawayouttoher.(正)Shestillremembersthefavoursyouhavebestowedher.(误)Shestillremembersthefavoursyouhavebestowedonher.(正)102.afford的用法作“有钱、有时间做某事(beabletospendenoughmoney,timeetc.onor for...)解时,afford后可接代词、动名词或不定式。例如:Wenowcan..taffordmoneyforacar.我们现在买不起小汽车。Shecan..taffordtopaysuchahighprice.Ican..taffordcomingeveryweekend.我不能每个周末都来。..但作“供给,给予(supply,give)”解时,afford后可接双宾语。例如:Itaffordedusgreatpleasuretowatchtheperformance.103.escapeprison不同于escapefromprison1)作“逃出、脱离、漏出、逸出”(getfree,getaway,findawayout)解时,escape为不及物动词,同from,outof连用Hehasescapedfromprison.他越狱了。(从监狱里逃跑了)Somegasisescapingfromthepipe.煤气正从管道里漏出来。2)作“免除、避免、未被..注意、忘记”(avoid,beunnoticed,forgotten)解时,escape为及物动词,后接名词或动名词Heescapedprison.他没进监狱。Henarrowlyescapedbeingcaught.他差一点被抓住。Herunusualbehaviourescapedtheirattention.她的反常行为没有引起他们的注意。Thechildrenallescapedmeasles.孩子们都没出疹子。 大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)467七、一些常用行为动词和词组的用法与比较Thesecretescapedherlips.她泄露了秘密。104.take和spend1)表示某人花时间做什么,用take和spend均可(参阅上文)Itooktwohourstofinishthebookyesterday.(后用不定式)Ispenttwohourswateringthegardenyesterday.(后用动名词)2)spend只能以人作主语,而take还可以it(先行词)和表示活动的名词作主语Ittookmetwohourstofinishthebookyesterday.(不能说Itspentme...)Thetriptookustenhours.(不能说Thetripspent...)3)take(up)还可表示花费别人的时间,而spend则不能Iamsorrytohavetakenupsomuchofyourtime.(不能说tohavespent...)4)spend后可跟on、for或in,构成spend...on(for,in)..结构,表示花时间、钱干什么。名词前多用on(有时用for),动名词前用in(可省)Shespentalotmoneyonclothes.Hespentawholeyear(in)writingthebook.Note:有时候,spend后亦可接动词不定式,表示目的等,但较少用。例如:Wildanimalsspendmuchenergytolivethroughthesummer.野生动物消耗许多能量来度过夏天。Shespentalongtimetofigureoutwhathemeant.她花了很长时间来弄清楚他的意思。105.liveon,feedon,liveby和liveoff1)liveon意为“以..为食,靠..生活”(haveasone..sfoodorincomefrom),可用于人或动物,on后面跟名词,可以是食物、工资或钱。feedon后跟名词,一般用于指动物。liveby意为“靠..生活”,后可跟名词或动名词,指的是生存的方式(themeansoflife),靠捕鱼,靠打猎,还是出苦力等Theylivechieflyonrice.他们以米饭为主食。Thiskindofbirdfeedsonworms.这种鸟吃昆虫。Sheliveson100dollarsamonth.(onwhatsheearns)她每月靠100美元生活。(挣的钱)Theoldmanlivesoncredit.那位老人借债度日。Helivedbyfishingthen.他当时以捕鱼为生。Shelivesbyrunningasmallshop.她靠经营一家小商店生活。 Helivesbythesweatofhisbrow,notbycheating.他以劳力生活,不是靠欺骗。Helivesbyhispen.他笔耕为生。2)liveoff常以地点名词作宾语,强调生活的来源(haveasthesourceoffoodorincome)Thefarmersliveoffthelandtheregenerationaftergeneration.农民们世世代代靠那里的土地为生。(thingsgrownthere)Hetoldthemtoliveoffthemountain.他告诉他们要靠山吃山。(thingsgrowninthemountain)Note:不强调“来源”时,liveon和liveoff可换用。例如:Shelivedon(off)fruitthen.106.admittaking和admittotakingadmit作“承认”解时,可以是及物动词,后接名词或动名词,不可接不定式;也可以是不及物动词,后接介词to+名词或动名词。例如:Headmittedtotakethemoney.(误)Headmittedtakingthemoney.(正) 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书468第八讲动词Sheadmittedhermistakes.(正)Sheadmittedtohermistakes.(正)Note:admitof意为“容许”。例如:Thematteradmitsofnodelay.这件事不容拖延。107.relatewith和relatetorelatewith意为“符合,与..联系”;relateto意为“指,有关,涉及,相处得好”。例如:Whatshesaiddoesn..trelatewellwiththefacts.她所说的与事实不大相符。Theytriedtorelatetheresultswiththecause.他们试图把结果与原因联系起来。(这时也可用to)Towhatdidyourremarksrelate?你的话指的是什么?Sheisrelatedtomebymarriage.她同我是姻亲关系。Herelateswelltopeople.他的人际关系很好。108.weigh的用法weigh可用作及物动词和不及物动词。1)作及物动词用时,weigh意为“称..的重量、掂估..的重量”,后接人或物Pleaseweighthebagsonthescales.Thegoodshavebeenweighed.2)作不及物动词用时,weigh意为“重(多少)”,后接表示重量的词,也可接形容词light,heavy等,但不接副词Sheweighs100pounds.她重100磅。(100磅作状语)Thatstoneweighslight.那块石头重量轻。..考察下面一句:Magnesiumhasaspecificgravityof1.74,whichmeansthat1.74timesasmuchasanequalvolumeofwater.A.itisweighedB.weighingitC.itsweightD.itweighs(D项正确)109.equalwith和equalto1)equalwith意为“与..平等”(onthesamelevel)Inthepresenceofdeaththegreatestareequalwiththehumblest.在死亡面前,最伟大的人和最低贱的人是平等的。2)equal作“相等”解,用作形容词时,同to连用;也可用作名词,意为“相等物”,为theequalof结构 Oneliisequaltohalfakilometer.Oneliistheequalofhalfakilometer.一华里等于半公里。Note:equal作“胜任的,经得起的,合适的”等解时,均同to连用,如equaltoanytrial,equaltoanything,equaltoacupofwine,adecisionequaltotheoccasion等。110.callsb.names和callsb...sname1)callsb.names为固定习语,总是用复数形式names,意为“骂人”Theylosttheirtemperseasilyandcalledoneanothernames.他们动不动就耍脾气,相互谩骂。Iheardthewomancallinghimsomebadnames.我听见那女人对他大肆叫骂。2)callsb...sname意为“叫某人的名字,点某人的名字”,name有单复数变化Themanagercalledtheirnamesinturn.经理依次点了他们的名。Beinggoodfriends,wecouldcallournameseachother.我们是好朋友,可以互称彼此的名字。111.makeup和makeupof 大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)469七、一些常用行为动词和词组的用法与比较1)makeup是动词+副词型短语,意为“组成,形成,占”Nineplayersmakeupateam.九个队员组成一个队。Theworkersmakeup40percentofthepopulation.工人占人口的40%。2)makeupof常用于被动语态,为bemadeupof,意为“由(被)..组成”,句中主语为整体,of后为个体成员Ateamismadeupofnineplayers.一个队由九个队员组成。Societyismadeupofdifferentkindsofpeople.社会是由各种各样的人组成的。Thisismadeupofthreeparts.这由三个部分组成。Note:上面三例中的of均不可漏掉,否则就是病句。112.born还是borne1)作“负荷,忍受”等解时,bear是及物动词,过去式为bore,过去分词为borne;作“生出,结果”解时,bear可作及物动词和不及物动词,过去式为bore,过去分词为born或borneHeboretheexpensesoffivestudents.他负担五个学生的生活费用。Womenbearchildren.妇女生小孩。Themanagerhasbornehimselfmanfully.那位经理有男子汉气概。2)表示“出生(于),诞生(作表语),天生的(作定语或表语),有生之年”等义时,只用born,这种用法不可同by连用Shewasbornin1995.(不可说bysb.)Heisaborngenius.他是一个天生的英才。(仍然在世)Heisbornafool.他是个天生的笨瓜。(也许已不在世)Shehasbeenhappyinherborndays.她有生以来都是幸福的。Newartshavebeenborninthecourseofhistory.3)表示“生出(小孩),(小孩)被生出”时,只用borne,可用于主动语态或被动语态,常同by连用Shehasbornehimasonandadaughter.她为他生了一双儿女。Theboywasbornebyhissecondwife.这个男孩是他的第二个妻子生的。Thisisoneofthechildrenbornetohimbyhisfirstwife.这是他第一个妻子为他生的孩子之一。..“生小孩”可有多种表示法。比较下列句子:Sheborehimmanychildren.(正)Shehasbornehimmanychildren.(正)Shegavebirthto(had,delivered,wasdeliveredof,wasbroughttothebedof)achildyesterday.(正) Sheboreachildlastnight.(误,小孩仍在母亲怀抱中)Thetreeboresomefruitsyesterday.(误,所结的果实仍在树上)113.winded,wound和woundedwind作“吹,嗅出,使呼吸急促”解时,读作[wind],过去式和过去分词皆为winded;wind作“蜿蜒,缠绕,上发条”解时,读作[waind],过去式和过去分词为wound[waund];wound意为“伤害,受伤”,读作[wund],过去式和过去分词为wounded。例如:Thehunterwindedhishorn.猎人吹响了号角。They(winded,wounded,wound)theirwaythroughtheforest.Shehas(wounded,winded,wound)herwatch.114.bid和badebid作“出价,投标,叫牌”解时,可作及物动词和不及物动词,过去式、过去分词均为bid;bid作“命令,嘱咐,致意”解时,为使役动词,过去式为bade,过去分词为bidden。例 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书470第八讲动词如:Hebid100dollarsforthevase.那个花瓶他出价100美元。Shebidattheauction.她在拍卖中出价竞买。Ibadehimwaitandsee.(一般不用to)Thesoldiersdidastheywerebidden.Webadehimfarewell.They(bade,bid,bidden)onthenewbridge.115.shone和shinedshine作“照耀”解时,为不及物动词,过去式和过去分词均为shone;作“擦亮”解时,为及物动词,过去式和过去分词均为shined。例如:Themoonshonebrightlastnight.昨夜月色皎洁。Thehousewife(shone,shined)thewindowsthismorning.(试判断)116.free...of和free...from1)free...of意为“免除(工作,责任),(从精神上或头脑中)去掉,摆脱(担忧,思想,想法)”Thelettershouldfreeyourmindofworry.这封信会使你摆脱担忧的。Shehasbeenfreedofthework.她被免除了那项工作。2)free...from意为“释放(set...free),免于(税,债务,威胁等)”Shefreedthebirdsfromthecage.她把鸟从笼中放出来。Theyaretryingtofreetheworldfromthethreatofwar.他们正努力使世界免于战争的威胁。..另外,free还作形容词用,befreeof意为“大方,慷慨”,befreefrom表示“无..的”。比较:Heisfreeofhismoney.他用钱大方。Thehouseisfreefromrats.这所房子没有老鼠。117.feelfor和feelwithfeelfor意为“同情”,feelwith意为“有同感”。例如:Ifeelforher.我同情她。Ifeelwithher.我与她有同感。118.teachsth.forsb.和teachsth.tosb.teachsth.forsb.意为“代替某人教”,teachsth.tosb.意为“..教某人”。例如:Iteachmathsforhim.我替他教数学。(他病了)Iteachmathstohim.我教他数学。(他是我的学生)119.能否说goplace或goplacesgo通常用作不及物动词,但却可以同place或places连用, 为习惯用法。例如:Whatplacehasshegone?Heisgoingplacesthismorning.Thereisnoplacetogo.120.taketurns和takeone..sturn1)taketurns意为“轮流,交替”,意同inturnsTheytookturnstochairthemeeting.Weshalltaketurnsinweedingthegarden.2)takeone..sturn意为“依次获得机会,轮班”,turn要用单数,不可说takeone..sturns,另外,waitone..sturn意为“等待机会”,也不可说waitone..sturnsTheytooktheirturntokeepwatch.他们轮班站岗。Weshouldtakeourturninbuyingtickets.我们应该依次排队买票。 大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)471七、一些常用行为动词和词组的用法与比较Iknowtheyarewaitingtheirturn.我知道他们正在等待机会。121.hearandtremble———动词+动词构成的习惯用语英语中有些习惯用语是“动词+动词”构成的,前后两个动词有些是同义动词,有些是反义动词,有些表示动作的先后,等等。这种习语结构简洁精炼,有些可译为汉语相应的成语。例如:hearandtremble洗耳恭听,熟烂于心cutandcontrive精打细算forgiveandforget既往不咎dotandgoone一瘸一拐liveandlearn学无止境hitandmiss不计成败touchandgo一触即发chopandchange变化无常divideandrule分而治之comeandgo来来往往ebbandflow荣辱兴衰giveandtake公平交换,相敬相让pinchandscrape省吃俭用fetchandcarry当差打杂peakandpine消瘦憔悴hitandrun逃之夭夭,打了就跑dineandwine宴饮款待billandcoo谈情说爱waitandsee观望待机shareandsharealike平均分享hemandhaw踌躇不决wearandtear耗损磨难washandwear洗后不烫就可以穿(的)Riseandshine!起床!Theyhaveawait-and-seewayofdealingwithdifficulties.他们对付困难的办法是等着瞧。Heisfacingatouch-and-gosituation.他正面临着一触即发的形势。Bothsidesmustbereadytogiveandtaketoreachanagreement.要达成协议,双方都要作些让步。122.finish,complete和end1)finish和complete均可表示“完成,完结”,但内在含义有些不同。finish意为bringsth.toanend,stopdoingsth.,指“结束做某事,做完了某事”,后接名词或动名词,不可接不定式Hehasfinishedthework.他做完了工作。Shehasfinishedwritingthepaper.她已写完了论文。2)complete常表示bringsth.intoawhole,addwhatismissingorneededtoformafinishedwhole,指“使完整,使圆满”,尤指文学艺术作品的完成或工程的竣工等,后接名词Sheneededonemorestampbeforehercollectioniscompleted.她收集的邮票还差一张就成套了。 HeistryingtocompletehiscollectionofShakespeare..splays.他要收集全套的莎士比亚戏剧。比较:Haveyoufinishedthenovel?你读完那部小说了吗?(=finishedreading)Haveyoucompletedthenovel?你写完那部小说了吗?(=finishedwriting)Thenewschoolwillbecompletednextmonth.新学校下个月竣工。(不可用finish)3)end为普通用词,指一种活动因达到目的而自然结束或因某一原因突然中止,可指作业、演讲、争论、旅行、战争或生命等的结束、终止,并可用作及物动词或不及物动词Thegameendedinadraw.比赛以打成平局结束。Hisunexpectedvisitendedourdiscussionoftheproblem.他突然来访中断了我们对那个问题的讨论。Heendedhisletterwithgoodwishestothefamily.他以向全家问好结束他的信。123.speakof和speakabout 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书472第八讲动词speakof表示“谈到,说及”;speakabout表示“详细谈到,讲起”。例如:Wespokeofyourbrotherthismorning.我们今天上午谈到你的弟弟。Theyspokeaboutthematterlastnight.他们昨晚详细谈了那件事。(相当于discussthematter)I..llspeaktoherabouttherenttomorrow.明天我要同她讲一下租金的事。124.breakinto,burstinto,burstout和breakout这几个短语动词虽然都表示“突然..起来”,但用法上有差别。比较:breakinto+名词(tears,cheers,flames,rage,song,applause,laughter,arun,roarsoflaughter)突然(哭,欢呼,燃烧,发怒,唱,鼓掌,大笑,跑,大笑)起来burstinto+名词(leaf,blossom,astormofabuse,laughter,flames)突然(长出了叶子,开了花,辱骂,大笑,燃烧)burstout+动名词或介词短语(crying,laughing,cheering,intothreats,inperspiration)突然(哭,大笑,欢呼,威胁,出汗)breakout+动名词或介词短语(crying,laughing,cheering,incurses,intothreats,inarageofsobs)突然(哭,大笑,欢呼,咒骂,威胁,啜泣)Thehorsebrokeintoagallop.马突然小跑起来。Thetreesseemedtohaveburstintoleafovernight.树似乎一夜之间长出了叶子。Sheburstoutcrying.她突然大哭起来。Hebrokeoutintothreats.他突然威胁起来。125.Larkswarble———从“云雀鸣叫”看英语中的拟声词英语同汉语一样,有相当数量的拟声动词,不同的动物所发出的叫声往往不同,也就要用不同的拟声动词来表达。比如:“云雀鸣叫”要说Larkswarble(或sing),而“喜鹊喳喳”则要说Magpieschatter。下面是一些常用的拟声动词,注意观察与不同的动物搭配。yelp→puppy,dog,fox(小狗汪汪,狗汪汪,狐狸叫)roar→lion,bear,tiger(狮吼,熊吼,虎啸)growl→tiger,bear(虎啸,熊吼)bleat→lamb,goat(羔羊咩咩,山羊咩咩) bark→fox,dog(狐狸叫,狗叫,dog还可用growl,yelp,whine)scream→hawk,eagle,seagull,vulture,peacock(鹰叫,海欧鸣叫,秃鹰鸣叫,孔雀鸣叫)howl→wolf,jackal(狼嚎,豺嚎)drone→beetle,bee,mosquito,fly(甲虫唧唧,蜜蜂嗡嗡,蚊子嗡嗡,苍蝇嗡嗡,还可用buzz,hum)bellow→bull,cattle,ox(牛哞哞,公牛哞哞,还可用low)bray→horse,ass(马嘶,驴嘶,还可用hee-haw)mew→cat(猫喵喵,还可用purr)chatter→magpie(喜鹊喳喳)gibber→monkey,ape(猴子啼叫,猿啼,还可用chatter)whoop→crane(鹤唳)caw→crow(乌鸦哑哑)sing→nightingale,lark(夜莺鸣叫,云雀鸣叫,还可用warble)squeak→mouse(老鼠叽叽,还可用peep)hoot→owl(猫头鹰叫,还可用screech,whoop,scream)squeal→pig(猪嚎,还可用grunt)croak→raven,frog(乌鸦哑哑,青蛙呱呱) 大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)473七、一些常用行为动词和词组的用法与比较chirp→bird,insect,cricket(鸟儿唧唧,虫鸣,蟋蟀鸣叫,还可用chirrup)twitter→swallow,bird(燕子呢喃,鸟儿唧唧,还可用chirp)cry→swan(天鹅鸣叫)gobble→turkey(火鸡鸣叫,还可用gozzle)hiss→snake(蛇咝咝)honk→wildgoose(雁鸣)neigh→horse(马嘶,还可用whinny,snort)bay→hound(猎犬汪汪)cackle→goose(鹅嘎嘎,还可用goggle,gabble)cluck→hen(母鸡咯咯,还可用cackle,chuck)pip→chicken(小鸡叽叽,还可用cheep)coo→dove(鸽子咕咕)crow→cock(公鸡喔喔)quack→duck(鸭子呱呱)trumpet→elephant(大象叫)grunt→camel(骆驼叫)talk→parrot(鹦鹉学舌)八、某些动词的搭配关系这里对动词搭配关系的考察是多层面的,以期解决实际运用中的难点。1.动词+宾语+by(on,in)+the+身体部位等常用的有:catch(抓住),pull(拉),shake(握住),seize(抓住),hit(打),take(抓住)。例如:Thechildpulledhismotherbythecoat.那个孩子拉住母亲的外衣。Thetwomenshookeachotherbythehand.两个人握了握手。Shecaughthimbythearm.她挽着他的臂膀。Theballhitthegirlonthenose.球打在女孩的鼻子上。Hewaswoundedintheleg.他的腿部受了伤。Note:在上述结构中,定冠词the不能换成物主代词,不能说seizehimbyhisarm。2.动词+宾语+from常用的有:choose(挑选),delete(删除),deter(阻止),dispense(免除),dissuade(劝阻),excuse(使..免除),keep(阻止),prevent(阻止),protect(保护),restrain(抑制),separate(分离),absent,defend,discourage,dismiss,discriminate,release,distract,divert,inhibit,prohibit,shield,stop,tell,rescue,deliver(拯救),preserve(保护),save,free(免于),hinder(阻碍)。例如:Theyhavetakenvariousmeasurestopreventthediseasefromspreading.他们已经采取 各种措施来阻止这种疾病的蔓延。Thepresidentdismissedthemayorfromhisoffice.Shedissuadedherhusbandfrombuyingthecar.Weshouldinhibitourselvesfromwrongdesiresandimpulses.Theydefendedthecityfrom(against)theattack.Icantellherfromhersister.(分辨出)Nothingcanstophimfromdoingit.Note:①这种结构中动名词前的from也常可省略。例如:Istoppedthem(from)talking.Itpreventedher(from)cominghere. 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书474第八讲动词Hissmallsizeprohibitshim(from)becomingapoliceman.②有时,from的省略会引起意义的变化,如prevent...fromdoingsth.和keep...fromdoingsth.表达基本相同的意思,但prevent...doingsth.却不同于keep...doingsth.,前者的doing为动名词,其结果是否定的,后者的doing为分词,其结果是肯定的。另外,keep...fromdoing和keep...doingsth.表达的含义也不相同。例如:Whathesaidkeptherworrying.他的话使她非常担心。Whathesaidkeptherfromworrying.他的话使她不再担心了。Coldweatherkepttheplantsfrombudding.寒冷的天气使植物不能发芽。Warmweatherkepttheplantsbudding.温暖的天气使植物不断发芽。3.动词+宾语+for常用的有:forgive(原谅),praise(称赞),recommend(介绍..加入),remember(记住),take(当作),qualifyoneself,thank(感谢),turnto(求助于),reprove(责备),criticize(批评),punish(惩罚),scold(责备),apologizeto,applyto,blame,compensate,count,depend,relyon,mistake(误认为),ask(要求),excuse,reward(报答),search(搜查)。例如:Youshouldcompensateherforherloss.(赔偿)Hedependedonhismotherforeverything.Theweatherhastakenaturnforthebetter(worse).Thefar-sightedalwaystakethoughtforthetomorrow.(为将来着想)Weshallforeverrememberhimforhisgreatcontributionstothecountry.我们会永远记着他为国家做出的重大贡献。Herecommendedmeforpartymembership.他介绍我入党。Note:下面的结构后用for:besorry,bezealous,beright,besuitable,behardpressed,beknown,benoted,befamousIamhardpressedformoney.我手头拮据。4.动词+宾语+into常用的有:argue(说服),frighten(恐吓),reason(说服),talk(说服),persuade(劝说),cheat(蒙骗),force(强迫),deceive(欺骗),bribe(贿赂)。例如: Hefrightenedthechildintotellinghimtheplacewheregoldwasburied.他恐吓那个孩子,使他说出金子埋藏的地方。Shetriedtoreasonmeintojoiningtheirsociety.她设法说服我加入他们的协会。5.动词+宾语+of常用的有:accuse(指控),cheat(骗取),convince(使..信服),expect(期待),deprive(剥夺),relieve(解除),remind(提醒),rob(抢夺),warn(警告),cure(治愈),inform(告知),rid(除去),advise(通知),notify,assure,breakoneself,disburden,discharge,drain,dispossess(使失去),clear,ease,strip,instruct,divest,acquit(宣告无罪),convict(定罪),suspect,persuade。其他:bedull(在..差),bebrisk(在..强),beashamed。例如:Shehasbrokenherselfofthebadhabit.Hiswordsdisburdenedmymindofworries.Thewarhasdrainedthecountryofresources.Theyclearedthestreetofsnow.Theywarnedherof(against)theman.Thisconvincedusofhishonesty.这使我们相信他确实是诚实的。Thescoundrelcheatedtheboyofhismoney.那个恶棍骗了孩子的钱。 大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)475七、一些常用行为动词和词组的用法与比较Theydivestedthemanofhisoffice.他们罢了这个人的官。Note:Thoughdullofmemorizing,sheisbriskofunderstanding.6.动词+宾语+with常用的有:charge(指控),combine(结合),fill(装满),furnish(提供,装备),present(赠送),provide(供应),supply(供应),trouble(打扰),associate(联想),confuse(混淆),compare(比较),help(帮助),busy,findfault,endow,deposit,class,beset,acquaint,credit,entrust,familiarize,occupy,stock,load(装载),arm,oblige(施恩惠于),favour(赐助),trust(委托),serve(供给),bother。其他:beseized,betakenup,bethick,bethrough,bepopular,beill,begratified,begone,befraught(充满),bedisappointed,bepleased,beskillful,restcontent。例如:Theyentrustedhimwiththetask.他们把任务交给他。Hecreditedherwiththesuccess.他把成功归于她。Theyclassedhimwiththebestpoets.Naturehasendowedhimwithgreatability.(天赋很高)Hefurnishedthemwiththedailynecessities.Hewaschargedwithmurder.Note:Theairisthickwithsmoke.7.动词+宾语+in常用的有:encourage,gain,employ,involve,invest,differ,grow,sympathize。其他:bedeficient,behonest。例如:Heencouragedmeindoingthework.Shegained5poundsinweight.Thecaseinvolvedhimintrouble.Heinstructedherinpoetry.Jimhasgrowninstatue.8.动词+宾语+on常用的有:laytheblame,force,impose,congratulate,consult,enjoin(叮嘱),plumeoneself(自夸)等。例如:Heconsultedthelawyeron(about)thecase.Thecourtinflictedthedeathpenaltyonthemurderer.Don..tlaytheblameonher.Fatherenjoinedhonestyonhisson.父亲叮嘱儿子做个诚实的人。9.动词+双宾语 常用的有:accord(给予,欢迎,称颂等),assign(分配),award(授予),bring(带来),deny(否认),do(给予),give(给),grant(授予),hand(交给),leave(留给),lend(借给),offer(提供),owe(欠),pass(传给),pay(付给),post(寄),promise(许诺),read(读),recommend(推荐),refuse(拒绝),render(给予),sell(卖),send(寄送),show(显示给..看),teach(教),tell(告诉),throw(扔),write(写),take,remit(汇款),return,bid,telephone,quote,advance,deal,forward,lease,loan,mail,rent,repay,serve等。1)这类动词,间接宾语可以后置,由介词to引起,变成介词短语Hehasrenderedusgreathelpinthepastfewyears.过去几年来他给了我们许多帮助。IquotedhertheBible.(=IquotedtheBibletoher.)Theyawardedhimagoldmedal.他们授予他一块金牌。(=Theyawardedagoldmedaltohim.)2)有些双宾动词,其间接宾语可以后置,由介词for引起,变为介词短语 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书476第八讲动词常用的有:cash,cook,find,build,fix,cut,book,fetch,get,order,design,keep,mix,paint,set,sing,secure,save,win,draw,prepare,pour,leave,pick,buy,make,reserve,guarantee,order,play,gain,spare,earn,choose等。例如:Thescandalhasgotthepoliticianabadreputation.丑闻使这个政客声名狼籍。Sheplayedussomeclassicalmusic.她给我们演奏了一些古典音乐。Sheplayedsomeclassicalmusicforus.Shepickedthechildrenapples.她为孩子们摘苹果。Shepickedapplesforthechildren.Hepreparedthemagoodmeal.他为他们备了一顿美餐。Hepreparedagoodmealforthem.3)有些双宾动词,间接宾语只能放在直接宾语前面,不能用to或for引起,但有时可用其他介词这类动词常用的有:ask,bet,allow,envy,forgive,wish,cost,fling,flash,shoot,deal,bear,pardon,fine,strike,refuse,promise,lose,grudge,charge,kiss,keep,drop,mean,call,cause,begrudge(勉强允许,妒忌,羡慕)等。例如:Hestillboreheragrudge.他仍然怨恨她。(agrudgeagainsther)Wewishedherasafejourney.我们祝她一路平安。Shecan..trefusehimanything.她什么也不能拒绝他。Hisneglectofdutylosthimtheposition.他的玩忽职守使他失去了职位。Theyforgavehimhisoffences.他们宽恕了他的过错。Heflungthemchargesofcorruption.他指责他们腐败。(chargesofcorruptionatthem)Theeconomiccrisisdealtthecountryaheavyblow.经济危机给了这个国家严重的打击。Ienvyyouyourgoodluck.我羡慕你的好运气。Hepardonedherherlittlefaults.他原谅了她的小缺点。Theykissedeachothergoodbye.他们相互吻别。Hemeantyounoharm.他对你没有恶意。Theaccidentcosthimhislife.那次事故使他丧了命。Heshotherascornfullook.他鄙夷地望了她一眼。比较: Hewrotealettertome.他给我写了一封信。Hewrotealetterforme.他代我写了一封信。Shesetanexampletous.Shesetanexampleforus.她为我们树立了榜样。10.动词+名词(代词)+动词不定式常用的有:ask(要求),allow(允许),cause(使),expect(期望),feel(感觉),force(迫使),get(劝说),have(使,让),hear(听见),help(帮助),let(让),make(使),notice(注意),observe(观察到),order(命令),permit(允许),prefer(宁愿),remind(提醒),request(要求),want(要),watch(观看),wish(希望),petition(向..请愿,要求),bid,smell,listento,desire,intend,longfor,mean,suppose,suspect,appoint,authorize,beg,bring,challenge,charge,command,compel,decide,determine,direct,drive,enable,equip,invite,lead,oblige,press,prompt,recommend,require,send,teach,tell,tempt,train,trouble,trust,urge,worry,assist,encourage,forbid,hate,instruct,leave,like,love,need,spur,stimulate,dare,bribe等。例如: 大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)477七、一些常用行为动词和词组的用法与比较Ishouldlikeyoutotypethispaperatonce.(=Irequestyoutotypethisletteratonce.)Iwouldlovehimtocome.我愿意让他来。Hisconfessionbroughtotherstoconfess.Whatdecided(determined)hertoabandonherfamily?Themanagerexpectedustodothedutyinourwork.经理期望我们在工作中尽职尽责。TheyhadMr.Smithleadtheexpeditionteam.他们让史密斯先生率领远征队。..但是,aspire,plan,hope,consider,start,demand,insiston,agree,suggest,propose,consent,object等后不可用不定式作宾语补足语。例如:Ihopedhertoleave.(误)Iwishedhertoleave.(正)Shedemandedmetodothat.(误)Sheaskedmetodothat.(正)Heagreedustositinthecorner.(误)Heallowedustositinthecorner.(正)Note:give作“使,令”解时,可用于givesb.tounderstand(that)结构。例如:Shegavemetounderstandthattherewassomesortofsecretattachedtoit.她使我了解到有某种秘密与此事相关。(Shewasgivento...)Hegavethemtounderstandthathehadseenmuchoftheworld.他使他们知道,他是个见过世面的人。11.动词+名词(代词)+分词常用的有:declare,feel,find,get,have,hear,keep,notice,see,smell,watch,set,understand,make,stand,acknowledge,admit,catch,discover,dislike,encourage,favour,like,mind,observe,prevent,remember,stop,need,require,want,wish等。例如:Weshallgettheworkdoneasearlyaspossible.我们将尽早完成工作。Heheardsomeonesingingintheroom.他听见房间里有人在唱歌。Herwordssetmethinking.Idon..twanthermeddlinginmyaffairs.Leavewelldone.适可而止。HecanmakehimselfunderstoodinEnglish.Iwantthisboxopened.Heacknowledgedhimselfdefeated. Thechairmandeclaredthemeetingclosed.Ishouldlikethismattersettledinthisway.Note:①在上述动词中,acknowledge,allow,conceive,declare,consider,desire,need,order,require,want,wish等常接过去分词作宾语补足语。feel,discover,like,watch,have,find等可接现在分词或过去分词作宾语补足语。leave,start,send,stop,prevent等常接现在分词作宾语补足语。②set,get,leave,have等可用于v+sb.+(to)dosth.和v+sb.+doingsth.结构。但前者表示坚持做某事,是一种蓄意性使役;后者表示按照意图和打算做某事,是一种意向性使役。比较:IshouldliketohavehimdoHamlet.我想坚持让他扮演哈姆雷特。IshouldliketohavehimdoingHamlet.我想让他扮演哈姆雷特。Ishallleavehimtocarrytheluggage.我将设法让他去搬行李。Ishallleavehimcarryingtheluggage.我将交给他去搬行李。..下面两个句子,用不定式表示有意志的行为,用动名词表示无意志的行为,是一种结果: 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书478第八讲动词HesetHenrytodothework.他坚持让亨利做这个工作。Herwordssetuslaughing.她的话使我们大笑起来。(不可说setustolaugh)12.动词+名词(代词)+形容词常用的有:consider(认为),find(发现),imagine(想象),keep(保持),leave(使..处于某种状态),like(喜欢),make(使得),paint(漆成),prove(证明),render(使变为),wish(祝),set,send,get,want,prefer,bring,beat,cut,drive,dye,push,hold,put,strike,boil,bore,turn,pull,kick,throw,fling,bang,sweep,tear,hold等。例如:Thenewsstruckmedumb.Heboiledtheegghard.Themusicdrovehermad.Itboredmestiff.Hepaintedthedoorred.他把门漆成红色。Shefoundthebookveryinteresting.他发现那本书很有趣。Thepotcallsthekettleblack.五十步笑百步。Hebeatherblackandblue.13.动词+名词(代词)+名词常用的有:appoint(任命),call(把..叫作),consider(视为),count(认为,看作),elect(选举),leave(留给),make(使..成为),name(给取名),nominate(提名),think认为。例如:Theyappointedhimchairmanofthecommittee.他们任命他为委员会的主席。ShenamedtheboyJack.她给男孩取名叫杰克。Callaspadeaspade.直言不讳。14.动词+反身代词+介词1)这类动词称为反身动词(reflexiveverbs)常用的有:absentoneselffrom缺席addressoneselfto着手..,向..讲话bendoneselfto热衷于concernoneselfwith关心dressoneselfin穿着occupyoneselfwith忙于resignoneselfto听任applyoneselfto致力于accustomoneselfto习惯于worryoneselfabout为..烦恼perfectoneselfin使自己精通loseoneselfin入迷indulgeoneselfin沉迷于giveoneselfto热衷于 enroloneselfin参军dedicateoneselfto献身adaptoneselfto适应availoneselfof利用breakoneselfof改掉..习惯devoteoneselfto致力于helponeselfto随意吃prideoneselfon因..而自豪revengeoneselfon报复associateoneselfin从事于removeoneselffrom离开prepareoneselffor为..准备opposeoneselfto反对justifyoneselffor为自己辩护ingratiateoneselfwith讨好freeoneselfof摆脱defendoneselfagainst防御botheroneselfabout操心abandononeselfto沉溺于addictoneselfto沉溺于confineoneselfto局限于engageoneselfto同..定婚ridoneselfto除去deliveroneselfof说出bethinkoneselfof考虑occupyoneselfwith忙于 大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)479七、一些常用行为动词和词组的用法与比较amuseoneselfwith(by)以..自娱clotheoneselfin穿familiarizeoneselfwith精通engageoneselfin从事于presentoneselfat(for)出席distinguishoneselfby因..而扬名busyoneselfwith(in,over,about)忙于Itwasveryhardforhimtobreakhimselfofthehabit.要他改掉那个坏习惯是很难的。I..dliketoavailmyselfofthisopportunitytoexpressmyheartfeltthankstoyou.我想借此机会,向你们表示衷心的感谢。2)这类动词有些只跟反身代词,而不用介词,如:adopt,behave,ask,blame,compose,deceive,enjoy,exert,express,hide,force,kill,introduce,repeat,seat,hide,strain,wash,stretch,undress等Letmeintroducemyself.I..mMajorSmith.让我自我介绍一下,我是史密斯上校。Mothertoldhimtobehavehimself.母亲告诉他乖一点。Shehidherselfbehindthedoor.她躲在门后面。Hekilledhimselftwoyearslater.他两年后自杀了。Theoldmanwastooweaktodresshimself.那位老人身体太虚弱,不能自己穿衣服。3)某些这类动词也可省略反身代词Dressquickly,John.约翰,快点穿衣服。Gothereandwashyourself,Jack.杰克,去那里洗一洗。Heusuallywashesbeforegoingtobed.他睡觉前通常要洗一下。15.动词+宾语+副词(介词短语)常用的有:sit,hear,get,show,take,think,set,send,find,elbow,put,suppose,drive,place,consider,make,bring,lay,imagine,lead,see等。例如:Sheputthemagazineonthedesk.Hesatthecatonthegrass.Thenewsputheratease.Sheelbowedherwaythroughthecrowd.Iconsiderhimabovesixty.Theywerehappytoseetheoldyearoutandthenewyearin.Hefoundherinaseriouscondition.Pleasemakeyourselfathome.16.宾语补足语前须加tobe的动词常用的有:take,know,discover,observe,recognize,understand等后的宾补前须加tobe。例如: Iunderstoodhertobewillingtoacceptit.Iknowhertobehonest.Idiscoveredhertobereliable.17.宾语补足语前可用可不用tobe的动词常用的有:fancy,feel,deem,prove,judge,imagine,hold,call,assume,guess,find,think,suppose,believe,consider,presume,profess,proclaim,declare,pronounce,wish,avow等,其后的宾补前可用可不用tobe。例如:Sheheld(found)theplan(tobe)impractical.Heimaginedhimself(tobe)onasmallisland.Hethoughther(tobe)acoward.Iguessherageat20(tobe20).(注意用at)18.宾语补足语前用as等的动词 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书480第八讲动词常用的有:count,accept,lookupon,regard,picture,treat,see,define,describe,label,appoint,certify,characterize,choose,class,consider,deem,elect,esteem,intend,proclaim,rate,reckon,referto,use,hire,employ,classify,interpret,view,summarize,remember,lookupto等后的宾补前要加as;assume,imagine,recognize等后的宾补前有时也用as,视具体情况而定;take后还可用for或as,mistake后用for。例如:Hecountedtheman(as)dead.Shepicturesthedayasnearinthefuture.Iimaginedhimasarascal.Hemistookmeformybrother.Theyclassedhimasafirst-ratescholar.Thebankcertifiedheraccountsascorrect.Intheplayshecharacterizedherselfasafineartist.Shetookitasatrifle.Itookhimforbetterthanhewas.我原以为他不错,但实际上不然。Note:hold,appoint,consider,elect,reckon,choose,represent,nominate,acknowledge等后可直接用名词短语、as+名词短语或tobe+名词短语作宾语补足语。例如:Iacknowledgedhim(as或tobe)thegreateststatesmanofthecentury.19.不接that宾语从句的动词常用的有:watch,catch,enable,appoint,permit,carefor,longfor,hopefor,planfor,listento,lookat,take,sign,sayfor。这些动词后一般接不定式作宾语补足语,不接从句。例如:Idon..tcareforhimtojoinus.(不说Idon..tcarethat...)Hesignedthatwestopped.(误)Hesignedforustostop.(正)Hewatchedthatthemoonrose.(误)Hewatchedthemoonrise.(正)Shelonged(planned,hoped)forthatJohnshouldcome.(误)Shelonged(planned,hoped)forJohntocome.(正)20.须接that宾语从句的动词常用的有:say,explain,think,consent,mind,demand,hope,anticipate,ensure,submit, stipulate,rule,write,testify,reflect,reckon,remark,repent,reply,retort,reason,realize,protest,predict,move,hint,pointout,maintain,inform,indicate,grant,gather,foresee,findout,disclose,demonstrate,confide,bet,assure,argue,answer,announce,allege,affirm,add,accept等。这些动词中有些还可带间接宾语sb.that...,但一般不用不定式作宾语补足语。例如:Hedemandedmetotellhimthestory.(误)HedemandedthatIshouldtellhimthestory.(正)Iconsentedhimtodothework.(误)Iconsentedthatheshoulddothework.(正)Wecanensuretheworktobedoneingoodtime.(误)Wecanensurethattheworkshallbedoneingoodtime.(正)21.接间接宾语+that从句的动词常用的有:tell,remind,notify,inform,assure,persuade,convince,ask,satisfy等。例如:Hetoldthathewasintrouble.(误)Hetoldmethathewasintrouble.(正) 大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)481七、一些常用行为动词和词组的用法与比较HeremindedthatIhadtodoitagain.(误)HeremindedmethatIhadtodoitagain.(正)Heassuredthatitwasagoodbargain.(误)Heassuredmethatitwasagoodbargain.(正)Note:assure,convince,inform,persuade,remind,warn,inform还可用于v+sb.+ofsth.结构。例如:Sheassuredmeofherhelp.Hepersuadedusofthetruthofthereport.Janeinformedmeofthechangeofheraddress.22.可带可不带间接宾语的动词常用的有:beg,instruct,advise,write,promise,order,command,warn,show,teach,petition等。例如:Iask(ofhim)thathewilllendherahand.Ipromised(her)thatIshouldtellherthesecret.Ibeg(ofher)thatshewillkeepitsecret.Shewrote(me)thatshewouldcomeback.Heinstructed(us)thatweshouldobeytherules.23.可以接动名词、不定式的动词动词+doingtodo常用的有:start,try,plan(on),omit,neglect,love,decline,continue,commence,begin,cease,attempt,aim(at),endure等。例如:Heaimedtowinfirstplace.Heaimedatbecomingapainter.Ican..tenduretostaybehind.Heplannedondoingitnextmonth.Note:某些这类动词后接动名词或不定式意义不同,参阅有关章节。24.可以接不定式、宾语加不定式补足语的动词动词+todosb.todo常用的有:yearn(for),prepare(for),long(for),help,get,dare,bother,apply(for)等。例如:Heyearnstoseeheragain.HeyearnsforJohntocomeback.Shedaredhimtojumpoverthewall. 25.可以接宾语加不定式补足语、从句的动词动词sb.(sth.)todothat常用的有:notify,order,know,persuade,remind,suppose,tell,urge,request,state,suppose,suspect,warn,judge,instruct,entreat,discover,direct,convince,command,charge,assume,show,deem,sense,reveal,prove,guess,declare等。例如:Sheassumedhimtomeanmischief.Sheassumedthathemeantmischief.Heentreatedmetohavemercyonher.HeentreatedthatIhavemercyonher. 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书482第八讲动词26.可以接动名词、宾语加不定式补足语的动词动词doingsb.todo常用的有:permit,forbid,leaveoff,counton,dependon,relyon等。例如:Icountedonhiscoming.Icountedonhimtocome.Theregulationsforbidsmokinghere.Theregulationsforbidyoutosmokehere.Hehasleftofftradinginclothes.他已不再卖衣服了。Hehasleftofftotradeinclothes.他已放弃原来所干的事,卖衣服去了。27.可以接动名词、从句的动词动词doingthat常用的有:wonder(at),own(to),object(to),recollect,recall,marvel,insist(on),imagine,fancy,ensure,explain,dream(of),deny,confess,consider,complain(of),comment(on),boast(of),appreciate,anticipate,admit,acknowledge,doubt,mention,suggest等。例如:Heconfessedtohavinglied.Hedreamtthathehadabeautifulgarden.Hedreamtofagoldring.Heownedtohavingdonewrong.28.可以接不定式、宾语加不定式补足语、从句的动词动词todosb.todothat常用的有:pray,arrange(for),say(for),trust,wish,expect,pledge,determine,desire,decide,beg,ask,resolve等。例如:Heresolvedtobeheldupbynothing.Heresolvedthatnothingshouldholdhimback.Thefactsresolvedhimtoactatonce.Itrusttoheargoodnewsfromher. 29.可以接动名词、宾语加不定式补足语、从句的动词动词doingsb.todothat常用的有:report,recommend,believe(in),allow,advise等。例如:Shereportedseeingaspy.Shereportedhimtohaveleft.Shereportedthathehadleft.Shereportedahousetohavebeenbrokeninto.30.可以接不定式、从句的动词动词todothat常用的有:swear,undertake,rejoice,pretend,promise,presume,learn,hope,demand,claim,agree,guarantee等。例如:Hesworetoabidebytherules.Hesworethathewouldabidebytherules. 大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)483七、一些常用行为动词和词组的用法与比较Iagreethatheshouldcomenextweek.31.可以接动名词、不定式、从句的动词动词doingtodothat常用的有:deserve,dread,fear,forget,mind,propose,regret,remember,think(of),consent(to)等。例如:JohnthoughtJimtobeplayingtheviolin.Ineverthinkofhisactingsorudely.IthoughttoarriveearlybutIcouldn..t.我打算早点到的,但没能够。Everyonethoughtthathewasaspy.Hedeservespraising.tobepraised.(tosucceed)thatweshouldholdhiminhonour.Pleasemindtogetupearly.32.可以接动名词、不定式、宾语加不定式补足语的动词动词doingtodosb.todo常用的有:want,need,like,bear等。例如:Ilikewalkinginthehills.towalkinthehills.peopletotellthetruth.Shecouldn..tbearseeinghimbadlytreated.toseemegetupsolate.metobeunhappy.33.可以接动名词、不定式、宾语加不定式补足语、从句的动词动词doingtodosb.todothat常用的有:require,prefer,hate,mean,intend等。例如:Shepreferredtakingawalkinthehills. totakeawalkinthehills.youtotakeawalkinthehills.thatyoushouldtakeawalkinthehills.Irequiretogotothelibrary.Herequiredthatweshoulddoitrightnow.34.可以把直接宾语或间接宾语变为主语的双宾动词这类动词主要有:pass,charge,forgive,forbid,afford,prophesy,deliver,vouchsafe,bequeath,advance,do,hand,carry,ensure,concede,sell,take,read,put,make,return,write,throw,sing,prescribe,wire,yield,remit,telegraph,meteout,cook,call,set,promise,serve等。例如:Shecookedhimeggs.她为他煮鸡蛋。Eggswerecookedforhim.Hewascookedeggs. 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书484第八讲动词Heservedmeatrick.他对我耍了一个花招。Atrickwasserved(on)me.Iwasservedatrick.Jimcalledmeataxi.吉姆为我叫了一辆出租车。Ataxiwascalledforme.Iwascalledataxi...可以把直接宾语变为主语的双宾动词有:cast,intend,impose,mean,bestow,bet,shoot,strike等。例如:Shecasthimaglance.她瞟了他一眼。Aglancewascast(at)him.(正)Hewascastaglance.(误)Itmeansyounoharm.它对你没有伤害。Noharmismeantyou.(正)Youaremeantnoharm.(误)..可以把间接宾语变为主语的双宾动词有:fine,excuse,banish,dismiss,lead等。例如:Theybanishedhimtherealm.他们把他驱逐出王国。Hewasbanished(from)therealm.(正)Therealmwasbanishedhim.(误)Theyfinedhim100dollars.他们罚他100美元。Hewasfined100dollars.(正)100dollarswasfinedhim.(误)35.用于v+sth.to+sb.结构的动词这类动词有传递型和告知型两种,如:move,ship,deliver,carry,convey,transfer,transport,dispatch,transmit,say,state,declare,announce,signal,suggest,mention,express,report,demonstrate,pointout,explain,describe,interpret,entrust,admit,confess,propose,acknowledge等。Idemonstratedhimhowthemachineworked.(误)Idemonstratedtohimhowthemachineworked.(正)Weentrustedherourimportantplans.(误)Weentrustedourimportantplanstoher.(正)Hedeliversusletterseveryday.(误)Hedeliversletterstouseveryday.(正)Note:下列动词可用于v+sth.+to+sb.结构,也可用于v+sb.+sth.结构:take, show,teach,recommend,telephone,promise,bid,read,wish,tell,write,post,throw,hand,take,bring,send,pass等。例如:Ipromisedheranimmediatereply.Ipromisedanimmediatereplytoher.36.动词+with某些表示“占据、充满、盛产、布满”意义的动词,指人(常含贬义)、动物、昆虫、声音、水等的大量存在,如teem,abound,swarm,infest,hop,crawl,run,flow,stream,trickle,echo,resound等,常同with连用,一般结构为“地点主语+v+with+宾语”。若将该结构中的宾语转换为主语也是成立的,但要变换介词,结构为“主语(原结构的宾语)+v+in(down,across...)+地点宾语(原结构的主语)”。这类动词可用于进行时态,表示正在或继续。例如:Theyardisinfestedwithmosquitoes.院子里蚊子猖獗。Mosquitoesinfesttheyard.(infest为及物动词,后不用介词) 大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)485七、一些常用行为动词和词组的用法与比较Thegirl..shairiscrawlingwithvermin.那女孩的头发里爬满了虱子。Verminiscrawlinginthegirl..shair.Theplacewashoppingwithfleas.这个地方到处是跳蚤。Fleaswerehoppingintheplace.Hischeeksweretricklingwithtears.他的两颊流满了泪水。Tearsweretricklingdownhischeeks.Theriverwasflowingwithpollutedwater.这条河里尽是污水。Pollutedwaterwasflowingintheriver.Thevalleyechoedwithgunshots.山谷里回响着枪声。Gunshotsechoedinthevalley.Thewoodsresoundedwithbirds..song.森林里百鸟争鸣。Birds..songresoundedinthewoods.Theriverteemswithcrabs.这条河盛产蟹。Crabsteemintheriver.Theholeswarmswithbats.洞里有许许多多的蝙蝠。Batsswarminthehole.Thefieldaboundedwithvermin.田里有大量的害虫。Verminaboundedinthefield.Theareaaboundswithrainalltheyearround.那个地方一年四季雨水充沛。Rainaboundsintheareaalltheyearround.37.常见的动词错误接续下面是常见的动词错误接续结构,认识这些错误将有助于英语实际运用能力的提高和语感的增强。注意,下面括号中的词为正确接续结构,有些则未给出,以给读者思考的余地。consider/hopesb.todoconsidertodo(considerdoing)wouldpreferdoingwouldlikedoingdon..tagreedoingrefusedoingproposetodoing(proposetodo)refusethatthinkdoingknowdoingdoubtsb.todothinksb.todo(neverthinktodo)don..tdoubtwhether(that)catchsb.do(doing)allowtodo(allowsb.todo)lookat/watch+that+从句(looktoitthat+从句)agree/refusesb.todo(agree/refusetodo)hope/expectdoing(hope/expecttodo)telldoing(tellsb.todo/tellsb.that+从句)propose/suggestsb.that(propose/suggesttosb.that+从句)inform/tellthat(inform/tellsb.that+从句) arrangeacartomeet(arrangeforacartomeet)demand/arrangesb.that(demand/arrangethat+从句)pretend/faildoing(pretend/failtodo,pretendtobedoing)resume/finishtodo(resume/finishdoing)stopsb.todo(stopsb.fromdoing)wouldcatch/watchthat(wouldcatchonthat+从句)(认为,觉得)involve/hindertodo(involve/hinderdoing) 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书486第八讲动词know/understand/suspecttodo(understand/suspectsb.todo)requiretodo(requiredoing,requiresb.todo,requiretobedone,requirethat+从句)deserve/involve/hindersb.todo(deservetodo)involve/hinderthat+从句needthat(needsb.todo)lovesb.todosuggest/inform/advisetodo(suggest/advisethat+从句,advisesb.that+从句,advise/suggestdoing)Heproposedtogo.(误)Heproposedthatweshouldgo.(正)Wouldyoulikehavingdinnernow?(误)Wouldyouliketohavedinnernow?(正)Heconsideredhimtocome.(误)Heconsideredthatheshouldcome.(正)Lookatthateverythingisready.(误)Looktoitthateverythingisready.(正)Iloveyoutogo.(误)Ilike(prefer)youtogo.(正)测试练习(八)一、选择填空1.Jimexpectednobodyintheroom.A.therebeingB.therebeenC.theretobeD.therebe2.Thenaughtyboy!Hewhereheleaveshisthings.A.alwaysforgetsB.willalwaysforgetC.isalwaysforgettingD.hasalwaysforgotten3.HetogotoBeijingtoday,buthepostponedthetripwhenheheardthattherewouldbeadownpouratnoon.A.wasintendingB.wouldintendC.wasintendedD.hadintended4.BusfaresrecentlyinNanjing.A.havebeenrisenB.havebeenarisenC.havebeenraisingD.havebeenraised5.Ihopehe..llsoonhisdisappointmentandbecheerfulagain.A.getupB.getthroughC.getawayD.getover6.Absorbedinreadingabookonthebus,hehadhiswallet.A.stealingB.tostealC.havebeenstolenD.stolen7.Thispenhis;hewasnothereinthemorning. A.mustn..tbeB.cannotbeC.shouldnotbeD.maynotbe8.Youneedtobeforepostingit.A.havetheletterstampingB.havethelettertostampC.havetheletterstampedD.bestampedyourletter9.Theoldprofessorpermittedhisfriendhislaboratory.A.tousingB.touseC.tobeusedD.use10.Thebookisborrowedfromafriend.Youyourchildrenputdotsandlineshereandthere. 大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)487测试练习︵八︶A.shouldn..tbelettingB.needn..thaveletC.shouldn..thaveletD.oughttonothavelet11.Hewasadiligentyoungscholarandthelatestdevelopmentinmanyfields.A.waswellinformedtoB.haswellinformedC.wellinformedD.waswellinformedabout12.Jackwassodrunkthathefelloffthebikeandbytheroadsideuntilthenextmorning.A.laidB.liedC.hadlainD.lay13.Thealarmclockdidn..tringhismorning.Youitlastnight.A.needtohaveforgottentowindB.mayhaveforgottenwindingC.oughttohaveforgottentowindD.musthaveforgottentowind14.Iremembersomewhereinthepast.A.tomeethimB.meethimC.havingmethimD.tohavebeenmet15.,weshouldbeeconomicalandputmoneytothebestpossibleuse.A.BeginningwithB.TobeginwithC.ItisbeginningwithD.Whenbeginningwith16.TheywerewhenIgotthere.A.alreadytoleaveB.readyforleavingC.inthepointtoleaveD.abouttoleave17.Wecameearlyandhadtowaittwohoursbeforetheceremonybegan.We.A.shouldnothurryB.mustnothavehurriedC.neednothurryD.neednothavehurried18.comeoutatnight?A.DoeshedareB.darehetoC.daresheD.darehe19.Yourwindowwants;you..dbetterhaveitthisweek.A.cleaning...doB.tobecleaned...doC.cleaning...doneD.beingcleaned...done20.Theytriedeverywaypossiblethechild,butitwastoolate.A.savingB.tosaveC.tohavesavedD.tobesaving21.Irecollectedhisnamesomewhereinthenewspaper.A.toseeB.seeC.havingseenD.beingseen22.Theoriginalplan.A.needsnotbechangedB.doesn..tneedchangedC.neednottobechangedD.doesn..tneedtobechanged23.Theconcertbeganbeforewe.A.wereseatingB.seatedC.werebeingseatedD.wereseated 24.Graduallyshetoseethemeaningofhiswords.A.becameB.hasbecomeC.cameD.hastocome25.You..dbettertellmebeforehandifgowithher.A.you..llrathernotB.youwon..tratherC.you..drathernotD.you..drathernotto26.Mr.Jackvolleyballintheafternoon,butnowhislegwounded,intheevening.A.usedtoplaying...isusedtotakeawalkB.wasusedtoplay...usedtotakeawalkC.usedtoplay...isusedtotakingawalkD.wasusedtoplaying...usedtotakingawalk 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书488第八讲动词27.Anyonecarryinggunswasprohibitedthebuilding.A.toenterB.enteringC.fromenteringD.nottoenter28.Bird..slargewingsenableveryfast.A.itflyB.itflyingC.it..sflyingD.ittofly29.Doyoufeellikeacupofcoffee?A.tohaveB.forC.havingD.tohaving30.Duringtheentranceexamination,theexaminerhadtheexamineesapartfromeachother.A.tositB.sittingC.sitD.tohavesat31.Thisisanationwhicheasilytochanges.A.adaptsB.isadaptedC.isadaptableD.isadapting32.Wearehappytoseemillionsontheearthwhohavenothingbutarecordofmiseryandhungertoimprovetheirlife.A.tohavethechanceB.havingthechanceC.havethechanceD.whohavethechance33.Theyoungmanprovedhisparents..expectation.A.worthB.worthyC.worthofD.worthyof34.Children,wehavetowhatwehavenowandit..sforyoutogetbetterthingsinthefuture.A.makeupforB.runawaywithC.doawaywithD.putupwith35.Wearealllookingforwardtotheacrobaticperformancenextweek.A.watchB.tobewatchingC.watchingD.tohavewatched36.Onseeinghermother,thelittlegirlthedollandrantowardsher.A.stoppedtoplayB.stopsplayingwithC.stoppingtoplaywithD.stoppedplayingwith37.ThismorningIontime.Butunfortunatelytherewasacaraccidentandthetrafficwasblockedforhalfanhour.A.cameB.hadcomeC.musthavecomeD.wastohavecome38.Wemustthetelegramarrivesintime.A.secureB.assureC.ensureD.certify39.Theyresented.A.thegovernmentthatitdidnotinformthemofthetruthB.thegovernment..snotinformingthemofthetruthC.thatthegovernmentinformedthemnotofthetruthD.thegovernmentnottoinformthemofthetruth 40.Doyouobjectwithyoutonight?A.thatB.formystayingC.tothatIshallstayD.tomystaying41.Peoplewereforbiddeninthepond.A.fishingB.fromfishingC.tofishD.fish42.Iwonderwhattheboywillsuchalargesumofmoney.A.doupB.dowithC.doforD.doto43.Sheseemedbecomingamusician.A.tobendonB.tobebendonC.bendingonD.benton44.Theypromisedtogiveuswhateversupportweneeded,butnothingeverit.A.cametoB.cameintoC.cameofD.camewith45.Hisnewly-publishednovelisquiteasuccessagoodincomefromthereadingpublic. 大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)489测试练习︵八︶A.ensuringhimB.assuringhimC.assuringhimofD.assuringhimabout46.Thefirstthingtodoistofindoutwhatyou.A.willrequireofB.isrequiredforC.isneededofD.isrequiredof47.Theythroughthenightinthecamp.A.kepttheburningfireB.keptthefireburntC.kepttheburntfireD.keptthefireburning48.Headmittedexamsmanyatime.A.tocheatonB.tocheatingC.tocheatingonD.tocheatingfor49.Jimthinksherdressisalittletoolong,soheplanstogetit.A.beshortenedB.shortenedC.shortenD.tohavebeenshortened50.Howardtospeakwiththembuttheyappearedtobeinahurry.A.wouldstopB.willstopC.wouldhavestoppedD.wouldbestopping51.Bytheendofthismonthsheexpectstosixchapters.A.bewrittenB.havewroteC.havewrittenD.havebeenwritten52.“Whattimeisit?”“Mywatcheighto..clock.”A.speaksB.saysC.tellsD.talks53.Thedictionary.A.wasstilllayingonthedesk,whereithadbeenlaidB.wasstilllyingonthedesk,whereithadlaidC.wasstilllayingonthedesk,whereithadbeenlainD.wasstilllyingonthedesk,whereithadbeenlaid54.Theinterestonoursavingsaccounthasbeeninthepastfewyears.A.raiseB.risenC.ontheriseD.aroused55.Heissowiseakingthatallthepeople.A.lookhimupB.lookintohimC.lookuptohimD.lookthroughhim56.Hedidn..teventurnhisheadwhenIshoutedathim.Headeafman.A.isB.shouldC.mustbeD.musthavebeen57.Themotheristellingherson“,Youeatwithyourfingers!”A.wouldn..tB.hadn..ttoC.mustn..tD.shouldn..tto58.Hewasagoodrunnersoheescapefromthepolice.A.mightbeB.hadn..tC.wasabletoD.succeededto 59.Socrates,thegreatGreekphilosopher,wasorderedto.A.givetohimselfpoisoncalledhemlockB.giveapoisontohimself,itwascalledhemlockC.givehimselfapoisoncalledhemlockD.poison,withadrinkcalledhemlock,himself60.Isuspectedhethemoney.A.whether...stoleB.if...hadstolenC.that...hasstolenD.that...hadstolen61.Idon..tdoubtshewilllearnalotduringherstayinParis.A.whetherB.ifC.thatD.what二、辨认错误 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书490第八讲动词1.GeorgehassteadilypursueAaliterarycareerBremarkableCforitsDproductivity,versatilityandunpredictability.2.SinceprehistoricAtimes,artistsBhaveportrayedsubjectsCthatrepresentativeDtheircultures.3.SoilsciencebegunAwithBtheformulationCoftheDtheoryofhumusin1809.4.TonsAofboulderswereleavedBscatteredbyglaciersalloverCwhatwastobecometheNewEnglandlandscape.D5.ThewayofreasoningA bywhichpeopledoBconclusionsbylogicalCinferencefromgivenDpremisesiscalledthedeductivemethod.6.BellsarefrequentlymadefromAbronze,analloyBofapproximatelythreepartCcopperandonepartDtin.7.AcoatingAofzincappliedtoBironkeepsCitfromtorusting.D8.ModernadvertisingisusedasfrequentlyAtopromoteBideasandpositionsCasitistosaleDproduct.9.PhilosopherscommonlyreliableAonargumenttosupportBtheirownCtheoriesandtorefuteDthetheoriesofothers. 10.ItwasKingLouisXIVwhohadthemagnificentPalaceofVersaillesbuild;Ahowever,BthecostwassogreatCthatthepeopleofFrancewereangered.D11.OneoftheworkershasAhungBthecurtainsthathadCbeenlayingDonthefloor.12.IreadinthepaperthatAthekillerandhisaccomplicesareBtobehungCatnoonbyorderofDofgovernor.13.BecauseAhewasseriouslyBill,helaidCinbedwaitingforDthedoctortocome.14.ThecurtainhadhardlyraisedAwhenashotstartledtheaudience,ascreamcamefromtheoffstage,andthemanagerrushedouttosayBtheoperawouldnotgoonC thatDnight.15.JimandJackariseAearly,filledtheirBthermosjug,andCnoiselesslyDslippedoutofthehouse. 大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)491测试练习︵八︶16“.LeaveAusfaceBthefactthatwe..reCinDtrouble!”17.IjustcannotleaveAthebooklieBonthefloorwithouttellingyouandherChadbetterDpickitupimmediately.