大学英语语法第十讲被动语态 48页

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蒅袂袁莅莁袁羃膇虿袀肆莃薅罿膈膆蒁羈袈莁莇羇羀膄螆羆膂葿蚂羆芅节薈羅羄蒈蒄薁肆芁莀薀腿蒆蚈蚀袈艿薄虿羁蒄蒀蚈膃芇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁蚅肇膈薇蚄膀莄蒃蚄衿膇荿螃羂莂蚇螂肄膅薃螁芆莀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈葿莁螈膀芁蚀螈袀蒇薆螇羂芀蒂袆肅蒅莈袅膇芈蚇袄袇肁蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁腿蒅袂袁莅莁袁羃膇虿袀肆莃薅罿膈膆蒁羈袈莁莇羇羀膄螆羆膂葿蚂羆芅节薈羅羄蒈蒄薁肆芁莀薀腿蒆蚈蚀袈艿薄虿羁蒄蒀蚈膃芇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁蚅肇膈薇蚄膀莄蒃蚄衿膇荿螃羂莂蚇螂肄膅薃螁芆莀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈葿莁螈膀芁蚀螈袀蒇薆螇羂芀蒂袆肅蒅莈袅膇芈蚇袄袇肁蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁腿蒅袂袁莅莁袁羃膇虿袀肆莃薅罿膈膆蒁羈袈莁莇羇羀膄螆羆膂葿蚂羆芅节薈羅羄蒈蒄薁肆芁莀薀腿蒆蚈蚀袈艿薄虿羁蒄蒀蚈膃芇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁蚅肇膈薇蚄膀莄蒃蚄衿膇荿螃羂莂蚇螂肄膅薃螁芆莀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈葿莁螈膀芁蚀螈袀蒇薆螇羂芀蒂袆肅蒅莈袅膇芈蚇袄袇肁蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁腿蒅袂袁莅莁袁羃膇虿袀肆莃薅罿膈膆蒁羈袈莁莇羇羀膄螆羆膂葿蚂羆芅节薈羅羄蒈蒄薁肆芁莀薀腿蒆蚈蚀袈艿薄虿羁蒄蒀蚈膃芇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁蚅肇膈薇蚄膀莄蒃蚄衿膇荿螃羂莂蚇螂肄膅薃螁芆莀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈葿莁螈膀芁蚀螈袀蒇薆螇羂芀蒂袆肅蒅莈袅膇芈蚇袄袇肁蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁腿蒅袂袁莅莁袁羃膇虿袀肆莃薅罿膈膆蒁羈袈莁莇羇羀膄螆羆膂葿蚂羆芅节薈羅羄蒈蒄薁肆芁莀薀腿蒆蚈蚀袈艿薄虿羁蒄蒀蚈膃芇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁蚅肇膈薇蚄膀莄蒃蚄衿膇荿螃羂莂蚇螂肄膅薃螁芆莀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈葿莁螈膀芁蚀螈袀蒇薆螇羂芀蒂袆肅蒅莈袅膇芈蚇袄袇肁蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁腿蒅袂袁莅莁袁羃膇虿袀肆莃薅罿膈膆蒁羈袈莁莇羇羀膄螆羆膂葿蚂羆芅节薈羅羄蒈蒄薁肆芁莀薀腿蒆蚈蚀袈艿薄虿羁蒄蒀蚈膃芇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁蚅肇膈薇蚄膀莄蒃蚄衿膇荿螃羂莂蚇螂肄膅薃螁芆莀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈葿莁螈膀芁蚀螈袀蒇薆螇羂芀蒂袆肅蒅莈袅膇芈蚇袄袇肁蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁腿蒅袂袁莅莁袁羃膇虿袀肆莃薅罿膈膆蒁羈袈莁莇羇羀膄螆羆膂葿蚂羆芅节薈羅羄蒈蒄薁肆芁莀薀腿蒆蚈蚀袈艿薄虿羁蒄蒀蚈膃芇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁蚅肇膈薇蚄膀莄蒃蚄衿膇荿螃羂莂蚇螂肄膅薃螁芆莀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈葿莁螈膀芁蚀螈袀蒇薆螇羂芀蒂袆肅蒅莈袅膇芈蚇袄袇肁蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁腿蒅袂袁莅莁袁羃膇虿袀肆莃薅罿膈膆蒁羈袈莁莇羇羀膄螆羆膂葿蚂羆芅节薈羅羄蒈蒄薁肆芁莀薀腿蒆蚈蚀袈艿薄虿羁蒄蒀蚈膃芇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁蚅肇膈薇蚄膀莄蒃蚄衿膇荿螃羂莂蚇螂肄膅薃螁芆莀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈葿莁螈膀芁蚀螈袀蒇薆螇羂芀蒂袆肅蒅莈袅膇芈蚇袄袇肁蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁腿蒅袂袁莅莁袁羃膇虿袀肆莃薅罿膈膆蒁羈袈莁莇羇羀膄螆羆膂葿蚂羆芅节薈羅羄蒈蒄薁肆芁莀薀腿蒆蚈蚀袈艿薄虿羁蒄蒀蚈膃芇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁蚅肇膈薇蚄膀莄蒃蚄衿膇荿螃羂莂蚇螂肄膅薃螁芆莀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈葿莁螈膀芁蚀螈袀蒇薆螇羂芀蒂袆肅蒅莈袅膇芈蚇袄袇肁蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁腿蒅袂袁莅莁袁羃膇虿袀肆莃薅罿膈膆蒁羈袈莁莇羇羀膄螆羆膂葿蚂羆芅节薈羅羄蒈蒄薁肆芁莀薀腿蒆蚈蚀袈艿薄虿羁蒄蒀蚈膃芇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁蚅肇膈薇蚄膀莄蒃蚄衿膇荿螃羂莂蚇螂肄膅薃螁芆莀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈葿莁螈膀芁蚀螈袀蒇薆螇羂芀蒂袆肅蒅莈袅膇芈蚇袄袇肁蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁腿蒅袂袁莅莁袁羃膇虿袀肆莃薅罿膈膆蒁羈袈莁莇羇羀膄螆羆膂葿蚂羆芅节薈羅羄蒈蒄薁肆芁莀薀腿蒆蚈蚀袈艿薄虿羁蒄蒀蚈膃芇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁蚅肇膈薇蚄膀莄蒃蚄衿膇荿螃羂莂蚇螂肄膅薃螁芆莀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈葿莁螈膀芁蚀螈袀蒇薆螇羂芀蒂袆肅蒅莈袅膇芈蚇袄袇肁蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁腿蒅袂袁莅莁袁羃膇虿袀肆莃薅罿膈膆蒁羈袈莁莇羇羀膄螆羆膂葿蚂羆芅节薈羅羄蒈蒄薁肆芁莀薀腿蒆蚈蚀袈艿薄虿羁蒄蒀蚈膃芇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁蚅肇膈薇蚄膀莄蒃蚄衿膇荿螃羂莂蚇螂肄膅薃螁芆莀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈葿莁螈膀芁蚀螈袀蒇薆螇羂芀蒂袆肅蒅莈袅膇芈蚇袄袇肁蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁腿蒅袂袁莅莁袁羃膇虿袀肆莃薅罿膈膆蒁羈袈莁莇羇羀膄螆羆膂葿蚂羆芅节薈羅羄蒈蒄薁肆芁莀薀腿蒆蚈蚀袈艿薄虿羁蒄蒀蚈膃芇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁蚅肇膈薇蚄膀莄蒃蚄衿膇荿螃羂莂蚇螂肄膅薃螁芆莀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈葿莁螈膀芁蚀螈袀蒇薆螇羂芀蒂袆肅蒅莈袅膇芈蚇袄袇肁蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁腿蒅袂袁莅莁袁羃膇虿袀肆莃薅罿膈膆蒁羈袈莁莇羇羀膄螆羆膂葿蚂羆芅节薈羅羄蒈蒄薁肆芁莀薀腿蒆蚈蚀袈艿薄虿羁蒄蒀蚈膃芇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁蚅肇膈薇蚄膀莄蒃蚄衿膇荿螃羂莂蚇螂肄膅薃螁芆莀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈葿莁螈膀芁蚀螈袀蒇薆螇羂芀蒂袆肅蒅莈袅膇芈蚇袄袇肁蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁腿蒅袂袁莅莁袁羃膇虿袀肆莃薅罿膈膆蒁羈袈莁莇羇羀膄螆羆膂葿蚂羆芅节薈羅羄蒈蒄薁肆芁莀薀腿蒆蚈蚀袈艿薄虿羁蒄蒀蚈膃芇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁蚅肇膈薇蚄膀莄蒃蚄衿膇荿螃羂莂蚇螂肄膅薃螁芆莀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈葿莁螈膀芁蚀螈袀蒇薆螇羂芀蒂袆肅蒅莈袅膇芈蚇袄袇肁蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁腿蒅袂袁莅莁袁羃膇虿袀肆莃薅罿膈膆蒁羈袈莁莇羇羀膄螆羆膂葿蚂羆芅节薈羅羄蒈蒄薁肆芁莀薀腿蒆蚈蚀袈艿薄虿羁蒄蒀蚈膃芇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅莅蚁蚅肇膈薇蚄膀莄蒃蚄衿膇荿螃第十讲被动语态一、构成英语有两种语态:主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是谓语动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是谓语动作的承受者,其构成为be+过去分词。例如:Theywillwidentheroad.(主动)Theroadwillbewidened.(被动)Grannytakescareofthegirl.(主动)ThegirlistakencareofbyGranny.(被动)Privilegesmustbedoneawaywith.特权必须废除。Thematterwillbedealtwithassoonaspossible.这事将尽快处理。1.被动语态各种时态形式表一般时态进行时态完成时态现在amisareaskedamisarebeingaskedhashavebeenasked过去waswereaskedwaswerebeingaskedhadbeenasked将来shallwillbeaskedshall willhavebeenasked过去将来shouldwouldbeaskedshouldwouldhavebeenaskedI..mafraidIambeingfollowed.恐怕我被人跟踪了。(现在进行时)Wehadtotakeadetour.Theroadwasbeingrepaired.我们得绕行,这条路在加宽。(过去进行时)Thecasehasrecentlybeentried.案子最近已经审过了。(现在完成时)Alltheticketshadbeensoldoutwhentheyarrived.他们到达时,所有的票已经售完。(过去完成时)EnglishistaughtinmostschoolsinChina.中国大多数学校都教英语。(一般现在时)Theyweregivenawarmsend-off.他们受到热烈的欢送。(一般过去时)Theirweddingwillbeheldinthechurch.他们的婚礼将在这个教堂里举行。(一般将来时)Theyweretoldthattheresultwouldbeannouncedthenextweek.他们被告知,结果将在下一周宣布。(过去将来时)2.情态动词的被动语态含有情态动词的谓语变为被动语态时,结构为:一般式:情态动词(can,could,may,might,must,should,need等)+be+过去分词完成式:情态动词(can,could,may,might,must,should,need等)+have+过去分词Thiscanbedonebyhand.这可以手工做。Thismusn..tbeneglected.这一点不可忽视。大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)535二、被动语态使用要点Itneedn..tbementionedinyourtalk.这一点你在谈话中不必提及。Theenvironmentshouldbeimproved.环境应当改善。Theprojectmighthavebeencompletedearlier.这项工程本可以早些完工的。Suchasituationcouldhavebeenchanged.这种状况本可以改变的。Theyshouldn..thavebeentoldabouttheplan. 这个计划是不应当告诉他们的。3.begoingto等不定式结构的被动形式这类不定式结构的被动形式为:begoingtooughttobetobeboundtobesuretobecertaintobeduetobeabouttohave(has)tohadto+be+过去分词Thepatientoughttobeoperatedonatonce.这病人应当立即动手术。Theflowersoughttobewateredeveryotherday.这些花应隔天浇一次水。Themeetingisgoingtobeheldnextweek.会议将于下周举行。Otherproblemsalsohavetobefaced.还需面对其他问题。It..llhavetobeproofreadoncemore.这得重新校对一遍。Suchpeoplearetobepunished.这种人应受到惩罚。Notacloudwastobeseen.看不到一丝云彩。Thethiefissuretobecaught.那个小偷一定会被抓住的。Theyarecertaintobegivenmorecare.他们一定会得到更多的关照的。Theenemyisboundtobedefeated.敌人一定会被打败的。Thebookisduetobepublishedinthecomingspring.这本书将在来年春天出版。Thedecorationisabouttobefinished.装修即将结束。Anotherrailwayisgoingtobebuiltinthisarea.Thetripistobecancelledbecauseofthebadweather.二、被动语态使用要点1.不及物动词不能用于被动语态appear,rise,die,happen,occur,lie,depart,belongto,breakout,takeplace等都属此类动词。例如:Greatchangeshavebeentakenplaceinmyhometown.(误)Greatchangeshavetakenplaceinmyhometown.(正)2.表示状态的动词不能用于被动语态英语中有些动词(短语动词)不是表示动作,而是表示某种状态或情况,有“拥有、容纳、适合、缺少、明白”等意,这类动词不能用于被动语态,常见的有:lack,fit,mean,hold,resemble,have,cost,equal,contain,suit,comprise,become,last,possess,benefit,lack,befall降临,fail,consistof,looklike等。例如: 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书536第十讲被动语态Thebookcosts10yuan.What..sbecomeofher?HermotherisresembledbyJane.(误)Janeresembleshermother.(正)珍妮长得像她母亲。Note:当have作“吃,接收,经历,度过”解时,虽用作行为动词,但一般不用于被动语态。参阅有关章节。例如:Thechildrenhadamostenjoyableholiday.(正)Amostenjoyableholidaywashadbythechildren.(误)..但当have作“得到,获得,欺骗”解,或同某些介词、副词结合构成及物性短语动词时,可用于被动语态。例如:Shehasbeenhadinthedealing(overthebargain).她在那项交易(买卖)中受骗了。Theticketcanbehadfortheasking.票索要即得。Theyoungmanwashadupbytheboss.(=wassummoned)那个年轻人被老板召走了。3.某些动词的进行时也可表示被动意义,常见的这类词有:bake,owe,brew,cook,print,bind,do等。例如:Themeatiscooking.肉在煮着。Thecakesarebaking.蛋糕在烘。Theteaisbrewing.茶在煮。Themoneyisstillowing.那笔钱仍欠着。Thebridgeisbuilding.桥正在修建。(=isbeingbuilt)Thebookisprinting.这本书正在印刷.Applesaresellingcheaply.苹果卖得很便宜。(=arebeingsold)Thecowwasmilking.那头牛正在挤奶。(=wasbeingmilked)Drumsandgongsarebeating.鼓在打,锣在敲。(arebeingbeaten)Theeggsarefrying.蛋正在煎。Thedictionaryisbinding.词典在装订。Someclothesareairingonthefence.篱笆上晾着一些衣服。Anewfilmisshowingintown.城里在放一部新影片。Thegunsarefiring.枪炮正在开火。Trumpetsaresounding.号角在吹响。Agrandceremonyispreparing.一个盛大的仪式正在准备中。 Somemeasuresaretaking.正在采取一些措施。Myworkisfinishing.我的工作在完成。Thehouseiscompleting.房屋正在完工。Thebookisreprintingalready.这本书又在重印了。4.不及物动词构成的短语动词能否用于被动语态1)及物动词构成的短语动词总是及物性的,故可以用于被动语态(注意不可省掉或漏掉介词或副词),如winover,giveup,askfor,makementionof等。但是,不及物动词构成的短语可以是及物性的,也可以是不及物性的;不及物性的短语动词不可用于被动语态,如lookup/down,speakfor等(参阅本章下文)Thefactspeaksforitself.这一事实不言自明。(正)Itselfisspokenforbythefact.(误)大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)537二、被动语态使用要点Thingsarelookingup.情况看来有好转。(正)Thingsarebeinglookedup.(误)2)不及物动词构成的及物性短语动词则可以用于被动语态Shewasmuchlookeduptoforherkindnesses.她因多行善事而受人尊敬。Thattickethasbeenspokenfor.那张票有人订了。Themanhasalwaysbeenlookeduponwithdisapprovalbyhiswife.那人总被妻子以非难的态度看待。Theproblemhasbeengoneinto.这个问题已经得到研究。Thehousewasoncelivedinbyamonk.这所房子曾有一个和尚住过。Thegroundhasbeensatonandthebedhasbeensleptin.地上有人坐过,床上有人睡过。Note:payattentionto,takecareof等短语动词可以有两种被动语态形式。例如:Thesituationhasbeenpaidattentionto.Attentionshavebeenpaidtothesituation.Thewoundedaretakengoodcareof.Goodcareistakenofthewounded.Thehousehasbeenmadeamessof.Amesshasbeenmadeofthehouse.3)rain等不及物动词,有时也转用作及物动词(参阅第八讲)Sometimesitrainssmallfish.有时候,天上下小鱼。Themeetingwasrainedout(off).会议因雨停开了。Awheatcrophasbeenrainedout.小麦收成被连续雨天糟蹋了。Note:下列短语动词不用于被动语态,或在某层意思上不用于被动语态:①动词+介词→aimfor,agreewith,admitof(有..的余地),adjust to,cometo(涉及),becomeof(结果是),belongto,accordwith,aboundin②动词+副词→getback,faceout(坚持到底),answerback(顶嘴),haveon(穿上)③动词+名词+介词→setsailfor,givewayto(让位于),haveahandin(插手),giveplaceto④动词+副词+介词→keepupwithHeansweredhisfatherback.(正)Hisfatherwasansweredback.(误)Thecommitteeconsistsoftenmembers.(正)Tenmembersareconsistedofthecommittee.(误)..但:Noconclusionhasbeencometoyet.还没有得出任何结论。(cometo表示“达成,得出”可用于被动语态)WhenitcomestopoliticsIknownothing.关于政治我一窍不通。(cometo表示“关于,涉及”不用于被动语态)5.主动形式表示被动意义的词1)某些感官动词和系动词加形容词可以表示被动意义,如:look,smell,taste,feel,prove,wear,sound等Theflowersmellssweet.花闻起来很香。Thedishtastesdelicious.菜吃起来非常可口。538第十讲被动语态Theclothfeelsverysoft.这种布摸着很柔软。Thestoneshavewornsmooth.石头都磨得光滑了。2)某些及物动词后加副词(有些可不加副词)也可以表示被动意义,如:wash,write,sell,read,open,cut,lock,peel,pack,play,shut,spot,split,strike,record,act,clean,draw,iron,keep,photo-graph等Thistypeofrecordersellswell.这种型号的录音机销路很好。Thatkindofshirtwashesverywell.这种衬衫很耐洗。Ripeapplespeeleasily.熟了的苹果削皮容易。Theplayswon..tact.这些戏不宜上演。Nylondriesquickly.尼龙织物干得快。Iteatswell.这东西吃上去味道好。Theflatletsfor60yuanamonth.这套公寓每月租金60元。Thedoorwon..tshut.这门关不上。Thenovelreadswell.这部小说易读。 Thedooropenswithdifficulty.这个门很难开。Thewoodwon..tburn.这木头烧不着。Hedoesnotphotographwell.他不上照。Waterheatsrapidly.水容易烧热。Themeatcutseasily.肉容易切。Hercoatcaughtinthedoor.她的上衣钩在门上了。Thiskindofshirtcleanseasily.这种衬衫容易洗干净。Theworkdoesnotpay.这项工作是没有报酬的。比较:Theboxdoesn..tlock.这个箱子锁不上。(箱子本身的性质)Theboxwasnotlocked.这个箱子没有上锁。(箱子当时的状态)Thedooropened.门开了。(强调门自身开了)Thedoorwasopened.门被打开了。(强调被人打开了)Thetheoryprovedtobecorrect.那个理论证明是正确的。(含有自身“证明”的特征)Thetheorywasprovedtobecorrect.那个理论被证明是正确的。(被人证明)3)want,deserve,need,require,repay,stand,take,won..tbear和worth等词的后面可以用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义这时,动名词同句中的主语有动宾关系,若动名词是不及物的,后面还应有适当的介词。例如:Thebookisworthreading.这本书值得一读。Thispointdeservesmentioning.这一点值得提到。Thecoatrequiresmending.大衣需要补了。Thechildrenneedlookingafter.孩子们需要照看。Thetablewantscleaning.这张桌该擦了。Therulewilltakesomelearning.这规则需下点功夫才能学会。Thatwon..tbearthinkingof.那是不堪想象的。4)某些作表语的形容词后,用不定式主动形式表示被动意义(参阅第十一讲中不定式的被动语态部分)Therockishardtobreak.这块岩石很难打碎。 大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)539二、被动语态使用要点Sheiseasytoapproach.她平易近人。Thefishisnotfittoeat.Heishardtoplease.Thepassageisdifficulttoread.6.被动语态结构和系表结构的比较“be+过去分词”可以是被动语态结构,也可以是系动词+表语结构,其区别在于:被动语态表示动作;而系表结构则表示主语的特点、状态或性质。试比较:Thegatetothegardenwasclosedbyagirl.花园的门被一个女孩关上了。(被动语态强调动作)Thegatetothegardenwasclosed.花园的门关着。(系表结构强调状态)Thenoveliswrittenbyayoungwriter.这部小说是一位青年作家写的。(被动语态强调动作)Thenoveliswellwritten.这部小说写得好。(系表结构强调特点)Thedoorwasclosedalldaylong.门整天关着。(系表结构)Thedoorwasclosedearlierthanusual.门比平常关得早。(被动语态)Theprojectwasnotcompletedyet.工程尚未完工。(系表结构)Thprojectwascompletedwithinayear.工程一年就完成了。(被动语态)1)如果过去分词前有too、very、so等程度副词修饰,该结构常为系表结构Themanwastoofrightenedtostandup.Shewassowornoutthatshecouldn..tmoveonestepfurther.Iamverysurprisedatyourwords.2)如果过去分词前后有much(toomuch,somuch,verymuch)修饰,该结构为被动语态Shewasdiscouragedtoomuchtomakeanothertry.Hewassomuchshockedthathecouldn..tutteraword.3)-ed→被动语态,-en→系表结构有些动词的过去分词有两种形式,一般说来,以不规则形式的分词或-ed结尾的分词构成被动语态,以-en结尾的分词构成系表结构。比较:Shewasstruckbyasnake.(被动)Shewasstrickenwithfever.(系表)Fathergetsshavedeveryotherday.(被动)Fatherwascleanshaven.(系表)4)一般现在时的“be+过去分词”多为系表结构一般说来,一般现在时的“be+过去分词”为系表结构,因为被动语态不常用一般现在时(只有表示经常性、习惯性或多次重复的动作,或讲述科学真理时才用一般现在时被动语 态)。比较:Thematterwasdecidedatthemeeting.(被动)Thematterisdecided.(系表)Theglasswasbrokenlastnight.(被动)Theglassisbroken.(系表)其他如:Thefieldiscoveredwithsnow.Thebuildingiscompleted.Whereisthekingburied?新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书540第十讲被动语态Alltheseatsareoccupied.5)名词+-ed构成的词作谓语时为系表结构由名词加-ed构成的词如diseased,talented,skilled等,以及由过去分词加前缀-un构成的词如unexpected,unwritten,unbroken等,虽形为过去分词,但实为形容词。这类词出现在be后只能是系表结构。例如:Herleavingwasunexpected.Thelawisunwritten.Hisliverisdiseased.Heisdownhearted.6)过去分词是反身动词或表示心理、感情、从事..活动、处所等时,为系表结构(参阅下文)Heisresolvedtobecomeanartist.(决心)Themeadowwasbathedinsunlight.(batheditself沐浴)Thewaywaslostinthewoods.(lostitself消失)Sheisseatedinanarmchair.Heisshaved.Thetroopsarestationedintheopen.Theschoolislocatedatthefootofthehill.Ouruniversityissituatedinthesuburbs.Sheisdressedinthewhiteshirt.Hewaspuzzledaboutit.(为..困惑)Theboywasscaredoutofhiswits.(吓得不知所措)Hewaschargedwiththetaskofkeepingsocialorder.(chargehimselfwith)7)过去分词是表示“必然性,趋向性,意向,决心”等意义的动词,为系表结构 ThebusisdestinedforNanjing.本次班车开往南京。Heisdoomedtofailure.他注定要失败。Sheisquitedecidedaboutit.她对这件事十分果断。..其他如:besetondoingsth.,beresolvedtodosth.,bedisposedtodosth.(愿意)等。Note:①被动语态句中可使用soon,fast,slowly,rapidly,quickly等表示时间、速度的副词,而系表结构则不可。例如:Thegirlwasquicklydressedbythenurse.(被动)Thegirlwassimply(或neatly)dressed.那个女孩穿着很朴素。(系表)②被动语态结构不能同形容词并列使用,而系表结构则可以。例如:Theyweremarriedatthechurch.(被动)Theyweremarriedandhappy.他们已结了婚,很幸福。(系表)③系表结构常可同副词very,quite,rather,more等连用,被动语态则不可。例如:Thehousewasquitedesertedaftertheoldcoupledied.(系表)Hefeltratherdowncastandannoyedwithhisfailure.(系表)8)be+不及物动词的过去分词为系表结构有些不及物动词(包括个别及物动词)的过去分词说明动作产生后的结果或状态,同be连用为系表结构,表示主动意义。这类动词常见的有:go,come,become,arrive,set,gather,fade,stop,do,agree,read,mistake,retire,return,flee,bear,change,advance等。例如:Hermoneyisallgone.她的钱都花光了。大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)541二、被动语态使用要点Theguestsarearrived.客人们都到了。Themoonisrisen.月亮升起来了。Thesunisset.太阳落下去了。Theleavesarefallen.树叶落了。Theweedsaregrowninthefields.田里长满了野草。Theyareagreedonthatpoint.他们在那一点上意见一致。He..spreparedfortheworst.他已准备好应付最坏的情况。Theenemysoldierswerefled.敌兵逃跑了。Herattitudehasbeenchanged.Heisquitemistaken.Theyaregatheredaroundthedesk.Note:①be+root,accustom,unite,graduate,strand(搁浅),tilt等的过去分词亦属系表结构,表示主动意义。例如:Theirboatwasstrandedontherock.他们的船撞上礁石搁浅了。JohnwasgraduatedfromOxfordwithhonorsinchemistry. ②be+过去分词结构表示主语的状态时,不能带有疑问副词when、where,也不可有明显的时间或地点状语。下面两句是错误的:Sheistoberetirednextmonth.(应改为istoretire)Idon..tknowwhentheflowerwasfaded.(应改为faded)9)be+表示占据、充满意义的过去分词+with,为系表结构英语中有一部分动词表示“占据,充满,遍及”等意义,其过去分词常同with连用,以地点作主语,构成“地点主语+be+过去分词+with+名词宾语”结构;这种结构不是被动语态,而是系表结构,表示“占据,充满”的状态或结果。常用的这类过去分词有:crowded,crammed,laden,packed,thronged,overrun,overcrowded,overgrown,dotted,infested,grownover,loaded,jammed,stuffed,piled,heaped,littered,filled,studded,marked,stained,sheeted,coated,adorned,decorated,ornamented,spotted,splashed,sprinkled,crowned等。例如:Busesherearealwayscrowdedwithpassengers.这里的公共汽车总是挤满乘客。(相当于bethickwithpassengers)Thetreeswereladenwithoranges.树上结满了橘子。Themountainsidewasdottedwithflowers.山坡上开满了野花。Thehouseiscrowdedwithfurniture.屋子里挤满了家具。Thefloorwaspiledwithbooks.地板上堆满了书。Theriverbankislitteredwithroughstones.河岸上到处是乱石。Theskywasstuddedwithstars.天空中布满了星星。Thedoorwasthicklycoatedwithpaint.门上涂上了厚厚的漆。Herfaceismarkedwithsmallpox.她脸上长满了麻子。Thelakeisdottedwithboats.湖里星星点点到处是船。Hisclotheswassplashedwithmud.他衣服上尽是泥。Themountainiscrownedwithsnowalltheyearround.这座山上长年覆盖着积雪。Note:thick,heavy,wet,black等形容词亦可同with连用,表示“占据,遍及”的概念。例如:Thesquarewasblackwithpeople.广场上黑压压的都是人。新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书542第十讲被动语 态Theairisthickwithdust.空气中充满灰尘。Theairwasheavywithmoisture.空气湿度很大。10)remain,feel,lie,stand等+过去分词,为系表结构这种结构表示“状态”。例如:Thedoorremainedclosedallday.门整天都关着。Shefeltworried.她感到担心。Thetreasurehaslainburiedhereforcenturies.财宝在这里埋了几个世纪。Hestoodpreparedforthelaw-suit.他准备着诉讼。Heliesburiedhere.他葬在这里。Shestoodaccusedofacrime.她被指控有罪。Istandassuredofherinnocence.我保证她无罪。Hestoodbewilderedforawhile.他困惑了一会儿。Hefeltdepressed.他感到沮丧。Ifeelconvincedthatheistrustworthy.我相信他是可靠的。Thematterremainedundecided.这件事悬而未决。Sheremainedunmarriedallherlife.她一生未婚。Thespyremainedconcealedtenyears.那个间谍藏匿了10年。11)grow,become等+过去分词,为系表结构这种结构表示“转变”。例如:Shegrewirritated.她变得不耐烦了。Theroadbecameblocked.路被挡住了。Shegrewalarmedathisbehaviour.她为他的行为担忧。Ihavebecomeacquaintedwithher.我开始了解她。7.被动语态中的几个常用介词用法比较by(agents)表示动作的执行者或施动力;with(tools)表示用某种工具;of(materials)表示由某种原料制成(制成品可见原料);from(substance)表示源于某种物质(制成品不可见原料)。例如:coveredbyalid被盖子盖住coveredwithalid为盖子所盖着seizedbyaman被人捉住seizedwithafever发烧ThearticlewaswrittenbyJack.(施动者)Thepencilwassharpenedwithaknife.(工具)Thebridgeismadeofstones.Wineismadefromrice.Theyweredrivenindoorswiththerain.(误)Theyweredrivenindoorsbytherain.(正)(把物比拟为人)Herlandisfencedbybarbedwire.(误)Herlandisfenced(bysomeone)withbarbedwire.(正)Thesnakewaskilledbyabigstick.(误) Thesnakewaskilled(bysomeone)withabigstick.(正)Theroomwaslightedbyelectricity.房间由电照明。(正)(施动力)Theroomwaslightedwithelectriclights.房间用电灯照明。(正)(工具)大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)543二、被动语态使用要点Herclothesweresoiledwithmud.(某种物质)Thehouseissurroundedbytrees.(把物比作人)Thehalliscrowdedwithpeople.(把人比作物)Shewaskilledwithasword.(bysomeone)Thehousewasdestroyedbyfire.(把物比作人)..另外,被动结构(系表结构)后也可视具体情况接其他介词。例如:Youarewantedonthephone.Heisknowntoeverybody.Heisscoldedforhiscarelessness...有时候,可用of代替by,为一种较古的用法。例如:Shewasbelovedofeverybody.她受到大家的爱戴。Hewasdevouredofadragon.他被一条龙吞吃了。Note:①by短语并不总是表示动作的执行者。例如:Apolicemanisknownbytheclotheshewears.警察可以从他穿的服装认出来。(by表示方式)Hewasmuchflatteredbyheraskinghimtodinner.(by表示原因)Thesnowwaspiledhighbythedoor.(by表示处所)②下列句子变成被动语态时,要用with,不用by,因为这里指的是“某种材料”。例如:Paintcoveredthedoor.Thedoorwascoveredwithpaint.Smokefilledthehouse.Thehousewasfilledwithsmoke.③在dowrongstosb.,payattentiontothequestion,tellsth.tosb.,dealaheavyblowtosb.等结构中,to是不可省的,但在被动语态中,to则常常省去。例如:Shetoldhimthewrongsthathadbeendoneherinthoseyears.Attentionhasbeenpaidthequestionbythemanager.Nomorehasbeentoldhimthanthat.Aheavyblowwasdealttheenemybyourarmy.Therewereonlytwoweeksleftherofherholiday...但是在beforgivensb.结构中,则不可用to。例如:Theoffenceswereforgivenher.Thefaulthasbeenforgivenhim...在主动语态中,这类结构中的to有时可省,尤其在口语中。例如: Pleasegiveit(to)her.Pleaseshowit(to)me.Theyknowthelessonbetterthanyouhaveexplainedit(to)them.8.祈使句的被动语态肯定祈使句的被动语态结构为:let+宾语+be+过去分词;否定祈使句的被动结构为:Don..tlet+宾语+be+过去分词=Let+宾语+not+be+过去分词。例如:Letusdoitatonce.Letitbedoneatonce.Movethetableintothecorridor.Letthetablebemovedintothecorridor.新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书544第十讲被动语态Doonethingatatime.Letonethingbedoneatatime.Don..ttrusther.Don..tletherbetrusted.Don..tforgettowatertheflowers.Letitnotbeforgottentowatertheflowers.=Don..tlettheflowersbeforgottentobewatered.Don..tlethimdoit.Don..tletitbedone(byhim).Note:①疑问代词作主语时,改为被动语态要用“By+特殊疑问句”结构。例如:Whoinventedthemachine?Bywhomwasthemachineinvented?Whichteamwonthematch?Bywhichteamwasthematchwon?Whohaswontheprize?Bywhomhastheprizebeenwon?②疑问代词作宾语时,改为被动语态要用疑问代词作主语。例如:Whomdidyoumeetthere?Whowasmetbyyouthere?(较少用)Whathaveyoudonetoimprovethequality?Whathasbeendonebyyoutoimprovethequality?③反义疑问句改为被动语态时,把宾语变为主语。例如:Johnbrokethevase,didn..the?ThevasewasbrokenbyJohn,wasn..tit?Theyarebuildingalibrary,aren..tthey? Alibraryisbeingbuiltbythem,isn..tit?Hecanjumpoverthewall,can..the?Thewallcanbejumpedoverbyhim,can..tit?9.不定式符号to在被动语态中不可省在主动语态中,如果感官动词和使役动词后的宾语补足语是动词,这个动词前往往不带to,但在被动语态中要带to。例如:Isawherpassbythewindow.Shewasseentopassbythewindow.ThebossmadeJimworkovertime.Jimwasmadetoworkovertime.10.被动语态的转移问题v+sb.+todosth.是一种复合宾语结构,表示“请求(ask,expect),禁止(don..tmean,don..tintend)”。这种结构可以转换为多种被动句,可以把逻辑主语sb.变为句子主语,也可以把宾语sth.变为句子主语,还可以把sth.变为句子的宾语,后用不定式被动式,构成双重被动结构。例如:Theyaskedustodiscusstheproposalatonce.Weareaskedtodiscusstheproposalatonce.Theproposalisaskedtobediscussedatonce.(双重被动)Theyaskedtheproposaltobediscussedatonce.大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)545二、被动语态使用要点WepersuadedJimtohelpMary.JimwaspersuadedtohelpMary.MarywaspersuadedtobehelpedbyJim.(双重被动)WepersuadedMarytobehelpedbyJim.Idon..tmeanhimtostandonthesofa.(沙发不是让他站的)Heisnotmeanttostandonthesofa.Thesofaisnotmeantforhimtostandon.Thesofaisnotmeanttobestoodonbyhim.(双重被动)Wedon..tintendchildrentoseethefilm.Childrenarenotintendedtoseethefilm.Thefilmisnotintendedforchildrentosee.Thefilmisnotintendedtobeseenbychildren.这部电影儿童不许看。(双重被动)Note:①有时候,双重被动结构中的第二个被动式不是不定式,而是过去分词。例如:Thegatewasorderedclosed.Theywerefoundedsurroundedbytheenemy.Twotigerswerereportedkilledbythehunters. Thesailorwasbelieveddesertedontheisland.Thetalltreewasseenblowndown.②在此结构中做宾语补足语的不定式短语不可变为句子主语。例如:EveryoneexpectedJanetomarryJim.JanetomarryJimwasexpectedbyeveryone.(误)JanewasexpectedbyeveryonetomarryJim.(正)③如将主动语态中的直接宾语变为被动语态中的主语,间接宾语之前要加介词to或for。to或for有时可省去。例如:Hewasgivenacake.Acakewasgiven(to)him.Shewasboughtanewshirt.Anewshirtwasboughtforher.Thedoorwasdenied(to)her.Thedrowningmanclingstotheropewhichisthrown(to)him...一般来说,保留to或for的情况较多。另外,如果间接宾语前有定语修饰,或强调间接宾语时,则to或for不可省。例如:ThedictionarywasgiventoMary..sbrother.(to不可省,brother前有Mary..s修饰)Amplewarningwasgiventohim,nottome.(to不可省,表示强调)11.get(got)+过去分词也可构成被动语态get常同marry,beat,break,damage,tear,strike,hurt,paint,invite,repair,dress等动词的过去分词连用,构成被动语态。get加过去分词表示的被动语态一般指动作的结果而非动作本身,常指“最后终于,突然发生”等意义。例如:JohnandJanegotmarriedlastmonth.Jackgotthrownoutofcollegeforfailinghisexams.Finallythecargotrepaired.Hegotdressedbyhissister.Theygotcaughtinthestorm.他们碰上暴风雨了。新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书546第十讲被动语态Finallyhegotelected.最后他被选上了。Theoldmannearlygothitbyataxi.那位老人差点被出租车撞上了。Weallgotsoaked.我们全身都湿透了。Shegothurtintheleg.她伤了腿。Theygotlostintheforest.他们在森林里迷路了。 Note:①get型被动语态一般都能用be型被动语态替代,但有些be型被动语态可用get型被动语态替代,有些则不行。下面句中的be型被动语态不可由get型被动语态替代:Shewasborninasmallvillage.Thebridgeisbeingbuilt.②get+过去分词构成的被动语态句,后不用by短语表示执行者,而be+过去分词构成的被动语态句,后通常用by短语,表明执行者,有时也可以省略。例如:Thetripwasspoiledbythedownpour.(正)Thetripgotspoiledbythedownpour.(误)③get+过去分词不能用于间接宾语作主语的被动句中,而be+过去分词则可以。例如:Theoldmanwasofferedalargesumofmoney.(正)Theoldmangotofferedalargesumofmoney.(误)④带现在分词作宾语补足语的句子可改为被动语态,但带动名词作宾语的句子不能改为被动语态。例如:Thestudentswerecaughtcheatingatexams.(正)Thestudentswerehatedcheatingatexams.(误)⑤seem或appear+过去分词也可以构成被动语态。例如:Sheseemedannoyedbyhiswords.她似乎被他的话激怒了。Heseemedembarrassedbythequestion.他似乎被这个问题弄得很尴尬。Thehouseappearsoccupiedbyapainter.这房子好像被一位画家占用了。比较:Sheseemedannoyed.Thehouseappearsoccupied.系表结构⑥get+过去分词有时具有感情色彩或言外之意。例如:Hegottaughtalesson.他被教训了一顿。(有“活该”之意)Howdidthewindowgetclosed?窗户怎么关上了?(有“不该关上”之意)⑦get+过去分词有时表示开始进入某种状态,而be+过去分词则只表示存在的状态。例如:Shegottired.(有开始感到疲倦的含义)Shewastired.(只表示“她累了”)⑧stand,rest,grow,become,feel,look,remain等+过去分词亦可表示被动,有时则表示状态。例如:Youcanrestassuredthattheworkiswelldone.Theircuriositygrewaroused.Istandpreparedtodisputethecase.我准备好为这个案子进行辩论。Thewoundbecameinfected.伤口感染了。 Atlastthefactbecameknown.最后事实真相大白了。大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)547二、被动语态使用要点Suddenlytheskybecameovercastwithclouds.突然,天空乌云密布。I..vegrownaccustomedtolivinghere.住在这里我已经习惯了。Shegrewfrightened.她害怕了。Hefeltencouraged.他感到受到了激励。Thewindowremainedclosed.窗户仍然关着。Shelookedwornout.她显得疲惫不堪。12.十一类不能变为被动语态的句子结构1)如果动词的宾语是反身代词或相互代词,不可变为被动语态Thegirlcanalreadydressherself.Theyoftenhelpeachother...但可以说:Eachishelpedbytheother.2)如果动词的宾语为主语身体的一部分,不可变为被动语态Onhearingthenews,hecouldn..tbelievehisears.Heshookhisheadatmysuggestion.Shecriedhereyesout...但也有例外,这里,被动句不涉及到行为的发出者。例如:Hereyeswerefixeduponthepicture.3)如果动词的宾语是用同源宾语,或是表示行为、态度的宾语,不可变为被动语态Shedreamtasweetdream.Ihopetheywillliveahappylife.Henoddedassent.(assent表示一种态度)Thegirlsmiledherthanks.(正)Herthanksweresmiledbythegirl.(误)..但有例外:Lifemustbelived.日子总得过。Thebattlewasfoughtonthesea.4)某些动词和宾语构成一个固定词组,不能变为被动语态常见的有:speakone..smind,loseone..sheart,doone..sbest,makeaface,keepwatch,keepwords,takeone..splace,makeupone..smind,makeroom,makeascene(吵架),makebelieve(假装),keeponecompany(陪同),takeone..stime,takeoffice(就职),takeone..sleave(告辞),makebed,takenotes,losepatience,touchbottom,takeuparms,acceptbattle,keepsilence,takeheart,takeflight,changecolour,changetrains(换车),等。..有些“动词+名词+介词”也不可用于被动语态,如:setfooton,keepcompanywith,takeleaveof,seteyeson,joinhandswith,giveearto,bearwitness to等。例如:Shecaughtaverybadcold.Heatehiswords.他违背了自己的承诺。5)如果enter,reach,leave等的宾语是表示处所、地点(国家、团体、组织、军队等),不能变为被动语态Heleftthearmyin2002.Sheenteredthehallgracefully.6)如果动词的宾语是动名词或不定式,不能变为被动语态Helikestowatchsunriseontheveranda.Shestartedsingingatthebellring...但少数已名词化的动名词可用于被动语态;feel,think,desire,decide,agree,suppose等少数动词以不定式作宾语时,可变为以it作形式主语的被动语态。例如:Almosteverybodylikesswimming.→Swimmingislikedbyalmosteverybody.Manypeopledesiretohavethetowerrebuilt.→Itwasdesired(bymanypeople)tohavethetowerrebuilt.7)如果谓语时态是将来进行时或完成进行时,不能变为被动语态Shewillbewateringthegardenthistimetomorrow.Thestudentshavebeencleaningthehallsince3o..clockintheafternoon.8)表示重量、大小、数量、长度、程度的名词宾语不可变为被动语态Thestoneweighsaton.(正)Atonwasweighedbythestone.(误)9)含有hadrather,wouldrather或情态动词dare的句子不可变为被动语态Iwouldratherdoitnow.(正)Itwouldratherbedonebymenow.(误) ..但可以说Ithadbetterbedonenow.Hedarenotdoit.(正)Itdarenotbedone.(误)10)虚指it作宾语时不可变为被动语态的主语Hewillfightitout.(正)Itwillbefoughtoutbyhim.(误)11)have作行为动词用时,一般不可变为被动语态Hehashadlunch.(正)Lunchhasbeenhadbyhim.(误)..但少数习惯用法中有例外:Ithinkyou..vebeenhad.我想你上当了。(had=tricked)Agoodtimewashadbythemall.他们都玩得很痛快。(had=enjoyed)13.只用不定式被动语态的句子下列句子一般只用不定式被动语态:Muchremainstobedone.Youaretobecongratulated.Heisdeterminedtobeobeyed.他一定要别人听从他。Childrenliketobepraised.Shewantsthattobedoneagain.Itleavesmuch(nothing)tobedesired.尚有许多有待改进之处。(完美无缺)14.be+过去分词构成的惯用语下面这些句子,形式上虽是被动语态结构,但实质上其中的过去分词大多都已形容词化 了,构成系表结构,成为使用频率很高的惯用语。1)表示喜悦Iampleased(delighted,rejoiced)toseeheragain.Shewastransportedwithjoyonhearingthenews.Wewereenchantedwiththewaterfall.Hewasfascinatedwiththesweettuneofthemelody.Iamamusedwiththestory. 大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)549二、被动语态使用要点Heiscontentedwithyourwork.Sheisgratifiedwithherjob.2)表示习惯Heisused(accustomed)togettingupearly.Themanisgiventosleepingintheopen.Heisaddictedtogambling.Hewasinuredtoalifeofself-restraint.他习惯于过一种自我克制的生活。Shehasbeenadaptedtothenewlife.3)表示疲倦、厌倦Heisboredwiththiskindofjob.Heisfatiguedwiththewholeday..stoil.Iamdisgustedwithherbehaviour.Theywerecompletelyexhausted.Shewasdoneup(knockedup)afterthewholeday..swork.Hewasalmostfaggedoutafterthelongride.Shewasspentwithwalkingthewholedayintherain.4)表示延宕Shewasheldupbytheheavytraffic.Theplanewasdelayedhalfanhour. Theroadwasobstructed(blocked)fortwohours.Hewashinderedfromcoming.5)表示苦恼Thegirliseasilyupsetemotionally.Hewasannoyed(disturbed,disappointed,discouraged,depressed)tohearthenews.Iamvexed(offended)athisrudebehaviour.Shewasharassedatherson..smisdeeds.6)表示惶惑Shewasbewilderedbyhiswords.Hewasperplexed(puzzled)astowhyshedidso.Igotconfusedbythesillyquestion.Wewereconfoundedtohearit.7)表示惊讶Shewasastonished(surprised,alarmed,amazed,frightened,horrified,scared)tohearthestrangevoice.Iamshockedtoseeaboyclimbingupthehighpole.Hewasstartledtohearofherillness.Wewereallastoundedatwhathesaid.8)表示生病Shewasseizedwithabadcold. Hewasconfinedtothebedwithacold.Herrightlungisaffected.Shehasbeentroubledwithheadacheformanyyears.9)表示状态等 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书550第十讲被动语态Heisnowconvincedofthetruthofherwords.(相信)Themountainiscappedwithsnowalltheyearround.Thecarisequippedwithairconditioning.Heisinvolvedindebt.Itisapitythatshewasinvolvedinthematter.Whenthedistanthillisenvelopedincloudsandmist,Iknowitisasignofrain.Thegirlwaslostinthenovel.Theyweredrunkwithvictoriesovertheenemy.Thethunderwasaccompaniedwithlightning.Threechildrenwereborntothem.Sheisworriedabouthissafety.Heisopposedtothemeasure.Sheispersuadedofthenews.Iamconcernedwiththepresentsituation.Thecommitteeismadeupoftenpersons. Iamacquaintedwithhissister.Sheisexperiencedinworldlyaffairs...其他如:besurrounded(fenced,besieged,compassed)包围,bestained(tarnished,mired,contaminated)弄脏、污染等。10)表示从事..工作等Sheisburiedintheresearch.Heisabsorbedinstudy.Ihavebeenengagedinthework.Theyaredevotedtothecause.Heisoccupiedin(with)anewjob.Note:上述某些过去分词后面如果是by短语,表示施动者,则be+过去分词结构为被动语态。例如:Shewasshockedbythebadnews.她被坏消息震惊了。Thecountrywasoccupiedbytheaggressorstwoweeksago.这个国家在两周前被侵略者占领了。..但:Thetempleissurroundedbymanytrees.这座寺庙周围有许多树。(表状态,为系表结构,尽管有by短语)15.双重被动句双重被动句指的是:句中谓语动词和其后的不定式均为被动结构,句子主语既是谓语动词的承受者,又是不定式动作的承受者。下面三种句子可以变为双重被动句: 主语+谓语动词+不定式+宾语主语+谓语动词+that从句主语+谓语动词+宾语+不定式被动式Sheofferedtobuyarecorderforme.Arecorderwasofferedtobeboughtforme.(正)Arecorderwasofferedtobuyforme.(误) 大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)551二、被动语态使用要点Ithinkthatshehasreadthebook.Sheisthoughtbymetohavereadthebook.(正)Thebookisthoughtbymetohavebeenreadbyher.(正)Thebookisthoughtbymetobereadbyher.(误)Thebookisthoughtbymetoreadbyher.(误)Iwanttheflowerstobewateredthisafternoon.Theflowersarewantedtobewateredthisafternoon.(正)Theflowersarewantedtowaterthisafternoon.(误)Note:intend,hope,decide,suggest,propose,imply,announce等后虽然可跟that从句,但不可变为双重被动式,只可改为由it作形式主语。例如:Hedecidedthatwewouldleaveduringthenight.Itwasdecidedthatwewouldleaveduringthenight.(正)Weweredecidedtoleaveduringthenight.(误)16.变为被动语态时引起句意变化的动词一般来讲,主动语态和被动语态转换时,不会引起意义上的改变。但某些动词由主动变为被动时,则会引起句意的变化。比较:Hecan..tteachtheboy.他没有能力教这孩子。(=Heisunabletoteachtheboy.)Theboycan..tbetaught.这孩子没有能力学。(=Theboyisunabletolearn.) Ishallpaythemoneytoday.我今天将要付那笔钱。(begoingtopay)Themoneyshallbepaidtoday.那笔钱今天就必须付。(mustbepaid)Isupposeyouknowtheanswer.我以为你知道答案的。(Ithinkorguess)Youaresupposedtoknowtheanswer.你应该知道答案的。(Youareexpectedto)Peopledon..tdosuchthingstwice.人们不再次做这种事情。(陈述语气)Suchthingsarenotdonetwice.这种事情不许再次发生。(命令语气)Whywouldn..tJimridethewhitehorse?吉姆为什么不愿骑这匹白马呢?Whywouldn..tthewhitehorseberiddenbyJim?这匹白马为什么拒绝让吉姆骑呢?17.可以说Thecasewaslookedinto,但不可说Thehousewaslookedinto有些动词短语(动词+介词),用其本义时,不可用于被动语态,只有用其转义时,才可用于被动语态。例如:Theylookedintothecase.Thecasewaslookedinto.(正,lookinto用于转义,意为examine,investigate)Shelookedintothehouse.Thehousewaslookedinto.(误,lookinto用于本义,“朝里看”)Hearrivedattheexpectedresult.Theexpectedresultwasarrivedat.(正,arriveat用于转义,意为gain,achieve)Hearrivedattherailwaystation.Therailwaystationwasarrivedat.(误,arriveat用于本义“,到达”)Thepolicehavegonethroughalltherooms.Alltheroomshavebeengonethroughbythepolice.(正,gothrough用于转义,意为 search)Thepianowon..tgothroughthenarrowentrance.Thenarrowentrancewon..tbegonethroughbythepiano.(误,gothrough用于本义,意为passthrough) 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书552第十讲被动语态Anagreementhasbeenreachedatlast.(正“,达成”)Thehilltophasbeenreachedatlast.(误,“到达”)Themurdercasewasgoneinto.(正,“调查”)Theroomwasgoneinto.(误,“走进”)..注意下面句子的正误:JanelookedatTom.Tomwaslookedat.(正,lookat为固定动词短语,粘合力强)JanelivedwithTom.Tomwaslivedwith.(误,livewith两词关系松散,粘合力不强)三、被动语态的使用范围1.不知道或不必指出动作的执行者Theglassisbroken.Theaudienceisaskedtokeepsilence.ThemeetingisscheduledforApril6th.会议定于四月六日举行。Raincoatsaresoldintheshop.这家商店出售雨衣。 2.强调动作的承受者Asubwaywillbebuiltinthecity.Mr.Liwaselectedchairmanofthecommittee.ThefirstprizewaswonbyHenry.3.出于策略、婉转、礼貌等不提出动作的执行者Anysuggestionorcriticismareheartilyappreciated.Aboutthatproject,muchhasbeensaidbutlittlehasbeendone.Thatplanwasgenerallyconsiderednotpractical.Youarecordiallyinvitedtotheceremony.热忱邀请阁下参加这次典礼。Customersarerequestednottotouchtheexhibits.顾客请勿触摸展品。I..mnotsupposedtotellyouanythingaboutthenegotiation.我不宜告诉你任何有关这次谈判的情况。4.避免变更主语,以求行文通顺ShegavealectureonmodernAmericanpoetryandwasattentivelylistenedto.Theoldprofessorwheeledhimselftotheplatformandthestudentswarmlyapplaudedhim.(不简洁)Theoldprofessorwheeledhimselftotheplatformandwaswarmlyapplaudedbythestudents.老教授手摇轮椅来到讲台上,受到学生们的热烈欢迎。(简洁、连贯)5.It+be+过去分词+that从句 这是一种惯用结构,常用的动词有:say,report,expect,allege,prove,suppose等。例如:Itisreportedthatgoldhasbeenfoundthere.据报导那里发现了黄金。Itissaidthattheoriginalpaintinghasbeendestroyed.据说原画已经毁掉了。Itisexpectedthatpriceswillgodown.预计物价将会下跌。Itwasallegedthatthechildwaskidnapped.据称那个孩子被绑架了。Itisfearedthattheplanecrashedsomewhereoffthecoast.人们担心飞机在近海某处坠毁了。Itisbelievedthatheisthemanagerofthreedifferentbusinesses.据说他是三家店铺的 大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)553四、被动意义的其他表示法经理。6.be+过去分词+不定式Heisconsideredtobeanauthorityinthefield.他被认为是这个领域的权威。It..ssupposedtobemostvaluable.据说它非常有价值。Hewassaidtohavedisclosedthesecret.据说他泄露了秘密。TheywerereportedtobesailinginthePacific.据报道他们正在太平洋上航行。Sheisthoughttobeagoodsinger.她被认为是一个优秀歌手。Heisrumouredtohaveescapedintothemountains.谣传他逃到山里去了。Heisallegedtohavebribedgovernmentofficials.据称他贿赂过政府官员。Thegoodweatherisexpectedtolastanotherweek.好天气预计还要持续一周。7.There+be+过去分词Thereissaidtobeasecrettunnelbeneaththebuilding.据说这幢大楼下面有一条秘密通道。Therearesupposedtobewildanimalsinthehills.这山里应有野生动物。Thereareknowntobethousandsofsnakesontheisland.据了解,那座岛上有成千上万条蛇。Note:①有些时候,被动语态会给人一种冷淡、疏远、公事公办的感觉,或者可信度并不那 么强。比较:Auntistakingcareofthechild.(主动,熟悉,亲切)Thechildisbeingtakencareof.(被动,疏远,冷淡)Mothertoldmethat.(主动,可信度强)Iwastoldaboutthatonthetrain.(被动,可信度小)②被动句中的by短语通常可以省去。但如果by短语是句子的重点所在,或者没有by短语则句义不完全时,则不可省。例如:Thetoolwasmadebymyfather.(thetool为已知事物,myfather为新的信息,是重点所在,不可省)Themeetingwasfollowedbyashortinterval.(byashortinterval不可省,否则句义不清)③在被动句中,by短语通常位于过去分词之后;但如果有间接宾语或同其他状语并列使用时,则by短语通常位于其后。例如:Shewasgivenanewpenbyherfather.Takingawalkisconsideredagoodexercisebymostpeople.Theyarewatchednaturallyverycloselybythesoldiers...下面一句把tohersister放在句尾,是对其进行强调,为尾重句:Thecapwasgivenbymetohersister.四、被动意义的其他表示法1.名词的被动意义1)某些抽象名词与by、名词所有格或代词所有格等连用,可表示被动意义theconquerofEurope theenemy..sdefeatbyourarmychildren..seducationthejournalist..srelease 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书554第十讲被动语态HewasworriedaboutJim..sdismissalfromschoolandoverjoyedatHelen..spraisebytheteacher...但theloveofhiswife有主动、被动两种含义:他对妻子的恩爱,妻子对他的恩爱。比较:German..soccupationofParisinWorldWarⅡ(主动)German..soccupationbytheSovietUnionattheendofWorldWarⅡ(被动)2)以-ee结尾的名词常含被动意义employee雇员,examinee受试(审)者,nominee被提名者,addressee收信人,dedicatee被呈献者..但:escapee逃亡者,refugee避难者,absentee缺席者,goatee山羊胡子,bootee幼儿毛线鞋,coatee(妇女和小孩的)短上衣。比较: vendor=personwhovends卖主vendee=persontowhomsomethingissold买主trainer=personwhotrains训练员trainee=personwhoistrained受训练的人2.形容词的被动意义以-ible,-ble,-able和worthy结尾的形容词一般都具有被动意义。例如:pardonable,soluble,forgetable,indestructible,trustworthy等。..另外,ready,familiar,welcome,dear,ridiculous等形容词也含有被动意义。例如:Sheisdeartome.(=Iloveherverymuch.)3.介词的被动意义介词on,in,under,above,beyondfor,past等加名词可以表示被动意义。例如:onsale,ondisplay,onthecarpet(在审议中),underarms(bearmed),underdiscussion,insight,inquestion,underrepair,forrent,beyondcure,abovesuspicion等。4.短语动词的被动意义英语中有些短语动词含有被动意义,如:passfor被认为(beacceptedas),comeout被出版(bepublished),fallfor被迷住(beattracted),comeapart被拆开(beseparated),comedown被拆毁(bedemolished),comein被采用(beintroduced),getthesack被解雇,catchit受责备,giveplaceto被代替(besucceeded,bereplaced)等。例如: Thebookcameoutlastmonth.HewouldpassforanAmericanveryeasily.Theoldhousecamedownatlast.Despairwillgiveplacetohope.测试练习(十)一、选择填空1.Sincethefirstspacemission,manycommunicationsatellites.A.waslaunchedB.arelaunchedC.havebeenlaunchedD.hadbeenlaunched2.Yesterday,Peteraticketforspeeding.A.gaveB.hadbeengivenC.wasgivenD.wasgave3.Bythetimetheapplicantmakesuphismind,theoffer.A.willcancelB.willhavebeencancelled 大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)555测试练习︵十︶C.willbecancellingD.iscancelled4.Newofficersbyourclubwhenweholdournextmeeting.A.electedB.expecttoelectC.willbeelectedD.willelect5.Whatkindofadvicetoyou?A.hasgaveB.wasgaveC.hasbeengivenD.hasgiven6.Theboybythepedlartocarrygoodsforhim.A.wasmadeuseB.madeusedC.wasmadeuseofD.madeusedof7.TheconstructionofthelaboratorybytheendofJuly.A.mustbecompletingB.mustcompleteC.musthavecompletedD.musthavebeencompleted8.Hereturnedatmidnightandfoundhishouse.A.hadbrokenintoB.wasbrokeninC.tobebrokenintoD.hadbeenbrokeninto9.Theslavefrommorningtillnight.A.madetoworkB.wasmadeworkingC.wasmadeworkedD.wasmadetowork10.Yourproposalbythecommitteesoon.A.isdiscussedB.hasbeendiscussedC.isgoingtobediscussedD.willhavebeendiscussed 11.“Theopeningceremonyhasalreadystarted.”“Look!Theflagisnow.”A.risenB.beingraisedC.beingroseD.raising12.IheardthatAliceHarry.A.hasjustbeenmarriedwithB.hasjustmarriedwithC.hasjustbeenmarriedtoD.justhasbeenmarriedto13.Theprofessorwasprofoundandeloquentandwithenthusiasm.A.wasalwayslistenedB.wasalwayslistenedtoC.alwayswaslistenedD.alwayslistenedto14.Theshipwhenwearrivedattheharbour.A.wasjustunloadingB.wasjustbeingunloadedC.hadjustunloadedD.wasjustbeenunloaded15.Thechildrenmanytimesnottoplaywithfire.A.toldB.havetoldC.havebeentoldD.arebeingtold16.Ifonebyvanity,hewillbeveryparticularaboutother..sclothingandappearance.A.overcomesB.isovercomeC.overcameD.hasbeenovercame17.Thiskindofmedicinejustbeforegoingtobed.A.shouldbetakenB.shouldhavetakenC.shouldhavebeentakenD.shouldtake18.“Whydon..tyougohome?”“Becausethework.” A.hasn..tfinishedyetB.can..tfinishyetC.wouldnotfinishyetD.isn..tfinishedyet19.You..dbetterhavetheironbarspaintedsoastopreventthem.A.fromerodedB.frombeingeroded 新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书556第十讲被动语态C.beingerodingD.fromhavebeeneroded20.Atallmandowntheroadatmidnight.A.wasseenrunB.wasseenrunningC.sawrunningD.hasbeenseenrunning二、辨认错误1.AccordingtoAsometheoriesderivedBfrompsychoanalysis,lifeissupposedlyeasierCandmorepleasantwheninhibitions(压抑)overcomingD. 2.ConservativephilosophersargueAthattheverystructureofsocietyisthreateningBbycivildisobedience,whileChumanistsstressDtheprimacyoftheindividualconscience.3.ArocketburnsApropellant(火箭燃料)rapidlyandmostrocketscarryBasupplyCthatlostDjustafewseconds.4.GullscanoftenAbesee BswoopingoverClargebodiesDofwater.5.FarmanimalsAhavebeenregardlessBbynearlyallsocietiesasavaluableCeconomicDresource.6.WhenoverallexportsAexceedimports,BacountrysaidCtohaveatrade Dsurplus.7.TheadvantagesofcomputerizedtypingAandeditingBarenowbeingextendingCtoallthewrittenDlanguagesoftheworld.8.CertainAmineralsaremagneticandabletodetectedbeBbyinstrumentsthatmeasureCdifferencesintheearth..smagneticfieldsD.9.Thereis,itseems,A nolimitBtothesatisfactiontobefindingCinthepursuitofDknowledge.10.ItestimatedAthatonlyaboutthirtypercentofourBplanet..ssurfaceCconsistsofDland.11.AtAtheBmeeting,thecitycouncilwasdecidedC toopenfuturemeetingstorepresentativesofallDminoritygroupsinthecommunity.12.BecauseAradiocommunicationhadfailedBoncebefore,IwasafraidthemeninthecrewontheplanemightbelostCtouchwithDtheplatform.袅芆薁薅羇肈蒇薅肀芄莃薄蝿肇艿蚃袂节膅蚂羄肅蒄蚁蚄芀蒀蚀袆膃莆虿羈荿节虿肁膂薀蚈螀羄蒆蚇袃膀莂螆羅羃芈螅蚅膈膄螄螇羁薃螃罿芆葿螃肂聿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肈蕿螀羆芃蒅衿肈肆莁袈螈芁芇蒅袀肄芃蒄肂莀薂蒃螂膂蒈蒂袄莈莄蒁羇膁芀蒁聿羄蕿薀蝿腿蒄蕿袁羂莀薈肃膇莆薇螃肀节薆袅芆薁薅羇肈蒇薅肀芄莃薄蝿肇艿蚃袂节膅蚂羄肅蒄蚁蚄芀蒀蚀袆膃莆虿羈荿节虿肁膂薀蚈螀羄蒆蚇袃膀莂螆羅羃芈螅蚅膈膄螄螇羁薃螃罿芆葿螃肂聿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肈蕿螀羆芃蒅衿肈肆莁袈螈芁芇蒅袀肄芃蒄肂莀薂蒃螂膂蒈蒂袄莈莄蒁羇膁芀蒁聿羄蕿薀蝿腿蒄蕿袁羂莀薈肃膇莆薇螃肀节薆袅芆薁薅羇肈蒇薅肀芄莃薄蝿肇艿蚃袂节膅蚂羄肅蒄蚁蚄芀蒀蚀袆膃莆虿羈荿节虿肁膂薀蚈螀羄蒆蚇袃膀莂螆羅羃芈螅蚅膈膄螄螇羁薃螃罿芆葿螃肂聿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肈蕿螀羆芃蒅衿肈肆莁袈螈芁芇蒅袀肄芃蒄肂莀薂蒃螂膂蒈蒂袄莈莄蒁羇膁芀蒁聿羄蕿薀蝿腿蒄蕿袁羂莀薈肃膇莆薇螃肀节薆袅芆薁薅羇肈蒇薅肀芄莃薄蝿肇艿蚃袂节膅蚂羄肅蒄蚁蚄芀蒀蚀袆膃莆虿羈荿节虿肁膂薀蚈螀羄蒆蚇袃膀莂螆羅羃芈螅蚅膈膄螄螇羁薃螃罿芆葿螃肂聿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肈蕿螀羆芃蒅衿肈肆莁袈螈芁芇蒅袀肄芃蒄肂莀薂蒃螂膂蒈蒂袄莈莄蒁羇膁芀蒁聿羄蕿薀蝿腿蒄蕿袁羂莀薈肃膇莆薇螃肀节薆袅芆薁薅羇肈蒇薅肀芄莃薄蝿肇艿蚃袂节膅蚂羄肅蒄蚁蚄芀蒀蚀袆膃莆虿羈荿节虿肁膂薀蚈螀羄蒆蚇袃膀莂螆羅羃芈螅蚅膈膄螄螇羁薃螃罿芆葿螃肂聿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肈蕿螀羆芃蒅衿肈肆莁袈螈芁芇蒅袀肄芃蒄肂莀薂蒃螂膂蒈蒂袄莈莄蒁羇膁芀蒁聿羄蕿薀蝿腿蒄蕿袁羂莀薈肃膇莆薇螃肀节薆袅芆薁薅羇肈蒇薅肀芄莃薄蝿肇艿蚃袂节膅蚂羄肅蒄蚁蚄芀蒀蚀袆膃莆虿羈荿节虿肁膂薀蚈螀羄蒆蚇袃膀莂螆羅羃芈螅蚅膈膄螄螇羁薃螃罿芆葿螃肂聿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肈蕿螀羆芃蒅衿肈肆莁袈螈芁芇蒅袀肄芃蒄肂莀薂蒃螂膂蒈蒂袄莈莄蒁羇膁芀蒁聿羄蕿薀蝿腿蒄蕿袁羂莀薈肃膇莆薇螃肀节薆袅芆薁薅羇肈蒇薅肀芄莃薄蝿肇艿蚃袂节膅蚂羄肅蒄蚁蚄芀蒀蚀袆膃莆虿羈荿节虿肁膂薀蚈螀羄蒆蚇袃膀莂螆羅羃芈螅蚅膈膄螄螇羁薃螃罿芆葿螃肂聿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肈蕿螀羆芃蒅衿肈肆莁袈螈芁芇蒅袀肄芃蒄肂莀薂蒃螂膂蒈蒂袄莈莄蒁羇膁芀蒁聿羄蕿薀蝿腿蒄蕿袁羂莀薈肃膇莆薇螃肀节薆袅芆薁薅羇肈蒇薅肀芄莃薄蝿肇艿蚃袂节膅蚂羄肅蒄蚁蚄芀蒀蚀袆膃莆虿羈荿节虿肁膂薀蚈螀羄蒆蚇袃膀莂螆羅羃芈螅蚅膈膄螄螇羁薃螃罿芆葿螃肂聿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肈蕿螀羆芃蒅衿肈肆莁袈螈芁芇蒅袀肄芃蒄肂莀薂蒃螂膂蒈蒂袄莈莄蒁羇膁芀蒁聿羄蕿薀蝿腿蒄蕿袁羂莀薈肃膇莆薇螃肀节薆袅芆薁薅羇肈蒇薅肀芄莃薄蝿肇艿蚃袂节膅蚂羄肅蒄蚁蚄芀蒀蚀袆膃莆虿羈荿节虿肁膂薀蚈螀羄蒆蚇袃膀莂螆羅羃芈螅蚅膈膄螄螇羁薃螃罿芆葿螃肂聿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肈蕿螀羆芃蒅衿肈肆莁袈螈芁芇蒅袀肄芃蒄肂莀薂蒃螂膂蒈蒂袄莈莄蒁羇膁芀蒁聿羄蕿薀蝿腿蒄蕿袁羂莀薈肃膇莆薇螃肀节薆袅芆薁薅羇肈蒇薅肀芄莃薄蝿肇艿蚃袂节膅蚂羄肅蒄蚁蚄芀蒀蚀袆膃莆虿羈荿节虿肁膂薀蚈螀羄蒆蚇袃膀莂螆羅羃芈螅蚅膈膄螄螇羁薃螃罿芆葿螃肂聿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肈蕿螀羆芃蒅衿肈肆莁袈螈芁芇蒅袀肄芃蒄肂莀薂蒃螂膂蒈蒂袄莈莄蒁羇膁芀蒁聿羄蕿薀蝿腿蒄蕿袁羂莀薈肃膇莆薇螃肀节薆袅芆薁薅羇肈蒇薅肀芄莃薄蝿肇艿蚃袂节膅蚂羄肅蒄蚁蚄芀蒀蚀袆膃莆虿羈荿节虿肁膂薀蚈螀羄蒆蚇袃膀莂螆羅羃芈螅蚅膈膄螄螇羁薃螃罿芆葿螃肂聿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肈蕿螀羆芃蒅衿肈肆莁袈螈芁芇蒅袀肄芃蒄肂莀薂蒃螂膂蒈蒂袄莈莄蒁羇膁芀蒁聿羄蕿薀蝿腿蒄蕿袁羂莀薈肃膇莆薇螃肀节薆袅芆薁薅羇肈蒇薅肀芄莃薄蝿肇艿蚃袂节膅蚂羄肅蒄蚁蚄芀蒀蚀袆膃莆虿羈荿节虿肁膂薀蚈螀羄蒆蚇袃膀莂螆羅羃芈螅蚅膈膄螄螇羁薃螃罿芆葿螃肂聿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肈蕿螀羆芃蒅衿肈肆莁袈螈芁芇蒅袀肄芃蒄肂莀薂蒃螂膂蒈蒂袄莈莄蒁羇膁芀蒁聿羄蕿薀蝿腿蒄蕿袁羂莀薈肃膇莆薇螃肀节薆袅芆薁薅羇肈蒇薅肀芄莃薄蝿肇艿蚃袂节膅蚂羄肅蒄蚁蚄芀蒀蚀袆膃莆虿羈荿节虿肁膂薀蚈螀羄蒆蚇袃膀莂螆羅羃芈螅蚅膈膄螄螇羁薃螃罿芆葿螃肂聿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肈蕿螀羆芃蒅衿肈肆莁袈螈芁芇蒅袀肄芃蒄肂莀薂蒃螂膂蒈蒂袄莈莄蒁羇膁芀蒁聿羄蕿薀蝿腿蒄蕿袁羂莀薈肃膇莆薇螃肀节薆袅芆薁薅羇肈蒇薅肀芄莃薄蝿肇艿蚃袂节膅蚂羄肅蒄蚁蚄芀蒀蚀袆膃莆虿羈荿节虿肁膂薀蚈螀羄蒆蚇袃膀莂螆羅羃芈螅蚅膈膄螄螇羁薃螃罿芆葿螃肂聿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肈蕿螀羆芃蒅衿肈肆莁袈螈芁芇蒅袀肄芃蒄肂莀薂蒃螂膂蒈蒂袄莈莄蒁羇膁芀蒁聿羄蕿薀蝿腿蒄蕿袁羂莀薈肃膇莆薇螃肀节薆袅芆薁薅羇肈蒇薅肀芄莃薄蝿肇艿蚃袂节膅蚂羄肅蒄蚁蚄芀蒀蚀袆膃莆虿羈荿节虿肁膂薀蚈螀羄蒆蚇袃膀莂螆羅羃芈螅蚅膈膄螄螇羁薃螃罿芆葿螃肂聿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肈蕿螀羆芃蒅衿肈肆莁袈螈芁芇蒅袀肄芃蒄肂莀薂蒃螂膂蒈蒂袄莈莄蒁羇膁芀蒁聿羄蕿薀蝿腿蒄蕿袁羂莀薈肃膇莆薇螃肀节薆袅芆薁薅羇肈蒇薅肀芄莃薄蝿肇艿蚃袂节膅蚂羄肅蒄蚁蚄芀蒀蚀袆膃莆虿羈荿节虿肁膂薀蚈螀羄蒆蚇袃膀莂螆羅羃芈螅蚅膈膄螄螇羁薃螃罿芆葿螃肂聿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肈蕿螀羆芃蒅衿肈肆莁袈螈芁芇蒅袀肄芃蒄肂莀薂蒃螂膂蒈蒂袄莈莄蒁羇膁芀蒁聿羄蕿薀蝿腿蒄蕿袁羂莀薈肃膇莆薇螃肀节薆袅芆薁薅羇肈蒇薅肀芄莃薄蝿肇艿蚃袂节膅蚂羄肅蒄蚁蚄芀蒀蚀袆膃莆虿羈荿节虿肁膂薀蚈螀羄蒆蚇袃膀莂螆羅羃芈螅蚅膈膄螄螇羁薃螃罿芆葿螃肂聿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肈蕿螀羆芃蒅衿肈肆莁袈螈芁芇蒅袀肄芃蒄肂莀薂蒃螂膂蒈蒂袄莈莄蒁羇膁芀蒁聿羄蕿薀蝿腿蒄蕿袁羂莀薈肃膇莆薇螃肀节薆袅芆薁薅羇肈蒇薅肀芄莃薄蝿肇艿蚃袂节膅蚂羄肅蒄蚁蚄芀蒀蚀袆膃莆虿羈荿节虿肁膂薀蚈螀羄蒆蚇袃膀莂螆羅羃芈螅蚅膈膄螄螇羁薃螃罿芆葿螃肂聿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肈蕿螀羆芃蒅衿肈肆莁袈螈芁芇蒅袀肄芃蒄肂莀薂蒃螂膂蒈蒂袄莈莄蒁羇膁芀蒁聿羄蕿薀蝿腿蒄蕿袁羂莀薈肃膇莆薇螃肀节薆袅芆薁薅羇肈蒇薅肀芄莃薄蝿肇艿蚃袂节膅蚂羄肅蒄蚁蚄芀蒀蚀袆膃莆虿羈荿节虿肁膂薀蚈螀羄蒆蚇袃膀莂螆羅羃芈螅蚅膈膄螄螇羁薃螃罿芆葿螃肂聿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肈蕿螀羆芃蒅衿肈肆莁袈螈芁芇蒅袀肄芃蒄肂莀薂蒃螂膂蒈蒂袄莈莄蒁羇膁芀蒁聿羄蕿薀蝿腿蒄蕿袁羂莀薈肃膇莆薇螃肀节薆袅芆薁薅羇肈蒇薅肀芄莃薄蝿肇艿蚃袂节膅蚂羄肅蒄蚁蚄芀蒀蚀袆膃莆虿羈荿节虿肁膂薀蚈螀羄蒆蚇袃膀莂螆羅羃芈螅蚅膈膄螄螇羁薃螃罿芆葿螃肂聿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肈蕿螀羆芃蒅衿肈肆莁袈螈芁芇蒅袀肄芃蒄肂莀薂蒃螂膂蒈蒂袄莈莄蒁羇膁芀蒁聿羄蕿薀蝿腿蒄蕿袁羂莀薈肃膇莆薇螃肀节薆袅芆薁薅羇肈蒇薅肀芄莃薄蝿肇艿蚃袂节膅蚂羄肅蒄蚁蚄芀蒀蚀袆膃莆虿羈荿节虿肁膂薀蚈螀羄蒆蚇袃膀莂螆羅羃芈螅蚅膈膄螄螇羁薃螃罿芆葿螃肂聿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肈蕿螀羆芃蒅衿肈肆莁袈螈芁芇蒅袀肄芃蒄肂莀薂蒃螂膂蒈蒂袄莈莄蒁羇膁芀蒁聿羄蕿薀蝿腿蒄蕿袁羂莀薈肃膇莆薇螃肀节薆袅芆薁薅羇肈蒇薅肀芄莃薄蝿肇艿蚃袂节膅蚂羄肅蒄蚁蚄芀蒀蚀袆膃莆虿羈荿节虿肁膂薀蚈螀羄蒆蚇袃膀莂螆羅羃芈螅蚅膈膄螄螇羁薃螃罿芆葿螃肂聿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肈蕿螀羆芃蒅衿肈肆莁袈螈芁芇蒅袀肄芃蒄肂莀薂蒃螂膂蒈蒂袄莈莄蒁羇膁芀蒁聿羄蕿薀蝿腿蒄蕿袁羂莀薈肃膇莆薇螃肀节薆袅芆薁薅羇肈蒇薅肀芄莃薄蝿肇艿蚃袂节膅蚂羄肅蒄蚁蚄芀蒀蚀袆膃莆虿羈荿节虿肁膂薀蚈螀羄蒆蚇袃膀莂螆羅羃芈螅蚅膈膄螄螇羁薃螃罿芆葿螃肂聿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肈蕿螀羆芃蒅衿肈肆莁袈螈芁芇蒅袀肄芃蒄肂莀薂蒃螂膂蒈蒂袄莈莄蒁羇膁芀蒁聿羄蕿薀蝿腿蒄蕿袁羂莀薈肃膇莆薇螃肀节薆袅芆薁薅羇肈蒇薅肀芄莃薄蝿肇艿蚃袂节膅蚂羄肅蒄蚁蚄芀蒀蚀袆膃莆虿羈荿节虿肁膂薀蚈螀羄蒆蚇袃膀莂螆羅羃芈螅蚅膈膄螄螇羁薃螃罿芆葿螃肂聿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肈蕿螀羆芃蒅衿肈肆莁袈螈芁芇蒅袀肄芃蒄肂莀薂蒃螂膂蒈蒂袄莈莄蒁羇膁芀蒁聿羄蕿薀蝿腿蒄蕿袁羂莀薈肃膇莆薇螃肀节薆袅芆薁薅羇肈蒇薅肀芄莃薄蝿肇艿蚃袂节膅蚂羄肅蒄蚁蚄芀蒀蚀袆膃莆虿羈荿节虿肁膂薀蚈螀羄蒆蚇袃膀莂螆羅羃芈螅蚅膈膄螄螇羁薃螃罿芆葿螃肂聿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肈蕿螀羆芃蒅衿肈肆莁袈螈芁芇蒅袀肄芃蒄肂莀薂蒃螂膂蒈蒂袄莈莄蒁羇膁芀蒁聿羄蕿薀蝿腿蒄蕿袁羂莀薈肃膇莆薇螃肀节薆袅芆薁薅羇肈蒇薅肀芄莃薄蝿肇艿蚃袂节膅蚂羄肅蒄蚁蚄芀蒀蚀袆膃莆虿羈荿节虿肁膂薀蚈螀羄蒆蚇袃膀莂螆羅羃芈螅蚅膈膄螄螇羁薃螃罿芆葿螃肂聿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肈蕿螀羆芃蒅衿肈肆莁袈螈芁芇蒅袀肄芃蒄肂莀薂蒃螂膂蒈蒂袄莈莄蒁羇膁芀蒁聿羄蕿薀蝿腿蒄蕿袁羂莀薈肃膇莆薇螃肀节薆袅芆薁薅羇肈蒇薅肀芄莃薄蝿肇艿蚃袂节膅蚂羄肅蒄蚁蚄芀蒀蚀袆膃莆虿羈荿节虿肁膂薀蚈螀羄蒆蚇袃膀莂螆羅羃芈螅蚅膈膄螄螇羁薃螃罿芆葿螃肂聿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肈蕿螀羆芃蒅衿肈肆莁袈螈芁芇蒅袀肄芃蒄肂莀薂蒃螂膂蒈蒂袄莈莄蒁羇膁芀蒁聿羄蕿薀蝿腿蒄蕿袁羂莀薈肃膇莆薇螃肀节薆袅芆薁薅羇肈蒇薅肀芄莃薄蝿肇艿蚃袂节膅蚂羄肅蒄蚁蚄芀蒀蚀袆膃莆虿羈荿节虿肁膂薀蚈螀羄蒆蚇袃膀莂螆羅羃芈螅蚅膈膄螄螇羁薃螃罿芆葿螃肂聿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肈蕿螀羆芃蒅衿肈肆莁袈螈芁芇蒅袀肄芃蒄肂莀薂蒃螂膂蒈蒂袄莈莄蒁羇膁芀蒁聿羄蕿薀蝿腿蒄蕿袁羂莀薈肃膇莆薇螃肀节薆袅芆薁薅羇肈蒇薅肀芄莃薄蝿肇艿蚃袂节膅蚂羄肅蒄蚁蚄芀蒀蚀袆膃莆虿羈荿节虿肁膂薀蚈螀羄蒆蚇袃膀莂螆羅羃芈螅蚅膈膄螄螇羁薃螃罿芆葿螃肂聿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肈蕿螀羆芃蒅衿肈肆莁袈螈芁芇蒅袀肄芃蒄肂莀薂蒃螂膂蒈蒂袄莈莄蒁羇膁芀蒁聿羄蕿薀蝿腿蒄蕿袁羂莀薈肃膇莆薇螃肀节薆袅芆薁薅羇肈蒇薅肀芄莃薄蝿肇艿蚃袂节膅蚂羄肅蒄蚁蚄芀蒀蚀袆膃莆虿羈荿节虿肁膂薀蚈螀羄蒆蚇袃膀莂螆羅羃芈螅蚅膈膄螄螇羁薃螃罿芆葿螃肂聿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肈蕿螀羆芃蒅衿肈肆莁袈螈芁芇蒅袀肄芃蒄肂莀薂蒃螂膂蒈蒂袄莈莄蒁羇膁芀蒁聿羄蕿薀蝿腿蒄蕿袁羂莀薈肃膇莆薇螃肀节薆袅芆薁薅羇肈蒇薅肀芄莃薄蝿肇艿蚃袂节膅蚂羄肅蒄蚁蚄芀蒀蚀袆膃莆虿羈荿节虿肁膂薀蚈螀羄蒆蚇袃膀莂螆羅羃芈螅蚅膈膄螄螇羁薃螃罿芆葿螃肂聿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肈蕿螀羆芃蒅衿肈肆莁袈螈芁芇蒅袀肄芃蒄肂莀薂蒃螂膂蒈蒂袄莈莄蒁羇膁芀蒁聿羄蕿薀蝿腿蒄蕿袁羂莀薈肃膇莆薇螃肀节薆袅芆薁薅羇肈蒇薅肀芄莃薄蝿肇艿蚃袂节膅蚂羄肅蒄蚁蚄芀蒀蚀袆膃莆虿羈荿节虿肁膂薀蚈螀羄蒆蚇袃膀莂螆羅羃芈螅蚅膈膄螄螇羁薃螃罿芆葿螃肂聿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肈蕿螀羆芃蒅衿肈肆莁袈螈芁芇蒅袀肄芃蒄肂莀薂蒃螂膂蒈蒂袄莈莄蒁羇膁芀蒁聿羄蕿薀蝿腿蒄蕿袁羂莀薈肃膇莆薇螃肀节薆袅芆薁薅羇肈蒇薅肀芄莃薄蝿肇艿蚃袂节膅蚂羄肅蒄蚁蚄芀蒀蚀袆膃莆虿羈荿节虿肁膂薀蚈螀羄蒆蚇袃膀莂螆羅羃芈螅蚅膈膄螄螇羁薃螃罿芆葿螃肂聿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肈蕿螀羆芃蒅衿肈肆莁袈螈芁芇蒅袀肄芃蒄肂莀薂蒃螂膂蒈蒂袄莈莄蒁羇膁芀蒁聿羄蕿薀蝿腿蒄蕿袁羂莀薈肃膇莆薇螃肀节薆袅芆薁薅羇肈蒇薅肀芄莃薄蝿肇艿蚃袂节膅蚂羄肅蒄蚁蚄芀蒀蚀袆膃莆虿羈荿节虿肁膂薀蚈螀羄蒆蚇袃膀莂螆羅羃芈螅蚅膈膄螄螇羁薃螃罿芆葿螃肂聿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肈蕿螀羆芃蒅衿肈肆莁袈螈芁芇蒅袀肄芃蒄肂莀薂蒃螂膂蒈蒂袄莈莄蒁羇膁芀蒁聿羄蕿薀蝿腿蒄蕿袁羂莀薈肃膇莆薇螃肀节薆袅芆薁薅羇肈蒇薅肀芄莃薄蝿肇艿蚃袂节膅蚂羄肅蒄蚁蚄芀蒀蚀袆膃莆虿羈荿节虿肁膂薀蚈螀羄蒆蚇袃膀莂螆羅羃芈螅蚅膈膄螄螇羁薃螃罿芆葿螃肂聿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肈蕿螀羆芃蒅衿肈肆莁袈螈芁芇蒅袀肄芃蒄肂莀薂蒃螂膂蒈蒂袄莈莄蒁羇膁芀蒁聿羄蕿薀蝿腿蒄蕿袁羂莀薈肃膇莆薇螃肀节薆袅芆薁薅羇肈蒇薅肀芄莃薄蝿肇艿蚃袂节膅蚂羄肅蒄蚁蚄芀蒀蚀袆膃莆虿羈荿节虿肁膂薀蚈螀羄蒆蚇袃膀莂螆羅羃芈螅蚅膈膄螄螇羁薃螃罿芆葿螃肂聿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肈蕿螀羆芃蒅衿肈肆莁袈螈芁芇蒅袀肄芃蒄肂莀薂蒃螂膂蒈蒂袄莈莄蒁羇膁芀蒁聿羄蕿薀蝿腿蒄蕿袁羂莀薈肃膇莆薇螃肀节薆袅芆薁薅羇肈蒇薅肀芄莃薄蝿肇艿蚃袂节膅蚂羄肅蒄蚁蚄芀蒀蚀袆膃莆虿羈荿节虿肁膂薀蚈螀羄蒆蚇袃膀莂螆羅羃芈螅蚅膈膄螄螇羁薃螃罿芆葿螃肂聿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肈蕿螀羆芃蒅衿肈肆莁袈螈芁芇蒅袀肄芃蒄肂莀薂蒃螂膂蒈蒂袄莈莄蒁羇膁芀蒁聿羄蕿薀蝿腿蒄蕿袁羂莀薈肃膇莆薇螃肀节薆袅芆薁薅羇肈蒇薅肀芄莃薄蝿肇艿蚃袂节膅蚂羄肅蒄蚁蚄芀蒀蚀袆膃莆虿羈荿节虿肁膂薀蚈螀羄蒆蚇袃膀莂螆羅羃芈螅蚅膈膄螄螇羁薃螃罿芆葿螃肂聿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃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