高中英语语法经验总结 124页

五大基本句型1.主（n./pron./todosth/doingsth/主语从句）——谓(vi.)（如：come,go,arrive,stay,work,fall,rise,die,happen,fail,appear,lie,sit,stand,last)(1).Thesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest.(2).Yourbrotherhasgonehome.(3).WeworkhardatEnglish.2.主----谓（vt.如：visit,spend,forget,raise,have,seat,astonish,satisfy,embarass)---宾（n./pron./todosth/doingsth/宾语从句）(1).Istudychemistryandhestudiesphysics.(2).Ihaveneverseensuchaninterestingfilm.(3).Hedoesn"tknowwhattoread.3.主-------谓（vt.)------间接宾语（sb)-------直接宾语(sth.)(1).Givesbsth=Givesthtosb:send,pass,hand,show(2).Buysbsth=Buysthforsb:make,get,cook,call,find(3).Asksbsth=Asksthofsb124 (1).Willyoulendmeyourbike?(2).PeterboughtMaryanewdress.(3).Pleasegethimsomehotwater.(4).Willyoutellussthaboutyourschoollife?(5).Thislittleboyisalwaysaskingtheteacherallsortsofquestions.(6).Passmethepaper,please.(7)JohnisteachingMaryhowtorideabicycle.4.主----谓(vt.)-----宾-----补(n./adj/adv/介词短语/todosth----如：ask,tell,order,want,wish,encourage,allow,forbid/Dosth----如：“四看”、“二听”、“一感觉”；have,let与make/Doingsth/Donebysb.)(1).Isawherenterthelab.(2).NathanHalefelthisheartbeatingfast.(3).Weelectedhimourschoolheadmaster.(4).Thestudentsoftenkeeptheirclassroomcleanandtidy.(5).I"llhavethebikerepaired.(6).Iheardhimsinginghappilyinthenextroom.(7).Thatmanmadetheboyobeyhim.(8).Hepaintedthedoorred.(9).Shefoundherbikestolen.124 (10).letmehavealook.WecallherXiaoli.(11).Weaskedthemtostayforlunch.(12).Iwishyoutogowithme.(13).Don"tkeepyourmotherwaiting.(14).suddenlyshesawawalletlyingontheground.(15).Whenhewokeup,hefoundhimselftieddown.5.主-----系(be/look,smell,taste,sound,feel/prove,remain,stay,keep/turn,get,become,make)----表（n./adj./adv./介词短语/todosth/doingsth./donebysb./表语从句）。(1).Thenewswasexciting.(2).Hewasexcitedatthenews.(3).Theteachers"officeiscleanandtidy.(4).ShebecameaLeaguememberin1978.(5).TheSummerPalacelooksespeciallybeautifulintheearlymorning.(6).Themusicsoundssweet.(7).Youranswerdoesn"tsoundright.(8).Thedishsmellsgood/delicious.(9).Theliquidtastesbitter.(10).MyjobistoteachEnglish./teachingEnglish.(11).Thisstoryisveryinteresting.124 (12).I"minterestedinthestory.(13).Hebecameawriterin1960.比较：Heturnedwriterin1960.(14).Hewillmakeagoodathlete.（成为）希望你能熟记上述经典例句，真正掌握这五大基本句型呀。124 定语从句1.什么叫定语从句？先行词？引导词？定语从句的位置如何？(1).Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.(2).ThenoodlesthatIcookedweredeliicious.(3).Whoisthemanthatisreadingoverthere?(4).ThegirlthatwesawyesterdaywasJim"ssister.(5).Thefishwhichweboughtwerenotfresh.(6).Whoisthepersonwhomyoujusttalkedto?(6).Mrs.Readisthepersontowhomyoushouldwrite.(7).IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametoBeijing.(8).Thisisthehousewherewelivedlastyear.(9).Thefactorywherehisfatherworksisinthewestofthecity.(10).WeiFangisthestudentwhosehomecaughtfirelastnight.124 2.定语从句的引导词分为5个关系代词:（1).who--指人，在从句中作主语。（2).whom--指人，在从句中作宾语。(3).whose--指人或物，在从句中作定语。(4).which---指物，在从句指作主语或宾语;which还可以作定语起到限定词的作用（this/that/these/those),但其前面必须有介词。(5).that--指人或物，在从句指作主语或宾语。(5)as---指人或物，在从句中作主、宾、表，既可以引导限制性定语从句(thesame-----as,such---as,as/so---as),也可以引导非限制性定语从句（位置灵活).3个关系副词:(1).when--指时间，在从句中作时间状语。(2).where--指地点，在从句中作地点状语。(3).why--指原因，在从句中作原因状语。注意：判断用关系代词还是用关系副词，主要取决于什么？取决于引导词在从句中所充当的成分：若引导词在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语时，须用关系代词；若引导词在从句中充当状语时，须用关系副词。(1).I"llneverforgettheday_____yousavedme. That"sthespecialday_______I"llneverforget.(2).Thisisthehouse_____myauntlivedlastyear. Thisisthehouse______myauntboughtlastyear.(3).We"llvisitthevillage,______wasoncethesiteofa124 famousbattle.We"llvisitthevillage,______afamousbattleoncetookplace.(4).Oct.1,1949wastheday______we"llneverforget. Oct.1,1949wastheday_____thePRCwasfounded.(5)Helosthistemper,atwhichpointIdecidedtogohome.此时我决定回家(6)ChaplinwenttotheStatesin1910,bywhichtimehehadlearnedtodanceandactincomedies.(7)Hissoninsistedonjoiningthearmy,inwhichcasehehadtogivein.3.一般来说，that/which都可以指物（可互用），但在下列情况下，必须用that指物，不用which.(1).当先行词本身为不定代词时：all,much,little,sth,anything,everything,noyhing.(2).当先行词被adj最高级/序数词修饰时。(3).当先行词被thevery(正是、就是)、theonly、thelast修饰时。(1).Allthatglittersisnotgold.Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.124 Youcantakeanyroomthatyoulike.Thereisnodifficultythatwecan"tovercome.ThisisthelasttimethatI"llgiveyoualesson.ThisistheverybookthatI"mafter.Chinaisnotthecountrythatitusedtobe.(关系代词在从句中作表语时）4.As引导的定语从句：(as在定语从句中必须充当成分：主语、宾语、表语)(1).Thesame--------as--------(2).Such----------as--------(3).As-clause,main-clause.==Main-clause,as-clause.(4).such/as-------as-------(5)as/so------as--------(1).Asweknow,morethan70%oftheearth"ssurfaceiscoveredbywater.(2).Thiselephantislikeasnake,asanybodycansee.(3).Thiskindofcomputer,asiswell-known,isoutofdate.(5).ThisisthesamebagasIlostyesterday.(6).Ihavethesametroubleasyou(have).(7).Don"ttalkaboutsuchthingsasyoudonotunderstand.(8).Airisagas,asisknowntous124 .   Asweallknow,airisagas.   Air,asweknow,isagas.(9)Hecanliftsoheavyastoneasnooneelsecan.比较：Thisissoheavyastone/suchaheavystonethatnoonecanliftit.(结果状语从句)   Thisissoheavyastone/suchaheavystoneasnoonecanlift.(定语从句）注意：1.as引导的非限制性定语从句常有，只能指代整个主句的内容，不能指代单个先行词：“如同-------那样”：asweknow/asisknowntoall,asweallcansee,ashasbeensaidbefore/above,ashasbeenpointedout,asmightbeexpected(正如所预料的那样),asisoftenthecase(情况常常是这样),2.which在非限制性定语从句中，既可以指代整个主句，也可以指代单个先行词。指代的是先行词本身而不是主句时，不可用as代替which.3.在非限制性定语从句中作主语时，which既可作系动词be的主语，也可作实义动词的主语，而as只能作系动词be的主语。124 (1)Theappletree,whichIplantedlastyear,hasnotanyfruit.(2)Hemarriedher,which/aswasnatural.(3)Hesawthegirl,whichdelightedhim.5.特殊的句型(1).Doallonecantodosth. Dowhatonecantodosth. Do/tryone"sbesttodosth.(2).Idon"tliketheway(that)youwalk Idon"tliketheway(inwhich)youwalk.(3).This/Itisthe1st/2ndtimethatIhavedonesth. This/Itwasthe1st/2ndtimethatIhaddonesth.(4).Helivesinthehousewhosewindowfacessouth. Helivesinthehousethewindowofwhichfacessouth. Helivesinthehouseofwhichthewindowfacessouth.(5).Heenteredthemeetinghall,inthefrontofwhichweresittingsomeimportantmen.124 (6)比较：Asisreportedinthenewspaper,talksbetweenthe2countriesaremakingprogress.   Itisreportedinthenewspaperthattalksbetweenthe2countriesaremakingprogress. Whatisreportedinthenewspaperisthattalksbetweenthe2countriesaremakingprogress.(7)Wewentuptotheroof,fromwherewehadagoodviewoftheprocession. Theystoodnearthewindow,fromwherewecouldseethewholegarden.注意：(1)No/never/not--------先行词-------But----=that------not或who------not：“没有--------不----的”  (2)当先行词是case,condition,situation,position,point,stage 等名词时，表示情况、方面、处境时，用关系副词where.但先行词是occasion时，用关系副词when.(!)Therewasnomanbutadmiredhim=nomanwhodidn"tadmirehim.124 (2)Thereisnodificultybutmaybesmoothedaway.=nodifficultythatmaynotbesmoothedaway.(3)Therearesomecases,wherethisroledoesn"tholdgood.（适用)(4)InChinathereisnoonebutknowsLeiFeng.(5)Thereisnorulebuthasexceptions.(6)Hersisterhasbeecomealawyer,_____shewantedtobe.A.who B.what C.that D.which(关系代词指代人的职业、身份）6.相似结构，注意辨别：(1)*Isthismuseum_______theyvisitedyesterday? *Isthisthemuseum_______theyvisitedyesterday?*Isthismuseum________theystayedyesterday? *Itwasthemuseum_______yousawmanytreasures. *Itwasinthemuseum_______yousawmanytreasures. *Itwasinthemuseum_____youdroppedinthatyousawmanytreasures.124 (2).Shelivedinthehouse________sheusedtolive.            _________sheusedtolivein.            _________sheusedtodropin.            _________sheusedtovisit.            _________windowswerebroken.           thewindows______werebroken.           and__________windowswerebrokken.           _____thebrokenwindows.A.where  B.inwhich  C.atwhich  D.that  E.which  F.its   G.with   H.ofwhich I.whose  J.不填 K.theone(that)Keys:1.k;de;a; ab; d; e                     2.ab;dej; de; de;i;h;f;g.124 (3).______isknownisthathehasgonetocollege. ______isknownthathehasgonetocollege._____isknown,hehasgonetocollege. Weallknow_______hehasgonetocollege. Hehasgonetocollege,________madeussurprised. Hehasgonetocollegeand_____madeussurprised. Hehasgonetocollege,_____surprisedus. Hehasgonetocollege,______Iamsurprisedat. _____surprisedusmostwas______hehasgonetocollege. A.It B.As C.Which  D.What  E.that (4).Heissuchagoodteacher______wealllike.  Heissuchagoodteacher_____wealllikehim.  Heissuchagoodteacher,_____weallknow.  Heisagoodteacher,_____makesusrespecthim.   A.as B.that C.which124 (5).HearrivedinBeijingin1984,_________hebecameamanagersomeyearslater. HearrivedinBeijingin1984,_______wasimportantforhim. HearrivedinBeijingin1984,_______hewasalreadyinhisfifties. HearrivedinBeijingin1984,and_____hebecamefamous. Itwasin1984_____hearrivedinBeijing. A.when  B.where  C.which D.there  E.thatKeys:3.d;a;b;e;ce;c;bc;d;e                   4.a;b;ac;c     5.b;c;a;d;e124 名词性从句（一）、什么叫名词性从句？名词性从句在复句中的位置如何？1.主语从句-----谓语------宾语.(1).Whetheritistrueremainsaquestion.(2).Whetherhewillgoornothasnotbeendecided.(3).Itisn"tquiteclearwhyshedidit.(4).Itisnotknownwhereshehasgone.(5)Whatiscalledatomicenergyisactuallynuclearenergy.2.主语------谓语(vt.)------宾语从句.(1).IwonderwhetherornotMikeisathomenow.(2).Idon"tcarewhetherornothiscarbreaksdown.(3).Hisparentsthinkitapitythattheirsondidn"tpasstheexam.(4)Afterwhatseemedanendlesswait,itwasatlasthisturntostepintotheconsultingroom.(5)HewasborninwhatisnowknownasShanghai.124 注意;it作形式宾语的特殊句型：(1).oweittosb.that------“把----归功于----” (2).Leaveittosb.that----“把---留给某人去做”(3).Takeitforgrantedthat---“想当然”    (4).keepitinmindthat----"记住"(5).Ilike/enjoy/hateitthat--------      (6).seetoitthat----=makesurethat----"务必、确保"(7).dependonitthat------(1).Ienjoy____whenyouhelp_____isintrouble.     A.it,thosewho   B.that,who       C.this,anyone   D.it,whoever(2).IoweittoyouthatI"mstillalive.(3)Ileaveittoyoutojudge.（我让你做判断）(4).Youmaydependonitthattheywillhelpyou.（你可以放心他们会帮你的)124 (5).Wouldyouseetoitthatthevillagershavecleandrinkingwater?(你负责保证）(6)Itakeitthatyouwon"tbecomingtoSophie"sparty.(我想你不回去参加）(7).I"mcountingonitthatyouwillcome.(我正指望着你回来)3.主语-----系-------表语从句.(1).Chinaisnolongerwhatitusedtobe.(2).That"swhyweloveourmotherlandsomuch.(3).Itlooksasifit"sgoingtorain.(4).Thereasonwhyhewasabsentyesterdywasthathewasill.4.某些名词（如：thenews/idea/fact/hope/belief/promise/suggestion/possibility/problem/conclusion/opinion/remark评论、意见，saying格言、谚语，evidence)---引导词（如：that,whether,how,when,where,why)----同位语从句（注意：which不能引导同位语从句)(1).Herecomesthenewsthatsomeforeignfriendswillcometoourschool.(2).Thefactthathehadnotsaidanythingsurprisedeverybody.(3).Wordcamethattheirheadmasterwouldsoonvisitourschool.(4).Ihavenoideawhenshewillcomeback.124 (二）、名词性从句的引导词：(1).连接词：that,whether/if,asif--------在从句中不充当任何成分。(2).连接代词：who,what,which,whose-------在从句中充当主语、宾语、表语、定语。(3).连接副词：when,where.why,how,howmany/much/soon/often/long-----在从句中充当状语。注意：(1).if不能引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句以及介词的宾语从句。 (2).与ornot或不定式连用，要用whether.   (3).what本身有一定的意义，且在从句中充当一定的成分，而that本身无任何意义，且在从句中不充当任何成分。e.g.(1).Itisunknownwhether/ifsheisill.(如果 用形式主语，if和whether都可以）  (2).Idon"tcareifhedoesn"tshowup.他来不来我都不在乎（若宾语从句为否定结构，则多用if,而不用whether)124   (3)Afteryearsofhardwork,hewasmadewhathewas.(主语补足语----经过多年的辛劳，她被弄成这样）注意：inthat(由于、因为），exceptthat(除了----），butthat(如果没有、要不是-----），besidesthat(除了----)(1)IknownothingabouthiscareerexceptthatheisagraduateofTsinghuaUniversity.(2)Hewouldhavehelpedusbutthathewasshortofmoneyatthattime. (3)ButthatIsawit,Icouldn"thavebelievedit.(三).弄清一类连词：“无论（不管）--------”Nomatterwho-----==Whoever-------Nomatterwhat-----==Whatever------Nomatterwhich------==Whichever-------Nomatterwhen-------==Whenever---------Nomatterwhere-----==wherever----------Nomatterhow+adj/adv------==However+adj/adv-------左边：只能引导让步状语从句。而右边：既可以引导让步状语从句，又可以引导名词性从句。124 (1).I"llgivethebookto_______wantsit.(A).anyone (B).thosewho (C).whoever (D).whomever(2).Nomatterwho=Whoeverwantstoreadthebook,youmaylendittohim.(3).Howeverlate=Nomatterhowlateheis,Motherwillwaitforhimtohavedinnertogether.(5).Whenever=Everytimehesawme,hegreetedme.Whereveryougo,we"llbethinkingofyou.(四).弄清同位语从句与定语从句的区别:(1)that引导定语从句时，that充当定语从句的成分；that引导同位语从句时，that不充当从句的任何成分。(2)当when,where,why引导定语从句时，其意义与先行词有关，与先行词的意义基本相同，没有疑问意义；但它们引导同位语从句时，其意义与被同位的词毫无关系，其意义完全与疑问词相同，即when表示；“什么时候”，where表示：“哪儿”。它们引导两种从句时都在从句中做状语。(1).Heexpressedthehopethathehadformanyyears. HeexpressedthehopethathewouldcometoChinaagain124 .(2).Ihavethe1stimpressionthathegavemein1980.  Ihavethe1stimpressionthatheisanhonestman.(3).Thenewsthatyouheardisnottrue. ThewholenationwasplungedintodeepsorrowatthenewsthatAbrahamLincolnwasmurderedatatheatre.(4)比较：IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametoBeijing.(定语从句)    ThisisthehousewhereIlived2yearsago.(定语从句)    Ihavenoideawhenshewillbeback.(同位语从句）    Thenarosethequestionwhereweweretogetthemachinesneeded.(同位语从句）(五).特殊句型要牢记：(1).Itissaid/believed/reported/thought/well-known124 that---------(2).Itturnedoutthat------“结果是，原来是-----”(3).Ithappenedthat------“碰巧--------”(4).Itoccurredtomethat------=Itstruckmethat-------“突然想起------”(5).Wordcamethat------“有消息传来说---------”(6).Itseems/appearsthat-----------“似乎是，好像是---------”(7).Itisapity/afact/nowonderthat-------“真遗憾、是事实、难怪------”(8).Itispossible/probable/likelythat-------(9).Itisimportant/necessary/strangethat--------{从句中用虚拟语气:（should）+动词原形}(10).Itiscertainthat-------(11).Itfollowsthat-------“于是乎，从而--------”(12).Thereisnopointindoingsth.  Thereisnoneedtodosth.(13).Itisuptosbtodosth. “该由某人做某事，由某人负责”(14).Itisjustlikesbtodosth.“某人恰恰是这个样子”(15).Seetoitthat-----=Makesure124 that------“务必。确保”(16).Howdiditcomeaboutthatyouwerelateagainyesterday?六、弄清一组句型的区别：(1)Itwasnotuntil----that------（强调结构）124 (2).Itwas+时间段+ago或+介词短语+that------(强调结构）(3).Itwas+时间点名词+when------"当----时已是----时间了”(4).Itis/was/will(not)be+时间段名词+before------（肯定句）“过多久---就/才-----”;(否定句）“不久----就/才-----”(5)Itis+时间段+since-------  例如：(1).ItwasnotuntilyesterdaythatIreceivedhisletter.(2).Itwasonthecoaststhatlotsofpeopledisappeared.(3).Itwas3yearsagothathearrivedinAustralia.(4).Itwas10o"clockintheeveningwhenhecameback.(5).Itwillbehoursbeforehearriveshere.(6).Itwasnotlongbeforetheydrovetheenemyfromtheirhomeland.(7).Itis3dayssinceweleftourschool.(8).Itis10yearssinceIwasateacher.(我不当教师已经10年了)(9).Itis5yearssincehelivedinLondon.(他有5年不在伦敦住了)124 状语从句一、什么叫状语从句？状语从句有哪些种类？引导词是什么？1.时间状语从句：when,while,as,before,after,since,till(until),assoon124 as,hardly--when,nosooner--than,once, each/everytime,thefirsttime,thelasttime,nexttime,themoment,theminute,theinstant,immediately,directly,instantly 2.地点状语从句：where,wherever3.原因状语从句：because,since,as,nowthat,inthat,considering(that)4.目的状语从句：sothat---,inorderthat---,incase---,forfearthat---(以防、以免、生怕)=lest5.结果状语从句：sothat---,so/such---that---6.条件状语从句：if,unless,as/solongas----,onconditionthat---,providing(provided)that,assumingthat, supposethat,supposingthat,giventhat,when7.方式状语从句：justas---,asif,theway---8.让步状语从句：(al)though,everif,whether,nomatterwho/what/where---,as(虽然）,while9.比较状语从句：as---as,notas/so---as,more---than,124 themore----themore,less---than例如：1.Shetreatedthechildthewayhismotherdid.2.Childasheis,heknowsalot.3.MuchasIlikeit,Iwillnotbuyit.4.Tryasyouwill,youwon"tmanageit.5.LosemoneyasIdid,Igotalotofexperience. 4.Youmayborrowthisbook,onconditionthatyoudon"tlendittoanyoneelse.5.I"llcomeonconditionthatJohnisinvited,too.6.NosoonerhadIreachedthebusstopthanthebusstarted.7.Hardlyhadheclosedthedoorwhentherecameaknockonit.8.Takeyourumbrella,incaseitrains.9.Wehadn"tmetfor20yearsbutIrecognizedhimthemomentIsawhim.10.Nowthatyouarewellagain,youcanworkwiththem.11.Whenyoureadthebook,you"dbettermakeamarkwhereyouhaveaquestion.12.Howeverlateheis,Motherwillwaitforhimtohavedinnertogether.13.WheninRome,doastheRomansdo124 .14.JackandTomhadtowait2moreweeksbeforethemanagercameback.15.Forall(that)hehaslotsofmoney,he"sfarfrombeinghappy.(虽然、尽管)16.Withallhisroughness,hehasaheartofgold.(虽然他粗俗，但他有一颗金子般的心）17.Airistouswhatwateristofish.18.Readingistomindwhatfoodistothebody.19.Ithoughtconditionswouldgetbetter,butasitistheyaregettingworse.(事实上，实际情况是）20.Leaveitasitis.别动它（让它保持原来的样子）21.Statethefactsastheyare.按照实际情况把事实摆出来。22.Heis,asitwere,awalkingdictionary.(仿佛、好像可以说是)(=/=asitis/was)23.Theskyiscovered,asitwere,withablackcurtain.(仿佛）二、注意：特殊的引导词（连词）：themoment----=assoonas---=immediately----=directly---124 =hardly---when=nosooner---thanas/solongas---,onconditionthat---,incase---,nowthat---,providedthat---=supposingthat---,everytime---,thefirsttime---,thelasttime---,nexttime---例如：(1).Onarrivingatthestation,thethiefwasarrested.比较：Onhisarrivalatclassroom,thecameandthebellrang.  (2).ThefirsttimeIclimbedontothewall,Ifeltnervous.  (3).ThelasttimeshesawJames,hewaslyinginbed.三、并列连词when=andjustthen（就在这时，突然---）的三种句型：1.Iwasdoingsth.whensth.happened.2.Iwas(just)abouttodosth.whensth.happened.3.Ihad(just)donesth.whensth.happened.例如：1.Iwasjustabouttogooutwhenthetelephonerang.2.Ihadjustfallenasleepwhenthebabystartedto124 cry.3.IwasthinkingofthiswhenIheardmynamecalled.四、状语从句中的省略：有些时间、地点、条件、方式或让步状语从句中，如果从句中的主语与主句中的主语一致或主语为it时，且从句谓语又包含Be动词，就可以省略从句中的“主语+Be”部分。1.Ifasked,,youmaycomein.2.Whenwalkinginthestreet,Imetanoldfriendofmine.3.Ifpossible,sendmewordtomorrow.4.Hewon"tattendthemeetingunlessinvited.5.Hegotmuchtallerthanexpected.7.Helookedthroughthenewspaperwhilehavinghissupper.8.Oncerecovered,shethrewherselfintoherstudy.9.Whenstillaboyof10,hehadtoworkdayandnight.he10.Shetriedherbestthoughratherpoolinhealth.11.Hewasfondofswimmingwhenyetachild.12.Theboylookedasifafraidofnothing.五、如何区别不同的从句：（1）据连词。（2）据句子结构和句意：1.Youaretofinditwhereyouleftit.2.Tellmetheaddresswherehelives.3.Idon"tknowwherehecamefrom.4.Wherehehasgoneisnotknown124 yet.5.Thisplaceiswheretheyoncehid.6.Makeamarkwhereyouhaveaquestionwhenreading.动词的时态和语态一、八大时态和两大语态的基本公式是什么？不同的时态分别与什么时间状语连用？有关时态之间的区别是什么？1.时态和语态的基本公式（要牢记）：时态     被动语态（Be  Donebysb.)124 （1）-----do/doessth.  (1)-----is/aredone(bysb.)(2)-----didsth.   (2)----------was/weredone(bysb.)(3)-----is/aredoingsth.  (3)---is/arebeingdone(bysb.)(4)--was/weredoingsth. (4)---was/werebeingdone(bysb.)(5)--has/havedonesth. (5)---has/havebeendone(bysb.)(6)--haddonesth. (6)--hadbeendone(bysb.)(7)---willdosth.  (7)--willbedone(bysb.)(8)--woulddosth.(8)---wouldbedone(bysb.)  (9)---willbedoingsth.(atthistimetomorrow)(表示将来某个时刻或时段正在进行的动作）(10)---willhavedonesth.(bythistimenextyear)（表示在将来的某个时刻之前业已完成的动作）注意：vi.和linkv.均无被动语态。如：124 (1).happen.takeplace. breakout.belongto. last.runout. cost. spread,own,contain,occur,spread,rise,comeabout,cometrue,comeintobeing(2).look.smell.taste.sound.feel(感官系动词),appear,become,get,grow,remain,keep,prove,seem,stay,turn例如：(1).Inthepast5years,greatchangeshavetakeninmyhometown. (2).Cottonfeelssoft.       (3)Afterthefire,verylittleremained ofmyhouse.   (4)Hisplanproved(tobe)practical.（实用的）2.时态与时间状语的搭配：(1).一般现在时：often,always,now,everymorning/day/week,seldom,usually,never,sometimes,nowandthen,fromtimetotime,occassionally,onceaweek/year.(2)现在进行时：now,atpresent,atthistime.124 (3)一般过去时：yesterday,yesterdaymorning,lastweek,atthattime,thedaybeforeyesterday,thenightbeforelast,theotherday,justnow.(4)过去进行时：atthattime,then,atthistimeyesterday,atfouryesterday.(5)一般将来时：tomorrow, tomorrowafternoon,inanhour, nextweek/year,aweeklater,howsoon, beforelong,in(the)future.(6)过去将来时：thenextday/week/month.(7)完成时：just,already,yet,ever,never,bynow,bytheendofthis/lastyear,thesedays/years,inthelast/past10years,manytimes,sofar,recently,lately,allthetime.注意：区别语境，灵活处理时间状语与语态的关系。(1).HehadbeeninB.J.for10yearsbeforeheleftforWuhan.(2).Heoftengoeshungry.(3).Heoftenwenthungryinthepast.(4).Hewrotealetteryesterdayevening.124 (5).Hewaswritingaletteryesterdayeveningwhenhisfriendcamein请记住下面这些经典的例句吧：(1).Whatwillyoubedoingatthistimetomorrow?(2).Youwillhavegraduatedbythistimenextyear.(3).Hepromisedtocome,buthehasn"tturnedupyet.(4).Thepartyistobeheldat6:00onSaturdaymorning.(5).Thisisaterriblyheavybox.I"llhelpyoucarryit.(will表示临时性的决定，而begoingto表示事先经过考虑或做好安排的将来).再如:-----You"veleftthelighton.  -----Oh,soIhave.I"llgoandturnitoff.(6).Thefilmhadbeenonfor20minuteswhenwegottothecinema.(7).Hewasjustabouttodivewhenhesawashark.124 (8)Hewillbe30yearsoldnextyear./Tomorrowwillbethe20thofAugust.(will表示按自然规律将必然会）(9)Fishwilldiewithoutwater./Oilandwaterwillnotmix./We"lldiewithoutairorwater.(will表示事物的固有属性或必然趋势、倾向）(10)比较：*It"sweekssinceIfellill.(fallill“患病",终止性动词，表示这一行为的开始)---我病了几周了。*It"sweekssinceIwasill.(beill"病了",表示状态，是持续性的，表示这一行为的终止)----我病好了好几周了。Bealwaysdoingsth------------表示说话者的感情色彩.例如：(8).Heisalwayshelpingothers.(9).Sheisalwayscominghomelate.下列这些特定的时态是表示虚拟语气的：(1).Ihadhopedtocatchthe7:30train,butfoundit(was)gone.124 (2).Ihadintendedtomakeacake,butIranoutoftime.(3).I"dliketohavegonetothepartylastnight,butIhadanunexpectedvisitor.(4).Iwasgoingtofinishmyarticlebutmyfriendarrived,soIdidn"thavetime.(5).was/weretohavedonesth.（原本打算做某事，但未做成.)试着做一做吧：(1).Whenwereachedtheairpport,it_____.   A.isprobablyraining B.probablyrains C.willprobablyberaining  D.hasprobablyrained(2).Alicehasjustarrived,butI______until4.    A.haven"tknownshiwillcome B.hadn"tknownshewascoming         C.don"tknowshewillcome      D.didn"tknowshewascoming124 (3).UnluckilywhenIarrive,she______,soweonlyhadtimeforafewwords.A.justleft       B.wasleaving     C.hadjustleft     D.hasjustleft(4).----Who _______thatviolin?  ---Mysister,whenshe_______time.A.plays,has  B.isplaying,willhave      C.plays,ishaving  D.isplaying,hashad(5).-----I"vebeentoldthatJohn_______fromhisjourneytoAmerica.Whataboutvisitinghimtonight?  -----Allright.I"llpickyouupat6:00pm.   A.hadcomeback   B.isback      C.cameback     D.comingback124 (6).Shirley_______abookaboutChinalastyear,butIdon"tknowwhethershehasfinishedit.  A.haswritten  B.wrote         C.hadwritten        D.waswriting(7).Thenewscameasnosurprisetome.I_______forsometimethatthefactorywasgoingtoshutdown.   A.hadknown      B.knew         C.haveknown     D.know(8)----Don"tyoufeelsurprisedtoseeBruceatthemeeting? ----Yes.Ireallydidn"tthinkshe_____here.  A.hasbeen     B.hadbeen       C.wouldbe         D.wouldhavebeen(9)----Willyourepeatyouridea?124 -----Certainly.ButIthinkitcertainyou______yourattention. A.don"tpay      B.didn"tpay    C.weren"tpaying    D.aren"tpaying(10)----Howcanyouborrowmycomputerwithoutmypermission? ----Oh,I______totellyou.Ihopeyoudon"tmind.  A.forget         B.forgot          C.hadforgotten     D.amforgetting(11)______Mr.Smith______thisweek? ------No.Heisonholiday. A.Has, worked          B.Does, work    C.Did,  work          D.Is, working    124 二、不能用于进行时的动词有：(1)表示感官的动词：see,hear,notice,feel,smell,sound,taste,look等(2)表示存在状态的动词：be,appear,exist,lie,remain,seem,belongto,dependon,stay,continue等(3)表示一时性动作的动词：allow,accept,permit,promise,admit,complete等(4)表示感情和思维的动词：fear,wish,prefer,refuse,forgive,like,love,hate,care,believe,want,mind,wish,agree,mean,need等(5)表示思考、理解的动词：understand,know,believe,think,doubt,forget,remember----(6)表示占有与从属的动词：own，have,possess,belong,consist,但如果词义转变，能表示一个正在进行的动作，就能用于进行时态。比较：*Doyouseeanyonehere? 与 Areyouseeingsomeoneoff?*Helooksveryyoung. 与 Heislookingforhispen.三、主动形式表示被动意思：124 1.某些动词（如：wash,sell,write,read,wear,lock等),它们的主动语态常可表示被动的意思，这种动词一般只用一般现在时（说明事物所具备的某种性质或特征），且常与否定词not或副词well,easily,smoothly连用，主语通常是五.(1).Thedoorwon"tshut.(2).Thewindowshutseasily.(3).Thisboxdoesn"tlock.(4).Livingfishsellwell.(5).Theclothwasheswell.(6).Thispenwritessmoothly.(7).Thispoemreadswell.2.Mywatchneeds/wants/requiresrepairing或toberepaired.3.(1).Thisvillageishardtofindinthemap. (2).Thiswaterisfittodrink. (3).Thissentenceisnoteasytounderstand.4.Thisfilmis(well)worthseeing.124 5.Betoblame(应该受到责备），Betolet(出租）,Betorent(出租)如;Thiscaristolet.非谓语动词什么叫非谓语动词？非谓语动词在句中的作用是什么？什么叫动名词复合结构？什么叫独立主格结构？非谓语动词的否定式是如何构成的？一、什么叫非谓语动词？（不能单独作谓语的动词形式）124 (1).Todosth.（表示将来的动作）：在句中充当主、宾、表、定、状、补）(2).Doingsth.（表示动作正在进行、主动）：在句中充当主、宾、表、定、状、补）(3).Donebysb.（表示被动、已经完成的动作---vi.的过去分词没有被动的意义，只表示动作的完成）：在句中充当表、定、状、补）二、非谓语动词在句中的作用1.作主语：(1).Todosth.------往往表示某一次具体的动作，特别是将来的动作。(2).Doingsth.------往往表示抽象的一般性的行为。注意：Itisnouse/goodDoingsth. e.g.It"snousecryingoverspiltmilk.(1).Itisnotgoodforyoutosmoke.         (2).Smokingdoesharmtopeople"shealth.(3).It"skindofyoutosayso.           (4).ItisdifficultforaforeignertolearnChinese.124 (5).StudyingEnglishrequiresacertainskill.2.作宾语：(1).Todosth.      (2).Doingsth.(区别同主语）(1).YoushouldpractisespeakingEnglishregularly.  (2).Allofusareinterestedinmakingexperiments.(3).WelearntospeakEnglishbyspeaking.      (4).Iintendtodoitmyself.(5).Manypeoplehavemadeitahabittodosomeexerciseinthemorning.注意：（1).只能接Doingsth.作宾语的动词有：mind,enjoy,finish,understand,dislike,excuse（原谅）,keep（继续做）,miss(错过）,avoid（避免）,consider（考虑）,delay（延迟）,advise,suggest,appreciate（欣赏）,forgive（原谅）,deny（否认）,imagine（想象）,practise（练习）,pardon（原谅）,allow/permit（允许）,escape（逃脱）,fancy(想象),124 risk（冒险）,giveup,can"tstand(无法忍受),putoff（推迟),burstout（突然),can"thelp（情不自禁）注意其中：Insiston/Howabout/Suggest/Imagine/Mind/Excuse/Pardon/Understand/Appreciate+(one"s)doingsth. 而：Allow/Permit/Advise+(1)Doingsth.或(2)sb.todosth.(1).Hecouldn"tbearbeingmadefunoflikethat.     (2).Hedidn"tmindbeingleftathome.(3).Youcan"teatanythingbeforebeingoperatedon.(4).Icanhardlyimaginesoprettyagirllikeyou_____boxing.     A.like   B.tolike C.liking  D.tohaveliked124 (5).Thegirldevotedallhersparetimeshehad______others.  A.tohelpB.helped     C.tohelping        D.help(6).Tonywasveryangryat______toahigherposition.A.Inotpromoting B.notmebeingpromoted      C.mynotbeingpromoted   D.notpromoted(2).既可用Todosth.，又可用Doingsth.作宾语的动词有;*Like/love/hate/prefer/begin/start/continue+Todosth.（表示某一次具体的/特定的动作）或+Doingsth.（表示经常性/一般性的动作）e.g.Helikesswimming,buthedoesntliketoswimthisafternoon.*.Remember/Forget/Regret+Doingsth.（表示该动作已经发生）或+Todosth.（表示该动作将要发生）*Trydoingsth.（做某事试试看---换一种方式）或+Todosth.（努力/尽力去做某事---克服困难）124 *Meandoingsth.（意味着）或+Todosth.（打算做、企图做)*Goondoingsth.（继续做同一件事）或+Todosth.（接着去做另外一件事）*Stopdoingsth.（停止做某事）或+Todosth.（停下来去做某事）*Sth.needs/wants/requiresdoing或+Tobedone.例如：(1).I"msorryIcan"thelp_____theflowers,becauseI"mbusypreparingforthesingingcompetition____tomorrow. A.watering,tobeheld  B.towater,held  C.water,beingheld   D.towater,tobeheld(2).I"msorry,Tony.Ihadmeant_____yourbirthdaypartyyesterday,butanunexpectedvisitordroppedin. A.toattend     B.attending         C.toattending     D.attended(3).Thisproblemrequiresstudyingwithgreatcare.124 (4).Iwouldapppreciate______backthisafternoon.A.youtocall B.youcall  C.yourcalling D.tohavecalled(5).IcanhardlyimaginePeter______acrosstheAtlanticOceanin5days.  A.sail       B.tosail      C.sailingD.tohavesailed(6).Hehasalwaysinsistedonhis______Dr.TurnerinsteadofMr.Turner. A.beencalled       B.called      C.haviingcalled      D.beingcalled3.作表语：(1)Todosth.或（2）Doingsth.（动名词）------均起名词的作用，表示主语的具体内容。（差别同主语）     (3)Doingsth.（现在分词）或Donebysb.------均相当于adj.,表示主语的性质、状态或特征。现在分词一般说明“物”，而过去分词说明“人”。124 (1).MyjobistoteachEnglish.或MyjobisteachingEnglish.(2).Hewasexcitedattheexcitingnewsandletoutanexcitedcry.(3).Thematchwasexciting.          (4).Theglassisbroken.         (5).Tomovesth.istowork.(6).Toseeistobelieve.或Seeingisbelieving.4.做定语（修饰名词）：(1).Todosth.----表示未来的动作。   124 (2).Doingsth.（动名词)----表示被修饰名词的用途与作用，可转化为：Fordoingsth.       (3).Doingsth.（现在分词)--------表示主动的、正在进行的动作。   (4).Donebysb.-------表示被动的、已经完成（或无一定的时间性）的动作。试比较：(1).therisingsun------therisensun    (2).boilingwater-------boiledwater(3).thefallingleaves-----thefallenleaves    (4).adevelopingcountry-----adevelopedcountry(5).adrowningboy-------adrownedboy       (6).asleepingcar------asleepingchild(7).aswimmingpool--------aswimminggirl  (8).drinkingwater-------adrinkinghorse(9).awalkingstick----afishingpole-----awaitingroom(10).aretiredworker----areturnedstudent124 ---anescapedprisoner(逃犯)例如：(1).Thisisthebuildingbuiltlastyear.  (2).Thebuildingbeingbuiltthereisourlab.(3).Theyhavedesighnedabuildingtobebuiltnextyear.(4).Idon"tliketoseeletterswritteninpencil.   (5).------Doyouhaveanything______tothecity?  ------No,thanks.I"mgoingtheremyself.     A.totake      B.tobetaken(6).Wehavevisitedthetemple_____fromthe14thcenturyandthebigclock_____2000yearsago.  A.dates,built     B.dated,building      C.dating,built     D.todate,building5.作状语（修饰动词）：(1).Todosth.------作目的状语、结果状语，或在表示喜怒哀乐的形容词后面作原因状语。   (2).Doingsth和(3)Donebysb.-------作时间、原因、条件、方式及伴随状语。124 例如:(1).Theiceisthickenoughforusto skateon.       (2).Thebook istoodifficultforyoutoread.(3).ToreadanEnglishnovel,youmusthavealotofEnglishwordsinyourmemory.(4).Theymarchedontheroad,carryingredflags.  (5).Hestoodthere,notknowingwhattosay.(6).Being busy,Ican"tgotothecinema.     (7).I"msorrytotroubleyou.(某些adj.作表语，表示喜怒哀乐，后面跟不定式表示原因）(8).Weeattolive,butwedon"tlivetoeat.      (9).Iwentupstairsonlytofindtheroomwasbrokeninto.(不定式作结果状语时，常常表示出乎意料的结果，而现在分词作结果状语则表示自然的结果）注意：onlyto dosth."结果----，不料-------（出人预料）onlydoingsth."结果只是-----"(必然结果）。如：*YesterdayIwenttoseehim,only tofindhimdead.124 *Hispoorfatherdied,onlyleavinghim3brokenhouses.(10).Hisparentsdied,leavinghimanorphan.      (11).Nothavingreceivedareply,hedecidedtowriteagain.(12).Givenmoretime,wecandoitmuchbetter. (13).Walkingalongthestreet,Ihappenedtoseetheaccident.(14).Hegotupearly,_____toocatchthetrain. A.tohope   B.hoping   C.hope      D.hoped(15).---Themusicsoundsverysweet.Let"sgodancing,shallwe?  ---OK.Themusicisverypleasantto______.   A.dance      B.danceto         C.bedanced        D.bedancedto(16).Hastheboywhowasmadeuseof__________realizedhismistakes?124  A.stealing       B.stolen           C.tosteal       D.forstealing(17).______lateintheafternoon,Bobturnedthealarm.    A.Sleep     B.Tosleep    C.Sleeping       D.Havingslept(18).Whichdoyouenjoy_____yourweekend,swimmingorfishing? A.spending        B.beingspentC.spend       D.tospend(19).Inordennottobefound,I"llspendthenight______inyourroom.  A.locking        B.locked           C.tolock        D.lock注意：分词作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句中主语一致。否则，就必须用独立主格结构或状语从句。124 （除：Totellthetruth,Judgingfrom/by------,Exactlyspeaking,Generallyspeaking,Providedthat------倘使、假如）例如：(1).Seeingfromthehill,theWestLakeisverybeautiful.(错）------应该改为： Seenfromthehill,theWestLakeisverybeautiful.或Seeingfromthehill,youwillfindtheWestLakeisverybeautiful.(2).______(heat)to100*C,waterboils.______(rely)ontheirownefforts,theygotoverthedifficulty.______(carry)onitsmother"sback,thebabyfellasleep. _____(carry)hisyoungerbrotheronhisback,hebegantoclimbthehill.(3).Allthings_____(consider),theplanshouldbeputoff. Shelayagainstthewall,thesun____(shine)uponherface. He_____(guide)theblindman,theywalkedslowlyacrossthestreet.124  Herushedintotheroom,hisface____(cover)withsweat. Shesatstillinthechair,withhereyes______(close).Theteachercameintotheroom,bookinhand或withabookinhishand.Withthemachine_____(do)allthework,we"llfinishourtaskintime.Withyou____(help)me,Icoulddoitbetter.Thetable_____(set),theybegantohavelunch.Hermother____(be)ill,shehadtolookafterherathome.Allhismoney_____(go),hehadtolookforajob.Hisleg_____(badlyhurt),hehadtostayinbed.6.作宾补:(1).Todo124 sth.----Ask/tell/order/command/allow(permit)/persuade/advise/force/oblige/beg/expect/encourage/forbid/remind/cause/get/warn/invite/request/want/wish/teach/train（训练）/trouble/prefer(2).Dosth---（感官动词和使役动词）：“四看”、“二听”、“一感觉”；have,let与make(3).Doingsth.----表示动作正在进行，强调动作的过程。(4).Donebysb.---------表示一个被动的动作。试比较：(1).Isawtheboyclimbthewall.与Isawtheboyclimbingthewall.(2).Iheardmynamecalled.          (3).Hehadhishaircutyesterday.(4).Isawagirlrunningtome.         (4).Don"tleavesuchanimportantthingundone.(5).Pleasekeepmeinformed.        (6).Sorrytohavekeptyouwaiting.124 (7).Heisoftenlistened________Englishsongs.   A.tosing,sing    B.sing,tosing     C.tosing,tosingD.sing,sing(8).Thespeakerraisedhisvoicebutstillcouldn"tmakehimself________.  A.hear     B.heard             C.hearing       D.tohear(9).Theoldwomanhadaletterfromhersoninthearmy_____toher.  A.read        B.write             C.written       D.received(10).Tooursurprise,thepaintingconsidered_________shouldhavewontheprize.  A.beingcopied     B.tohavecopied  C.havingbeencopied     D.tohavebeencopied(11).It""swrongofyoutoleavethemachinerunning.124 (12).Wehurriedlyendedourmeeting,leavingmanyproblemstobesettled（留下有待解决）(13).You"llseemanyproblemssettledinthisways.(14).Whodidtheteacherhave________anarticleforthewallnewspaperjustnow?  A.writing        B.towrite       C.write     D.written注意:1.使役动词Have的三种句型:(1).Havesb.dosth.=Getsb.todosth."使/叫/让某人去做某事"(2).Havesth.done=Getsth.done"使/让某事由别人去做"(3).Havesb/sth.doingsth."使/让某人/事持续地做某事"=/=  Getsb./sth.doingsth"使某人/某事开始行动起来".如(1)Theteacherhadusread/gotustoreadthetextaloud.(2)Youshouldn"thavethemsinging.你不应该让他们总是唱个不停。(3)Hemanagedtogetthehorserunning.他努力让马跑了起来。 124 2.HavenothingtodobutDosth.=HavenochoicebutTodosth.=cannothelpbutDosth.=cannotchoosebutDosth.=cannotbutDosth.（除了----之外，别无选择；只好，不得不）注意：在介词but,except,besides,than,save等表示“除了----”之意的词前,若有实义动词Do时,常用不带to的不定式作其介词的宾语；若前面没有实义动词do而是其他动词，则后面接带to的不定式作宾语例如：(1)Whatdoyouliketodobesidesswim?3.Havingdonesth------Havingbeendone:在句中不能做定语，只能做状语或宾语。4.Heisalwaysthefirstonetoarriveandthelastonetoleave.(当名词被first,second,last或only等词修饰时，其后可用不定式作定语。此时充当定语的不定式不含有将来意义或情态意义，却经常含有过去时意义)5.动名词的复合结构：One"sDoingsth.：在句中作主、宾、表语。例如：*Hesuggestedourreturninghomeassoonaspossible.124 *Hisnotbeingabletocomeisdisappointing.*Irememberhis/himsayingthatheisfifty.*Thetroublewastheirnotbeingabletoagreewitheachother.*What"sthechanceoftherebeingaraintomorrow?比较：(1)_____comingheremadeusveryhappy.    (2)_____cominghere,wewereveryhappy.    A.She       B.Her6.To是介词的词组有：Payattentionto,lookforwardto,getdownto,devoteoneselfto/bedevotedto,be/getusedto,stickto,objectto=beopposedto,referto（指的是，提到，谈到；涉及到，查阅，参考）7.Too-----------to--------=Very/Extremely（表示肯定的意思)(当adj.anxious,glad,ready,easy,nervous,willing,happy,pleased等用在此结构中，此时too表示肯定的意义，too=very）（1).Heistooeagertoseeher.       (2).Heistooanxioustoknowtheresult.(3).I"monlytoogladtogo.           124 (4).Youcannotpraisehimtoomuch.(5).Onecanneverbetoocarefulinhiswork.8.非谓语动词的否定式：Nottodosth.         Notdoingsth.           Nothavingdongsth.Notdonebysb.        one"snotdoingsth.9.用来诠释do的含义的不定式，表语可用不带to的不定式。即：若主语部分里含有实义动词Do时，作表语的不定式可以不带to.如：（1)AllthatIcandois(to)wait.(我所能做的只有等待)124 (2)Thefirstthingtodois(to)havebreakfast.(3)Theonlythingtodois(to)runaway10.在like(wouldlike),love(wouldlove),hope,hate,need,try,want,wish,plan,mean,等动词后，usedto,begoingto结构后，以及beglad,bewilling,behappy等词语后，不定式内容根据上下文内容可以省略，但需要保留不定式符号to,或tobe,或tohave.,代替整个不定式内容。如：(1)----I"llbeawayonabusinesstrip.Wouldyoumindlookingaftermycat?-----Notatall.I"dbegladto.(2).Chinaisnolongerwhatitusedtobe.(3)IsawhimridinghisbikeintheparkandItoldhimnotto.(4)Imeanttowritetoyou,butIforgotto.(5)-----Yououghttohavefinishedyourwork.------IknowIoughttohave.10.一些固定搭配：124 Given(that)考虑到，鉴于，granted/granting(that)即使，就算是，因为，Provided/providing(that)如果，假如，suppose/supposingthat,假定，假设，assuming(that)假设/定，concerning关于，considering鉴于，由于，考虑到，regarding关于，至于，就---而言，respecting关于，至于.     例如：(1)Consideringyourageandinexperience,youhavedoneprettywell.(2)Givenherinterestinchildren,teachingseemstherightjobforher.(3)I"llgo,providingmyexpensesarepaid.(4)Supposing(that)youarewrong,whatwillyoudothen?(5)We"llhaveagoodharvest,assuming(that)theweatherisfavourable.(6)Granting/Grantedthatyouareright,youshouldn"ttreatherthatway.练习：(1)______for2miles,thecarbrokedown.  A.Idrovemycar     B.Havingrun    C.Tohavedriven     D.Havingdriven124 (2)Fivepeoplewonthe"China"sGreenFinger"award,atitle_____toordinarypeoplefortheircontributionstoenvironmentalprotection.(2006.山东)A.beinggiven     B.isgivenC.given      D.wasgiven(3)---Whowouldyouliketoseeatthemoment? ---Theman_________MrNelson. A.calledhimself   B.callinghimself     C.wecallhim    D.iscalled(4)Lawsthatpunishparentsfortheirlittlechildren"sactionsagainstthelawsgetparents_____.(2004.重庆)A.worried       B.toworryC.worrying         D.worry124 情态动词什么叫情态动词？情态动词的特点是什么？表示“推测”的情态动词的用法是什么？shall用于第一、三人称的疑问句中是什么意思？用于第二、三人称的陈述句中又是什么意思？一、弄清情态动词的确切含义：1.Can------(1)."能、会"-----Can"t("不能，不会”）*Canyoudriveacar?          *Tomcanswimverywell,buthecan"tskate.(2).“可以”（口语中代替may)----Can"t(不可以）Youcan/maygohomenow.124 (3).“可能、也许”（当can作“可能、也许”解时，一般用于否定句或疑问句中，但could却可以用于肯定句中。在肯定的陈述句中，can表示理论上的可能性，即“有时候会”）------Can"t（不可能）*---Canhebeatthelibrarynow?---No,hecan"t.Hemustbeontheplayground.Isawhimtherejustnow.*---Canitbeourheadmaster?---No,itcan"tbehim.HehasgonetoS.h.2.May----(1).“可以”----Mustn"t/maynot/can"t(不可以）----MayIsmokehere?---Yes,please./No,pleasedon"t./youmustn"t./can"t.(2).“可能”----can"t(不可能）(当May作“可能、也许”解时，只能用于肯定的或否定的陈述句中，不能用于疑问句中。）*Theremaybeafootballmatchtomorrow.*----Wherecantheybenow?----Theymay/mightbeinthelibrarynow.3.Must-----(1).“应该”（表示“义务”）----mustn"t（不应该）Wemuststudyhardandmakeprogresseveryday.124 (2).“准是、想必、一定”（表示“推测、判断”）（当must表示推测、判断时，只能用于肯定的陈述句中，不能用于否定句或疑问句中。）------can"t(不可能)---Whosenewbikecanitbe?----ItmustbeWudong"s.Iknowhisfatherhasjustboughthimanewbike.(3).“必须”（表示“必要”）----------needn"t(不必）-----Mustwefinishtheworktomorrow?----No,youneedn"t/youdon"thaveto,butyoumustfinishitin3days.例如：(1).----CanItakethisdictionaryoutoftheroom?     ----No,Idon"tthinkyoucan.或Sorry,I"mafraidyoucan"t.  (2).----MustIgotherebefore7:00?----No,youneedn"t.ButImust.   (3).----MayIleavetheroom?---Yes,youmay./No,youmustn"t.   (4).Hemustbe20yearsold.----Hecan"tbe30years.124    (5).It"slate.Tellhimthathemustgotobed.比较：Thelightisout.Hemustbeasleepnow.    (6).Marycan"tswim.比较：Marycan"tknowtheplay,asshehasbeenoutforafewdays.    (7).ItoldyouthatIwouldgiveyoumoney.（愿意）比较：IwouldsituplatestudyingwhenIwasintheuniversity.二、表示“推测、判断”的情态动词：Can/could（“可能、也许”），May/might（“可能、也许”），Must（想必、一定、准是），can"t（不可能），maynot（可能不）+(1).Dosth-----------对目前或将来的情况进行推测。+(2).Bedoingsth.------------对现在正在进行的情况进行推测。+(3).Havedonesth.----------对过去已发生的事进行推测。124 注意：(1).当can作“可能、也许”解时，只能用于否定句或疑问句中，但could则不受此限制；而may作“可能、也许”解时，只能用于肯定的或否定的陈述句中。(2).must表示“推测”时，只能用于肯定的陈述句中，不能用于否定句或疑问句中。(3).Shouldhavedonesth.(=oughttohavedonesth.)--------“本来应该做某事，但却未做”（责备）Shouldn"thavedonesth.(=oughtn"ttohavedonesth.)--“本来不该做某事，但却做了”（责备）(4).Musthavedonesth.------“一定已经做了”（“推测”） Can"thavedonesth.------“不可能已经做了”（推测）(5).Needn"thavedonesth.-------“本来不必做，但却做了”（浪费）。比较： Didn"tneedtodosth.--------“过去不必做而实际上也没做”例如：(1).Youshouldhavetoldmethetruthyesterday.124   (2).----Whendidyouanswertheletter---Onlyyesterday.     ----It"stoolate.Youcouldhaveanswereditearlier.（本来能早一点回信------虚拟）  （3).Youmadealotofmistakesinyourcomposition.Youcouldhavewrittenitmuchbetter.(本来能够---虚拟）  (4).Youdidn"tdotheworkwellthatday.Youmighthavedoneitbetter.(本来可以-----虚拟）  (5).Youwerelateagainyesterday.Youmighthavearrivedalittleearlier.(本来可以-----虚拟）  (6).Heisn"tathome.Hemayhavegonetothelibrary.(7).Yououghtnottohavespokentohimlikethat.(8).Icouldhavethoughtofthat.(9).Youneedn"thavesaidthat.(10).YoumustbeMr.Li,aren"tyou?  Youmusthavefinishedit,haven"tyou?  Shemusthavereadthebookyesterday,didn"tshe?124 (11).Youmustn"twalkonthegrass,may/mustyou?(12).Ididn"thearthephone.Imusthavebeenasleep.(13).Hemighthavegivenyoumorehelp,eventhoughhewasverybusy.(14).Hecouldhavewalkedtothestation.Itwassonear.(15).Theplantisdead.Ishouldhavegivenitmorewater.(16).Theymustbewaitingforyou.(17).Thiswill/wouldbethehouseyou"relookingfor.“这大概就是你要找的那间房子.Weworkedtogetherforyears.Hewon"thaveforgottenme.“他大概不会不记得我吧"Thatwillbemyhusband.Hesaidhewouldphonemeatthistime.”大概是我丈夫打来的电话"注意：will/would+havedonesth.或dosth.可以表示对过去或现在或将来的行为进行推测、猜测:"可能、大概、想必"练习：124 (1).Thefirespreadthroughthehotelveryquicklybuteveryone_____getout.A.hadto   B.would        C.wasableto      D.could(2).It"snearly7:00.Jack_________behereatanymoment. A.must  B.need  C.should D.can(3).You"relateagain.You________earlierthismorning.  A.couldgetup      B.mustgetup  C.shouldhavegotup    D.oughttogetup(4).Sorry,I"mlate.I________haveturnedoffthealarmclockandgonebacktosleepagain.  A.might      B.should         C.can        D.will三、Need/dare---------既可以用作情态动词（只用于否定句或疑问句：情态动词+dosth.），也可以用作行为动词（可用于各种场合：行为动词+todosth.）124 例如：(1).Youneedn"tworryaboutthem___________________________________________(2).NeedIgoatonce?__________________________________________________(3).Youneedtoworkhard.________________________________________________(4).Idarenotsaythattohim.___________________________________________________ (5).Dareyouwalkaloneatnight?______________________________________________(6).Idaretojumpdownfromthetalltree.________________________________________四、shall的用法：(1).用于第一、三人称的陈述句，表示说话人的意愿：“命令”、“警告”、“威胁”、“强制”、“允诺”、“决心”，可译为：“一定会、必须、应该、可以、要、得一定会”。(2).用于第一、三人称的疑问句中，表示向对方征求意见或请求指示.(3)表示按照法令、条约、规章等文件规定的义务：“必须、应”，一般用于第三人称。124 例如：(1).Heshallgofirst,whetherhewantsornot.    (2).Youshalldoastheteachersaid.   (3).Ifyouworkwell,youshall havehigherwages.(允诺)      (4).Heshan"tcomehere.  (5).Theyshan"tpass.       (6).WhereshallIwaitforyou?       (7).Shallheliveinthisroom?  (8)Eachpartyshallrespecttheconditionsofthiscontract.(条约)   （9）.Shallheleavenow?(10)Ifyouwon"tdoasItellyou,youshan"tgototheparty.(警告)(11)HeshallhavethebookwhenIfinishreading.（允诺）(12)Theyshallsufferforthis;theyshallpaywhatthey"vedone.（威胁）124 (13)Allofyoushallarrivebefore5o"clock.(命令）(14)Nothingshallstopusfromdoingso.（决心）五、常考的固定句型;(1).ShallI/wedosth.?          （2）.Will/Wouldyoupleasedosth.?(3).I"dlike(love)todosth.         (4).Wouldyouliketodosth.?(5).I"drather(not)dosth.          (5).You"dbetter(not)dosth.(7).Do/wouldyouminddoingsth.?         (8).I"dratherDosth.thanDosth.=Iprefertodosth.ratherthanDosth.=IpreferDoingsth.toDoingsth.(9).may/mightaswellDosth.“不妨，还是--------的好”(10)cannot----too/enough：“无论如何--也不过分，越----越好”：YoucannotrememberenoughEnglishwords.124 (11)cannotbut+Dosth.=cannothelpbutdosth.=cannotchoosebutdosth.:"不得不，只好"注意：(1).“过去常常”--------*usedtodosth.:“既可以表示反复发生的动作，也可以表示状态。”*woulddosth：“只能表示过去反复发生的动作，不能表示状态。”例如;Whenhewasthere,he______gotothatcoffeeshopatthecornerafterwork.A.would        B.should      C.hadbetter      D.might(2).“过去能够”--------*was/wereableto=managedto=succeededin-----*could-----仅表示一般能力，但不一定做到。例如：Theyweresuchgoodswimmersthatthey__________swimbacktothebankwhentheshipsankinthemiddleoftheriver.   A.wereableto      B.could(3)含有情态动词的反义疑问句：124 *Hemusthandinhishomeworknow,needn"the?(必须----表示命令)*Hemustbeateacher,isn"the?(猜测----与实际情况一致)*Hemusthavefinishedhishomework,hasn"the?(猜测----与实际情况一致)*Itmusthaverainedlastnight,didn"tit?(猜测----与实际情况一致)*Hecan"tspeakEnglish,canhe?(表示能力）*Hecan"thavefinishedhishomework,hashe?(猜测----与实际情况一致)*Bythetimewewentthere,hecouldn"thavefinishedhisjob,hadhe?(猜测----与实际情况一致)感叹句及其他句型New124 感叹句及其他句型一、感叹句（5种句型）(1).Whata(n)+adj.+单数可数名词+主语+谓语！(2).What+adj.+复数名词/不可数名词+主语+谓语！(3).How+adj./adv.+主语+谓语！(4).How+adj.+a(n)+单数可数名词+主语+谓语！(5).How+主语+谓语！例如：1.Howtimeflies!2.Whatacleverboyheis!3.Whatgoodnewsitis!4.Whatsillyquestionsyouasked!5.Howsweetthemusicsounds!6.Howfasttheyareworking!二、“如此------以至于------”的5种句型：1.such+a(n)+adj.+单数可数名词+that-------124 2.such+adj.+复数名词/不可数名词+that------3.so+adj./adv.+that--------4.so+adj.+a(n)+单数可数名词+that---------5.so+many/few+复数名词+that----------so+much/little+不可数名词+that-------三、祈使句的反意疑问句1.Let"sdosth.,shallwe?2.Letusdosth.,willyou?3.Dosth.,willyou/won"tyou?4.Don"tdosth.,willyou?四、祈使句+and/or+陈述句.=If条件句例如：1.Hurryup,oryou"llbelate.=2.Workhard,andyou"llsucceed.=五、注意：不定冠词a(n)的位置1.so+adj+a(n)+单数可数名词+(that-------)124 2.too+adj.+a(n)+单数可数名词+(to------)3.as+adj.+a(n)+单数可数名词+(as------)4.how+adj+a(n)+单数可数名词+(主语+谓语)!但是：1.such+a(n)+adj.+单数可数名词+(that------)2.what+a(n)+adj.+单数可数名词+(主语+谓语)!试试看吧：Exercise1.There________nobuses,wehadtowalkhome.  A.was    B.were    C.are      D.being2.Hishomework________,hewenttowatchTV. A.wasdone    B.done    C.weredone    D.aredone3.Weather________,we"llgototheGreatWallnextweek.124   A.permitting    B.permits    C.ispermitted    D.permitted4.___totheright,you"llfindtheplaceyou"relookingfor.____totheright,andyou"llfindtheplaceyou"relookingfor. A.Turn    B.Turning      C.Turned      D.Toturn强调结构New强调结构什么叫强调结构？其特点是什么？强调结构句型的一般疑问句和特殊疑问句分别是什么？如何区别强调结构和其他句型？124 强调结构：Itis(was)+被强调的部分+that/who+其余的部分.特点是：强调结构具有还原性：去掉结构Itis(was)------that/who-----之后，剩下的部分能还原成一个完整的句子。注意：当强调人时，也可以用who（在从句中作主语），或whom（在从句中作宾语）。例1.Imethimattherailwaystationyesterday.(分别对划线的部分强调）(1).(2).(3).(4).例2.(1).Hedidn"tgethomeuntilmidnight.(2).Hedidn"tleavetheroomuntilthemeetingwasover.124 所以，对"not-----until-----"进行强调时，用“Itis(was)notuntil----that---”例3.(1).Doeshereadthisbookeveryday?(2).Whocametoseeyouthismorning?例4.(1).Itwas5：00__________hecameback.  (2).Itwasat5:00________hecameback. A.which    B.that      C.when      D.since试试看吧：Exercise1.Itwas2yearsago_______Ijoinedthearmy.A.before    B.that      C.since      D.after2.Itis2years________Ijoinedthearmy.124 A.before    B.that      C.since      D.after3.Itwasnotlong__________Ijoinedthearmy.A.before    B.that      C.since      D.after4.Itwasyears_________IhadseenhiminLondon.A.before    B.that      C.since      D.after5.___________hewillleaveforBeijing.A.Itwillnotbelongbefore      B.ItisbeforelongthatC.Itisbeforelong              D.Itwasbeforelongthat6.----Wheredidyoumeethim?----Itwasinthehotel_____Iwasstaying.  A.that    B.which   124  C.where    D.when不定代词什么叫不定代词？要弄清不定代词的总数、单复数，泛指或特指。一、什么叫不定代词？124 不定代词        含义  数量关系 作定语时名词的数  作主语时谓语的数both  两者都 等于2 复数复数either 两者中任何一个 等于2 单数单数neither 两者都不  等于2 单数 单数all 三者或三者以上都 大于或等于3 单数或复数单数或复数none  三者或三者以上都不 大于或等于3 单数或复数 单数或复数each 每一个  大于或等于2 单数  单数every  每一个 大于或等于3单数 单数注意：(1).All作定语时，可修饰复数可数名词，也可修饰不可数名词。(2).Every不能单独作主语或宾语，但可以修饰单数可数名词，或构成复合不定代词;everyone,everybody等.二、弄清下列区别：1.All（三者或三者以上全部)-----Any(三者或三者以上任何一个)-----None(三者或三者以上无一个)124 Both(二者都)------Either(两者中任何一个)------Neither(二者中任何一个都不)如;Ourhandsareallwet.2.Every(大于或等于3)：强调整体，只能作定语。 Each(大于或等于2)：强调个体，可作主语、宾语、定语、同位语。例如：(1).Onbothsidesofthestreet=Oneach/eithersideofthestreet.(2).Eachofushasadictionary.=Weeachhaveadictionary.   (3).Eachofthe2haswonaprize.比较：Everyonehasstrongandweakpoints.(4).Ihave5friendsinmyhometown.Iwrotealettertoeachofthemyesterday.(5)._________oneofuswilltryhisbesttofinishthework.(6).Wemustmakegooduseof_________minute.3.Some(“一些",修饰可数名词或不可数名词)--------一般用于肯定句中。124 Any(“一些",修饰可数名词或不可数名词)---------一般用于否定句、疑问句或if条件从句中。注意：some也可以用于疑问句中，表示：(1)期望对方给予肯定的回答。(2)表示“邀请、请求”。(3)表示“劝告或建议”的反问句中。而any也可以用于肯定句中，表示：“任何一个,随便哪一”。any不能在否定句中作主语。例如：(1).Someareplayingbasketball,___________areplayingchessintheclassroom.   (2).Wouldyoulike____________tea?   (3).Can"tyouborrow____________jewelryfromafriend?   (4).Won"tyouhave_____________morefish?(5).IhavesomeEnglishmagzines,ButIdon"thave________Frenchmagzines.(6).Haveyougot____________ticketsfortheconcert?(7).Theteacheraskedusifwehad____________questions.(8).Youmaycomeat____________time.(9).Heisclevererthan___________otherboyinhisclass.124 4.Noneof----“----中没有一个人或物”(后面往往有一个特定的范围）Noone-----“没有人”=Nobody.(单独使用，后面不接of短语）注意:None用来回答以"Howmany/much---?"开头的疑问句，而Noone用来回答以"Who---?"开头的疑问句，Nothing用来回答以"What----?"开头的疑问句。 例如：(1).--------Howmanybooksarethereonthedesk?-----_________________   (2).---------Whoisintheclassroom?--------___________(3)-------What"sinthebox?---------____________________(4).Iwantedsomethreadbuttherewas______inthedrawer. A.none     B.nothing             C.noone    D.notthing5.Other-----泛指，“其他的、别的”：otherboys/students     /money/nootherway/everyotherday124      /someotherreason/anyotherplant Another-----泛指，“三个或三个以上中的另一个，再一个” Others------泛指，“另外一些” Theothers-----特指，“其余所有的人或物” Theother-------特指，两者中的另一个，或两部分中的另一部分。用图示来表示：(1).#----------@  (2).#------##@######### one--------theother  one--------another(3).####----------@@@@@@(4).###---------@@@@@######some-------theotherssome--------others例如：(1).SomewillvisittheSummerPalace,______willvisittheGreatWall.   (2).Somearecarryingwater,______arewateringthetrees.(3).Hestudiesharderthanany______studentinhisclass.124    (4).Chinaisbiggerthanany_____________countryinAsia.比较：Chinaisbiggerthanany____________countryinAfrica.   (5).Ihave2brothers.Oneisadoctor,________isaprofessor.   (6).Ihave____________questiontoask.   (7).Wouldyoulike_____________cupofcoffee?   (8).Idon"tlikethispen.Pleaseshowme__________.   (9).Theyaskedustostayfor________fewdays.   (10)Hegoesswimmingevery_________day. (11).Thereisno_________waytodoit. (12).Threecomradesspokeatthemeeting.Onewasadoctor,____wasapeasant,andthethirdwasaPLAman.6.One/Ones---------(泛指),只能代替可数名词，其前面往往有修饰词。124 That/Those--------(特指),可代替可数名词或不可数名词，其前面无任何修饰词，后面往往是of/in---。That（指人少用）.It-------特指,指代上文已出现过的那个名词，表示同一个东西。注意：Theone和theones表示特指。one和ones表示泛指。   Theone相当于that,theones相当于those例如：(1).ThepopulationofChinaislargerthan___________ofJapan.  (2).ColorTVsetsaremoreexpensivethanblack-and-white___________.  (3).Thosebooksarenotsointerestingas______youborrowedlastweek.  (4).Thispenislongerthan________onthedesk.(5).Thisparkismorebeautifulthanthat_____________.(6).Thiscapistoosmall.pleasegivemeabig______________.(7).Thestidentsinourclassworkharderthan________intheirclass.124 (8).Thechildrenlovethehouseswithgardensbetterthan____________withoutthem.(9).I"llwriteanotherarticleassoonasIfinish________I"mwriting.(10).NodictionaryisasusefulastheoneIboughtlastyear.(theone=that)(11)ThechildrenfromtheUnitedStatesaredifferentfromtheonesfromChina.(theones=those)三、全部否定与部分否定： 全部否定           部分否定Notall --------------Noneof----或Noone或No+名词Notboth---------------NeitherNoteverything---------NothingNoteverybody--------------Nobody或NooneNoteverywhere-------------NowhereNotalways-----------------Never例如：(1).Boththeanswersarenotcorrect.-----______124 (2).Alltheanswersarenotcorrect.------(3).Everyonecannotdoit.---------_______________(4).Allmyfriendsdonotsmoke.--------_____________四、一些固定搭配：Otherthan---(除了),noneotherthan---(不是别人或物，正是),everyotherday(每隔一天),everyfewdays(每隔几天),somedayorother(迟早，总有一天),onlyafew(仅少数，只有几个),quiteafew(相当多的),notafew(相当多的),notalittle(很，非常),notabit(根本不，一点儿也不),fromonetoanother,someotherday(改天),no---otherthan(除---外没有),havenothingof(不理睬),noneotherthan(恰恰是，除---没别的),nothingmorethan(这不过是---而已),havenoneof(拒绝参加，不接受),everynowandthen(时常，间或),allbut--(几乎，差点，除---外全部都),nonebut--(仅，只有，除---外谁也不),anythingbut(决不),nothingbut(只是，不外是，无非是),nootherthan(正是，就是),nothingotherthan(不是别的，而是),somethinglike(有点像---，大约),littlebylittle(逐渐地）。例如：Nonebutfoolsbelievehim.除非傻瓜才相信他。练习：(1).---------Doyouwantacupofteaorcoffee?124 ________,Ireallydon"tcare.A.Neither   B.NoneC.Either        D.Both(2).TheSmithshave3sons,oneababy,___________twinsof13. A.another          B.other          C.theother       D.theothers(3).Thecustomerwantedtochangeforadoubleroom,sohewasaskedtopay________$10. A.more         B.another         C.other         D.every(4).------Is_________here?------No,2studentsareillandcan"tcometoschool.     A.anybody         B.everybody        C.somebody        D.nobody124 (5).Myfatherboughtasecond-handcar,but_______willneedlotsofrepairsbeforehecoulddrive.A.they           B.it     C.onD.which(6)._____wasreportedthatSaddamwascaughtalive.比较;______wasreported,Saddamwascaughtalive. A.which        B.as        C.it          D.they(7)Bothsideshaveaccusedofbreakingthecontract______. A.another        B.theotherC.neither        D.each(8)ImadesomanychangesinmycompositionthatonlyIcouldreadit.To____else,itwashardtomakeout.A.none        B.everyone    C.someone     D.anyone(9)----Oneweek"stimehasbeenwasted.  -----Ican"tbelievewedidallthatworkfor_______.124    A.something          B.nothing        C.everything       D.anything(10)Meetingmyuncleafteralltheseyearswasanunforgattablemoment,_____Iwillalwaystreasure.A.that       B.one           C.it       D.what(11)IpreferaflatinInvernessto_____inPerth,becauseIwanttolivenearmyMum"s.  A.one        B.that             C.it        D.this(12)Thethoughtflashedacrossmymind;bysomemeansor____shehassomeinformationaboutmyengagement.Buthow? A.others         B.other           C.theothers       D.another(13)------Shallwemeettonight?  -------Sorry,I"mbusy.Howabout______day? A.everyother  B.theother     C.anyother         D.someother124 (14)I"mmovingtothecountrysidebecausetheairthereismuchfresherthan____inthecity.    A.ones         B.one              C.that         D.those(15)Ijustwantanumbralla,so_____willdo.A.anyone      B.anyoneC.it       D.one(16)Carsdocauseussomehealthproblems---infactfarmoreserious____thanmobilephonedo.  A.oneB.ones     C.it         D.those(2005江西）(17)Whathesaidis_____butpracticalsince______dependson"if". A.anything,everything    B.nothing,everyything      C.everything,anything    D.none,everything124 (18)Althoughheispoor,hespends______onclothes. A.notalittle     B.onlyalittle    C.alittle       D.afew(19)------Whatdoyouthinkheis?  -----______fromwhathesaid,heis_____butateacher.A.Judged,somebody        B.Judged，something       C.Judging,anything  D.Judging，anybody(20)-----Howaboutthepriceoftheserefrigerators?  ----They"reequalinpriceto,ifnotcheaperthan,______attheotherstores.    A.others        B.itC.that          D.theones124 倒装句什么叫倒装句？全部倒装？部分倒装？构成倒装句的条件是什么？一、全部倒装（即整个谓语跑到主语前面去了）1.Here/there,In/out,Up/down,away等小副词放在句首时，使用全部倒装。(这类句型中只能使用一般时态，不能用进行时）(1).Listen!Theregoesthebell.       124 (2).Look!Herecomesthebus.(3).Theboycamein.----------______________________(4).Thebirdflewaway..-------_____________________________________________但，当主语为人称代词时，主谓不能倒装。如：(1).Hereyouare.    (2).Outherushed.2.{表示方位的介词短语}+谓语+主语。（用全部倒装）(1).Inthehallsataprofessor.(2).Ahighbuildingstandsinthedistance.--------____(3).Acityliestotheeastofthe2hills.--------___________二、部分倒装（即谓语的一部分跑到主语的前面去了）：1.Hardly,Scarcely,little,Never,seldom,Neither/Nor,Notuntil-----,Notonly-----,Hardly----when-----,Nosooner-----than---, Bynomeans等否定词位于句首时，主谓要部分倒装。(1).Youcanhardlyunderstandthetext.------_________(2).Heknowslittleaboutthenews.------______________124 (3).Ididn"trealizehowmuchtimeIhadwasteduntilIbegantowork.------___________________________(4).Notonlydoeshestudyhardbutalsoheinkind.比较： NotonlyhebutalsohisparentshavebeentoBJ.(不倒装）(5).Ihadhardlygottotheairportwhentheplanetookoff.-----____________________________________(6).Hehadnosoonergonetobedthanthetelephonerang.-----__________________________________2.So+助动词+主语.：“某人也如此”Neither/Nor+助动词+主语：“某人也不如此” So+主语+助动词.：“某人的确如此”注意：如果前句中既有行为动词，又有be动词；或既有肯定，又有否定，这时，只能用：  Soitiswithsb.=It"sthesamewithsb.124 (1).Hehaspassedtheexam,______________________________(我也通过了）(2).------DoyouknowJimquarrelledwithhisbrother. -------Idon"tknow,_______________(我也不想知道）(3).Ifyoudon"tgototheparty,__________（我也不去了）(4).----Shelikestoplaythepiano,butshecan"tplayitwell. -----________________________（她弟弟也如此）(5).------Heisawriterandhaswrittenalotofbooks. ------____________________（我也如此）(6).------HeisgoodatEnglish,butdoesn"tdowellinmaths------__________________（我也如此)3.{Only+状语（副词、介词短语、状语从句----从句内部不倒装）+助动词+主语。（部分倒装）(1).OnlyinthiswaycanyoulearnEnglishwell.124 (2),IrealizedtheimportanceofEnglishonlythen.----________________________________________(3).Hecomestoseemeonlywhenheisfree.-----__________________________________________(4).Hedidn"tgothereonlybecausehewasverybusy.----_____________________________________但，only修饰主语时，主谓不倒装。如：(1).Onlytheteacherscanusethisroom.(2).OnlysocialismcansaveChina.三、虚拟语气句中的省略与倒装：在if虚拟条件从句中，若从句中的谓语动词含有助动词were,had,should，可以将这3个助动词提至句首，省略if,从而构成特殊的倒装句。(注意;在倒装句中否定式不能用缩写的形式）(1).Ifithadbeenpossible,wouldyouhavedoneit?----124 (2).IfIwereyou,Iwouldn"tgo.-----________________(3).Ifithadnotbeenforyourhelp,wewouldn"thaveachievedsomuch.-------___________________________(4).Hadhestudiedhard,hecouldn"thavefailedintheexam.-----_________________________(5).Shoulditraintomorrow,themeetingwouldbeputoff.----____________________________虚拟语气什么叫虚拟语气？虚拟语气在主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句、定语从句及状语从句中的用法如何？一、虚拟语气在条件状语从句中的用法：1.与现在事实相反：    If条件句                          主句 过去时（Be-----were)  would/should/could/might+dosth.(1).IfIwereyou,Iwoulddoitinadifferentway.124 (2).IfIhadtime,Iwould/shouldreaditagain.2.与过去事实相反：     If条件句                          主句 Haddonesth.                    would/should/could/mighthavedonesth.(1).IfIhadtakenhisadvice,Iwould/shouldnothavemadesuchamistake.(2).Youplayedallthewhilelastterm.Ifyouhadstudiedhard,youwouldhavemadesomeprogress.(3).IcouldhaveseenhimyesterdayifIhadgottothestationearlier.(4).Ifshehadtoldhimaboutthedanger,hewouldn"thavegothurt.3.与将来事实相反：   If条件句                          主句(1)过去时 (2).shoulddosth.                     would/should/could/mightdosth.(3).weretodosth.(1).Ifsheshouldcome,Iwould/shouldaskherforhelp.(2).Shewon"tcometomorrow.Ifshecame,Iwouldshowhermynewcomputer.(3).Ifitshouldrain,thecropscouldbesaved.(4).I"msureshewillneveraskmesuchquestionsagain.Ifsheweretoaskmeagain,Iwouldrefusetoanswerher.注意：如果条件从句中有were,助动词had或should,可将if省略，而把were,had或should移至主语之前。(1).WereIastudent,Iwouldstudyharder.(2).Wereittorain,thecropswouldbesaved.(3).Hadhehelpedme,Iwouldnothavefailed.(4).Shouldhegetthelettertomorrrow,shewouldleaveforSHatonce.二、虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法：Itisimportant/necessary/strange/essential/natural/ashame/nowonder/apitythat-----{(should)+动词原形}124 (1).Itisnecessarythatwe(should)writetohimagain.(2).Itisstrangethatheshouldhaveleftwithoutsayinggood-bye.（竟然）(3).Itisapitythatheshouldbesoproud.（竟然）三、虚拟语气在宾语从句中的用法：1.Iwishthat-------(1).一般过去时(Be-----were):表示与现在事实相反。        （2）过去完成时（haddonesth.):表示与过去事实相反。         （3）过去将来时（would/could/mightdosth.)：表示与将来事实相反。(1).IwishIcouldhaveseenherlastnight.(2).Iwishhewerewithus.                 (3).Iwishhewouldhaveatry.(4).Iwishyouwouldspendthewintervacationwithus.(5).IwishIcouldhavespokenGermanthatday.(6).ChildrenwisheverydaywereaNewYea"sDay.(7).HowIwishIhadn"tmadesuchamistake.(8).IwishIhadtakentheiradvice.2.虚拟语气：“一、二、三、四”后面的宾语从句中要用{（should)+动词原形}      “一坚持”：insist;  “二命令”：order,command;  "三建议”：advise,suggest,propose;"四要求”：ask,demand,require,request.注意：(1).当suggest作“建议”解时，用虚拟语气；作“暗示、表明”解时，用陈述语气。   (2).当insist作“强烈要求，坚决主张”解时，用虚拟语气；作“坚持说”解时，用陈述语气。(1).Hesuggestedthatwe(should)makeatriptoHuangshan.(2).Hisaccentsuggeststhatheisfromthesouth.124 (3).Heinsiststhathe(should)besentwhereheismostneeded.(4).Heinsiststhathedidn"tdothat.(5).Iproposethatwe(should)workoutaplanfirst.(6).Heinsistedthathewasstrongand(should)besentthere.(7).Theheadmastersuggestedthatwe(should)makebetteruseofoursparetime.(8).Theworkersrequestedthattheirworkingconditions(should)befurtherimproved.3.Wouldrather+sb.+(1)一般过去时-------与现在或将来事实相反。或：         +(2)Haddonesth.--------与过去事实相反。例如：（1）I"dratheryouvisitedustoday.     I"dratheryouvisitedustomorrow.     I"dratheryouhadvisitedusyesterday.    (2)-----I"mgoingtoseetheVictim"sbrother.     -----I"dratheryou_______.  A.do     B.donot      C.don"t      D.didn"t四、虚拟语气在定语从句中的用法：Itis(high/about)time+(1).forsth.            +(2)(forsb.)todosth.            +(3)(that)--从句[一般过去时或shoulddosth.-----这里的should不能省略](1).It"stimeIwenthome.或It"stimeIshouldgohome.五、虚拟语气在方式状语从句及目的状语从句中的用法：1.Asif=Asthough---------(1)一般过去时(Be----were)：表示与现在事实相反。(与主句动作同时）124               (2)过去完成时（haddonesth.);表示与过去事实相反。（在主句动作之前）              (3)过去将来时（would/coulddosth.)：表示与将来事实相反。（在主句动作之后）(1).Hespeaksasifhehadreallybeenthere.(2).Shelookedasifshewereill.(3).HeordersmeasifIiwerehiswife.(4).Shelooksasifshehadbeenill.(5).Hetalksasifhehadbeenabroadbefore.(6).Shetalksaboutitagainasthoughshewouldneverend.2.Sothat------(为了、以便于）=Inorderthat---------【从句中用情态动词may/might/can/could】(1).Shegotupearlysothatshecouldcatchthetrain.(2).Heturnedtheradioupsothateveryonecouldhearthenews.(3).Hesatinthefrontoftheclassroomsothathecouldseeclealy.3.should用于由lest,incase,forfearthat引导的目的状语从句中：“可以、会”.其中lest,forfearthat句中的should可以省去。incase句中的should通常不省去，但是incase句中可以不用虚拟语气，而用陈述语气。lest,forfearthat后面也可以接其他形式。(1)Hetookhis raincoatwithhimincaseitshouldrain.(2)IwillnotmakeanoiseforfearthatI(should/might)disturbyou.（以免打扰你)(3)Caremustbetakeninusingthismethodlestoverflow(should)occur.(以免发生溢流现象）(4)Shehidherjewelryforfearthatitwouldbestolen.（以防被盗）六、Ifonly---------=Iwish--------------（虚拟形式同wish）：“要是-----就好了”(1).Ifonlytheywereherenow.                (2).Ifonlyhehadcomeyesterday.(3).IfonlyIwereasstrongasyou.七、含蓄虚拟条件句（不直接出现If条件句，而是通过别的一些词，如：but,otherwise,without,butfor或上下文来暗示一种条件）(1).Withoutyourhelp,wewouldnothavemadesuchgoodprogress.(2).Butforyourhelp,wecouldn"thavesucceeded. 或124     Ifithadn"tbeenforyourhelp,wecouldn"thavesucceeded.(3)Hewouldhavegivenyoumorehelp,buthewassobusy.(4).Hewasbusythatday.Otherwise ,Iwouldhavetaken partinthesportsmeeting.八、错综（混合)时间虚拟条件句(即从句和主句中的时间不一致）：(1).Ifyouhadnotwatchedtelevisionsolatelastnight,youwouldn"tbesosleepynow.     (过去）                （现在）(2).IfIwereyou, Iwouldhavetakenhisadvice.  (现在）               （过去）九、其他形式的虚拟语气：1.Hadhoped/intended/meant/planned/wanted/thought/expected/supposedtoHavedonesth.=Hoped/intended/meant/planned/wanted----tohavedonesth.(本来希望、打算、计划做某事，但却没做成.)例如：(1)I_______tomeetMr.Thompsonthismorning,butIfoundnobody______intheroomwhenIcame.    A.hoped,left          B.hadhoped,left            C.hoped,leaving        D.hadhoped,leaving   (2)Shehadmeanttobuythefurniture,butitrained.   (3)Iintendedtohaveattendedthemeeting,butIwasill.2.Was/weretoHavedonesth.(本来打算做某事，但却为做成）例如：Hewastohavecomehereyesterday,buthehadanimportantmeetingtoattend.3.Wouldlike/lovetohavedonesth.(本来想做某事，但实际上没做成）例如;Iwouldlovetohavegonetothecinemathatday,buttheticketswereallsoldout.4. Was/weregoingtodosth.(本来打算做某事，但却未做成）例如： Iwasgoingtofinishmyarticlebutmyfriendarrived,soIdidn"thavetime小试牛刀：1.Youcan"timaginethatawell-bahavedgentleman_____besorudetoalady.124   A.might       B.need      C.should        D.would2. -----Whydidn"tyoubuythebook?  ------I_______butmymother___________allowme.  A.would,didn"t            B.wouldhave,didn"t         C.hadhad,wouldn"t       D.hadbought,hadn"t3.You______havetoldhimthebadnews,whichmadethingsevenworse. A.shouldn"t        B.wouldn"t    C.needn"t         D.couldn"t4.Iwouldlove______tothepartylastnight,butIhadtoworkextrahourstofinishareport. A.togo         B.tohavegone        C.going          D.havinggone5.---IstayedatahotelwhileinNewYork。 ----Oh,didyou?You______withBarbra. A.couldhavestayed      B.couldstay                  C.wouldstay          D.musthavestayed重要语言点补充一、名词作定语：二、常考的不可数名词：acoffeecupnews,progress,work, advice,equipment,furniture,fun,weather124 ashoefactoryinformation,luggage(baggage),education,knowledgeaclothesshop     三、修饰比较级的词：sportsshoes      much/alot/far/(byfar放在后面)agoodstrain  agreatdeal/even/still/savingsaccount    abit/alittleplasticsindustry    anysalesdepartment    rather(可修饰比较级或too)communicationssatellite 注意：very,quite,fairly不能修饰比较级。例如：2womendoctors                  (1).Heisbyfartheclevereststudent.3menservants  (2).Itisbyfarthequickertogobytrain.an800-wordcomposition (3).Itisquickerbyfartogobytrain.inafewdays"time   (4).HeisfarmorecarefulthanIam.124 the10th5-yearplan  (5).Thisisbyfarthebestnewsforalongtime.5minutes"ridethepresentsituationthestudentspresent四、反义疑问句：(1).Iwishtohaveanothercake,_______?(2).Whathesaidisright,____________?(3)Iamlate,______________________?(4)EverybodyknowswhatIsaid,____________?(5)Noonelefthereyesterday,_______________?(6)Someoneturnthatradiodown,______________?(7)Nothingcanstopusnow,_________________?(8)Somethingwillhavetobedoneabouttheprice,____________?(9)Onecan"tbetoocareful,__________________?124 (10)Sheisunhappy,_____________________?(11)Fewpeopleknowhim,_____________________?(12)Hesaidthatwewerehappy,_____________________?(13)Isupposeheisserious,____________________?(14)Idon"tthinkeverythingisready,________________?(15)Youthinksheisagoodteacher,___________________?(16)Thereusedtobeahouse,______________?(17)Yououghttocookforme ,__________________?(18)Youdaretogowithme,______________?(19)Heneedn"tturnofftheradio,_________________?(20)Youmustgohomerightnow,________________?(21)Youmustn"twalkongrass,________________?(22)HemustbeMr.Li,_________________?Key:1.mayI.2.isn"tit3.aren"tI4.don"tthey/doesn"the5.didthey6.will/won"tthey7.canit 8.won"tit124 9.canone/canyou10.isn"tshe11.dothey12.didn"the13.isn"the14.isit15.don"tyou16.usedn"tthere/didn"tthere 17.oughtn"tyou/shouldn"tyou18.don"tyou19.needhe20.needn"tyou21.mustyou22.isn"the五、Therebe----句型：(1)Thereseems/appearstobe-----        (2)Thereusedtobe---------(3)Therehappenedtobe--------     (4)Thereisgoingtobe-------(1)Therewasagirlwater-skatingonthelake.(2)TherehavebeenmoreAmericanskilledinroadaccidentsthaninallthewarssince1990.(3)Thereoncelivedarichmerchantwhohadabeautiuldaughter.(4)Thereremainsnothingmoretobedone.(5)Suddenlythereenteredastrangefiguredressedallinblack.124 (6)Therefollowedanuncomfortablesilence.注意：Thereisnosense/pointindoingsth.   Thereisnoneedtodosth.   Thereisnouse/good(in)doingsth.六、形容词和副词的比较级的三种句型(1).甲>已：Morethan--------- (2).甲=已：As+原级+As----=thesame+名词+as------(3).甲<已：Notas/so---------as-------=Less+原级+than---------七、注意一些修饰词：(1)Ratherthan------“而不是”           （2）onaverageOtherthan---------“除了----之外”         aboveaverageMorethan------“超过，不仅仅，不只是”      belowaverage124 (3)wellabove-----“大大超过” Farbelow------“大大低于”(4).Hewillcomebackprettysoon            Heisfast/soundasleep.  Iwantitbadly.                Helayinbed,wideawake.  Hereturnedhome,safeandsound.         Iwenttobed,coldandhungry.八、注意一些宾语补足语：1.Keep/leave/find+sb./sth.+宾补{(1)adj./adv.(2)介词短语 （3）doingsth.(4).donebysb.}2.Findoneself+宾补{(1).介词短语(2)doingsth.(3)donebysb.}“发现某人自己不知不觉-----”(1).Whenhecamebacktolife,hefoundhimselflyinginhospitalbed.124 (2).Acookwillbeimmediatelyfiredifheisfound_______inthekitchen. A.smoking     B.tosmoke(3)Hefoundtheplacemuchchanged.       (4)Pleasekeepmeinformed.(5)Leavemealone.Don"tbotherme.        (6)Don"tleavesuchanimportantthingundone.(7)Wehurriedlyendedourmeeting,leavingmanyproblemstobesettled.(8)Whenhewokeup,hefoundhimselftiedtoatree.(9)Wefoundmanyoldpeople_____atthebackofthehouse,smokingandtalking. A.sat   b.sit C.seat    D.seated九、“似乎、仿佛、好像”的区别：124 appear------强调外表上给人的印象，有时实质上并非如此。seem--------暗示有一定根据的判断，这种判断往往接近事实。look----------着重由视觉得出的印象。(1)Youlookwornout/strong.          (2)Hedoesn"tlookhisage.他看起来比实际年轻或年老。(3)Heapearstoknowmorethanhereallydoes.(4)Iseemtohaveseenhimbefore.=ItseemsthatIhaveseenhimbefore.注意：1.Itappears/seemsthat----------   2.look/seemlike--------3.Thereseems/appearstobe--------如：(1).NorthWalesseemslikeagoodplaceforaholiday.   (2).Itlooks/seemsasifit"sgoingtorain.试试吧：(1)Heisover70buthedoesn"t________hisage.124  A.appear        B.seem             C.look         D.AandB(2)It_________truethatshewillwinthegame. A.appears        B.seems      C.looks       D.AandB(3)Thebox____________lightbutinfactitisheavy. A.appears        B.seems          C.islooking      D.AandB(4)He______tohaveheardofmebefore. A.appears       B.seems        C.looks        D.AandB(5)Theproblem________verycomplicated. A.appears        B.seems        C.looks    D.AandB124 Key：cdadd十、注意区别：morethan------"超过、不仅仅、不只是"  (=over)    notmorethan-----"不超过，至多"(=atmost)nomorethan----"仅仅、只有"(=only,强调少)      lessthan---------"少于”notlessthan-----"不少于"(=atleast)         nolessthan-------"多达，有---之多（=asmuchas,强调多）  Nothing but------=only        nonebut------"仅仅，只"=only     anythingbut----"绝对不"=definitelynot  (1).Nonebutthebravedeservesthefair.只有勇士才配得到美人。(2)Thehotelwasanythingbutsatisfactory. 124