英语语法与写作基础 26页

英语语法基础一、词性1.名词（noun-*n.）：表示人或物的名称，man,teacher,book,music,time等。另有专有名词如Tom,NewYork,WallStreet,ATM等。动名词也是名词，由动词+ing构成，表示某种彳亍为，女口：swimming,playingbasketball,beingshort等。在英语中，名词可做句子的主语、宾语、表语、定语、补足语、同位语。女口：1lovestudyingEnglishinmyleisure/spare/freetime.（主语、宾语）Beingshortisnotadisadvantage・（主语、表语）Therailwaybridgeistobereconstructednextmonth.（定语）Wemadehimmonitor.（宾语补足语）WeChinesepeoplemeanwhatwesay.（同位语）2.各种代词（pronoun-^pron.）指代人或物，如人称代词he,she,us,them,指示代词this,that,these,不定代词some,any,someone,something,all,each,疑问代词what,which等。代词类似于名词，在英语中通常做主语、宾语，少数可以做表语、同位语、定语。Whathashappenedtohiml（主语、宾语） Thisismybook.Yoursisoverthere・（定语、主语）Theyeach/allgotabirthdaypresent・（同位语。当然，还有主语they也是代词。）注意：反身代词只能作宾语、表语、同位语，绝对不能做主语！例如:Hehimselfistoblameforthemistake.（同位语）Heisn"thimself!doesn"tlook/feel/seemhimselftoday.（表i吾）Heslipped,butdidn"thurthimself.（宾语）1.形容词（adjective—adj./a.）形容词的主要功能就是作定语、表语、补足语。如：Heissaidtobeahandsomeboy.（定语）Heistall,handsome,andaboveall,veryintelligent.（表语）Hefelldowntotheground,dead.（主语补足语）2.副词（adverbial->adv./ad.）副词通常做状语，修饰动词、形容词、另外一个副词、整个句子。Heplaysthepianowell/verywell.（修饰动词短语playsthepiano,very又修饰副词well）Sheisvery/really/prettybeautiful.（修饰形容词beautiful）Surprisingly,hepassedtheexamatfirstattempt.（修饰整个句子）注意一词多义、一词多性现象：Shewasveryillandwasrushedtohospitalimmediately.（形容词，"生 病的”，句中作表语）illeffects/discipline/temper/humor（形容词，"不好的；糟糕的；有害的”，只能作前置定语）///-equipped////-treat/speakillofsb（副词，“坏地；糟糕地”，做状语）acureforallthenation^ills（名词，“问题；困难”，作宾语。）Thebookisverygoodandworthreadingasecondtime.（程度副词，"非常地”，做状语。）Heistheverymanforthejob・（形容词，"恰恰是；正是”等表示强调的意思，只能做前置定语。）Heplayedtheinstrumentsowellthathewonfirstprize・（副词,“女了t也”）He^lgetwellsoon.（形容词，“身体好的；健康的”，只能作表语。）Weusedtogetourwaterfromawell.（名词，“井；水井；油井;气井）Withtearswellinginhiseyes,shewentaway.（动词，“（液体）流出；涌出”）1.介i司（preposition-^prep.）英语屮的介词不能单独使用，通常跟后面的宾语构成介词短语，一起做句子的状语、定语、表语、补足语。F11putmynameonthebackoftheenvelope.（土也点状语）Shedidn"trememberthenameonthebackoftheenvelope・ （后置定语）Hewasonholidayatthetime.（表语、时间状语）Helefthiskeysinthedormitory.（宾语补足语）1.连词（conjunctionfconj.）英语中的连词有并列连词和从属连词两种，分别引导并列句和从句。并列连词主要有and,but,or,so,for；从属连词引导从句，按功能分有引导状语从句的because,since,as,although,sothat等，引导定语从句的that,which,who,whose,when,where等,还有引导名词性从句的that,who,which,whether,where等。Wearemakinggoodprogress,butwestillhavealongwaytogo.（弓［导并列句，表示转折）BeforeIcouldthinkofareply,shewentaway.（引导吋间状语从句）Sinceeverybodyishere,let"sbegin.（引导原因状语从句）Whoisthemanthatissillingattheback?（引导定语从句）Thisisthehospitalw/ze厂e/inwhichshewasbom.（弓I导定语从句）ThatnooneremcmbeTcdherbirthdayleftMariaverydepressed.（弓I导名词性从句的主语从句）Fmdelightedthatweachievedwhatwesetouttodo.（两个从句，分另lj有由that和what引导，都是名词性从句的宾语从句）Thequestioniswhetherwecangetintouchwithhim.（弓I导名词性从句的表语从句） 1.动词（verbfv.）动词在英语中最复杂，有很多种分类：1）及物动词与不及物动词2）动作动词（行为动词）与状态动词（静态动词，含系动词、结果动词）3）实义动词与助动词（含情态助动词）4）持续动词与瞬间动词5）谓语动词与非谓语动词关于动词用法下面还有论述，请参照下文。二、英语的句子成分小结1.主语：由名词、代词、动名词、动词不定式、主语从句充当1was/Theywereyoungandenergetic・Who/Whatmakeshimsoupset?Tolearn/LearningEnglishiseasy.Whowillgothere/Whetherornotthemeetingwillbeheldisnotdecidedyet.2•谓语：由谓语动词来充当，有时态和语态（主动语态与被动语态）变化Spendingmoneyisfun.Hedidn7gowithusforlackofmoney・ Ihavebeenworkingforhoursandisinneedofarest.Thecarmusthavebeenstolen・3.宾语：由名词、代词、动名词、宾语从句充当Iwanttogohomerightnow・Iappreciateyourhelp/yourhelpingme.Hedidn"tsaywhy/whenhewasleaving・4.定语：rti形容词、动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词、动名词、介词短语、定语从句充当，分前置定语和后置定语两种。Thesmallboy(sitting/seated)underthetreeisTom.Theboy(whoisseated/sitting)underthetreeisTom.5.补足语：rti名词、形容词、动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词、介词短语充当,有宾语补足语和主语补足语两种)Thenewsmademehappy/ontopoftheworld.Hewaselected/mademonitor.HewantedtheworktobedonebyFriday.Whereveryougo,youseeKFCadvertised.Hewascaughtsmokingintheworkshopandwasfiredimmediately. 3.状语：由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词、状语从句充当。英语中状语的种类繁多，常见的有时间状语、地点状语、方式状语、原因状语、伴随状语、目的状语等。Heremainedseatedthere/throughouttheparty・Hejumpedwithjoywhenheheardthenews・TolearnEnglishwell,youshouldreadwidely.Dressedin/Wearingasea戊shelooksyounge匚4.表语(系动词be和半系动词之后)：由名词、形容词、反身代词、现在分词、过去分词、介词短语充当Heislikehisfather/astudent/handsome・Thechickensmells/tastesgood・Helooksworried/likehisfather.Thestorysoundsinteresting・Somethingmusthavegonewrong.&同位语英语中，只有主语和宾语才可能有同位语，由名词、少数代词和同位语从句充当Hepraisedusallinclass.（宾语us的同位语）Theyall/eachgotareward.（主语they的同位语） Isawthepresidenthimself.（宾语thepresident的同位语）Wewereallsurprisedatthenewsthathehadresigned・（主语we的同位语；宾语thenews的同位语从句）三、助动词小结助动词主要是帮助谓语动词改变形式，如否定式、疑问式、进行式、完成式、被动式、强调式等。1.助动词has,have,had（后接过去分词，构成谓语动词的完成时，用于肯定句、否定句、疑问句）Ihawfinishedallmyhomework・/Hawyoufinishedyourhomework?…No,Ihaven"t.ShehasgonetoShanghaitostudyChineseliterature.Thetrainhadalready妙whenshearrivedatthestation.2.助动词is,am,are,was,were,hasbeen,havebeen,hadbeen,willbea）后接动词的・ing形式，构成谓语动词的进行式Whatareyoudoingnow?■一IymwatchingTVathome・Twoboysww疋playin父footballnearbywhentheaccidenthappened・IhavebeenteachingEnglishformorethan20yearsandIknowhowtosolvetheproblem.Sheisnotworki/iginBeijingnow;shehasgonetoShenzhentoseekher fortune・WewillbeflyingovertheAtlanticOceanthistimetomorrow.b）后接过去分词，构成谓语动词的被动语态ShewasawardedtheNobelPrizetwicein5years・Whenhereturnedhefoundhishousehadbewnbrokenintoandalotofthings（hadbeen）stolen.Thesuspensionbridgewillbecompletednextmonth.Ican"tlendyoumybikebecauseitisbeingrepairednow.1.助动词do,does,dida）后接动词原形，构成谓语动词的否定式、疑问式Wedon"tgotoschoolonSunday.Doyou?Shedoesn7workhereanylonger;shehasmovedtoShanghai.Didyougotothecinemawithherlastnight?—-No,Ididn"t.b）后接动词原形，构成谓语动词的强调式，常译成“确实；的确；务必”，仅用于肯定句Ididreturnthemoneytoyou.ShedoesworkinthisschoolbutsheisnowinShanghaionbusiness・Idobelievethatheisthebestmanforthejob.Dobecarefulnexttime.4・情态助动词can/could,may/might,must,should,will/would,shall, need,ought等。情态助动词与上述助动词在用法唯一不同的是，情态助动词有特定的意义，表达说话人某种特定的感情，所以叫情态助动词。You^ebeenworkingforafewhours.Younuistbetired・Hurryup!Theymustbewaitingforus.Ididn7hearthephone・Imusthavebeenasleep・Youneedn7comeifyoudon7wantto.Younxdn7havehurried.Therewasplentyoftimeleft.Thereisaknockonthedoo匚Whocanitbe?Ican7findmyumbrella.Whocanhavetakenit?Whatshallwedonow?Youshouldnothaveleftheraloneathomelastnight.四、非谓语动词小结（动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词、动名词）1.动词不定式（带to）、现在分词、过去分词都可以作状语，但动词不定式（带to）只能作目的状语和结果状语，其他的状语（一般为时间状语、原因状语、条件状语和伴随状语）用分词，其中，现在分词表示主动、过去分词表示被动。7blearnEnglishwe",youshouldreadwidely.（动词不定式作冃的状语）Withthis,heleft,nevertoreturn.（动词不定式作结果状语）Hearingthe必ws,hewaswildwithjoy.（现在分词作吋间状语，跟主语是主动关系） Hecamerimningtowardshismother.（现在分词作伴随状语，跟主语是主动关系）Shecame,accompaniedbyhermother.（过去分词作伴随状语，跟主语是被动关系。）（注：动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词作状语，其逻辑主语必须是主句的主语。）1.动词不定式（带to）、现在分词、过去分词都可以作定语，其屮，动词不定式表示将来的行为，现在分词表示主动和正在进行，过去分词表示被动和已经发生。）ThebridgetobebuiltnextyearwilljoinZhuhai,MacaoandHongKong.（动词不定式作定语）Theboywwa厂加gglassesismynext-doorneighbo匚（现在分词作定语）Thestolencarwasdiscoveredneararive匚（过去分词作定语）需要注意的是，某些特殊结构后面只能用动词不定式作定语，它们是:序数词、only、动作性名词，女口refusal,attempt,effort,willingness,pressure等。此吋则不用考虑吋间概念。Heisalwaysthefirsttocomeandthelasttoleave.Heistheonlyteachertounderstandme.Iappreciateyouroffertotakemetotheairport. 另外还有一种结构being+过去分词作定语，表示一个正在进行的被动行为：Thematterbeingdiscussedisveryimportant.Thebridgebeingbuiltwasdesignedbyaworld-famousdesigner.（注：动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词作定语，其逻辑主语必须其修饰的那个名词；动词不定式有主动和被动之分。）1.动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以作宾语补足语，有以下3种情况：a）动词不定式带to,跟在某些动词后，构成固定结构，女口：ask/tell/order/persuade/allow/forbidsbtodo,其否定式是nottodo。变为被动结构时，宾语补足语相应变为祝语补足语。此种用法仅限于动词不定式。Ipersuadedhimnottogotherealone.Wearenotallowedtosmokfatschool.Thenovelisbelieved/isreported/issaidtohavebeentranslatedintoChinese.b）动词不定式（不带to）、现在分词、过去分词跟在感官动词see,hear,notice,observe后作宾语补足语，构成固定结构，其中，动词不定式表示动作的全过程，现在分词表示主动和正在进行，过去分词表示被动和已经发生。Inoticedhimenterth€schoolgate. Theysawhimwalkingtowardstheschool.Shewasfrightenedtoseetheoldmanknockeddownbyacar.变为被动结构吋，动词不定式要加to,现在分词和过去分词不变，同时宾语补足语变为主语补足语。Hewasnoticedtoentwrthwschoolgafe.Theywereneverheardtohawaquarrel.Awomanwithtwochildrenwasseenbw父父inginthesquare.c）动词不定式（不带to）、现在分词、过去分词跟在使役动词let,make,have后作宾语补足语，构成固定结构，其中，动词不定式表示动作的全过程，现在分词表示持续的行为，过去分词表示被动和已经发生。Theteacherhadmerewrite加ycomposition.Shemademewas/?thecarforaFdliketohavethispackageweighed,please.Hesoonhadusalllaughingathisjokes.（注:从词义上来说，letsbdo=allowsbtodo,havesbdo=asksbtodo,而makesbdo=forcesbtodo,其被动式bemadetodo（动词不定式要力nto）=havetodo：Hewasmadetowashthecarforaweek.）1.动名词作主语、宾语、表语、定语（动名词，顾名思义是一个名词，虽然它是由动词+ing构成，但它不再是一个具体的动作，而是指一件事。另一方面，动名词可以加宾语 或状语，也有否定式、被动式和完成式，仍然保留了一些动词的用法。）Walkingisagoodformofexercise・（主语）Oneofhishobbiesiscollectin父arUiquecoins・（表语）FmconsideringimmigratingtoCanada.（动词宾语）Hemadeanapologytomefornothavingbeenabletohelp.（介词宾语）Therewasmuchoppositiontopullingtheschoolandbuildingcirefusecollectionpoint.（介词宾语，两个并列）Buildingmaterialsoftenemit（=giveoff）volatileorganicchemicals（VOCs）intotheair.（定语）注意：a）带to的动词不定式也可以作主语，但与动名词表示一件事不同，动词不定式是一个动作，而且是一个尚未发生的动作。lbbarnaforeignlanguagevvw〃isnoteasy.7bstartasen仙cewithcminfinitivesoundsawkwardasifoneisgivingaformalspeech.动词不定式作主语通常会用it作形式主语：ItisnoteasytolearnaforeignIcmguageweH.Itisimportanttogiveherallthe/i幺仿available. 但无论哪种形式作主语，在并列结构中，前后的形式必须一致：Buyinga7VisascheapasrepairingtheoldItisascheaptobuya必w7Vasitistorepairtheoldone.Startingasen花neewithcminfinitiveisnotascommonasusingagerund.b）动名词和现在分词都可以作定语，但现在分词是一个止在进行的行为：asleepingbag（动名词）/thesbepin父baby（现在分词）aswimming-yool（动名词）/theboyswimminginthepool（现在分词）关于非谓语动词还有几点说明：1.非谓语动词作定语相当于一个定语从句，作状语相当于一个状语从句（但作伴随状语时和当于一个并列句），两者基本上可以互换。Theboy（whois）swi加加加ginthepoolismyhalfbrother.Thecar（whichwas）stolenlast"际hasbeenfoundbythepolice・Lookingfromthetopofthehill,wecouldoverlookthewholecity.=Whenwelookedfromthetopofthehill,wecouldoverlookthewholecity.Lookedatfromthisangle,thesituationdoesn"tseemtoodisappointing・=Ifitislookedatfromthisangle,thesituationdoesn"tseemtoodisappointing.Nothavingreceiveda“ply、Iwroteagain.=BecauseIdidn"treceive/hadn"treceivedareply,Iwroteagain.Theycamein,singinganddcmcig.=Theycameinandtheyweresinginganddancing. 1.非谓语动词都有一般式和完成式，动词不定式还有进行式，其中，一般式表示该行为与谓语动词同吋发生，或在谓语动词之后发生，而完成式表示该行为在谓语动词之前发生，进行式当然表示动作正在进行。Heissaidtolive/tobelivinginCanada.HeissaidtohawgonetoCcmadci.Hesatatatablebythewindow,gazingintospace.Havingfinishedall加yhomework、Iwenttothecinema.IdreamofgoingtoBwijingUniversitytostudy.Nothavingbeentrainedasanurseishisoneregret.2.除了作定语和补足语，其他情况下的非谓语动词的逻辑主语通常就是主句的主语：帀becomecicollegeteacher、youmustatleasthaveamaster"sdegree.LookingoMofthewindow,Isawamanrunningafteracar.Inspiredbyhisgooddeeds、Ideterminedtodomorevolunteerwork.Doyoumindclosingthedoof!非谓语动词作定语吋，其逻辑主语是它所修饰的那个名词，作补足语时，则是它前面的那个名词：Thesleepingbabylookssocute・Thebabysleepinginthecradlelookssocute.ThefirstnewspapertobeprintedinEnglishcameoutover100yearsago.Lifeisverydifficultforthoselaid-offworkers・ Convinced/Believingthathedidn"ttakethemoney,Ilethim些.Hiswordssetmethinking.Aphonecallsenthimhurryingtothehospital.Sheleftthebabycrying/leftthecarunlocked.（最后三句屮的set/send/leavesbdoing属于固定用法，表示"让某人做某事；使…处于…状态，后接形容词、现在分词或过去分词）1.现在分词、过去分词作状语吋，其逻辑主语也可以是另外的名词,而不是主句的主语，通常是在分词前加上该名词，构成名词+分词结构，叫做独立主格结构。试比较：Anoldmanwalkedpast,followedbyadog・（分词的逻辑主语是主句的主语）Anoldmanwalkedpast,adogfollowinghim.（独立主格结构）Havinglostthekey、Icouldn"tentermyoffice・（分词的逻辑主语是主句的主语）Thekeylost、Icouldn"tentermyoffice.（独立主格结构）Havingbxndamagedbythebwavyrain、thebridgewasnolongersafe.（分词的逻辑主语是主句的主语）Alltheflightshavingbeencancelledbecauseofthe/z化zvyrain、wehadtowait.（独立主格结构） 1.动名词作主语、宾语、表语时也可以另带逻辑主语。试比较：Doyoumindtimingdowntheairconditioneralittle?（动名词的逻辑主语是主句的主语）Doyoumindmy/mesmoking?（动名词的逻辑主语是me）Imaginelivingaloneonalonelyislandfora厂$・（动名词的逻辑主语是主句的主语）Ican"timagineTom/Tom"scookingdinner.（动名词的逻辑主语是Tom）Heisusedtolivinginsuchcoldweather.（动名词的逻辑主语是主句的主语）Heisusedtohisstudents/hisstudents"beMglate.（动名词的逻辑主语是hisstudents）动名词另带主语时，可在动名词前加名词、宾格代词或物主形容词，但作主语的动名词，要加逻辑主语就只能用物主形容词。比较：WewereveryhappyatTom/Tom"s/him/hiscomingtovisit.Tom"s/Hiscomingtovisitmadeusveryhappy.2.动词不定式的逻辑主语有以下三种：a）是主句的主语，女口：Iwanttogohome・/Tofindmore information,visitwww.voa.com.b）是前面的名词,如:Hetoldmetostay./Permitmetointroducethegueststoyou.c）由forsb/ofsb构成，如：It"seasyformetomakeacake./It9skindofyoutosayso.Inorderforyoutohearclearly,Iwillspeakslowlyandcarefully.（of结构仅用于描述人的句式中，即前面有描述人的品性的词，如kind,wise,silly等。）五、英语句子小结英语句子主要有简单句、并列旬、主从复合句三大类。简单句又可分为肯定句、否定句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句等。从语气上来说，英语句子有陈述语气（陈述句，用于陈述一个事实）、祈使语气（祈使句，用于表达命令和要求）、虚拟语气（用來表示一个与事实相反的假设）三种。1.简单句（一个句子）：主谓宾定补状6部分组成，最小是主谓结构，如：Heleft（early）・Theteachersaidsomething.主谓（注意吋态和语态）宾Theshyteachersaidsomething.（shy是形容词，作定语，修饰名词） Theshyteachersaidsomethingquietly/inalowvoice.（quietly是副词，Inalowvoice是介词短语,都作方式状语）Theshyteachersaidsomethingquietlyintheclassroomyesterday.（intheclassroom是介词短语,作地点状语,yesterday是时间副词,做时间状语）Theteacheraskedmetowrite/Theteachermademewritethecompositionagain・（towrite…和write…都是动词不定式短语作宾语补足语。不带to的动词不定式只跟在感官动词如see,hear,notice,observe和使役动词make,let,have后。）英语中也有一种无主语的句子，就是祈使句：Sitdownplease./Pleasebeseated./Takeaseat.请坐。（肯定句）Don"tleavemealone./Don"tbelateagain.（否定句,也可加主语：Don"tyoubelateagain.）1.并列句和主从复合句（主句+并列句/从句）英语中，两个和两个以上的句子必须是一个主句+—个或以上的并列句/从句。并列句和从句的标志就是前面都必须有引导词或连接词。1）主句+并列句（由并列连接词and,but,or,so引导）Theteachersaidsomethingand（he）leftthe classTOom.（后一句是并列句）Hurryuporwe"llbelate・（第一句是主句，没有引导词…是一个祈使句，即无主句）Heisworld-famousbutheisverymodest.（第一句是主句，第二句是并列句，有并列连接词but引导。）注意：英语中有一种连接副词常被中国学生误用为并列连接词，常见H勺有however,therefore,furthermore,consequently,asaresult,otherwise等。主要原因是这些副词在意思上分别相当于but,SO和OF,而位置也正好在两句之间:Heisnotrich,however,heishonest.||Hegotuplate,therefore,hedidn"tcatchtheearlybus.这样的句子当然是错误的。连接副词有三种正确的形式：a）另起一句;b）前面用分号;c）用and引导。如：IgotupearlyandthereforeIcaughttheearlybus・Igotupearly;therefore,Icaughttheearlybus・Igotupearly・Therefore,Icaughttheearlybus・2）主从复合句英语的从句有状语从句、定语从句和名词性从句（即主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）三大类，相当于一个句子作状语、作定语、作主语、作宾语、作表语、作同位语。a）主句+状语从句（斜体为从句引导词） IgotupearlysothatIcouldcatchthetrain.主句+目的状语从句longasyouworkhard,youwilleventuallysucceed.条件状语从句+主句IhaveputthepictureIcanseeiteveryday.主句+地点状语从句b）主句+定语从句（斜体为从句引导词）rtl关系代词who,whom,whose,which,that引导（也有关系副词when,where,why）。关系代词、关系副词必须代替先行词（就是定语从句所修饰的那个词），是定语从句必不可少的句子成分：Theteacherw/iowasshysaidsomething.（who指人，代替先彳亍theteacher,在定语从句（划线部分，下同）中作主语。）All（that）weneed/All/7zq（isneededisacontinuoussupplyofmoney・（that既可以指人又可以指物，本句中指物，代词先行词all,在定语从句中分别作宾语（第一句）、作主语（第二句），加括号表示可以省略。）注意：关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时可以省略，但作介词的宾语且介词提前时就不能省略。Iwillneverforgetthedaywhwn/onwhichfirstmether.DoyouknowthereasonwhyIforwhichheresigned? 另外，定语从句中介词提前时，后面只能跟which和whom,不能用who和that,介词不提前则都可以，还可以省略（用括号表示）：Doyouknowtheteacher（w/zo/w/zo加）heisTefcrringto?Doyouknowtheteachertowhomheisreferring?（在定语从句中，who既是主格又是宾格，但whom只是宾格。）c）主句+主语从句/宾语从句/表语从句/同位语从句（统称为名词性从句）Hetoldme/HesaidthathecamefromChina.主句+宾语从句（划线部分，斜体为引导词）Heaskedwhen/w/ry//whetherIwasleavingShenzhen,主句+宾语从句Theproblemis/zowwecansolvetheprobleminsuchashorttime.主句+表语从句ThatChinaisadevelopingcountryisknowntoall.主句+主语从句二ItisknowntoallthatChinaisadevelopingcountry,（that弓I导主语从句常用it作形式主语）IwassurprisedatthenewsthathewasleavingShenzhen.主彳ij+同位语从句（一个名词是另外一个名词的同位语表示两个词指的是同一个人或物，第二个名词是同位语。同位语从句常跟在fact,news,suggestion,impression,belief,idea,thought,sign等词之后，表示这些名词的具体内容。又如：Shenzhen,onceasmallfishingvillage^isnowa metropolitancity.||There?resignsthattheeconomyisrecovering.戈ll线部分均为同位语。）1.并列句和从句引导词小结1）并列句引导词and,but,or,for,so2）定语从句引导词which,that,who,whom,whose,when,where,why,as3）名词性从句引导词that（用于陈述事实），if/whether（用于一般疑问），when,where,what,which,who,whose,how（用于特殊疑问）4）状语从句引导词英语有12种状语从句，引导词也有近百个，举例如下：as,because,when,before,since,sothat,although,aslongas,providing/provided,incase,immediately(=assoonas),however(=nomatterhow),whatever(=1.nomatterwhat2.anythingthat),so・・・thatonthat(=because),nowthat(二since),where,whether,while2.存在句(Therebe)小结基本结构：Therebe+名词+状语复合结构：Therebe+名词+定语(介词短语、动词不定式、现在分词/过去分词、从句) Thereweretwoboys(swimming)inthelakeatthetime.Sofartherehavebeen2carsstolen.Nowadaysthereareagrowingnumberofstudentsgoingabroadtostudy・TherewillbealectureonhealthinRoom101at4pmnextMonday・Oncetherewasanislandonwhichnoonelived.六、基础练习■修改病句1.Manystudentarewillgotoworkaftergraduating・2.However,therearealsosomestudychoicegoonstudying.3.1thinktheywenttocollegewasinordertofoundagoodjob・1.Butsomeonemaybegoonstudyingtoincreasetheirknowledge.2.However,therearesomeothersstudentsgoonstudyingaftergraduation.3.Onlyworldfulloflovewecanlivebetterlife.4.Eachpeopleallhaveowndream.5.Meanwhile,theyfacewithaproblemthatisfindajobortogoonstudyingaftergraduating.6.Whenpeopleretireisappropriate?7.Therehavesomepeoplesupportthisway8.I"magreewiththedon"tpostponedtheretirementage・9.Withthedevelopmentofthesociety,theretirementagemoreand moregettheattentionofpeople・1.Inrecentyears,theproblemthatShouldRetirementAgeBePostponedhasbecomeahottopic・2.Butsmokinginpublicplacenotonlyharmstheirownhealth,butalsoharmthehealthofothers・3.Inordertoyourselfandyourfamilyhealth,quitsmoking.4.Theyearnsomemoneysothattheycanindependence・5.Therearemanywaystoknowthesociety.Forexample,byTV,radio,newspaperandsoon.6.Onceonehavemoney,hecandowhathewanttodo.7.Andwecanalsoknowthesocietybyservingityourself.8.Thefreshwater,itisthemostimportantthingsoftheearth.（此部分没有标准答案，只要修改后的句子没有语法错误即可。）