初一英语语法与词汇解析人教版 10页

初一英语语法与词汇解析（人教版）一短语识记:aphotoof一张……的照片；asetofkeys一副钥匙；sportscollection体育收藏品；familyphoto全家福照片；familytree家谱；firstname名字；Frenchfries薯条；healthyfood健康食品；IDcard身份证；1astname／familyname姓氏；playsports做运动；pencilsharpener铅笔刀；runningstar跑步明星；tennisracket网球拍;watchTV看电视；telephonenumber／phonenumber电话号码；videotape录像带；lostandfound失物招领；thanksfor为……而感谢；alotof／lotsof许多，大量；behindthesofa在沙发后面；inthedrawer在抽屉里；onthefloor／table在地板，桌子上；Onthedresser在梳妆台上；underthebed在床下；bring…to…把……带(来)到……；callsb(at...)给某人打电话；playbaseball／basketball打棒球／篮球；playcomputergames玩电子游戏；soundgood听起来很好；take…to…把……带(去)到……；watch…onTV在电视上看actionmovie动作片；basketball／volleyballgame篮球，排球赛；BeijingOpera京剧：birthdayparty生日聚会；Englishspeechcontest英语演讲比赛；moviestar电影明星;schoolday学校上课日；schooltrip学校旅行；summercamp夏令营;talentshow才艺表演；…year(s)old……岁(年龄)；alittle少量;ataverygoodprice以很好的价钱；athome在家；atschool在学校；inthemorning在上午；intheafternoon在下午；intheevening在傍晚／晚上；onsale出售；onweekends在周末；doone’shomework~做作业；eat／havebreakfast／lunch／dinner吃早/午/晚饭；getto到达；getup起床；gohome回家；gotoamovie去看电影；gotobed上床睡觉；gotoschool去上学；gotowork去上班；helpwith在……(方面)帮助;learnabout了解有关……；listento听……；lookat／havealookat看一看……；playchess下棋；playtheguitar／trumpet／violin／drum弹吉他／吹喇叭，拉小提琴，敲鼓；playwith…和……；speakEnglish说英语；takeashower淋浴，洗漂；takethenumber17bus乘17路公共汽车；howmuch(价钱)多少；howold多大年记；whattime几点，什么时候二复习本册主要内容，包括话题、词汇、句型及语法：一词汇分类记忆1.schoolthings(学习及相关用品):pencilpenbookeraserrulermathbookpencilcasepencilsharpenerbackpacknotebookcomputerwatchkeyringCDvideocassettealarmclockIDcard2.familymembers(家庭成员):motherfatherparentsisterbrothergrandmothergrandfathergrandparentuncleauntcousin3.furniture(家具):tablebeddresserbookcasesofachair 4.sportsandentertainment(运动与娱乐):baseballbasketballvolleyballsoccerbattennisdanceswimmingpaintplaychessplaytheguitar5.food(食物):hamburgerstomatoesbroccoliorangessaladbananaseggscarrotsappleschickenfruitvegetablebreakfastlunchdinnerFrenchfriesicecream6.clothes(衣物):hatsockspantsshortssweaterbagT-shirt7.number(数词):cardinal(基数词)/ordinal(序数词)one/firsttwo/secondthree/thirdfour/fourthfive/fifthsix/sixthseven/seventheight/eighthnine/ninthten/tentheleven/eleventhtwelve/twelfththirteen/thirteenthfourteen/fourteenthfifteen/fifteenthnineteen/nineteenthtwenty/twentiethtwenty-one/twenty-firstthirty/thirtieth8.month(月份):JanuaryFebruaryMarchAprilMayJuneJulyAu-gustSeptemberOctoberNovemberDecember9.week(星期):MondayTuesdayWednesdayThursdayFridaySaturdaySunday10.movies(电影):actionmoviecomedyromancethriller11.musicalinstrument(乐器):guitardrumpianotrumpetviolin12.subject(科目):mathsciencehistoryartChineseEnglishSpanishPortugueseKoreanFrenchphysicaleducation(P.E.)13.countriesandcities(国家与城市):CanadaNewZealandJapanAustraliaMexicoBrazilArgentinaSeoultheUnitedStatestheUnitedKingdomSouthKoreaNewYorkMexicoCityTokyo14.dailylife(日常生活):runcleanreadgetupeat/havebreakfast/lunch/suppergotoschooldohomework/houseworkwatchTVgotobedtakeashower15.adjectives(形容词):interestingboringfundifficultrelaxingscaryfunnyexcitingsadgreat二主要语法项目1．be动词的一般现在时形式be动词的现在式有am，is，are三种形式，原形均为be,因此称它们为be动词。be动词在一般现在时的句子当中，通常构成主系表句型,表示当前所存在的状态,句型如下：肯定句：主语+be动词+其他e．g．Iamateacher．否定句：主语+be动词+not+其他e．g．Heisn’tastudent． 疑问句：Be动词+主语+其他e．g．Areyouasoccerplayer?be动词的三种不同的形式分别接在不同的主语后面，第一人称单数Iam，第一人称复数weare．第二人称单复数youare,第三人称的单数she／he／itis，第三人称复数theyare。注意下列缩写形式：isnot=isn’tarenot=aren’tIamnot=I’mnotYouare=You’reItis=It’s看下列例句：(1)Itisnotabook．／Itisn’tabook．-(2)一IsMaryanurse?一Yes,sheis．2do/does引导的一般疑问句、否定句及肯定、否定回答be动词(am，is，are)、助动词、情态动词以外的动词称为行为动词。行为动词通常用于主谓宾句型当中作谓语，表示一定的动作。在否定句和疑问句中，要加助动词d0／does，这和be动词不同。句型如下：肯定句：主语+动词(第三人称单数时,动词一s／-es)否定句：主语+do／doesnot(don’t／doesn’t)+动词一般疑问句：Do／Does+主语+动词?e．g．(1)Yougotoschooleveryday．(2)Shelikessingingverymuch．(3)Idon’twatchTvathome．(4)Hedoesn’tstudyhard．(5)一DoyouhaveanexaminationinEnglish?一Yes,Ido．(6)一Doesshewalktoschool?一No,shedoesn’t．3．人称代词、物主代词用法巧记和提示巧学妙记1．人称代词的用法口诀人称代词分两格,主格宾格来分说；主格定把主语做，宾格作宾不会错。如:HeteachesusEnglish．2．物主代词用法口诀物主代词两类型,形容词性、名词性。形容词性作定语,后面定把名词用①;名词性,独立用，主宾表语它都扮②①形容词性物主代词具有形容词的特性，在句中用作定语，后面必须接名词。如：Ourteacherisayoungwoman．②名词性物主代词应独立使用．后面不跟名词。相当于形容词性物主代词+名词。它在句中可作主语、宾语或表语。如：HerEnglishisbetterthanmine．Her作定语，mine=myEnglish。提示当几个不同的人称代词作主语时。它们的排列顺序通常是：①单数为：you，he／sheandI如：You,sheandIaregoodfriends．我、你和她都是好朋友。MaryandIareinClassOne．我和玛丽在一班。’ ②复数为：we,youandthey如：We,youandtheyallenjoymusic．我们、你们和他们都喜欢音乐。但如果是做错了事，当事人应承担责任时，通常把第一人称放在最前面。如：一Whobrokethewindow?—IandMike．这正是：单数人称2、3、l，复数人称l、2、3。麻烦事情“我”站前,其他人称没意见。4.情态动词梳理归纳can(could),may(might),must,haveto,need,shouldCan1．表示主观能力，意为“能；会”。其否定形式为cannot=can’to如：Hecan／can’tswim．2．表示请求、许可，常用于“CanI…?”，意为“我可以……吗?”。比较口语化。如：CanIplayfootballafterIfinishdoingmyhomework?3．表示推测，常用于否定和疑问句中。如：Lookatthenameonthebag．Itcan’tbeLily’s．Wherecanitbe?May1．表示请求、许可，意为“可以”。如：MayIhavealookatyourCDplayer?2．表示可能性(说话人的猜测)，常用于肯定句中。如：Yourfriendmaybewaitingforyounow．相关链接：1．may引起的一般疑问句，其肯定回答多用“Yes，please．”或“Ofcourse／Certainly．”；其否定回答多用“Pleasedon’t．”或“No，youmustn’t．”。如：—MayIsmokehere?一Yes．please．／No．youmustn’t．2．might是may的过去式，可用于间接引语中指过去。如：，Hetoldmethatitmightbetrue．3．might也可用于指现在，但语气比may较委婉，含义更不确定。如：Thatmightbequiteexpensive．Must1．表示说话人的主观意志，意为“必须”，这种“必须”多出于义务、责任或强制命令。如：Youmustdoityourself．2．表示推测，意为“一定”，语气较肯定，只用于肯定句中。如：Lookatourneighbor’snewcar．Theymustearnalotofmoney．相关链接：1．对must引起的一般疑问句,作肯定回答佣must,但作否定回答要用needn’t。如：--MustIwashtheclothesnow?一Yes，youmust./No,youneedn’t．2．must的否定式为mustnot／mustn’t,意为“不允许；禁止”。如：Thechildrenmustn’tplayfootballinthestreet．Haveto1．表示客观需要，意为“不得不”。有人称、时态和数的变化。如：HehastowaitforDrWangintheoffice．2．haveto的否定和疑问形式要借助于助动词do／does／did构成。如：Whydoyouhavetoworksohard?Need用作情态动词时，意为“需要”，主要用于否定和疑问句中。如：Youneedn’tworryabouther．Needyougotoschoolnow? 相关链接：1．need引起的一般疑问旬，其肯定回答要用must，而否定回答要用needn’t。如：一NeedItakethecameratoyourhouse?一Yes，youmust．／No，youneedn’t．2．need还可以作实义动词，除了有人称、时态和数的变化外，其否定和疑问形式要借助于助动词do／does／did构成。如：Heneededtoescape．Idon’tneedanythingspecial.3．need作实义动词时，后面既可以跟v—ing形式也可以跟动词不定式。Should表示道义上或责任上的“应该”。可用于各种句式。如：Youshouldcallthepohceifyouseesomethingunusual．Youshouldn’tmakesuchafoolishdecision．UnitOne1.Howoftendoyouexercise?→Howoften+助动词do(does或did)+主语+dosth.?疑问词howoften是问频率(多经常),在这里助动词do(does或did)是起帮助构成疑问的作用Everyday/Onceaweek/Twiceamonth/Threetimesamonth/Threeorfourtimesamonth.2.Whatdoyouusuallydoonweekends?第一个do为助动词,在这起帮助构成疑问的作用；而第二个do则是实义动词。Iusuallyplaysoccer.3.What’syourfavoriteprogram?It’sAnimalWorld.4.WhatdostudentsdoatGreenHighSchool?第一个do为助动词,在这起帮助构成疑问的作用；而第二个do则是实义动词。5.Asforhomework,moststudentsdohomeworkeveryday.asfor...意思是“至于；关于”，常用于句首作状语，其后跟名词、代词或动词的-ing形式（即动名词）。如：Asforhim，Ineverwanttoseehimhere.至于他，我永远不希望在这里见到。Asforthestory，you"dbetternotbelieveit.关于那故事，你最好不要相信。6.Theresultsfor“watchTV”areinteresting.7.Momwantsmetogetupat6:00andplayping-pongwithher.→wanttodosth.意思是“想要做某事”；wantsb.todosth.意思是“想要某人做某事”。如：Doyouwanttogotothemovieswithme？你想和我一起去看电影吗？Theteacherdoesn"twantustoeathamburgers.老师不想让我们吃汉堡包。8.Shesaysit’sgoodformyhealth.→begoodfor...表示“对……有益（有好处）”。其反义为：bebadfor...。（这里for是介词，后跟名词、代词或动名词）如：It"sgoodforustodomorereading.多读书对我们有好处。Readinginbedisbadforyoureyes.在床上读书对你的眼睛有害。9.Howmanyhoursdoyousleepeverynight?10.Iexerciseeveryday,usuallywhenIcomehomefromschool.11.Myeatinghabitsareprettygood.这里pretty相当于very。12.Itrytoeatalotofvegetables,usuallytentoeleventimesaweek.→trytodosth.表示“尽力做某事”，不包含是否成功的意思/trydoingsth.表示“（用某一办法）试着去做某事”。如:You’dbettertrydoingtheexperimentinanotherway.你最好试试用另一种方法做这个试验。13.Myhealthylifestylehelpsmegetgoodgrades.→helpsb.(to)dosth.帮助某人做某事14.Goodfoodandexercisehelpmetostudybetter.→helpsb.(to)dosth.帮助某人做某事/ 这里better是well的比较级，而不是good的比较级15.Isherlifestylethesameasyoursordifferent?＝Isherlifestylethesameasyourlifestyleorisherlifestyledifferentfromyourlifestyle?→bethesameas…/bedifferentfrom…16.IthinkI’mkindofunhealthy.kindof=alittle/akindof意思是“一种”17.Whatsportsdoyouplay?18.Alotofvegetableshelpyoutokeepingoodhealth.keepingoodhealth=keephealthy=stayhealthy19.Youmusttrytoeatlessmeat.→trytodosth.表示“尽力做某事”,不包含是否成功的意思/less是little的比较级20.Thatsoundsinteresting.这是“主语+系动词+表语”结构的简单句。sound（听起来），look（看起来），smell（闻起来），taste（尝起来），feel（觉得），seem（好象），grow（变得）,get（变得）等词在英语中可用作系动词，后跟形容词作表语。如：Ittastesgood.这味道好。Themusicsoundsverysweet.这音乐听起来很入耳。Thesmokegrewheavierandheavier.烟雾变得越来越浓了。UnitTwo1.What’sthematter?What’sthematerwithyou?with为介词，后跟名词、代词或动名词。人称代词必须用它的宾格。Ihaveacold/haveasoreback/haveastomachache2.Youshouldliedownandrest/drinkhotteawithhoney/seeadentist/seeadoctor.3.I’mnotfellingwell.这里well表示身体状况，不能用good代替4.Whendiditstart?Abouttwodaysago.5.That’stoobad.6.Ihopeyoufellbettersoon.这里better是well的比较级7.TraditionalChinesedoctorsbelieveweneedabalanceofyinandyangtobehealthy.这里tobehealthy是动词不定式短语，作目的状语8.Maybeyouhavetoomuchyin.toomuch后跟不可数名词，而toomany后跟可数名词复数9.It’seasytohaveahealthylifestyle,andit’simportanttoeatabalanceddiet.→It’seasytodosth.做某事容易/It’simportanttodosth.做某事重要10.Everyonegetstiredsometimes.这里get连系动词，tired是形容词作表语，属系表结构11.Asorethroatcangiveyouafever.→givesb.sth.=givesth.tosb.把某物给某人12.Don’tgetstressedout.It’snothealthy.在这里get是连系动词，stressedout是表语13.Ihaveatoothache.Ineedtoseeadentist.→need意思为“需要”，作实义动词时，后跟动词不定式，否定式为don’t/doesn’t/didn’tneed(todosth.)；作情态动词时，只能用于否定句或疑问句中，否定式为needn’t(dosth.)，除有过去式外，没有其它的形态变化14.Eatabalanceddiettostayhealthy.tostayhealthy是动词不定式短语，作目的状语15.I’mnotfeelingverywellatthemoment.atthemoment=nowUnitThree1.Whatareyoudoingforvacation?I’mbabysittingmysister.Whereareyougoingforvacation?Italy.这是现在进行时的一种比较特殊的用法，用来表示按计划或安排要做的事情，现在还没有去做。 2.Whoareyougoingwith?I’mgoingwithmyparents.withmyparents是介词短语，在这里作伴随状语，起修饰谓语动词aregoing的作用3.Whenareyougoing?I’mgoingonMonday.4.Whatareyoudoingthere?I’mgoinghikinginthemountains.5.Howlongareyoustaying?Justforfourdays.Idon’tlikegoingawayfortoolong.疑问词hwolong是对时间长短或事物的长度提问，在这里是对时间的长短进行提问。6.Haveagoodtime.=Enjoyoneself.玩得开心、愉快7.Showmeyourphotoswhenwegetbacktoschool.→showsb.sth.=showsth.tosb.把某给某人看8.I’mgoingtoHawaiiforvacation.forvacation是介词短语，在这里作目的状语，起修饰谓语动词的作用9.What’sitlikethere?这里like是介词，而不是动词10.CanIaskyousomequestionsaboutyourvacationplans?→asksb.sth.问某人某事11.BenLambert,thefamousFrenchsinger,istakingalongvacationthissummer!→takeavacation度假12.HethoughtaboutgoingtoGreeceorSpain,butdecidedonCanada.→thinkabout考虑/decideon决定这里的about和on都是介词13.“IalwaystakevacationinEurope,”hesaid.“ThistimeIwanttodosomethingdifferent.”→(1).wanttodosth.(2).修饰不定代词(something,nothing,anything等)的定语常放在不定代词的后面14.Heplanstohaveaveryrelaxingvacation.→plantodosth.计划做某事15.I’mplanningtospendtimeinthebeautifulcountryside.16.Ijustfinishedmakingmylastmovies.→finishdoingsth.完成做某事17.IhearthatThailandisagoodplacetogosightseeing.togosightseeing是动词不定式短语，作agoodplace的后置定语18.She’sleavingforHongKongonTuesday.→leaveAforB离开A地去B地19.IwanttoaskyouaboutplacestovisitChina.tovisitChina是动词不定式短语，作places的后置定语20.I’mplanningmyvacationtoItalythisweekend.toItaly是动词不定式短语，作myvacation的后置定语21.Whatshouldtouriststakewiththem?withthem是介词短语，在这里作伴随状语，起修饰谓语动词take的作用22.Whereareyouleavingfrom?leavefrom离开某地（注：from是介词）UnitFour1.Howdoyougettoschool?疑问词how在这里是对方式进行提问Iridemybike/walk/takethesubway.Bybike/bicycle/bus/train/subway/taxi/air/plane/ship/boat.Onfoot.HowdoIgetthere?因there是副词,所以不能说gettothereDon’tworry.Letmelookatyourmap.Ok,first…,next….Then….2.Howlongdoesittake?疑问词hwolong是对时间长短或事物的长度提问Ittakesabout25minutestowalkand10minutesbybus.Howlongdoesttakeyoutogetfromhometoschool?Ittakestwenty-fiveminutes.→takesb.sometimetodosth.花费某人……时间做某事 3.LinFei’shomeisaboutKilometersfromschool.4.Howfarisitfromyourhometoschool?It’sthreemiles.Howfardoyoulivefromschool?Ilive10milesfromschool.疑问词howfar在这里是对距离进行提问5.Inotherpartsoftheworld,thingsaredifferent.6.InChina,itdependsonwhereyouare.→dependon视……而定；决定于7.Thatmustbealotmorefunthantakingabus.8.InNorthAmerica,notallstudentstakethebustoschool.notall是部分否定，意思是并不是所有的；不是全部的9.OtherpartsoftheworldaredifferentfromtheUnitedStates.10.Asmallnumberofstudentstakethesubway.→anumberof=many许多11.Whatdoyouthinkofthetransportationinyourtown?→thinkof对……有某种看法12.WhenitrainsItakeataxi.13.IhaveamapbutinChinese.14.Ifyouhaveaproblem,youcanaskapoliceman.UnitFive1.Canyoucometomyparty?Sure,I’dlove(like)to./I’msorry,Ican’t.Ihavetohelpmyparents.Canyouplaytenniswithme?情态动词can在这里起征求对方意见的作用。2.Ihavetoomuchhomeworkthisweekend.toomuch后跟不可数名词；toomany后跟可数名词复数3.That’stoobad.4.Maybeanothertime.5.Thanksforasking.for介词，后跟名词，代词或动名词6.Comeandhavefun./Comeandjoinus.7.OnWednesday,I’mplayingtenniswiththeschoolteam.8.IhavetostudyformysciencetestonThursday.haveto强调客观原因；而must强调主观原因9.Pleasekeepquiet!I’mtryingtostudy.→trytodosth.表示“尽力做某事”,不包含是否成功的意思10.Doyouwanttocometomybirthdayparty?→wanttodosth.意思是“想要做某事”11.LiLeiisgoingfishingwithgrandpathewholeday.thewholeday=allday整天12.Canyoucomeovertomyhouse?13.I’mfreetill22:00.UnitSix1.I’mmoreoutgoingthanmysister.→主语+动词+形容词比较级别+than+比较对象2.Asyoucansee,insomewayswelookthesame,andinsomewayswelookdifferent.3.However,webothenjoygoingtoparties.→enjoydoingsth.=likedoingsth.喜欢做某事4.LiuLihasmorethanonesister.morethan不止5.LiuLiandLiuYinghavesomethingsincommon.→incommon（团体）共同的；公有的 6.LiuYingisnotasgoodatsportsashersister.as…as和……一样（其中as…as之间的形容词必须用原级）；它的否定式是：notas(so)…as7.LiuYingtalksmorethanLiuLi.这里more是much的比较级，而不是many的比较级8.Bothgirlsgotolotsofparties.lotsof=alotof许多9.Myfriendisthesameasme.→bethesameas…与……一样/bedifferentfrom…与……不同10.Ithinkagoodfriendmakesmelaugh.→makesb.dosth.使某人做某事11.Forme,agoodfriendlikestodothesamethingsasme.→liketodosth.12.That’snotveryimportantforme….13.What’syouropinion?14.Shouldfriendsbedifferentorthesame?same前常有定冠词the15.Iliketohavefriendswhoarelikeme./Iliketohavefriendswhoaredifferentfromme.→liketodosth.中的like是动词,意思是“喜欢”；而arelikeme中的like是介词，意思是“像”。要注意区别like的词性。16.I’mquieterthanmostofthekidsinmyclass.17.Webothlikedoingthesamethings.→likedoingsth.喜欢做某事18.Whodoyouthinkshouldgetthejob,RuthorRose?19.Youmustbegoodwithchildren/enjoytellingjokes.→begoodwithsb.对某人好；与某人相处融洽/enjoydoing=likedoingsth.喜欢做某事20.Hecan’tstoptalking.→stopdoingsth.意为“停止（正在）做的事情”，doing在句中是stop的宾语。如：Whentheteachercamein,thestudentsstoppedtalkingandlaugh.老师走了进来，学生们停止了谈笑。/stoptodosth.意为“停下（正在做的事）去做某事”，动词不定式短语todosth.在句中作动词stop的目的状语。如：Hestoppedtowritealettertoher.他停下手边的工作，给她写信。21.Healwayshelpsothers.22.Shelikestostayathomeandread.→liketodosth.喜欢做某事/stayathome呆在家里Reviewofunits1-61.Youusemilktomakecheeseandyoucandrinkit,too.动词不定式短语tomakecheese在这里作目的状语，修饰usemilk2.Apartofyourbodybeginningwith“a”.→beginwith以……开始（注意：with是介词）3.Theoppositeofshortislongortall.4.Theneckisbetweenyourheadandyourbody.→between…and在……和……之间5.Carrots,onionsandpeppersareallvegetables.→all用于三者或三者以上；both用于两者。同时要注意它们在句中的位置，即位于连系动词（be），助动词（be,will,shall,should等），情态动词（can,may,must,haveto等）的后面；其它动词的前面。6.Ilikereadingbooksinmyfreetime.likedoingsth.喜欢做某事/inone’sfreetime在空余时间7.Ifeelterrible,doctor.在这里feel是连系动词，terrible是形容词作表语，feelterrible是系表结构作复合谓语8.Iusuallyrelaxinmyswimmingpool.9.I’mveryexcitedtobetakingavacationaroundChina!→beexcitedtodosth.做某事很激动 10.Whoismoreathletic,GaoYanorLiTong?