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【5A版】大学英语语法全书.ppt

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CollegeEnglishGrammar ---Instruction&Practice大学英语语法----精讲与训练玉林师范学院外国语学院秦耀咏 别有洞天 Chapter1绪论语法教学观:方向与方法语法学习观:问题与练题 ContentsQuestionsonGrammarTeaching&Learning1.语法教学教什么?如何教?2.语法学习学什么?怎样学?3.语法学习发展的阶段、途径与方法4.语法练习的模式与成效5.语法学习感悟与反思 ContentsTheFrameofaLanguageWordsPhrasessentencesALanguageMorphemes Contents语法和语法的性质1.语法的定义:语法是词的变化规则和词组成句的规则的总和。语法分为词法、句法两部分。词法主要研究词的分类、各类词的语法特点;句法主要研究句子成分,句子类型等。2.语法的性质:语法最重要的性质是概括性。语法规则是从大量的具体语言事实中抽象概括出来的 Contents所以语法规则具有概括性。 Contents语法形式、意义、范畴1.语法形式:语法形式就是语法的物质材料,语法的外部标志。2.语法意义:语法形式所表达的意义,称为语法意义。如英语名词加-s,’s表示“复数”,“所有格”的意义,也叫语法意义。3.语法范畴:语法范畴就是同类语法意义的概括。 词的分类词类系统英语词类系统实词虚词名词动词代词形容词副词数词冠词连词介词感叹词 ContentsChapter2Nouns(名词)Definition&Classification(定义与种类)1.DefinitionofNoun(名词定义)名词是用来表示人、事物、地点以及抽事物的名称的词(Anounisthenameofapersonorthing) 名词种类体系专有名词普通名词抽象名词物质名词集合名词个体名词ClassificationofNoun(名词种类体系:按意义分) ContentsForexample:人:John,sister,father,teacher事物:water;air;sun;computer地点:London;theater;classroom抽象事物:love;happiness;imagination ContentsClassificationofNoun(名词分类:按结构分)名词分类简单名词复合名词派生名词 Contents简单名词(SimpleNoun)man;egg;table;wood;water;snow;etc.复合名词:(CompoundNoun)classroom;football;motherland;bookworm派生名词:(DerivativeNoun)disagreement;teacher;expectation;etc. 可数名词系统(规则名词)可数名词一般加-s以s,x,sh,ch.结尾,加-es以辅音字母+y,y变i,加es以f;fe结尾,把f,fe,变v,再加es,以辅音字母+o结尾,一般加es 规则可数名词系统1.可数名词(CountableNoun)规则名词复数形式的构成规则大多数名词变复数时直接加-s,desk→desks;cat→cats;house→houses(2)以s,x,ch,sh结尾的名词在词尾加-es.bus→buses;box→boxes(3)以o结尾的名词大多加-s,如kilo→kilos;piano→pianos;radio→radios等。但hero→heroes;potato→potatoes等一般加-es (4)以辅音字母加-y结尾的名词变y为i再加-es,如family→families;lady→ladies.(5)以f或fe结尾的名词,把f或fe变为v再加-es,如leaf→leaves;wife→wives;knife→knives.但chief→chiefs;roof→roofs等只加-s(6)专有名词变为复数时一般只加-s,如Henry→Henrys;Kennedy→Kennedys 不规则可数名词系统(1)不规则可数名词字母,数字用作单词时,一般加’s年代和缩写时,加-s 不规则可数名词体系(1)(1)字母、数字被用作单词时常加’s构成复数,如:Your3’slooklike8’s.Mindyourp’sandq’s.(2)年代和缩写词的复数通常加-s构成,有时也可加’s构成,如:1990→1990s/1990’sVIP→VIPs/VIP’s 不规则名词复数(2)不规则名词复数系统(2)改变名词元音、辅音单、复数同形外来词保持原有形式复数形式有两种,但意义不同 不规则名词复数(2)2)不规则名词复数构成规则有些名词以改变元音、辅音的方法变为复数,如:foot→feet;goose→geeseman→men;child→children;ox→oxen(2)有些名词单复数同形。如:deer→deer;sheep→sheep;means→means;works→works (3)有些外来词保留原有的复数形式,如:analysis→analyses;datum→data;bacterium→bacteria;crisis→crises(4)少数外来词有两种复数形式,不规则变化的为科学术语,而加-s多用于一般场合如:antenna(触角、天线)→antennae/antennasapparatus(机构、器官)→apparatus/apparatuses Contents(5)少数外来词的英语复数形式同原有的复数形式意义不同,如:index→indices(指数)→indexes(索引)genius→genii(妖怪)→geniuses(天才)appendix→appendices(附录)→appendixes(盲肠) 5.复合名词:复数系统复合名词复数体系将主要名词变为复数由man和woman所构成的复数,它所修饰的词,也变复数没有名词的复数,通常把-s加在最后的单词上 复合名词的复数1).将主要名词变为复数,如:editor-in-chief→editors-in-chieflooker-on→lookers-on2).由man;woman加名词构成的复数名词,需将man;woman及其所修饰的名词同时变为复数,如:man-doctor→men-doctorswoman-teacher→women-teachers3).没有名词的复数名词,通常把-s加在最后一个词上,如:grown-up→grown-ups;break-down→break-downsBack学习小结练习导入 名词的格系统名词的格系统通格属格 英语的格功能:通格功能:当名词在句中充当主语、宾语、补语时,名词词形无变化,此时称为通格。属格功能:当名词在句中表示所有或其他某些关系时,称属格,可分’s属格和of属格。 S属格系统学习小结预习练习BackS属格系统S属格的使用场合s属格的意义 -S属格使用场合:1.用于人名、有生命的、或视为有生命的东西的名词:(thestudent’sbooks;thedog’stail;Mary’sfather,etc.)2.用于表示地理、国家、城市、天体、文化艺术活动、时间、度量、价值等名(China’sreform;Beijing’sweather;thesun’slight,aweek’sholidays,etc.) -S属格的意义:1.表示所有关系(Mr.Smith’spassporthasbeencheckedup.)2.表示逻辑上主谓关系(Thevisitor’sarrivalwasreportedintoday’spapers.)3.表示逻辑上动宾关系(Theenemy’sdefeatbroughtthewartoanend.)4.表示同位关系(TomboughtthebookatBrown’s,thebookseller’s. Contents5.表示与人类活动有联系的其他关系(thegirl’sstory→thestoryofthegirl) 名词的性系统学习小结预习练习Back名词的性系统阳性man;brother阴性woman;girl中性book;sky通性child;worker 名词的功能系统名词的功能体系主语宾语主语补语宾语补语定语同位语状语独立成分 1.主语:Myfamilyisnowinthecountry.Tomliveson72ndStreet.2.宾语:Weloveoursocialistmotherland.Ibelieveyouareheretoseemydaughter.3.主语补足语:Heisconsideredagoodteacher.Shewastakenforafool. 4.宾语补足语:Theycalledhimahero.TheynamedtheirsonJohn.5.定语:Theairconditioningworkswell.Thisisastonebridge.6.同位语:Smith,ourEnglishteacher,iscomingnow.Monroe,afamousmoviestar,tooksuicide. 7.状语:Thehousecosthim300,000dollars.Afterthat,Marryvisitedtheboyeveryday.8.独立成分:Hurryup,Mary!Gowithmyblessing,myfriend! ┃语法专练名词┃1.—What"sthematter?—Ihavea____.Ihavetogotothedoctor.A.headB.toothC.coldD.nose2.—What_______doyoulikebetter?—Basketball.A.foodB.subjectC.sportD.musicCC 3.Recently,manypeopledarenoteat________becauseofH7N9(禽流感).A.eggsorchickensB.eggsorchickenC.eggorchickensD.eggorchicken4.UncleWangboughttwo________formeyesterday.A.breadB.milkC.dictionaryD.watchesBD 5.—Hello!IsthatJennyspeaking?—Sorry,I"mafraidyou"vegotthewrong___.A.numberB.nameC.addressD.message6.—Doyouthinkthe____ofthisskirtsuitsme—Ofcourse!Youalwayslookbeautifulinred.A.sizeB.designC.priceD.colorAD 7.You"dbetterreadthe_____firstbeforeyouusethecameraA.websitesB.expressionsC.instructionsD.advertisements8.Thestudentsdidn"tfindmuch____aboutthetopiconthatwebsite.A.reportB.articleC.informationD.storyCC 9.—Ihavegreat_____infinishingtheworkbymyself.Couldyouhelpme?—Noproblem.A.funB.successC.adviceD.difficulty10.—Whatwouldyouliketodrink,girls?—________please.A.TwoglassofwaterB.TwoglassofwatersC.TwocupsofteaD.TwocupsofteasDC 11.Kateis______girl.She"sveryhappyatschool.A.aeighteen-year-oldB.aneighteen-year-oldC.aneighteen-years-oldD.aeighteen-years-old12.Afterhehaddonehismath____,hewentouttotake________.A.exercise;exercisesB.exercise;exerciseC.exercises;exerciseD.exercises;exercisesBC[解析]exercise意为“练习”时,是可数名词;意为“锻炼”时,是不可数名词。 13.Ithinkthathiscomputerismuchbetterthan________.A.anyoneB.anyone"sC.anyoneelseD.anyoneelse"s[解析]else是形容词,意为“其他的,另外的”,修饰不定代词时要后置;anyoneelse的名词所有格为anyoneelse"s。D 14.—Thepenwriteswell.Wheredidyougetit?—Oh,_____gavemeasabirthdaypresent.A.aworkmateofmyfatherB.aworkmateofminefather"sC.aworkmateofmyfather"sD.aworkmateofminefather15.ThemountainIvisitedlastSundayisn"tvery______.Few____gosightseeingthere.A.tourist;touristsB.touristy;touristC.touristy;touristsD.tourist;touristCC 16.Lookatthemanoverthere.Heis____uncle.A.Jim"sandTim"sB.Jim"sandTimC.JimandTimD.JimandTim"s17.—Chineseastronautscanalsowalkinspacenow.—Yes,they"re____ournation.A.proudofB.pleasedwithC.theprideofD.knownforDC 18.HewasborninItaly,buthehasmadeChinahis_____.A.familyB.addressC.houseD.home19.—How_____isitfromXi"antoDunhuang?—It"slessthan3________flight.A.long;hour"sB.far;hour"sC.long;hours"D.far;hours"DD Chapter3:Determinative(限定词)限定词定义:限定词是在名词短语中起修饰作用并通过多种方式把一个名词的所指范围给予具体说明的一类词。它们用于名词之前来表示特指、泛指和定量或是不定量的概念。 限定词种类1.冠词(定冠词、不定冠词、零冠词)2.物主限定词(PossessiveDeterminer)3.名词属格(GenitiveNoun)4.指示限定词(DemonstrativeDeterminer)5.关系限定词(RelativeDeterminer) 6.疑问限定词(InterrogativeDeterminer)7.不定限定词(IndefiniteDeterminer)8.基数词(CardinalNumeral)9.序数词(OrdinalNumeral)10.倍数词(MultiplicativeNumeral)11.分数词(FractionalNumeral) 12.量词(Quantifier)限定词与名词的搭配1.限定词(the,some,any,no,other,whose,myyour,our,his,her,its,their)、名词属格(myfriend’s)等能与名词搭配(单数名词、复数名词、不可数名词) Forexample:thebook,thebooks,somebooks,anymoney,nomoney,John’sfather,whosepen,etc.2.限定词(a,an,one,another,each,every,either,neither,manya,sucha)与单数可数名词搭配。 Forexample:eachstudent,eitherbook,manyabus,anegg,suchaboy,anothercar,etc.3.限定词(both,two,three,anothertwo/three,many,afew,few,several,these,those,anumberof,etc.)与复数名词搭配。 Forexample:bothstudents,anothertwoweeks,manyeggs,severalmonths,anumberofbooks,afewpens4.限定词(alittle,abitof,alargeamountof,agreatdealof,much,less,etc.)与不可数名名词搭配。 Forexample:muchnoise,alargeamountofmoney,littlespace,abitofwater,lesstime,agreatdealofrice,alittleair,etc.5.限定词(thefirst,thesecond,thelast,etc.)与可数名词搭配。 Forexample:thefirstrose,thefirstroses,thenextparty,thenextparties,thelastperson,thelastpersons6.限定词(this,that)与单数可数名词、不可数名词搭配 Forexample:thisperson,thatperson,thiswork,thatwork7.限定词(alotof,lotsof,plentyof,enough,more,most,such,other)与复数名词、不可数名词搭配。Forexample: alotofflowers,lotsofmoney,plentyofdesks,enoughfood,mostpeople,suchbread,moretime,othercountries,etc.8.限定词与限定词的搭配英语中,限定词与限定词之间也存在着搭配关系。在名词词组中心词之前如果有两 个或两个以上限定词出现时,就会产生限定词的先后顺序。按照限定词与限定词之间的不同搭配位置可分为前位限定词、中位限定词和后位限定词。1)前位限定词包括all,both,half,double,etc. 2)中位限定词包括a(n),the,zero,this,that,these,those,my,your,myfather’s,some,any,no,every,each,either,neither,what,which,whose,enough,etc.3)后位限定词包括one,two,three,first,next,last,other,another,many,much,afew,etc. 4.三类限定词的搭配关系如果一个名词词组带有上类限定词,其搭配按照“前位→中位→后位”顺序排列。Forexample:allyourthreebooks;alltheselastfewdays5.限定词的用法 1)限定词such的用法用来复指上文,指上述一类Henoticedhernecklace.Suchjewelsmusthavecostthousands,hethought.(2)用来预指后文(像后面所提及那样)SuchpoetsasKeatsandShelleywrote Romanticpoetry.2)限定词some和any的用法some(一些)的用法可与复数名词、不可数名词连用(2)当做“某一”解时,也可与单数名词连用Youwillbesorryforthissomeday. Somepersonhasseenyoubreaktherule.(3)Some用于其他句式中A:在疑问句中:说话人认为对方的答案会是肯定的,或期望得到肯定回答时。在Wouldyoulike句式中,表委婉请求或建议。Aretheresomelettersforme? Wouldyoulikesomecoffee?B:在条件状语从句中表示确定的意义时。Ifyouneedsomehelp,letmeknow.C:当否定的是整体中的部分时,some可用于否定句。Ihaven’theardfromsomeofmyfriends any(一些)的用法。any多用于否定句、疑问句和条件状语从句中,当句中含有“任何”的意思时,any可用于肯定句。Therearen’tanylettersforme.Arethereanyquestionstoask? Ifyouhaveanytrouble,pleaseletmeknow.Anychildcouldanswerthatquestion.3)限定词much,many,alotof的用法4)限定词afew,few,alittle,little的用法 1.冠词定义:冠词是置于名词之前、说明名词所指的人或事物的一种虚词。冠词可以说是名词的一种标志,它不能离开名词而独立存在。Chapter4冠词系统(Article) 2.冠词种类冠词系统冠词定冠词the不定冠词an(元音开头)a(辅音开头) 3.定冠词的功能冠词系统实践表明,与不定冠词相比,定冠词的使用显得更难一点。但是,若将其用法按内在的联系进行归纳和联想,无疑会大大减少学习和掌握它的用法。请看口诀:沙漠群岛和群山,江河海峡洋海湾。阶级党派朝代名,家族民族和报刊。习语特指独有词,普通名词专有含。计量单位洋乐器,人和事物再次谈。方位序数最高级,前面都需定冠词。 (1)theSaharaDesert(撒哈拉沙漠)theGobiDesert(戈壁沙漠)(2)thePenghuIslands(彭湖列岛)theBalkanPeninsula(巴尔干半岛)(3)theUrals(乌拉尔山脉)theHimalayas(喜马拉雅山脉)(4)theYaluRiver(鸭绿江)theWusuliRiver(乌苏里江) (5)theTaiwanStraits(台湾海峡)theEnglishChannel(英吉利海峡)(6)theEastChinaSea(东海)theMediterraneanSea(地中海)(7)thePersianGulf(波斯湾)theBayofBengal(孟加拉湾)(8)theworkingclass(工人阶级)theproletariat(无产阶级) (9)theCommunistParty(共产党)theDemocraticParty(民主党)(10)theTangDynasty(唐朝)theMingDynasty(明朝)theStoneAge(石器时代)(11)theBrowns(布朗一家)theChinese(中华民族) (12)ThePeople’sDaily(《人民日报》)ThePyongyangTimes(《平壤时报》)(13)inthecaseof(对…而言)incaseof(万一,假使)inthetrade(内行,行家)intrade(做买卖)bytheday(按日计算)byday(在白天) inthechurch(在教堂里)inchurch(做礼拜)taketheair(呼吸新鲜空气)takeair(传播,泄密)(14)表示特指Hecametothedecisionthathemustactatonce. (15)theNationalPeople’sCongresstheMinistryofEducationtheUnitedNationtheRedCrossHospital(16)Wesellpotatoesbythekilo.Inthisjob,wearepaidbythehour.Canwepaybytheweek? (17)playtheviolinplaythepianoplaytheguitarplayer-huplaypi-pa(18)Theoldmanhasason.Thesonisinourschool. (19)ChinafacesthePacificontheeast.Ihavereadthethirdchapter.HeisthekindestmanIknow.Lighttravelsthefastestofallformsofmatters. 4.不定冠词的功能冠词系统顾名思义,不定冠词表示的是一种不确定、非特指、泛泛而谈的语法概念。它是名词的标志之一。由于它的基本含义是“一”,因此常和单数可数名词连用。然而,它又不仅仅表示“一”这个数量。请看口诀:不定冠词有两种,(a;an)“一”的含义全相同(abook;anhour)元音开头需用“an”,(anhour;anapple)“a”在辅音前面用。(abook;aman) 冠词系统常置单数名词前,表示某类和某种。(Adogisausefulthing)泛泛而谈非特指,初次提到不相重。(astudent;thestudent)长度重量和时间,与它连作单位用。(Itistwoyuanafoot) 冠词系统某些词组及搭配,约定俗成少不通。(ataloss;asawhole) 5.零冠词的功能冠词系统零冠词的基本用法口诀:物质名词抽象词,复数名词泛指时。身份职务或头衔,用作同位、表、补语。月份、季节、节假日,棋类球类运动词。 冠词系统并列相关人和数,三餐餐名称呼语。专有名词和搭配广告电报及标题, 1.Mancan’tlivewithoutair;Honestyisthebestpolicy。2.ProfessorLi,deanoftheForeignLanguageDepartment.3.inMarch,onNationalday4.playchess;playgulf5.Warandpeaceisaconstantthemeinhistory. 6.Whatdidyouhaveforbreakfast?7.ThisisHill101,General.8.Chinaisadevelopingcountry. 9.fromwork(下班)10.gotosleep(入睡)11.bychance(碰巧)12.ineffect(实际上)13.onfile(存档)14.learnbyheart(背熟)15.frombeginningtoend(从头到尾)16.forhire(空车:出租车用) 17.ScopeofSalesExhibition(展销范围)18.LiaisonofBusiness(业务联系)19.BOYBORNAUGUSTSIXTHBOTHWell(儿八月六日出生,母子平安)20.FATHERCRITICALLYILL.RETURNSOONEST(父病危,速归)21.ManKilledonMountain 1.—Doyouknow______womaninred?—Yes,she"saprofessorof_____university.A.the;aB.a;anC.the;anD./;the2.Mariawouldlike_____orange,not___orangejuice.A.a;theB./;anC.an;/D.an;anAC┃Exercise┃ 3.VeraandMikecomefrom________Europeancountry.Theyarein_______sameschoolnow.A.a;theB.an;theC.the;theD.an;an4.ZhuZhiwenwas____usualfarmerseveralyearsago.Butnowheis____famoussinger.Hecanplay________piano.A.an;a;theB.a;a;theC.an;a;/D.a;a;/AB 5.Weshouldoffertheseatsto____oldonthebus.A.anB./C.the6.Thisis____classroomwhereweoftenattendlectures.A.aB.anC.theD./7.—Wheredoyoulive?—Iliveon________secondfloor.A.aB.anC.theD./CCC 8.________Greensarecomingtoseeus.A.AB.AnC.TheD./9.Don"ttalktoSimonlikethat.Heisonly____eleven-year-oldboy.A.aB.anC.theD./10.Heusuallygoestoschoolon________foot.A.aB.anC.theD./CBD 11.—Whatdoyouusuallyhavefor________breakfast?—Apieceofbreadand________egg.A.a;anB.不填;theC.a;theD.不填;an12.Simonis________honestboy.Nowheisstudyingat________university.A.a;anB.an;aC.the;aD.the;aDB 13.—Haveyouseen________iPhone5?Ileftitherethismorning.—Isit________blackone?IthinkIsawitsomewhere.A.an;theB.an;aC.the;aD.the;/14.—Thisisausefuldictionary,Ithink.—Soitis,andit"s________unusualone.A.theB.anC.aD.不填BB 15.Thisis____bookItoldyouaboutyesterday.A.aB.theC.anD./16.Agoodbeginningmakes____goodending.A.aB.anC.theD./17.Ilike____colorofyourcoat.I"llbuy_____blouselikethiscolor.A.the;theB.a;C.the;aD.a;theBAC 18.Doyouknowaspaceshipfliesataboutnineteenkilometers________second?A.theB.aC./D.an19.Ithinkit"sreally________hardworkformetofinishthejobintwentyminutes.A.aB.anC.theD.不填BD 20.______GreensarepreparingforthecomingThanksgivingDay.A./B.AC.AnD.The[解析]“the+姓氏的复数形式”表示“……一家人或夫妇二人”,谓语动词用复数。D 21.Ofthetwopencils,theboylikes___one.A.lessexpensiveB.theleastexpensiveC.thelessexpensiveD.themostexpensive[解析]“the+比较级”表示“两者中较……的一个”。C 22.____YangtzeRiverisoneof____longestriversin______world.A.The;the;theB.The;a;aC.A;the;aD./;the;the23.____youngshouldtakegoodcareof___old.A.The;/B.A;TheC.A;anD.The;the24.____moonmovesaround______earth,andtheyaresmallerthan_______sun.A.The;an;aB.A;the;/C./;/;/D.The;the;theADD 25.Wehavethreemeals___day.Wehave_____breakfastatseven.A.a;theB.a;/C.the;theD.the;a[解析]threemealsaday意为“一日三餐”,a相当于each,every。havebreakfast意为“吃早餐”,其前不用冠词。B 26.HarryPotteris____interestingfilm.Ihaveseen______filmtwice.A.an;aB.an;theC.the;aD.the;the27._____Chinaisnolonger______Chinaofthepast.A./;/B.The;theC.The;/D./;theBD[解析]前者是表示国家的专有名词,其前不加冠词,后者由限制性定语所修饰,故应加定冠词。 28.Areyougoingtolearn_______secondlanguagein________thirdgrade?A.a;theB.a;aC.the;theD.the;a[解析]前者是不定冠词与序数词连用,不定冠词表示“又一,再一”的意思。后者是序数词前加定冠词表顺序。A 29.Weallknow___glassismadeof___glass.A.a;/B.the;aC./;aD.a;the[解析]前一个glass表示“玻璃杯”,是可数名词,前加不定冠词表示类别;后一个glass表示“玻璃”,是不可数名词。A 1.代词的定义:代词是代替名词以及起名词作用的短语、分句和句子的词。英语代词使用很广泛。Chapter5:代词系统 2.代词分类系统:代词系统代词种类类系统人称代词物主代词相互代词疑问代词关系代词不定代词反身代词指示代词 (1).人称代词系统:代词系统人称代词第一人称第二人称第三人称单数复数主格I宾格me宾格us主格we单数复数主格you宾格you主格you宾格you单数复数主格heshe,it主格they宾格himher,it宾格them (2).物主代词系统:代词系统物主代词形容词性名词性第一人称my,our第二人称your第三人称their,his,herits第三人称theirshis;hers;its第二人称yours第一人称mine,ours 物主代词形态的共性与个性:形态形容词性名词性个性人称mine第一人称单数my复数our单数mine复数ours第二人称单数your复数your单数yours复数yours第三人称单数his复数their单数his复数theirshisher/itshers/itsits代词系统 (3).反身代词系统:代词系统反身代词第一人称第二人称第三人称单数myself复数ourselves单数yourself复数yourselves单数himselfherselfitself复数themselves 反身代词形态的共性与个性:形态形容词性物主代词反身代词人称单数my复数our单数复数第一人称myselfourselves单数复数第二人称单数your复数youryourselfyourselves单数his单数himself;复数第三人称her复数theirherselfthemselvesitsitself (4).相互代词系统:相互代词eachotheroneanother宾格eachother属格eachother’s宾格oneanother属格oneanother’s 相互代词的形式与用法:宾格属格eachother相互eachother’s相互的oneanother相互oneanother’s相互的在当代英语中,eachother和oneanother可以通用,皆可指两个或两个以上的人或物,但有些语法家认为前者多用于特指某一集体,语气较为亲切,后者多用于泛指一般情况。 相互代词用法:1.宾语:YouandIunderstandeachotherperfectly.Theyhavebeenseparatedfromoneanother.2.(属格)定语:Lastyearwevisitedeachother’scapitals.Theylookedintoeachother’seyesforasilentmoment. (5).指示代词系统:指示代词单数复数thisthatthesethose this(these)与that(those)比较1.在空间与时间上的所指不同this(these)一般用来指空间或时间上较近的事物,that(those)一般用来指空间或时间上较远的事物。1)表空间:Thisbuildingwasbuiltlastyear;thatwasbuiltmanyyearsago.ThisisamapofChina.ThatisamapoftheWorld. 2)表时间Youcan’tswimatthistimeoftheyear.Hewantsthatdaytocomesoonerratherthanlater.Notice:thosedays与thesedays的区别:thosedays指往昔,thesedays指当前。2.在所讲事物上的所指不同that和those往往指前面讲过的事物,this和these 则指下面将要讲到的事物。TheweatherofBeijingiscolderthanthatofGuangzhou.Thatisagoodidea.Yougotofreshplaces.Describethose.I’llsaythisforyou;youarethinkingallthetimeWrittenonthewallarethesewords:Wewantpeace. (6).疑问代词系统:疑问代词主语宾语who,what,which定语whomwhatwhose,which表语who,what (7).关系代词系统:关系代词主语宾语who,that,which,as定语whom,aswhich,thatwhose (8).不定代词系统:不定代词every+any+some+nothingallnoneeachanotherother,theotherothers 1.all,every,each的比较each可指少到两个,all,every则至少指三个all表所有项目的总和,是一不可分割的整体AllthestudentsarefromGuangxi.every是由各个项目集合成一个整体,其构成成分有共性。EverystudentisfromGuangxi.Each的注意力集中在个别项目上,其构成成分各具特性。 EachstudentisfromGuangxi.Notice:all常和复数名词或不可数名词连用。 3.代词的语法功能系统:主语功能:Shehesitatedamoment,andthensatdown.WhoisyourEnglishteacher?Thisisthemanwhohelpedmewithmyhomework.Someoneiscomingtoseeyoulater.Pleasetellmewhichisyours?Whathappenedlastnight? (2)宾语功能:Atfirst,helikedtotellussomethingimportant.Weallcalledhim“littlehero”.Thisisthebookwhichwelikebest.Whatareyoudoinghere?WedoasourPartyasksustodo.Inoursociety,wemusthelpeachother.Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves. 3.代词的语法功能系统:(3)定语功能:Whichbookdoyoulikebest,thisoneorthatone?Heisourmonitorwhosefatherworkshere.Weliketotalksomethingabouteachother’sideasWhoseansweriscorrect?Theirideasseemverycrazy. 3.代词的语法功能系统:(4)表语功能:Thatisallfortoday.Webelievehewillbecomessomebodyoneday.Whatishe?WhoisyourEnglishteacher? 1.Ican"tfindmypen.Couldyouhelp____findit?A.meB.herC.himD.them2.—Jack,isthere_____intoday"snewspaper?—No,nothing.A.anythingimportantB.somethingimportantC.importantanythingD.importantsomethingAAExercise 3.—Dad,whichdoyouprefer,teaorcoffee?—________isOK.Idon"tmind.A.BothB.NeitherC.AllD.Either4.—IsyouriPadblack,Jenny?—No,itisn"t.________iswhite.A.YoursB.MineC.HersD.His5.Ifind________hardtolearnEnglishwell.A.thisB.itC.thatD.theyDBB 6.MyfriendJennyoftenhelps________with_______English.A.I;meB.me;myC.my;meD.I;my—7.Iamalittlehungry,Mom.—Therearesomecakesontheplate.Youcantake________.A.itB.oneC.thatD.This8.—Excuseme,isthis________iPadmini?—No,itisn"t.________isathome.A.your;MineB.your;MyC.yours;MyD.yours;MineBBA 9.—WhatdoyouthinkofthemoviebyZhaoWei?—Terrific.Ilike________verymuch.A.itB.himC.herD.you10.________iswaitingforyouatthegate.Hewantstosaythankstoyou.A.SomebodyB.AnybodyC.EverybodyD.NobodyAA 11.Thereisacupoftea.Pleasepass___tome.A.oneB.itC.thisD.that12.DoyouknowtheboysittingbetweenPeterand______?A.sheB.IC.hisD.me13.Thereissomesaltinthebowl.Pleasepass_____tome.A.itB.oneC.themD.thisBDA 14.MerryChristmas,George!Hereisacardfor_____with____bestwishes.A.you;ourB.us;yourC.you;yourD.us;our15.—Isthis________newbook,Shirley?—No,itisn"t.Maybeit"s________.A.your;hisB.your;himC.yours;hisD.yours;himAA 16.Tom"smotherkepttellinghimthatheshouldworkharder,but_____didn"thelp.A.heB.whichC.sheD.it[解析]it代替上文整个句子的内容,即“母亲一再告诉汤姆应该努力学习”这件事。D 17.ManyAsianelephantsliveinIndiabutyoucanfind________inothercountriesaswell.A.himB.themC.herD.it18.—Arethosebooks________?—No,theyarenotmine.Theybelongto____.A.your;herB.yours;herC.your;hersD.yours;she19._____isnotgoodtocopyothers"homework.A.ThisB.ThatC.ItD.ThereBBC 20.Yourwatchisverycool.Wheredidyoubuy_____?Iwanttobuy___,too.A.it;oneB.it;itC.one;itD.one;one[解析]it代替上文提到的watch;one泛指任意一块表。A 21.Mostyoungpeoplefind______excitingtoplaycomputergames.A.itB.thisC.oneD.that22.Whenmyfriendscometomyhouse,I"dlikethemtomake________athome.A.himselfB.yourselvesC.herselfD.themselvesAD 23.—HaveyougotanybooksonEnglishgrammar?Iwanttoborrow________.—Yes,hereyouare.ButyoumustreturnitbyFriday.A.oneB.itC.someD.that24.—Didyoufinishthehomework_____?—Sure,MrWang.Nobodyhelped_____.A.you;IB.yours;meC.yourself;mineD.yourself;meAD 25.Theapplesonthistreearebiggerthan________onthattree.A.themB.thoseC.thatD.its[解析]为了避免重复,可用that和those代替前面提到的名词。该句中apples为复数名词,故选用those来代替。B 26.—Whotaught________swimming?—Nobody.Ilearnedallby_____A.you;myselfB.your;myselfC.you;meD.your;mine[解析]teachsbsth意为“教某人某事”,其中的sb应用宾格;allbyoneself意为“靠自己”,为固定搭配。A Myfamilyhastwodogs.Oneiswhite,_____isblack.A.otherB.anotherC.theotherD.others28.—IsyourfriendMichaelstillinAustralia?—Idon"tknow.Ihave________informationabouthimbecausewehaven"tseeneachotherfor________years.A.alittle;afewB.little;afewC.afew;alittleD.few;alittleCB 29.—_____sweaterdoyoulikebest?—Theblueone.A.WhoB.WhichC.WhomD.Whose30.Ihadtobuy______thesebooksbecauseIdidn"tknowwhichonewasthebest.A.bothB.noneC.neitherD.all31.Wehadapicniclasttermanditwasalotoffun,solet"shave_____onethismonth.A.theotherB.someC.anotherD.otherBDC 32.—HowoftenistheWorldCupheld?—________fouryears.A.ForB.EveryC.EachD.In[解析]everyfouryears意为“每四年”,用来回答“howoften”引导的特殊疑问句。each没有此用法。B 33.________wenthikinglastweekendbecauseofthebadweather.A.SomeoneB.NooneC.EveryoneD.Nothing[解析]根据“becauseofthebadweather”可知,因为天气不好,没有人去远足。B 34.Itisagoodhabitof____toreadafewlinesbeforegoingtobed.A.IB.meC.myD.mine25.—Whichdoyouprefer,teaorcoffee?—Idon"tcare.______isfine.A.EitherB.NeitherC.BothD.AllDA 36.Aforeignvisitoriscomingtovisitournewhousethisevening.Mymotherwillofferhim___toeat.A.anythingdeliciousB.somethingrealChineseC.somethingJapanesefoodD.delicioussomething37.—Doyouhaveenoughstudentstocleanthelaboratory?—No,Ithinkweneed________students.A.anotherB.twoothersC.moretwoD.twomoreBD 38.—CanIhelpyou,boy?—Yes.Thereis______wrongwithmybike.A.somethingB.anythingC.everythingD.nothing39.—Youhavetriedonseveralshirts.—Sorrytotakeuptoomuchofyourtime.But________ofthemlookgoodonme.A.neitherB.anyC.noneD.bothAC 40.—CanIcomethisafternoonortomorrowmorning?—________isOK.I"mfreetodayandtomorrow.A.EitherB.NeitherC.BothD.None[解析]根据答语“I"mfreetodayandtomorrow.”可知今天和明天都可以,故选用either,意为“两者当中任意一个都可以”。A 41.—Doyouknowhowmanypeoplethereareinthehall?—______.Becausethemeetinghasbeenputoff.A.NooneB.NothingC.NoneD.Nobody[解析]none意为“三者或三者以上中没有一个”,用来回答howmany/howmuch引导的特殊疑问句;noone/nobody用来回答who引导的特殊疑问句;nothing用来回答what引导的特殊疑问句。C 42.—Whatkindofmusicdoyoulike?—Ilikemusic________Icandanceto.A.becauseB.whenC.whoD.that43.Thequestionissimple._____cananswerit.A.SomeoneB.AnybodyC.NobodyD.NooneDB 44.—Mom,whatelsecanwedotohelpyou?—________else,Ithink.EverythingisOK.A.SomethingB.NothingC.AnythingD.Everything45.—Look!Thatisthewoman________Imetyesterday.—Oh?She"smyaunt.A.whatB.whoC.whereD.whenBB 45.—John,wehavefewapplesleft.Couldyougoandbuy________?—Sure.ButIhave________here.A.any;anyB.some;anyC.any;someD.some;some[解析]some既可以用于肯定句中,又可以用于疑问句中表示委婉的请求并希望得到对方的肯定回答。D Chapter6:形容词、副词系统形容词:1.形容词的定义:表示事物特征的词是形容词2.形容词类别:形容词性质形容词关系形容词 1)性质形容词是直接表示事物的特征,如,hot,long,good,black等。2)关系形容词表示从某一事物和其他事物的关系而产生的特征,如,Chinesetea;musicalinstrument,industrialcenters等。3.形容词的语法特点1)形容词的形态标志(1)带前缀的形容词in-(il-,im-,ir-)(“不”含义) sane(心理健康的,神志清楚的)→insanelogical(合理的,符合逻辑的)→illogicalproper(适当的)→improperregular(规则的)→irregularsub-(低于,次)human(人类)→subhuman(近乎动物的)tropical(热带的)→subtropical(亚热带的)standard(标准)→substandard(不合标准)hyper-(超过) critical(批评的)→hypercritical(吹毛求疵的)active(积极的)→hyperactive(过于积极的)sensitive(神经的,敏感的)→hypersensitiveultra-(过度)violet(紫色)→ultraviolet(紫外线)modern(时髦的)→ultramodern(过分时髦的)conservative(保守的)→ultraconservative(2)带后缀的形容词-able;ible(能,可) read→readable;eat→eatable;response→responsible;-al(的)culture→cultural;politics→politicalnation→national;economy→economical-en(的)gold→golden;wool→woolen;-ese(地,人)China→Chinese;Japan→Japanese -ful(充满)care→careful;power→powerful-ish(属于;稍微)book→bookish;child→childish;fool→foolish;self→selfish-ern(方向)north→northern;east→eastern;-ous(多)danger→dangerous;vary→various -ly(品质;的)comrade→comradely;man→manly;friend→friendly;world→worldly,week→weekly;-like(像)child→childlike;cow→cowlike;-y(充满;性质)snow→snowy;rain→rainy;hand→handy-ed(有,像) talent→talented;dog→dogged(顽强的)wall→walled;wood→wooded;point→pointed2)形容词语法功能(1)定语Heisasmallboy.(2)表语(主语补语)Ourcountryisbeautiful.(3)宾语补语Inwinterthesunkeepsuswarm. 3)形容词作前置定语时的词序形容词的主要功用之一就是作名词的前置定语。作为名词的前置定语的形容词词组一般可以采取并列的形式,用逗号隔开。例如:athin,longface;asmall,clearhandwriting也可以在前置形容词之间加上并列连词。如rainyandstormyweatherasmallbutcomfortableroomared,blueandwhiteflag 但当名词前有多个形容词作前置定语时,这些形容词的词序通常遵循一定的规则。它们的排列次序大体是:限定词(冠词、代词、数词等)→一般描绘性(表性质、特征)形容词→表大小、长短、高低的形容词→表形状的形容词→表年龄、新旧的形容词→表颜色的形容词→表国籍、地区、出处的形容词→表物质、材料的形容词(或名词)→表用途、类别的形容词(或名词、动名词)→名词中心词。 例如:abraveyoungman(勇敢的年青人)asmallroundtable(小圆桌)atallgreybuilding(灰色的高楼)abeautifullargegreenChinesecarpet(美丽的、绿色的中国大地毯)avaluableoldFrenchwritingdesk(贵重的老式法国写字台) 二、副词1.副词定义副词是用来回答以how,when,where开头的问句,以及修饰动词、形容词、其他副词等的词。如soon,here,well,quickly。2.副词的种类 副词程度副词状况副词疑问副词关系副词连接副词 3.副词的主要特征和形容词一样,副词在句中也主要作修饰语成分,但副词主要用来修饰动词、形容词、副词及其他结构,充当状语,表示程度、方式、时间、地点及说话人对话语的态度等。也有比较级和最高级形式。4.某些兼有两种形式的副词用法上的异同有些副词有两种形式,一是与形容词同形,二是由该形容词加-ly构成。这两种不同形式,有些 含义相同,有些略有不同,有些完全不同。1)clean和cleanly⑴clean作“径直地,完全地”解Thebulletwentcleanthroughhisarm.Icleanforgotaboutit.⑵cleanly常作“干净利落”解Thisknifedoesn’tcutcleanly. 2)clear和clearly⑴clean作“完全地、径直地”解(与clean相同)Youcanseecleartothemountaintoday.Theprisonergotclearaway.clean还可作“隔开、不接触”解StandclearofthegateYoushouldkeepclearofthatfellow.⑵clearly作“清楚地;显然”解Ican’tseeclearlywithoutmyglasses. Heisclearlywrong.在下列结构中用clear或clearly均可Themoonshoneclear/clearly.Hespeaksclear/clearly.3)direct和directly⑴direct作“直线地,不绕圈子地”解Theroadleadsdirecttoourschool.Thenextflightdoesn’tgodirecttoRome,itgoesbywayofParis. ⑵directly多表示“直接地、直率地、正好”等。Whathappenstheredirectlyconcernsus.SheansweredmeverydirectlyandopenlyHelivesdirectlyoppositethemuseum.Hisviewsaredirectlyopposedtomine.directly还可表示“立即,马上”的意思。Youmustgotohimdirectly.Let’smeetdirectlyafterlunch.4)high和highly ⑴high作“高”解:Theyclimbedhigh.Thehawkwascirclinghighinthesky.high常用于下列固定搭配:aimhigh力争上游;雄(野)心很大payhigh付高价playhigh大赌runhigh情绪激昂⑵highly通常指抽象的“高”,表示“高度地” “非常,很,极”等意思:Wethinkhighlyoftheirresearchinthisfield.Mr.Greenspokehighlyofourcity.Thisreportofyoursishighlyscientific.5)deep和deeply⑴deep作“深”解:Shewentdeepintothewoods.Theydugdeepforthetreasure. Themeetingcontinueddeepintothenight.⑵deeply多指抽象的“深”,表示“深深地”、“非常地,极度地”等意思:Hiswordsmovedusdeeply.Theyweredeeplyimpressedbytheprogresswehadmade.Iamdeeplygratefultoyouforyourhelp.6)wide和widely⑴wide作“宽大,广阔”解: Sheopenedthedoorwidesothattheroomwaslighter.Heopenedhiseyeswide.⑵widely表示“广泛地”、“大大地”等意思:Theteacher’smostwidelyusedandmostvaluabletool,however,istheblackboard.Hehastravelledwidely.Thetwobooksarewidelydifferent.7)easy和easily ⑴easy只在某些固定搭配中作副词:takeiteasy(慢慢来,别急)Goeasy(别着急)Easycome,easygo(来得容易,花得快)Easiersaidthandone(说来容易做来难)Standeasy(稍息)⑵其他情况用easily,表示“容易地,轻易地”“流畅地,顺利地”、“无疑地,很可能”等意思。 Icaneasilyfinishittoday.Theywon’tgiveupsoeasily.Theconversationwenteasilyfromonesubjecttoanother.Thatmayeasilybethecase.ItiseasilythebestTVprogram.8)slow和slowly⑴slow主要与go连用,表示“慢走”、“慢开”、 “慢干”或“怠工”等意思:Itoldthedrivertogoslow.⑵其他场合多用slowlySpeakslowly,please.Howslowlythetimepasses!Sheateslowlywithoutappetite.9)loud和loudly⑴loud和loudly均作“大声地”解,用哪一种形式与音韵有关,并无绝对规定,如: Don’ttalksoloud/loudly.⑵如用比较等级,通常用louder和loudest:Speaklouder,Ican’thearyou.Wholaughedloudest?10)late和lately⑴late作“迟,晚”解,如:Hegoestobedlateandgetsuplate.Shegotherefiveminuteslate.Thechildrenstayeduplate. ⑵lately意思是“近来、最近”,如:Whathaveyoubeendoinglately?LatelyI’vetakentomakingmyownclothes5.形容词和副词比较等级的基本用法大多数形容词和副词都有三个比较等级:原级、比较级和最高级。它们可分别用于不同的比较结构。1)原级可用于以下结构: ⑴“as…as”结构JohnisastallasBob.Therearenowfivetimesasmanyschoolsinourtownasin1949.JohnbehavesaspolitelyasBob(does)HecanreadtwiceasfastasI(can).⑵“notso(as)…as”结构Myhandwritingisnotso(as)goodasyours.Ihaven’tmadeasmuchprogressasIshould IhaveneverseensobeautifulaplaceasGuilin.MycommandofEnglishisnothalfso(as)goodasyours.Shedidn’tsingsowellthatnightassheusuallydoes.Idon’tspeakhalfsowellasyou.2)比较级可用于下列结构:⑴“more…than”结构 Heismoreconcernedaboutothersthanabouthimself.Thegirlsinyourclassaremoreactivethanthoseinourclass.TheclimateofKunmingismuchbetterthanthatofNanjing.MysisteristwoyearsyoungerthanI(me)Youhavemadefargreaterprogressthistermthanyoudidlastterm. ItrainsmoreofteninShanghaithaninBeijing.Theygotthereanhourearlierthantheothers.⑵“less…than”结构Thiswatchislessexpensivethanthatone.(Thiswatchisnotsoexpensiveasthatone)ThiswordisusedlessfrequentlyinBritishEnglishthaninAmericanEnglish. ⑶“themore…of”结构:Tomistheolderofthetwoboys.Ofthetwoboys,Johnbehaves(the)morepolitely.在这一结构中,形容词比较级之前的定冠词不能省略;但副词比较级之前的定冠词可以省略。⑷“moreandmore”结构:Ourcountryisgettingstrongerandstronger. Youaregettingfatterandfatter.ShefeltherselfgettingyoungerandyoungerHebecamelessandlessinterested.⑸“themore…themore”结构:A:Doyouwantabighouse?B:Yes,thebiggerthebetter.Thebusierheis,thehappierhefeels.Themoregrainweproduce,thegreaterwillbeourachievement. Themorepeopleyouknow,thelesstimeyouhavetoseethem.Thesooneryoustart,themorequicklyyou’llfinish.Theharderheworked,themoreprogresshemade.3)最高级可用于下列结构⑴“themost…of/in”结构Maryisthemostbeautifulofthegirls. Ofallthingsintheworld,peoplearethemostpreciousAutumnisthebestseasoninBeijing.Sheisbyfarthemostactivememberinourgroup.It’sthemostinterestingbookI’veeverread.Heworks(the)hardestofall.Shesings(the)bestintheclass.形容词最高级前通常必须加定冠词;但副词最 高级前定冠词可用可不用。另外,最高级的比较范围除了用of/in等介词短语外,还可用that从句。⑵“theleast…of/in”结构Thisistheleastinterestingbook(that)I’veeverread(=ThisisthemostuninterestingbookI’veeverread.)Iamtheleastexperiencedamongtheteachershere. 6.比较结构的相互转换上述比较结构有交换使用的可能,就是说,可以用不同的比较结构表达相同的内容。1)“more…than”,“less…than”与“notas…as”结构的转换JohnislessstupidthanBobis.Johnisnotso(as)stupidasBobis.JohnisclevererthanBobis. 2)比较级(辅以一定词汇手段)表示最高级含义Peteristheoldestboyintheschool.Peterisolderthananyotherboyintheschool.RichardisthetallestofthethreebrothersRichardistallerthanhistwobrothers.Ironisthemostusefulofallmetals.Ironismoreusefulthananyothermetal. Georgedidthemost.Georgedidmoreworkthananyoneelse.It’sthebestthingIlike.Ilikenothingbetterthanit.It’stheworstthingIeverknew.Itcan’tbeworse. 1.Debbieisgrowingfast.Sheiseven________thanhermother.A.tallB.tallerC.tallestD.thetallest2.—WhydoesTinalookso________today?—She"swonthefirstprizeintheEnglishcontest.A.happierB.happyC.happiestD.happilyBB┃Exercise┃ 3.Breakfastis________mealoftheday.Itprovidesuswithenergyafteralongnightwithoutfood.A.importantB.moreimportantC.themostimportantD.veryimportant[解析]考查形容词的最高级。根据标志词of可知用最高级形式。句意:早饭是一天中最重要的一顿饭。经过一个没有食物的漫长夜晚它为我们提供了能量。C 4._____youhitthehorse,_______itwillgoA.Hard;fastB.Thehard;thefastC.Theharder;thefaster5.Iknowyouareshorterthanyourbrothersbutyourun________.A.morefasterB.fastestC.morefastD.fastBC 6.The________actionfilmhasattractedmillionsofyoungpeopletothecinema.A.130-minuteB.130-minutesC.130minuteD.130minutes[解析]考查形容词连缀的用法。“数词-可数名词单数”构成连缀形式,用作形容词。根据句意可知答案选A。A 7.Thepandaisn"t_____togothroughthehole.A.enoughfatB.enoughthinC.thinenoughD.fatenough8.—Didyoureadtoday"snewspaper?—Yes,Idid.Thereis________.Doyouwanttoknowit?A.excitingsomethingB.somethingexcitingC.excitinganythingD.anythingexcitingCB 9.Youmustkeepyoureyes______whenyoudoeyeexercises.A.closeB.openC.closedD.opened10.—Whatdoyouthinkofmath,Lily?—Ithinkit"s________thanEnglish.A.muchdifficultB.moredifficultC.mostdifficultD.themostdifficultCB 11.—Whatdoesyourbrotherlooklike?—Heis________.A.fineB.niceandfriendlyC.goodD.tallandhandsome12.—What"sup?—Themusicintherestaurantsoundsso___thatIwanttoleaveatonce.A.softB.wonderfulC.friendlyD.noisy13.Hewas_______withTeresabecausesheforgottocallhimup.A.annoyedB.pleasedC.friendlyD.patientDDA 14.Chinahas________populationintheworld.A.biggerB.thelargestC.thebiggestD.larger[解析]形容人口多用large,人口少用small。根据句意“中国是世界上人口最多的国家”可知,此题应用形容词的最高级。B 15.Emmaalwaysmakesalotofmistakes.Sheis________.A.careB.carefulC.carefullyD.careless16.Theoldmanwasfound__________inthelivingroom.A.diedB.deadC.deathD.dyingDB[解析]dead是形容词,意为“死的”,在句中作宾语补足语。 17.TonyisonlyshorterthanJim.Heis____inhisclass.A.twotallestB.thetwotallestC.thesecondtallestD.secondtallest18.Thedininghallis________tohold300people.A.enoughbigB.enoughwellC.smallenoughD.bigenoughCD 19.Ifyouwanttobethinnerandhealthier,youshouldeat_____foodandtake_____exercise.A.more;fewerB.more;lessC.fewer;moreD.less;more20.Inagreenschool,everyoneagreestobe________abouttheenvironment.A.nervousB.carefulC.honestD.rudeDB 21.Iwon"tjustbelievetheadvertisement.Thatkindofcamerais________itsays.A.notasgoodasB.asgoodasC.notaswellasD.aswellas[解析]“notas/so+形容词/副词原级+as…”,意为“……和……不一样……”。A 22.WhenIknewthatChinahadgotherfirstAircraftCarrier(航空母舰),Ifeltexcitedand________.A.proudB.terribleC.nervousD.strange23.Thisgardenis_______morebeautifulthanthatone.A.tooB.quiteC.ratherD.alittleAD[解析]alittle,far,even,still,much等可以修饰比较级。 24.Thiskindofcakelooks______andsells_______A.good;goodB.good;wellC.well;wellD.well;good[解析]look是连系动词,后须接形容词作表语。sell是实义动词,用副词well修饰,well作形容词时意为“健康的”。B 25.Emmaalwaysgetsgoodgradesindifferentexamsbecausesheisa________girl.A.shyB.friendlyC.politeD.hard-working26.Stayawayfromjunkfood,please.It‘sbadforus,________forchildren!A.recentlyB.especiallyC.probablyD.nearlyDB 27.Wedecidednottoclimbthemountainbecauseitwasraining________.A.heavilyB.stronglyC.hardlyD.badly28.—Whichcityhas________population,Shanghai,HongKongorQingdao?—Shanghai,ofcourse.A.thesmallestB.theleastC.themostD.thelargestAD 29.Jackisgoodatdrawing.Ithinknoonedraws________.A.betterB.bestC.worseD.worst[解析]句意:杰克擅长画画,我想没有人比他画得更好了。此处暗示其他人与杰克比较,故选A。A 30.ImetLucyintheprimaryschoolandwehavebeenclosefriends________.A.asusualB.againandagainC.soonerorlaterD.eversince31.MountTaiisverypopularand______touristsvisitityearbyyear.A.moreandmoreB.fewerandfewerC.lessandlessD.moreorlessDA 32.Makeanoteofthequestionsyouwanttoaskwhenyoureviseyourlessons.________,youwillsurelyforgetsomeofthem.A.ThereforeB.AnywayC.HoweverD.OtherwiseD 专题7┃形容词和副词33.Wehavetwoearsandonemouthsothatwecanlisten________wespeak.A.astwicemuchasB.twiceasmuchasC.asmuchastwiceD.asmuchtwiceas[解析]考查副词比较级。listen和speak都是动词故用much来修饰,“同……一样多”是asmuchas,具体倍数应该放在前面。B Chapter7:介词(Prepositions)1.介词概述介词又叫前置词。现代英语中有一百来个简单介词,近两百个复合介词和三百多个短语介词。介词使用频繁,搭配和含义都比较复杂。因此,掌握介词是学习英语的一个关键。学习介词需要分析类比,更需要归纳记忆。介词不能单独在句中担任句子成分,它后面要跟名词或与之相当的词语,即介词宾 语,“介词+宾语”构成介词短语。介词短语在句中主要用作状语、定语、表语、宾语补语等。2.介词与形容词、动词、名词的习惯搭配介词的搭配能力很强,它除了与后面的名词构成介词短语外,还能与其前面的形容词(分词)、动词、名词等作各种搭配,表示各种不同的意义。 1)常用介词与形容词(分词)的搭配有些形容词要求与一定的介词搭配。有些形容词能与不同的介词搭配,有时意义不同,有时意义差别不大。(1)about---anxious,careful,careless,certainconsiderate,enthusiastic,happy,sad,mad,particular,sure,curiousclear,doubtful,mistaken,worried,concerned,etc. Examples:Motherwasanxiousaboutherdaughterbeingoutsolateatnight.Sheisveryparticularaboutwhatshewears(2)at---good,bad,clever,quick,expert,busyskillful,skilled,green,angry,shockeddisappointed,surprised,astonished,amused,amazed,etc.Examples: Sheisverycleveratpainting.Theboyisstillgreenatthisjob.(3)for---convenient,grateful,thankful,notedfamous,prepared,favorable,useful,fit,hungry,sorry,perfect,bound,responsible,good,necessary,rightExamples:Themanagerisnotfitforhisposition.Theywerepreparedfortheworst. (4)from---absent,inseparable,separate,safe,different,tired,etc.ExamplesI’mprettytiredfromtravelling.Whywereyouabsentfromthemeeting?(5)in---expert,quick,rich,successful,weak,strong,right,interested,absorbed,experienced,deficient,etc.Examples Shewasveryquickinbringingthedishes.Fruitisrichinvitamins.(6)of---afraid,ashamed,aware,critical,fondapprehensive,characteristic,full,composed,envious,hard,considerateinconsiderate,short,impatient,typicalindependent,sensible,worthy,proud,capable,jealous,sure,doubtful,tiredExamples Hewasashamedofhavingfailed.Weyoungpeoplearefullofvigorandvitality.(7)on---dependent,keen,intent,etc.ExamplesHewasintentonhisstampcollectionanddidnothearwhatIsaid.Someyoungpeoplearedependentontheirparents.(8)to---acceptable,agreeable,alive,attentive blind,comparable,deaf,essential,related,favorable,indifferent,married,preferable,responsible,sensitive,suitable,unjust,used,thankful,grateful,harmful,true,newimportant,similar,superior,loyal,polite,nice,kind,cruel,dear,equal,familiar,etc.ExamplesAreyouagreeabletomyplansforapicnic?Hisopinioniscontrarytomine. (9)with---busy,content,blue,red,white,ill,sick,wrong,careful,disappointed,alive,angry,ablaze,familiar,strict,pleased,satisfied,generous,impatient,popular,identical,etc.ExamplesIamnotcontentwithbeautifuldreams;Iwantbeautifulrealities.Hewasbusydayandnightwithmeetings. 某些形容词与不同介词搭配在意义上的不同Heisgoodatmathematics.他擅长数学。(擅长于,善于)Thatmedicineisgoodforheadache.那种药可治头痛。(对…有益或有效)Myneighborsareverygoodtome.我的邻居对我很友好。(相当于kind) Thelakeisalivewithfish.这湖里鱼多的很。(充满)Heisfullalivetothedangersofthelife.他充分意识到生活的危险.(敏感,觉察到)2)常用介词语动词的搭配同一个介词往往可与不同动词构成很多搭配关系。(1)about---hear,think,tell,talk,worry,care,dream,complain,etc. ExamplesTheydon’tcareaboutthiskindofthing.Ihaveneverheardabouthim.(2)at---look,gaze,laughsmile,shout,shoot,throw,work,arrive,etc.ExamplesHewholaughsatcrookedmenshouldneedwalkverystraight.Shegazedattheceilingforalongtime. (3)for---apologize,apply,ask,beg,hope,runlong,wish,wait,prepare,listen,standleave,blame,punish,care,search,etcExamplesWeweregiventwodaystopreparefortheexamination.Westandforyoursuggestion.(4)from---hear,part,result,come,save,hide,change,prevent,borrow,suffer, differ,separate,etc.ExamplesNoonecanpreventtheplansfrombeingcarriedout.EnglandisseparatedfromFrancebytheChannel.(5)in---believe,persist,succeed,fail,deal,consist,improve,result,join,spend,participate,etc. ExamplesDoyoubelieveinghosts?Weshouldpersistinthemassline.(6)of---dream,hear,tell,talk,think,come,consist,remind,rid,rob,cure,warn,break,complain,admit,taste,relieve,convince,cheat,suspect.ExamplesOurclassconsistsoftwentystudents. It’snecessarytobreakhimofthehabit.(7)on---depend,rely,live,insist,wait,spend,decide,plan,congratulate,agree,etc.ExamplesThey’vedecidedonbuildingapowerplantthere.Eachpersonspentabout5yuanadayonfood.(8)to---attend,object,refer,compare,prefer, happen,listen,agree,correspond,lead,talkspeak,apply,contribute,assign,devote,etc.ExamplesShakespearecomparedtheworldtoastageShemadeuphermindtodevoteherselftothecauseofeducation.(9)with---argue,quarrel,fight,compare,deal,comply,part,agree,help,associate,correspond,sympathize,interfere, accord,catchup,etc.ExamplesPeoplewhorefusetocomplywiththelawwillbepunished.Comparethiswiththat,andyouwillseewhichisbetter.某些动词在与不同的介词搭配时,往往表示不同的意义。试比较: HeappliedformembershipintheParty.他申请入党。Whatevershelearned,sheappliedtoherwork.她把学到的一切都应用到工作中去。TheaccidentresultedfromTom’scarelessness.事故是汤姆粗心造成的。Tom’scarelessnessresultedintheaccident.汤姆的粗心导致了事故的发生。 Theyagreedwithme.他们同意我的意见。(介词宾语指人)Theyagreedtomyproposal.他们同意我的建议。(介词宾语指建议等)Theyagreedongoing.他们同意要去。(介词宾语指取得共同意见的问题)3)常用介词与名词的搭配有些名词后面要求用一定的介词,一般来说 有下面几种情况。(1)名词后面所跟的介词与同源形容词后面所跟的介词相同。如:Heisfamiliarwithmanylanguages.Hisfamiliaritywithmanylanguagessurprisedusall.Marywaskeenlyinterestedinnovels.Marytookakeeninterestinnovels. (2)名词后面所跟的介词与同源动词后面所跟的介词相同。如:ShehasappliedforPartymembership.HerapplicationforPartymembershipisbeingcarefullyconsidered.Icongratulateyouonyoursuccess.Pleaseacceptmycongratulationsonyoursuccess. (3)名词后面所跟的介词不同于同源形容词或同源动词后面所跟的介词。如:Janeisfondofsweets.Janehasafondnessforsweets.Afterthisdryweather,everyonehopesforrain.Isthereanyhopeofsuccess?(4)有些名词,其同源动词是及物动词,后面不跟介词,但这些名词后面却要用适当的介词。 如:Shelikesfilms.Shehasalikingforfilms.Hehassolvedtheproblem.Hefoundasolutiontotheproblem.(5)另外,其他一些名词后面也往往要求用一定的介词。如:keyto…的钥匙;关键;线索reasonfor…的理由 exceptionto…的例外effecton…对……的影响talentfor…的才能shelterfrom…避……之处deputyto…的代表attemptat……的企图,尝试3.某些常用介词意义和用法比较1)介词at,on,in这三个介词都可以表示时间,但有所区别。 (1)at主要用于表示时点:①钟点、时刻,如:attwoo’clock,atnoon,atmidnight,atdawn,etc.②不确定的时间和短期假日,如:attimes,atthattime,atbreakfasttime,atEaster,atChristmas等。③年龄、阶段和一段时间的开头或结尾,如:attheageofsix,atfifteen,athisage,atthepresentstage,atthisperiod,atthebeginningofSeptember atthecloseoftheYear,at(the)weekend等。(2)on主要用于表时段:①某一天,如:onMonday,onthe1stofMay,onMarch1,onNewYear’sDay,onChristmasDay②某一天的朝夕,如:onSundaymorning,ontheafternoonofOctober1,onthepreviousafternoon,onthefollowingevening,onNewYear’sEve.等。 但如果某月某日上午或下午之前有late,early等修饰语,介词仍用in,如:inthelateafternoonofOct.1(3)in也用于表示时段一般指长于或短于一天的时段,如:inthemorning,intheafternoon,intheevening,inaweek,inJanuary,insummer,in1990inthetwentiethcentury等。2)介词in,during 这两个表示时间的介词用法上的异同点主要是(1)表示一段时间,in和during一般可以换用:Iwokeupthreetimesin/duringthenight.Hecametoseemein/duringmyabsence.(2)但in只是一般地指某一时间,而during更强调时间的延续,有“在……过程中”的含义。因此,在与visit,stay,meal等表示事态延续一定时间的名词搭配时,便只能用during,不能用in,例如: TheyvisitedmanyfactoriesduringtheirstayinShanghai.Duringthemealwetalkedabouttheteachingprogram.3)介词in,after在表示时间上,这两个介词的主要区别在于(1)in和after都可以表示“在(若干时间)之后”,但in多用于将来的一时性行为,而after则用于指过去的某时间之后,一般不用于将来。如 Thedelegationwillarriveinthreedays.Hearrivedafterthreedays.(2)after还可用来表示“在(具体的钟点、日期、事件之后”,in则不能这样用,在这种情况下,after既可用于过去,也能用于将来。例如:Justafterseventherainbegantofall.Ishallgotoswimafterfouro’clock.Fivedaysafter2July,hewenttoBeijing.Whatwilltheydoaftergraduation? 4)介词on,in,by这三个介词都可用来表示动作触及人体的某一部,但各个搭配有所不同。(1)on习惯上多与head,ear,nose,jaw,neck,cheek,shoulder,back等名词搭配。如:Someonetouchedmeontheshoulder.Theoldwomankissedthebabyonbothcheeks.(2)in习惯上多与eye,face,mouth,ribs,stomach 等名词搭配。如:Thestonehithiminthelefteye.Themanhittheboyintheface.(3)by常与seize,take,hold,shake等动词连用Thenurseheldthechildbythehand.Heseizedmebythearm.Shepulledmebythesleeve.5)介词besides,but,except,exceptfor这四个介词都有“除……之外”的含义,但用 法并不完全相同。(1)besides指“除某人某物以外,还有……”,即除外的某人某物包括在总体内。如:AllofthempassedtheexaminationbesidesMary.Therearenineteachersbesideshim.Didhegiveyouanythingbesidesthebook?(2)but多与nothing,notanything,nobody,whoall等词连用,表示“除去,除开”的意思,除 去的人或物不算在总体之内。如:Ihavetoldthistonoonebutyou.Ineversawhimreadinganythingbutthenewspapers.Whobutafoolwoulddosuchathing?(3)Except与but相似,除去的人或物不包括在总体之内,因此往往可以与but换用。如:Noonewaslateexcept/buther.NoneofthemspokeEnglishexcept/butXiaoLi WegothereeverydayexceptSunday.Ilookeverywhereexceptthere.(4)exceptfor含义是“除去有……”,常用于不同类事物的比较。如:Theroomwasdarkexceptforadimlightabovetheabovethedesk.Yourcompositionisgoodexceptforafewspellingmistakes. 介词种类口诀:五种介词请牢记,简单、复合和短语。双重介词意双层,少数分词作介词。1.简单介词:at,about,on,before,over,etc.2.复合介词:onto,into,inside,outside,within,without,throughout,3.短语介词:apartfrom,accordingto,dueto bymeansof,becauseof,forthesakeof,infrontof,inadditionto,onbehalfof,withregardto,aheadof,etc.4.双重介词:fromamong(从…当中),frombehind(从…后面),fromunder(从…下面),frombeyond(从…之外),fromwithin(从…之内),inafter(在以后的…),upto(直到…/胜任),tillpast(直到…之后)5.分词作介词:considering(考虑),concerning(关于) excepting(除…外),including(包括),regarding(关于)学习介词的方法口诀:抓住“本意”学介词,成语搭配分别记。介词短语用法多,比较、归类难变易。 表示时间介词用法口诀:年、月、午、季in加上,某日午别当用on.钟点、时(刻)、日(期)用at,一周七天均用on。 Exercise:1.Youcanchangeyourjob,youcanmovehouse,butfriendshipismeanttobe____life.A.ofB.onC.toD.for[解析]D考查介词。for强调时间(持续)的长度。题意为:……但友谊意味着一辈子。D 2.Doyouthinkthisshirtistootight______theshoulders?A.atB.onC.toD.across[解析]D本题考查介词的用法。across指的是两个肩膀之间的整体部分。句意:你觉得这件衬衫两肩之间太窄了吗?D 3.Nothingissoeasyas________parentstoraisetheirexpectationsoftheirchildrentoohigh.A.ofB.toC.byD.for[解析]D本题考查介词。句意:父母很容易就会对他们的孩子期望过高。本句考生易受思维定式的影响而误选B,soasto表目的,与句意不符。本句可简化为Itiseasierforparentstoraisetheirexpectationsoftheirchildrentoohigh.D 4._____alltheanimalsI"veeverhad,thesetwodogsarethemostsensitivetothespokenword.A.FromB.OfC.ForD.With[解析]B考查介词辨析。根据句意“在所有我有的动物当中,这两条狗是对话语最敏感的”,所以这里表示“所有关系”,用of,其他介词都不可以表示所有关系,故答案选B项。B 5.Chinahasbeenpushingthereformofpublichospitals________allitscitizens.A.inchargeofB.forthepurposeofC.inhonorofD.forthebenefitof[解析]D本题考查介词与名词搭配的短语辨析。inchargeof掌管;forthepurposeof为了……目的;inhonorof纪念;forthebenefitof为了……的利益。根据语境,中国推进公共医疗的改革是为了居民的利益,故选D。D 6.—WhencanIuseyourcomputer?—Never!________shouldyoutouchit.A.AtnotimeB.InnotimeC.AtanytimeD.Atonetime[解析]A考查介词短语辨析。atnotime绝不,在任何时候都不;innotime立刻,很快,马上;atanytime在任何时候;atonetime曾经,一度。再结合所学知识:含有否定意义的atnotime置于句首,句子需要部分倒装。故此选择AA 7.It"s________beliefthatparentshavetospendnearly500,000yuanbringingupachildinChinanowadays.A.beyondB.inC.withoutD.against[解析]A考查介词固定搭配。beyondbelief难以置信。句意:在当今的中国,父母养育一个孩子得花50万人民币,真是难以置信。A 8.—Youshouldhavepreparedyourspeechforthemeeting,Mr.Smith.—Yes,Iknow.ButhowcouldI_____themeetingdatefixedsosoon?A.whileB.asC.afterD.with[解析]D考查“with+宾语+过去分词”结构。答语句意:是的,我知道。但是时间这么快定下来了,这么短的时间我怎么能够准备好呢?D 9.Itissaidthatabout60%ofhousewiveshaveabrand________beforeenteringthestore.A.inmindB.onsaleC.inpossessionD.onpurpose[解析]A 考查介词固定搭配。havesth.inmind意为:心中有适当人选(或想做的事)。句意:据说大约有60%的家庭主妇在进入商店购物之前在心中都有想买的品牌。onsale出售;inpossession拥有,持有;onpurpose故意地。A 10._______hearingthenewsthatShenzhouⅦwassentintospace,weshouted_____joy.A.At;byB.At;withC.On;withD.On;by[解析]C考查介词固定搭配。on+ving一……就……;withjoy高兴地。句意:一听到“神舟7号”发射升空的消息,我们都高兴地喊叫起来。C 11.—Youaresoexcellent.—Idon"tunderstandwhatyoumean___sayingthat.A.byB.forC.ofD.in[解析]A 考查介词的用法。解题关键:句型Whatdoyoumeanby…答语句意:我不明白你那么说的意思。A 12.______theconsequencesofthechemicalleaks,thespecialistshaven"tgivenfinalconclusionbeforetheyobtainaccuratestatistics.A.WithregardtoB.AsaresultofC.InspiteofD.Inadditionto[解析]A考查介词短语辨析。withregardto意为“关于”;asaresultof意为“由于……的结果”;inspiteof意为“尽管”;inadditionto意为“除……之外”。句意:关于化学泄漏所产生的后果,专家在拿到准确的数据之前,还没有给出最后的结论。故选A。A 13.—I"mgoingtohavelunch.Doyoumindtalkingaboutyourplan_____lunch?—Allright.I"llwaithereintheoffice.A.afterB.beforeC.overD.until[解析]A考查介词。在看到第一句话的时候本以为考查的是over“在……同时”的知识点。例如:Couldyoupleasehaveatalkwithmeoveracupofcoffee?(你能和我喝杯咖啡说说话吗?)表示在喝咖啡的同时说话。但是看到第二句话,另一个人说在这里等,明显是午饭后再谈,所以答案为A。A 14.Thecoach,becauseofthedriver"scarelessness,was________andcrashedoverthecliffonsuchacoldDecembermorning.A.insupportB.outofcontrolC.inchargeD.atthemercy[解析]B考查介词短语的含义。根据becauseofthedriver"scarelessness选B。insupport支持;outofcontrol失去控制;incharge管理;atthemercy怜悯。B 15.________ourforeignpolicy,wenowhavemultiplethreats,veryfewofwhichinvolvethetraditionalbattlesofthepast.A.InhonourofB.IntermsofC.IntheformofD.Indefenceof[解析]B考查介词短语的用法。inhonourof用来纪念……;intermsof就……而言,谈到……;intheformof以……的形式;indefenceof以保护……。此处表示“就我们的外交政策而言”。B 16.Wemustreadnotonlybetweenthelines,butsometimes________thelinessothatwecanfullyunderstandthewriter.A.withinB.amongC.besidesD.beyond[解析]D考查介词。此处beyondthelines意为“言外之意”。D 17.Somestudentsoftenlistentomusic_____classestorefreshthemselves.A.betweenB.amongC.overD.during[解析]A考查介词的用法。此处between意为“位于/处在/介于……之间”,表示两者或每两者之间的关系。betweenclasses表示“课间”。among意为“在(多数)之中,在……中间”,表示三者或三者以上的人或物之间的关系,指“混合或掺杂在多数可分离的人或物之间”。over意为“越过”。during意为“在……的期间”。A 18.—Howdidshelosesomuchweightasexpected?—________eatingless,shejoggedforseveralmileseveryday.A.InspiteofB.InadditiontoC.InsteadofD.Thanksto[解析]B 考查介词短语辨析。句意:——她怎样如愿地减了这么多?——除了少吃外,她每天慢跑几英里。此处inadditionto意为:除了……还……B 19.—WhatmadeJohnwild________joy?—Beingadmittedtohisdreamuniversity.A.withB.byC.atD.for[解析]A考查介词的用法。此处wildwithjoy意为:欣喜若狂。句意:——什么使John欣喜若狂?——他被梦想的大学录取了。A 20.Manydevelopingcountriesareunwillingtopursuetheireconomicdevelopment____destroyingtheenvironmentdespitetherebeingseveralfinancialcrises.A.attheriskofB.atthecostofC.attheendofD.atthemercyof[解析]B考查介词短语词义辨析。句意:尽管有金融危机,许多发展中国家不愿意以破坏环境为代价来发展他们的经济。attheriskof“冒险……”;atthecostof“以……为代价”;attheendof“在……的末端”;atthemercyof“受……的摆布”。B符合题意B 1.动词定义与特征:英语动词是词类中最复杂的一种,它表示动作或状态。它和名词一样,也有人称和数的变化。动词的人称和数一般必须与主语的人称和数一致。动词有其特有的一些语法特征。这些特征是:时态(tense):特殊的动词词尾或有关的助动词,用以表示动作的时间和方面。Chapter8:动词系统 语态(voice):特殊的动词形式,用以表示动词的主语和宾语之间的关系,即主语是施事者或是受事者。语气(mood):特殊的动词形式,用以表示说话人对所说事物的态度。所说的话可能是事实,也可能是命令或请求,也可能是愿望、假设、怀疑、建议、猜测、纯粹的空想等。体(aspect):动词本身内含的动作方面, 有动态与静态。静态包括内心活动、各种感觉、感情等。动态有瞬间、有限、无限、重复等方面。 2.动词类别系统(形态)动词助动词主动词情态助动词半助动词基本助动词复合动词动+介动+副简单动词限定动词非限动词及物连系不及物不定式动名词分词 (1)助动词类别系统(形态)助动词基本助动词do,be,have情态助动词can,willshall,may,must,shouldwould,could,might半助动词haveto,begoingto,oughtto (2)主动词类别系统(形态)主动词复合动词简单动词非谓语动词动名词分词不定式动+副动+介谓语动词连系动词不及物动词及物动词过去分词现在分词规则动词不规则动词AAA型ABA型ABC型ABB型 3.谓语动词功能系统谓语动词语气(mood)语态(voice)时态(tense) 1.谓语动词时态系统时态将来现在过去过去将来一般将来时willdo将来进行时willbedoing将来完成时willhavedone将来完成进行时willhavebeendoing一般现在时do/does现在进行时bedoing现在完成时have/hasdone现在完成进行时have/hasbeendoing一般过去时did过去进行时were/wasdoing过去完成进行时hadbeendoing过去完成时haddone过去将来时woulddo过去将来进行时wouldbedoing过去将来完成时wouldhavedone过去将来完成进行时wouldhavebeendoing 谓语动词时态表(以动词do)为例一般将来时willdo将来将来进行时willbedoing将来完成时willhavedone将来完成进行时willhavebeendoing一般现在时do/does现在进行时bedoing现在现在完成时have/hasdone现在完成进行时have/hasbeendoing时态一般过去时v-ed/did过去进行时were/wasdoing过去过去完成时haddone过去完成进行时hadbeendoing过去将来时woulddo过去将来过去将来进行时wouldbedoing过去将来完成时wouldhavedone过去将来完成进行时wouldhavebeendoing 八种常用时态的主要用法1.一般现在时与现在进行时1)一般现在时的基本用法一般现在时表示包括目前时间在内的某些经常习惯、反复动作或存在状况。Icycletoworkeveryday.Doesyourdaughteroftenwritetoyou?Thiscamerabelongstome.Shelovessports.2)现在进行时的基本用法 现在进行时表示此时此刻正在进行或现阶段正在进行而此刻不一定在进行的动作。Whatareyoudoing?Iamwritingaletter.Howareyougettingalongwithyourworkthesedays?Itisrainingnow.3)一般现在时与现在进行时的主要区别:(1)一般现在时的时间意义广泛,可以从现在延伸到过去甚至将来,因而适用于说明习惯性动作或普 遍真理;现在进行时的时间范围狭窄,常用来描述述现在正进行的具体动作。Thesunrisesintheeast.Thesunisrisingslowlyintheeast.HelistenstoRadioBeijingeverymorning.HeislisteningtoRadioBeijing.(2)一般现在时可以表示永久的或相对地长久的动作;现在进行时则表示暂时性的动作。 Thisbasinleaks.Thisbasinisleaking.Tomusuallygetsupat7o’clock,butthisweekheisgettingupat6:30(3)一般现在时用于说明事实;而现在进行时表示说话人的思想活动,带有感情色彩(如厌烦、不满、赞赏等)。这时,现在进行时往往与always,conti-nually,constantly,forever等表示“经常”的状语连用。 Marydoesfineworkatschool.Maryisdoingfineworkatschool.Theboyalwayscomeslate.Theboyisalwayscominglate.(4)用来表示“将来”含义时,一般现在时所表示的通常是根据日历或长期的日程表一定会发生的将来事态,或者是不可改变的计划或安排;而现在进行时则表示根据现在计划安排就要进行的动作。 TomorrowisSaturday.WeareleavingonSunday.I’mtwentyinMay.HowmanyofyouarecomingtotheParty? 一般现在时用法口诀:现职、性格和特征,能力、习惯、经常性。有时替代将来时;真理、史、剧图说明。 现在进行时用法口诀:此刻此段正发生,行为始末难分明,感情色彩顿增添,强调动作暂时性。 2.一般过去时与过去进行时1)一般过去时的基本用法一般过去时表示在确定的过去时间里发生的动作或存在的情况;这种过去的动作,可以是一次动作,也可以是习惯动作。In1949thePeople’sRepublicofChinawasborn.Ilistenedtotheradioalmosteveryevening.Iwasn’tinlastnight. 2)过去进行时基本用法:过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某个阶段正在进行的动作。Whatwereyoudoingat9lastnight?WhenIgotupthismorning,itwasraining.Theywerebuildingabridgelastwinter.3)一般过去时与过去进行时的主要区别:(1)通常一般过去时表示动作已完成;而过去进行时进行时表示动作尚未完成。 Ireadanovelthatevening.Iwasreadinganovelthatevening.Theguestsarrived.Theguestswerearriving.(2)有些动词(如rain,snow,cough,wear,feel,work等)本身并不表完成意义,这时,用一般过去时和过去进行时在意思上并无多大差别,只是侧重点不同;一般过去时侧重说明事实;而过去进行时侧重在动作持续时间的长度,因此,在带有 带有allday,thewholenight等强调时间长度的状语时,用过去进行时更好意些。Itrainedalldayyesterday.Itwasrainingalldayyesterday.Shecoughedthewholenight.Shewascoughingthewholenight.Ididn’tfeelverywellthatday.Iwasn’tfeelingverywellthatday. (3)一般过去时表示事实;过去进行时表示感情色彩(常与always,constantly,continually,forever等状语连用)Hecamelateforschool.Hewasalwayscominglateforschool.(4)用hope,want,wonder等动词提出请求时,一般过去时和过去进行时都可以表示现在时间的婉转口气,但一过去时不如过去进行时那样婉转,这种婉转口气也可以用现进行时来表示,但也不如过 过去进行时那样婉转。这三种形式表示婉转口气程度依次排列如下:Iwashopingyoucouldsendmethebook.Iamhopingyoucansendmethebook.Ihopedyoucouldsendmethebook.(5)在叙述一个故事时,常用过去进行时来描写故事发生的背景;而把故事往下叙述时又多用一般过去时。 Onedaywewerewalkingalongaroadthatwentroundthefootofamountain.Suddenlywesawthreemenonhorsebackridingfasttowardsus. 一般过去时用法口诀:单纯着眼过去事,结果、影响少考虑。经常、习惯、连续性,伴随状语系特指。 过去进行时用法口诀:过去某时(段)正进行,常伴状语、上下文。可替过去将来时,描述背景情顿生。 3.一般过去时与现在完成时:1)现在完成时的基本用法现在完成时表示过去已经开始的动作(或状态)在现在的情况,是已经完成了呢(“已完成”用法),还是尚未完成(“未完成”用法)Mysonhasgraduatedfromthecollegeandisnowgoingtofindsomethingtodo.(已完成)IhavestayedinthiscityforaweekandI’llbeheretillnextFriday.(未完成) 现在完成时用法口诀:过去动作及情况,现已结束或延长。强调经验和经历,着眼结果或影响。 2)一般过去时与现在完成时的主要区别:(1)一般过去时与现在完成时所指的动作或状态都是在过去时间里已开始了的,但是,一般过去时纯粹是表示过去的事情,与现在情况没有联系;而而现在完成时则与现在情况有联系。如:Whoopenedthedoor?(门可能已关上了)Whohasopenedthedoor?(门现在还开着) HelivedinChinafortenyears.(现在已不在中国)HehaslivedinChinafortenyears.(现在可能还住在中国,也可能刚离开)(2)一般过去时常与表示确定的过去时间的状语(yesterday,lastweek,in1980,whenIgothome等)连用;而现在完成时不能与这类确切的过去时间状语连用(以since引导的过去时间状语例外),但可以与包括现在时间在内的或和现在不确定时 间状语搭配。IsawthisfilmlastmonthwhenitwasfirstshowninBeijing.Ihaveseenthisfilmbefore.Thepostcamejustnow.Theposthasjustcome.有些时间状语(如today,thismonth,just,always,ever,never,recently,thisyear等),既可用于现在 完成时,也可用于一般过去时,在意义上区别不大。但是,有些时间状语(如thismorning,tonight,thisMarch等),用于一般过去时或现在完成时时,意义上有所区别,因此,具体使用哪一种时态,应根据说话的时间来决定。Iwrotetwolettersthismorning(在当天下午或晚上说的话)Ihavewrittentwolettersthismorning.(在上午说的话) IsawhimthisMarch.(说话时,三月已过去)IhaveseenhimthisMarch.(说话时还是三月)(3)一般过去时表示确定的过去时间,而现在完成时表示不确定的过去时间,因此,两人对话时,常常先用现在完成时,进而引出表示确定时间的一般过去时。A:HaveyoueverreadLeiFeng’sDiary?B:Yes,Ireaditin1985. 4.一般过去时与过去完成时1)过去完成时的基本用法过去完成时同现在完成时一样,也有“已完成”用法和“未完成”用法。过去完成时的“已完成”用法,表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束,也可能是早已完成或结束;“未完成”用法,表示一个动作或状态在过去某时之前已经开始,一直延续到这一过去时间,而且到那时还未结束,有继续下去的可能性。 Bytwoo’clockyesterdayafternoonwehaddonealotofwork.(已完成)Theplayhadalreadystartedwhenwegottothetheatre.(未完成)Shesaidshehadmademuchprogresssinceshecamehere.(未完成)2)一般过去时与过去完成时的主要区别一般过去时是指单纯的过去,只表示过去某个具体时间的动作或状态;而过去完成时表示的是“过 去的过去”,说明一个动作或状态在某个过去时间或者另一个用一般过去时表示的过去动作或状态之前发生。因此,当我们谈到过去完成时的动作时,并不一定就要用过去完成时,只有在和过去某时或某动作比较时才用到它。Welearned100newwordslastterm.Bytheendoflastterm,wehadlearned100newwords. IleftmykeysatTom’syesterdayevening.IrememberedIhadleftmykeysatTom’s.(2)两个或两个以上接连发生的动作,用and或but连接时,按时间发生的顺序,只需用一般过去时,但如果两个先后发生的动作不按时间顺序排列,先发生的动作就得用过去完成时。Shelostherpenbutfounditafterwards.Shefoundherpenshehadlost. 一般过去时与现在完成时用法区别口诀:前者单纯谈过去,结果影响少考虑。后者今昔紧相连,强调影响或经历。前者状语系特定,后者延续不确指。有时需看上下文,时间地点要注意。 5.现在完成时与现在完成进行时1)现在完成进行时的基本用法现在完成进行时的基本用法与现在完成时的“未完成”用法相似,可以表示一个动作从过去某时开始,一直延续到说话时刻还在继续进行,或说话时这个动作刚刚结束。WehavebeenlearningEnglishfortwoyears(andarestilllearningit.).Ithasbeenraining,butithasstoppednow. 现在完成进行时用法口诀:过去动作到现在,持续未断或依在。强调情景和重复,感情色彩常附带。 2)现在完成时与现在完成进行时的主要区别:(1)在与时间状语的连用时,持续性动词(如:work,live,teach,study,wait,rain,sit,stand,lie等)既可用现在完成时,也可用现在完成进行时,含义差别不大。如:IhavetaughtEnglishforfiveyears.IhavebeenteachingEnglishforfiveyears.但是,现在完成时比较正式,口语中多用现在完成进行时。 (2)在不用表示一段时间状语的情况下,现在完成时与现在完成进行时含义不同;现在完成时表示动作已完成或结束;现在完成进行时只说明动作的延续过程或强调动作的未完成性。Theyhavecleanedtheclassroom.Theyhavebeencleaningtheclassroom.(3)用Howlong…?结构询问目前正在进行的动作的时间长度时,习惯上多用现在完成进行时。 HowlonghaveyoubeenlearningEnglish?如果用现在完成时发问。HowlonghaveyoulearnedEnglish?可能会产生歧义,也可理解为学英语这段时间已经结束,只是询问过去学过多长时间,这可能与原意有出入。(4)当表示从过去到现在一个阶段里反复发生的动作时,现在完成时可以带有具体说明 做了“多少次”的状语或完成了“多少件事”的宾语;而现在完成进行时则不能这样用。I’vewrittensixletterssincebreakfast.I’vebeenwritingletterssincebreakfast.Ihaveknockedfivetimes.Idon’tthinkanyoneisin.I’vebeenknocking.Idon’tthinkanyoneisin. (5)现在完成进行时同其它进行时一样,一般不适用于状态动词;如果表示状态继续到现在时刻,则要用现在完成时。We’veknowneachothersincechildhood.I’vehadmynewcarforthreeweeks.(6)现在完成时一般只说明事实;而现在完成进行时则有时含有感情色彩。Whohaseatenmyapples?Whohasbeeneatingmyapples? 6.过去完成时与过去完成进行时1)过去完成进行时的基本用法过去完成进行时的基本用法与现在完成进行时相似,只是时间推移到了过去。Ithasbeenrainingfortwodays.Thefieldsareallunderwater.Ithadbeenrainingfortwodays.Thefieldswereallunderwater. 2)过去完成时与过去完成进行时的主要区别:某些表示持续动作的动词(如work,teach,study,sing等),在与表示一段时间的状语连用时,用过去完成时或过去完成进行时,都可以表示一个动作一直延续到过去某一时刻在这种情况下,有时两者可互换使用。但是用过去完成进行时更强调动作的持续性和不间断性。 I’dworkedfor4hourswhenhecalled.I’dbeenworkingfor4hourswhenhecalled. 八种“将来”时态的主要用法1.一般将来时(will/shalldo)过去将来时(would/shoulddo)一般将来时与过去将来时的用法是一致的,都是表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态,所不同的是时间标准。一般将来时的出发点是现在时刻,即从现在看未来;过去将来时的出发点是过去某时,即从过去看未来。Iwillraisethequestionatthemeeting.IsaidIwouldraisethequestionatthemeeting. 一般将来时用法口诀:将来动作或状态,常带状语表未来。倾向、推测、常做事,计划、约定及安排。Shewillcometoseeyoutomorrow.Flowerswilldiewithoutwater.(倾向性)Ithinkshewillbeallrightnow.(推测性)Shewillcomeandworkinthisfactoryeachday.Howareyougoingtospendyourweekend?(计划) 过去将来时用法口诀:过去预计将发生,习惯倾向常表明。多用宾语从句中,构成方法要记清。 2.将来进行时(will/shallbedoing)过去将来进行时(would/shouldbegoing)将来进行时与过去将来进行时的用法是一致的,都是主要表示将来某时刻正在进行的动作,所不同的也是个时间标准问题。将来进行时是从现在看未来,而过去将来进行时是从过去开未来。Whatwillyoubedoingtomorrowmorning?HeaskedmewhatIwouldbedoingthenextmorning. 将来进行时用法口诀:将来某时(段)正进行,预计不久要发生。通常用在口语中,语气委婉顿生情。I’llbewritingapaperfrom8to11tomorrow.Ibelieveshe’llbeattendingthemeeting.Whenshallwebemeetingagain? 将来完成时(will/shallhavedone)过去将来完成时(wouldhavedone)将来完成时与过去将来完成时,都主要表示将来某一时刻前已完成的动作,只是时间标准不同。Hewillhavewrittenhisarticleby9o’clockthisevening.Hetoldmethathewouldhavewrittenhisarticleby9o’clockthatevening. 将来完成时用法口诀:将来某时前完成,需用状语来说明。可替现在完成时,推测之意能表明。Bytheendofthistermweshallhavelearnt12lessons.Iamsurehewillhavegottheinformation. 4.将来完成进行时(willhavebeendoing)过去将来完成进行时(wouldhavebeendoing)将来完成进行时与过去将来完成进行时,都主要表示将来某时前一直进行的动作,只是时间标准不同。Bytheendoftheyeartheywillhavebeenworkingtogetherfortenyears.Theytoldmethatbytheendoftheyeartheywouldhavebeenworkingtogetherfortenyears.这两个时态都很少用。将来完成进行时多用将来完成时代替,过去将来完成进行时多用过去将来完成代替。 “将来”时间的其他表示法英语中“将来”时间表示法多种多样的。除了上述的八种“将来”时态以及一般现在时、现在进时时和过去进行时之外,还有下面几种表示“将来”时间的结构,在意义上有相同之处,也有差别,有时可以互换但含义多半不同。1.begoingto1)人们打算在最近的将来或将来做某事WhatareyougoingtodonextSunday?Shesaidshewasn’tgoingtospeakinclass. 这一结构与现在进行时(或过去进行时)表示“将来”的用法,有时可以互换使用,但含义有所不同。ThisafternoonI’mgoingtotakemysontoafootballmatch.(说明已经有此打算,暗示尚未落实,也可能因故改变)ThisafternoonI’mtakingmysontoafoot-ballmatch.(表示肯定的安排,暗示球票已买好,甚至何时出发都已商定,等等) 2.betodo1)表示按计划、安排将要发生的事态。常见于报纸、广播,用以宣布官方的计划或决定。IamtohaveteawithBettythisafternoon.Thereistobeaninvestigation.ThePremieristovisitJapannextyear.2)表示命令、禁止、可能等。YouaretodoyourhomeworkbeforeyouwatchTV. Youaretohandintheexercisetomorrow.Thebooksinthisroomarenottobetakenoutside.Suchpeoplearetobefoundeverywhere.同现在进行时用以表示肯定安排一样,“betodo”结构表示将来时间也不能用于表示不以人的主观意志为转移的情况。Itisrainingtomorrow.(wrong)Itistorain.(wrong) 3.beabouttodo这一结构的含义是“即将”,用以强调将来事态的发生已经临近的意思。不能与时间状语连用。Theplaneisabouttotakeoff.Don’tgooutnow.We’reabouttohavelunch.Iwasabouttoleavemyofficewhenthephonerang.Iamabouttoleavehereat12atnoon.(wrong) 2.谓语动词语态系统语态(Voice)主动语态ActiveVoice被动语态PassiveVoicebe+V-edget+V-ed 被动语态被动语态用法口诀:被动语态何时用,下列几种记心中;不知动作执行者,无需指出人亦懂,考虑礼貌或修辞,明知不说为圆通,动作对象是中心,强调更因兴趣浓,主动被动若均可,劝君最好用主动。 1.不知动作执行者Thenovelhasalreadybeentranslatedintomanylanguages.ThelecturehasbeenpostponedtillSaturday.2.考虑到礼貌或圆通It’shopedthatyou’llhaveanotherchancetovisitChina.Itisgenerallyconsiderednotadvisabletospeakthatway. 3.动作的对象为中心Suchsongsareusuallysungbygirls,notboys.The18-storybuildingbeingbuiltwasdesignedbyafamousarchitect. 使用被动语态应注意的几个问题1.被动语态构成及变化方式被动语态由“助动词be+过去分词”构成。助动词“be”应与其主语的人称和数相一致,并且有时态和语气的变化。其变化规则和连系动词“be”完全一样(将来进行时和过去将来进行时除外)。带有情态动词的被动语态构成方式:情态动词(及其变化形式)+be+过去分词can(may,must,haveto,oughtto,need)+ be+pp(过去分词)2.主动语态变被动语态要点1)带有宾语从句的主从复合句变为被动语态时先将主句中的谓语改为被动语态,用“it”作形式主语,然后,将宾语从句变为主语从句并后置。Theysaidthatthosewerefirst-classbooksItwassaidthatthosewerefirst-classbooks2)当含有复合宾语的句子变为被动语态时,只 将其中一个宾语(通常是间接宾语)变为主语,而将另一个宾语保留不变。Thecommunicationssatellitesendsusalotofinformationeveryday.Wearesentalotofinformationbythecommunicationssatelliteeveryday.Alotofinformationissenttousbythecommunicationssatellite. 3.不及物动词构成的短语动词不及物动词不能用在被动语态中,但有些不及物动词构成短语动词之后,相当于一个及物动词(应从整体上把它们看成是不可分离的及物动词),因而也可用在被动语态中Suchthingmustbedoneawaywithfromnowon.Thechildrenarewelltakencareofbythenurses. 4.形式主动而含义被动有些动词用的是主动形式,但却含有被动意义(注意:不可将它们变成被动结构).Themilksmellssour.Theapplesfromthistreetastedelicious.Thiskindofclothwasheswell.Yourball-penwritesquitesmoothly. 5.被动语态语系表结构的区别两者看起来一样,其实不同。被动语态着眼于动作,其主语是动作的对象;而系表结构则说明主语的性质、特征或所处的状态。如:Thecuponthedeskwasbrokenbymybrother.(被动语态。着眼于杯子”被打破”的动作) cf:Thecuponthedeskwasbroken.(系表结构,说明杯子“破”的状态。)Thelibraryofourcollegeisusuallyclosedat5:30p.m.(被动语态。强调“关门”的动作。)cf:Thelibraryofourcollegeisclosednow.(系表结构,说明“门关了”的状态。) 被动语态构成一览表一般时态进行时态完成时态amamhave现is+toldis+beingtold+beentold在arearehas过waswas+told+beingtoldhad+beentold去werewere将shallshall+betold无+havebeentold来willwill过shouldshould去+betold无+havebeentold将wouldwould来 3.谓语动词语气系统语气(mood)是一种动词形式,用来区别说话人对动词所表示的动作或状态采取的不同态度。英语中有三种语气。1.陈述语气(indicativemood):用来叙述事实或就事实提出询问,广泛应用于陈述句和疑问句。Youareverycareful.Areyouverycareful? 2.祈使语气(imperativemood):用来提出请求、劝告或名令,只用于祈使句之中,时态永远是一般现在时,谓语动词用原形。Pleasebecareful!Don’topenthedoor!Bequiet!3.虚拟语气(subjunctivemood):用来表示说话人的主观愿望或设想,主要用于某些从句中Iwishyouweremorecareful. 3.谓语动词语气系统语气(Mood)陈述语气祈使语气虚拟语气be型式were型式 虚拟语气系统用于表示命令、决定、建议等词之后的that分句中。be型用于if、though、lest、solongas等引导的分句中表示推测、让步、忧虑等。用于某些表示祝愿、诅咒、禁止等及公式化的语句中用于if、asif、suppose等引导的分句中,表示现在时间或将来时间的主观设想情况。were型用于wish后的that分句中,表示与现在事实相反的主观愿望。 虚拟语气系统使用场合1.be型虚拟语气的使用场合be型虚拟语气主要用于某些以that引导的名词性从句中,表示主观愿望,如建议、要求命令、决定、看法等。1)用在propose,suggest,recommend,ask,move,request,demand,desire,insist,order,command,decide等动词或由这些动词构成的名词后面的that从句中。Isuggestthathe(should)comeanotherday. Thecommanderorderedthattheymarchon.Weproposedthathebesenttothecountry.2)用在essential,imperative,necessary,important等这类形容词后面的that从句中。Itisnecessarythathe(should)besentthere.Itisimportantthatwecombinetheorywithpractice.3)用于某些表示祝愿、诅咒等意义的简单句中LonglivethePeople’sRepublicofChina!Godblessyou! 2.were型虚拟语气的使用场合were型虚拟语气主要用于下列几种情况,表示设想,这些设想往往是不符合实际的,根本不可能实现的,或者实现的可能性很小的1)用在虚拟条件句中。其中的条件从句和主句的谓语动词都要用were型虚拟语气。 条件从句主句表现在情况动词过去时(be多用were)would/should/might/could+V表示将来情况①动词过去时(be多用were)would/should/②wereto+Vcould/might+V③should+V表示过去情况had+V-edwould/should/could/might+have+v-ed (1)表示现在情况IfIwereyou,Iwouldgiveupsmoking.Ifitsnowedinsummer,itwouldbegreatfun.Ifhewereherenow,hewouldagreewithme(2)表示将来情况Ifyouwenttothemoontomorrow,Iwouldfollowyou.Iweretodoit,Iwoulddoitinanotherway.Ifheshouldactlikethatagain,Ishouldgivehimalesson. (3)表示过去情况Youwouldn’thavecaughtcoldifyouhadputonmoreclothes.Ifithadn’tbeenfortheParty,Iwouldn’thavelivedtothisday.2)用在wish,wouldrather后的宾语从句中。HowIwishitweren’trainingnow!IwishIwereabird.Iwouldratheryoupostedtheletterrightnow. 3)用在asif,asthough引导的方式状语从句中Johnspeaksasifhewereagirl.Ifeelasifmyhearthadstoppedbeating.Shetakesgoodcareoftheboyasthoughhewereherson.4)用在itistime后的定语从句中,表示尚待开始的动作,意思是“该干某事而没有干”,带有“时间已经有些晚了”的含义。Itishightimeyoutoldusallaboutit. 虚拟条件句的其他一些表现形式1.错综时间条件句(conditionalsentenceofmixedtime)有时条件从句与主句所表示的时间不一致(如一个是过去,一个是现在)。这时,虚拟语气的形式要根据表示的时间来调整。Hewouldn’tbewellnowifhehadn’ttakenthemedicineyesterday.Ifthisdictionarywerecheaper,Iwouldhaveboughtityesterday. 2.含蓄条件句(sentenceofimpliedcondition)有时,虚拟条件句中的条件从句不表示出来,而只是通过介词(如with,without,but,for等构成的短语)、上下文或其他方式来表示。Wecouldhardlylivewithoutwaterandair.Butforyourhelp,Iwouldn’thavemadeanyprogress.Iwouldhavecometothelecture,butIwasillthatday. 3.省去主句的虚拟条件句。有时,虚拟条件句中的主句可以省略。这种虚拟条件句常用ifonly来引导。IfonlyIweretenyearsyounger!IfonlyIcouldhelpyou!Ifonlyhehadknownaboutitbefore!4.倒装的虚拟条件句。如果虚拟条件句的从句谓语中含有were,should,could,或had,有时可把if省去,而把were, should,could,had移到句首,位于主语前面。但这种结构主要用于书面语,口语中很少使用。WereIyou,Iwoulddomorepractice.Hadhelistenedmorecarefully,hewouldn’thavemadesomanymistakes. 虚拟语气用法口诀(一):凡属虚拟条件句,时态一档向前移。假设现在某情况,从句该用过去时。假设过去某情况,当用过去完成时。假设将来某情况,要用过去将来(过去)时。主从动作不同步,需要错综条件句。从句有时不出现,此乃含蓄条件句。 虚拟语气用法口诀(二):下列从句用虚拟,主语、宾语和状语。有关含义名词后,用作表语、同位语。个别特定句型中,需用虚拟过去式。表示委婉或祝愿,常用虚拟条件句。 Julie"sfather_____toLondonlastmonth.He_____therethreetimes.A.went;hadgoneB.hasgone;hasbeenC.went;hasbeenD.hasbeen;hadgone---Herecomesthebus!Whereisourhead?---Hecan"tgotothemuseumwithus.He________somevisitorsaroundourschool.A.isshowingB.showsC.hasshowedD.wasshowingCA┃Exercise┃ 3.MysisterhaslearntEnglish________.A.fortwelveyearsagoB.sinceshewasfourC.twelveyearsagoD.attheageoffour4.Iffarmers________treesandforests,giantpandas________nowheretolive.A.cutdown;haveB.willcutdown;willhaveC.willcutdown;haveD.cutdown;willhaveDB 5.Sallytookaphotoofherfriendswhilethey________computergames.A.playB.areplayingC.haveplayedD.wereplaying6.—Haveyoufinishedyourproject?—Notyet.I"llfinishitifI_________tenmoreminutes.A.giveB.amgivenC.willgiveD.willbegivenDB 7.—Frog,MoYan"slatestnovel,please!—Sorry,it________justnow.Butitwillcomeoutagainsoon.A.soldoutB.issoldoutC.hassoldoutD.wassoldout8.—Whodesignedthisgame?—It________byTomin1999.A.isdesignedB.designsC.wasdesignedD.designedCD 9.—Sam,whatwilltheweatherbeliketomorrow?—Sorry,Mum.Ididn"twatchtheweatherforecastjustnow,I________afootballmatch.A.waswatchingB.amwatchingC.wouldwatchD.willwatchA 10.Juliaisn"tgoingtothecinemawithusbecauseshe________thefilm.A.seesB.sawC.willseeD.hasseen11.—DoyouknowEarthDay?—Sure.It________in1970totellustoprotectourplanet.A.setsupB.setupC.issetupD.wassetupDD 12.---Whenwillyoutellhimthegoodnews?---Iwilltellhimassoonashe_____back.A.comesB.cameC.willcomeD.iscoming13.—Canyourbrothermakemodelplanes?—Yes,thisweekhe________anewone.A.makesB.wouldmakeC.hadmadeD.ismakingDA 14.Nobodynoticedwhattheyoungman_____atthatmoment.A.willdoB.wasdoingC.hasdoneD.haddone15.—Hashereturnedthelibrarybookyet?—Notyet.Don"tworry.He______itsoon.A.returnedB.hasreturnedC.willreturnD.returnsBC 16.—Youarelate.Themeeting_______forabouttenminutes.—I"msorry.Thetrafficisheavy.A.hasbegunB.beganC.hasbeenonD.begins17.—Whereisyourfather,Leo?—HeisinHainanonvacation.He____fortwoweeks.A.hasbeenawayB.hasleftC.hasgoneD.leftCA 18.Mike,goandseewho____footballontheplayground.A.isplayingB.playsC.playedD.wereplaying19.—________you________totheradio?—No,youcanturnitoff.A.Did;listenB.Have;listenedC.Do;listenD.Are;listeningAD 20.Thoughhe________thebookthreetimes,hehopestoreaditagain.A.readB.readsC.hasreadD.wouldread21.—Whynotgotoseethedolphinshowwithme?—BecauseI________it.A.sawB.willseeC.seeD.haveseenCD 22.I"msorryyou"vemissedthetrain.It____10minutesago.A.leftB.hasleftC.hadleftD.hasbeenleft23.—DoyouknowJackwell?—Certainly.We_____friendssincetenyearsago.A.wereB.havemadeC.havebecomeD.havebeenAD 专题10┃动词的时态和语态24.Howmanytimes_____you____toBeijingthisyear?A.have;beenB.had;beenC.have;goneD.had;gone25.Thesongremindsmeofmyoldschooldaysassoonasit________.A.isplayedB.playsC.willbeplayedD.willplayAA 26.Theastronautissotiredthathe____forelevenhours.A.hasbeenasleepB.hasfallenasleepC.hasgonetobedD.hasgonetosleep27.—________totheUnitedStates?—No,never,butIwenttoCanadaafewyearsago.A.HaveyoubeenB.HaveyougoneC.DidyougoD.WillyougoAA 28.ThankstotheInternet,differentkindsofinformation________inashorttime.A.canbelearnedB.hasbeenlearnedC.canlearnD.haslearned29.IknowalittleaboutThailand,asI_____therethreeyearsago.A.havebeenB.havegoneC.willgoD.wentAD 30.—Ican"tfindDavid.Whereishe?—He_____fortomorrow"scompetitionathome.A.preparesB.ispreparingC.haspreparedD.prepared31.MrWhitecametoourschoolin2008,andsincethenhe________usEnglish.A.teachesB.taughtC.hastaughtD.willteachBC 32.ManychildreninBritain_____tohavetheirownbankcardsthesedays.A.allowB.allowedC.areallowedD.wereallowed33.Ibeganwatchinghereanhourago,butnownothing________yet.A.happensB.willhappenC.happenedD.hashappened[解析]yet为现在完成时标志性时间状语。CD 34.Johnlikesplayingsoccerverymuchandhe______aboutonehourplayingiteveryday.A.spentB.willspendC.hasspentD.spendsD 35.—Haveyouheardaboutthatcaraccidentneartheschool?—Yes,luckilynoone________.A.hurtB.washurtC.hashurtD.werehurt36.Chinese________bymoreandmorepeoplefromallovertheworldtoday.A.learnB.learnedC.islearnedD.waslearnedBC 37.—Iwon‘tcometothepartyunlessSue________,too.—YoumeanifSuecomesyou"llcome?A.willinviteB.invitesC.invitedD.isinvitedD[解析]主句为一般将来时时,unless引导的状语从句应用一般现在时;根据答句可以判断空处应用被动语态。故选D。 38.Anewshoefactorywill________inthispartofthecity.A.bebuildingB.bebuiltC.buildD.betobuildB 39.—It"stimetodoyourhomework,Jack.—Yes,mum.I"llturnofftheTVassoonastheprogramme________.A.endsB.endC.willbeendedD.willend[解析]end在这里作不及物动词,用主动结构表示被动意义。同时assoonas从句应用一般现在时代替将来时。故选A。A 40.Cotton________niceandsoft.A.isfeltB.isfeelingC.feelD.feels[解析]feel是连系动词,意为“摸起来”,常用主动结构表示被动意义。故选D。D 41.It________thattheyhadnochangewiththematthemoment.A.seemedB.wasseemedC.seemD.isseemed[解析]Itseemsthat…意为“看来……”,其中的seem是连系动词,无被动语态,由had可知用一般过去时。故选A。A 42.—DoyouknowwhetherDavidwillgocyclingornottomorrow?—David?Never!He___outdooractivities.A.hatesB.hatedC.ishatingD.hashated43.Samopenedthedoorand______alovelydogoutside.A.findsB.foundC.hasfoundD.willfindAB 44.Thesebooks______outofthereadingroom.Youhavetoreadthemhere.A.can"ttakeB.mustbetakenC.cantakeD.mustn"tbetaken45.Youmaygofishingifyourwork____.A.isdoneB.willbedoneC.hasdoneD.havedoneDA 非限定动词系统非限定动词不定式动名词分词现在分词过去分词规则的过去分词不规则的过去分词 1.限定动词与非限定动词限定动词(finiteverb)又称谓语动词,在句中用做谓语,其形式受主语的限制,要和主语在人称和数上一致。非限定动词(non-finiteverb)又称非谓语动词,不能单独用作谓语不受主语的人称和数的限制,但可以和助动词或情态动词等共同构成谓语,还可以在句中充当其他成分。2.三种非限定动词形式 1)不定式(infinitive):既起名词作用,也起形容词作用,可以单独或与其短语作主语、宾语、表语、宾补、定语和状语。2)动名词(gerund):主要起名词作用,可以单独或与其短语作主语、宾语、表语和定语。3)分词(participle):包括现在分词(presentparticiple)和过去分词(pastparticiple),主要起形容词作用,可以单独或与其短语作表语宾补、定语和状语。 非限定动词的各种形式1.不定式不定式分为带to的不定式(to-infinitive)和不带to的不定式(bareinfinitive).不定式有下面六种变化形式(以do为例):不定式主动语态被动语态一般式todotobedone进行式tobedoing完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone完成进行式tohavebeendoing 2.动名词动名词有下面四种变化形式动名词主动语态被动语态一般式doingbeingdone完成式havingdonehavingbeendone 3.分词1)现在分词:与动名词的四种变化形式相同。2)过去分词:一般只有一种形式,即由“动词原形+ed”构成。除不规则动词外。 非限定动词的句法功能非限定动词的句法功能功能主语宾语表语宾补定语状语形式不定式√√√√√√动名词√√√×√×分词××√√√√ 不定式句法功能1.主语1)Toknowthetheoryisonething;toputitintopracticeisanother.2)Itisimpossibletolearnaforeignlanguagewithoutpainstakingeffort.3)Itisimportantforustomasteraforeignlanguage.4)Itmademeveryangrytohearhimtalklikethat. 2.宾语1)Heagreedtogetsomeonetohelpus.2)Hedemandedtobetoldeverything.3)Shepretendednottohaveheardaboutit.4)In1990IappliedtojointheParty.5)Wecan’tdecidewhomtoinvite.6)Doyouknowwhattodonext?7)Iwonderwhethertowriteorphone.8)Doyouconsideritbetternottogo? 注:不定式直接用于某些动词后面,作动词的宾语。有些动词只能用不定式作宾语,常见的有:agree,afford,ask,apply,arrangechoose,claim,decide,demand,desire,determine,expect,fail,hope,learn,offer,manage,plan,pretend,promise,refuse,resolve,seek,wish等。 3.表语1)OurmaintasknowistomasterEnglish.2)Oneofthequestioniswhentogo.3)Nottograspfirmlyisnottograspatall.4)Anothersolutionwasforthemtogoout. 4.宾补1)Theystronglyadvisedmenottodoso.2)Sheexpectedustowaitforherthere.3)Hewantedthelettertobetypedatonce.4)Don’tforgettohavethemcome.5)MakethepastservethepresentandforeignthingsserveChina.6)Wesawthebusstop. 5.定语不定式(短语)可用作后置定语。这时不定式往往含有“将来”、“需要”、“能够”、“可以”等附加意义。1)Theteacherassignedussomeexercisetodoathome.2)Heisaverynicepersontoworkwith.3)Heisnotamantobowbeforedifficulties.4)Theactiontobetakeniscorrect. 6.状语不定式(短语)在句中主要用作目的状语、结果状语和原因状语。这时,不定式(短语)一般都可以转换为相应的状语从句。1)Shestooduptobeseenbetter.(目的状语)2)Iopenedthedoorforthechildrentocomein.(目的状语)3)Hegothometolearnthathisfatherwasill.(结果状语) 4)Theyliftedarockonlytodropitontheirownfeet.(结果状语)5)Shewassoweakastobeunabletowork.(结果状语)6)Hisissuchasadstoryastoarouseoursympathy.(结果状语)7)Theiceisthickenoughtowalkon.(结果)8)Hewastooyoungtounderstandatall.(结果状语) 9)Iwasdelightedtomeethim.(原因状语)10)Wejumpedwithjoytohearthenews.11)Theyareproudtobemembersofthisteam.(原因状语)12)Iamsorrytohavegivenyousomuchtrouble.(原因状语) 动名词句法功能1.主语1)Collectingstampsisagoodhobby.2)Sayingisonethinganddoingisanother,3)Itisnousetalkingtohim.4)It’sawasteoftimearguingaboutit.5)Theircomingtohelpuswasagreatidea.6)Mary’sgoingtherewon’tdoanyharm.7)It’snogoodyourpretendingsleep. 2.宾语1)Doyoumindmysmokinghere?2)Idislikeyoungpeoplesmoking.3)Shecouldn’thelpsmilingatthewords.4)Theycouldn’tstandbeingtreatedlikethat. 注:动名词直接用于某些动词后面,作动词的宾语。有些动词只能接动名词作宾语,常见的有:admit,avoid,consider,can’thelpcan’tstand,dislike,delaydeny,enjoy,excuse,fancy,finish,giveup,goon,missimagine,keep(on),leaveoff,mind,stoppostpone,practice,putoff,recall,suggest等。 另外,有些动词既可以用动名词作宾语,也可以用不定式作宾语。能这样用的动词主要有:attempt,begin,continue,can’tbear,hateforget,like,love,mean,need,neglect,try,prefer,propose,regret,remember,start,want等。这类动词后接动名词或不定式,在意义上一般没有多大区别,但有时两者意思却有所不同。在remember,forget,regret,try,mean,want,need等动词之后,差别比较大。 Irememberpostingtheletter.(我记得曾经把信寄出去了。)Iremembertoposttheletter.(我记得要把信寄出去。)Iforgetpostingtheletter.(我忘了曾经把信寄过出去。)Iforgettoposttheletter.(我忘了要把信寄出去。) Iregretmissingthefilm.(我后悔没有看上那部电影。)IregrettosaythatIcannotcome.(我很抱歉我不能来。)Let’strydoingtheworksomeotherway.(我们试试看用另外一种方法做这工作。)Wemusttrytogeteverythingdoneintime(我们必须设法及时把一切搞好。) Thiswouldmeanwastingalotoftime.(这意味着浪费大量时间。)Ididn’tmeantomakeyouangry.(我不想使你生气。)Thehousewantscleaning.(房子需要打扫。)Somebodywantstoseeyou.(有人想见你。) Theseshoesneedmending.Theseshoesneedtobemended.Notice:在stop,leaveoff,goon等动词之后,常用动名词作宾语;如用不定式(短语),则是目的状语。Hestoppedspeaking.Hestoppedtospeaktome. 用it作形式宾语,动名词移到后面作真实宾语,但这只限于少数句型,在多数情况下都用不定式。Idon’tthinkitworthwhilegoingtosuchaplace.Doyouconsideritanygoodtryingagain?Shefoundituselessarguingwithhim.动名词作介词的宾语: Sheinsistedonmystayingforsupper.Haveyougotusedtoworkingonthenightshift?Excusemeforbeinglate.Givemeyourreasonsforsayingso.AfterswimmingIfeltcold.Insteadofstayinginthecity,hewenttoliveinthecountry. 3.表语动名词(短语)在句中可用作表语,其逻辑主语的表示法,与它作主语或宾语时基本相同Herjobisraisingpigs.Myfavoritesportisswimming.Seeingisbelieving.Theonlyproblemistheboy’snothavingajob. 4.定语动名词有时可用来作前置定语,说明所修饰的名词的用途或目的,其逻辑主语并不是所修饰的名词。aswimmingpoolawritingdeskasingingcompetitionawaitingroomanopeningspeechawalkingstickasleepingcaraworkingmethodsleepingpillsadrinkingcup 分词的句法功能1.表语分词(短语)可以用来作表语,作表语时,现在分词多表示主语所具有的特征;过去分词多表示主语所处的状态。Thesituationisquiteencouraging.Hewasencouragedwithissuccess.Theweatherwasverydisappointing.Iwasverydisappointednottofindher. 2.宾补分词(短语)作宾语补语,常用在see,hear,notice,watch,observe,feel,find,have,get,keep,make等动词后面。Icouldfeelthewindblowingonmyface.I’msorrytohavekeptyouwaiting.HeonceheardthesongsunginEnglish.Whenyoutalk,youhavetoatleastmakeyourselfunderstood. Notice:1)在表示被动动作时,现在分词的一般被动式多指正在进行的或与谓语动作同时发生的动作;过去分词则多表示已完成的,或发生于谓语动作之前。2)在see,hear,feel,watch,notice,observe等表示感觉的动词后面,用现在分词或不定式作宾补时,含义不同。用现在分词,表示动作正在进行,尚未结束;用不定式,表示 动作已发生,全过程已结束,因此,在描写情景时,往往用现在分词,如说明事实,则多用不定式。Isawhimputtinghishandintohispocket.Isawhimputhishandintohispocket.3)在表示使役意义的动词have后面,用过去分词作宾补,有两种不同的含义;一种是表示有意行为,另一种是表示无意的行为。 Ihavemyhaircuteverymonth.()Theyhadapicturetakenwithher.()Shehadherwatchstolen.()Hehashadhishandburned.()有意有意无意无意 3.定语分词(短语)既可作前置定语,也可作后置定语1)现在分词单个作定语时,多置于它所修饰的名词之前,它与动名词不同,它表示的动作就是它所修饰的名词发出的,它所修饰的名词就是它的逻辑主语。asleepingbaby(比较:asleepingcar)awaitingcar(比较:awaitingroom)developingcountries 2)单个的过去分词也主要作前置定语。及物动词的过去分词(大多数),通常表示被动和完成的意义;不及物动词的过去分词(少数)则表示主动意义。及物动词的过去分词不及物动词的过去分词improvedconditionsaretiredworkerpublishedbooksanewlyarrivedguestNotice:单个的过去分词有时也可以作后置定语:Thematerialneededisiron. 3)分词短语通常用作后置定语,这时,分词短语在意思上相当于一个定语从句。用现在分词短语作定语时,表示正在进行的动作、经常性的动作或现在(当时)的状态;而过去分词短语作定语时,表示的动作是在谓语动词动作之前发生或没有一定的时间性,并有被动意义。Theboyplayingtennisnow(whoisplayingtennisnow)wonthetennischampionshiplastyear. Wemustkeepasecretofthethingsbeingdiscussedhere.(thatarebeingdiscussedhere)Theylivedinaroomfacingthesouth(thatfacedthesouth)Thehousestandingatthecornerofthestreet(thatstandsatthecornerofthestreet)wasbuiltin1979.Heisamanlovedbyall(whoislovedbyall) 4.状语现在分词和过去分词在句中都可以作状语主要表示时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随情况等。分词(短语)作状语时,它逻辑上的主语一般必须与全句的主语一致,但有时它也可以有自己独立的逻辑主语,这种结构称为独立结构(absoluteconstruction)。这种独立结构主要用于描绘性文字中,口语中用得很少。 1)时间状语Openingthedoor(WhenIopenedthedoor),Isawnobodyin.Havingboughtthreetickets(Whenhehadboughtthreetickets)heinvitedustoseetheplay.Seenfromthehill(Whenthetownisseenfromthehill),thetownlooksbeautiful. 2)原因状语Beingasportsman(Ashewasasportsman)helovedmountainclimbing.Notknowingwhattodo,(Sincehedidn’tknowwhattodo)heaskedmeformyadvice.HavinglivedinLondonmanyyears(AsshehadlivedinLondonmanyyears)sheknewthecitywell.Tombeingaway,Henryhadtodothework. 3)条件状语Workinghard(Ifyouworkhard),youwillsucceed.Turningtotheleft(Ifyouturnedtotheleft),youwillfindalargebuilding.Takenintime(Ifthemedicineistakenintime)themedicinewillbeeffective.Givenmoretime(Ifheweregivenmoretime)hewouldbeabletodoitbetter. 4)方式状语Thegirl,travellingbycar,visitedmanyplaces.Theysattherefacingeachother.Theywalkedalongthestreets,talkingandlaughing.Sheturnedawaydisappointed.Iwentintothehouse,followedbysomeboys. 1.Studentsshouldlearnhow_______problems.A.solveB.solvingC.cansolveD.tosolve2.—Canyoufinish________thesebooksbefore10o"clock?—Yes,Ican.A.toreadB.readC.readsD.readingOurEnglishteacheroftensaystous,“______Englishwellisveryimportant.”A.LearnB.LearningC.LearnedD.TolearningDDB 4.Howkindyouare!Youalwaysdowhatyoucan________others.A.helpB.helpingC.helpsD.tohelp5.—Howisyourgrandma?—She"sfine.Sheusedto_____TVathomeaftersupper.Butnowsheisusedto__outforawalk.A.watch;goB.watching;goC.watching;goingD.watch;goingDD 6.Ifpricerisestoohigh,thegovernmenthastodosomething________it.A.stopB.stoppedC.stoppingD.tostop[解析]动词不定式在句中作目的状语,说明采取措施的目的是阻止物价上涨。故选D。D 7.Whattimedoyouexpecther________?A.arriveB.isarrivingC.arrivingD.toarrive[解析]expectsbtodosth意为“期望/期待某人做某事”,故选D。D 8.Thismathproblemistoodifficult.Canyoushowme________,George?A.whattoworkoutB.toworkitoutC.howtoworkitoutD.howtoworkoutit9.LiMingadvisedme________toomuch.A.nottodrinkB.todrinkC.notdrinkingD.tonotdrinkAC 专题10┃非谓语动词10.Todaypeopleareencouragedto_____paper,plasticandwaterforabetterenvironment.A.useB.wasteC.recycleD.makeC[解析]encouragesbtodosth意为“鼓励某人做某事”,recycle意为“循环利用”。 11.She"snotstrongenough________walkingupmountains.A.togoB.goingC.goD.went12.Manychildrenareleftaloneinthecountryside.Let"stryourbest______them.A.helpB.helpingC.tohelpD.helpsAC 13.—Excuseme.Couldyoupleasetellme________mycar?—Sure.Parkitrighthere.I"llhelpyou.A.howtostopB.wheretoparkC.wheretostopD.whentopark14.—Doyouknowwhyheleftsoearly?—________fortheEnglishtest,Iguess.A.TostudyB.StudyC.StudiedD.StudyingBA 15.—Ioftenhavehamburgersforlunch.—You"dbetternot.It"sbadforyou________toomuchjunkfood.A.eatB.toeatC.eatingD.ate[解析]it为形式主语,动词不定式“toeattoomuchjunkfood”是真正的主语。B 16.Planyourtimecarefullyandmakesureyouhavesometime________whatyoulikeeveryday.A.doB.todoC.doingD.done[解析]动词不定式短语“todowhatyoulikeeveryday”作目的状语。B 17.Goon________theotherexerciseifyouwanttobehealthier.A.doingB.tobedoingC.todoD.With18.18.—Wouldyoulike____campingwithme?—I"dliketo.ButI"mbusy________myhomework.A.togo;todoB.togo;doingC.going;todoD.going;doingCB 19.—Whyareyousoexcited?—Peterinvitedme______onatriptoYuntaiMountain.A.togoB.goC.goingD.went[解析]invitesbtodosth意为“邀请某人做某事”,todosth作宾语补足语。A 20.Itiswrongofyou________totheoldimpolitely.A.tospeakB.speakC.speakingD.tospeaking21.—I"mnewhere.—Don"tworry.I"lldowhatIcan___you.A.helpB.tohelpC.inviteD.toinviteAB 专题10┃非谓语动词22.Theboyisoftenmade_____outsidetheclassroom.A.standB.standsC.tostandD.Standing23.Heissopoorthathehasnohouse____A.toliveB.livingC.livinginD.toliveinCD 24.Theflowersneed_______everyday,orthey"lldiesoon.A.waterB.beingwateredC.wateringD.towater[解析]needdoing是主动形式表示被动意义,相当于needtobedone。C 25.Itwassuchafunnyshowthatpeoplecouldn"thelp________againandagain.A.laughB.tolaughC.laughingD.helped[解析]can"thelpdoingsth意为“情不自禁做某事”。C 26.Iprefer_______TVto_______books.A.reading;watchingB.seeing;watchingC.watching;lookingD.watching;reading[解析]preferdoingsthtodoingsth意为“宁可做某事,而不愿做某事”。D 27.We"llconsider_______arobotthatcanbothworkandthink.A.makingB.tomakeC.makeD.made[解析]considerdoingsth意为“考虑做某事”,是固定搭配。A 28.Mypenfriendusedto_____Japanese,butnowheisusedto______Chinese.A.speak;sayB.say;sayingC.speak;speakingD.say;speak[解析]“usedto+动词原形”意为“过去常常做某事”;“beusedto+动词-ing”意为“习惯做某事”,都是固定搭配。C 29.Seeingtheirteacher________intotheclassroom,theystopped_______atonce.A.walk;tellingB.entering;tospeakC.enter;totellD.walking;talking30.“Who"stheboyinwhiteT-shirt______underthetree?”“Myfriend.”A.standB.tostandC.stoodD.standingDD 31.Tom,wouldyouplease_______thebox?It"sforyoursister.A.notopenB.don"topenC.nottoopenD.tonotopen32.—Doyoufeellike_____orshallwegobybus?—Iprefertowalk,butwemust_____ataxi,forit"stoolate.A.walking;takeB.towalk;totakeC.walking;totakeD.towalk;takeAA 33.Youshouldmakeyourself_____byothers.A.understandB.understandingC.understoodD.tobeunderstood34.Wouldyoumind________thedoor?It"squitewindyoutside.A.closeB.closingC.tocloseD.closedCB 35.Iguesstheremustbesomeone_____outsidethehouse.Let"sgoouttoseewhoitis.A.speaksB.speakingC.spokeD.tospeakB[解析]theremustbesbdoingsth意为“肯定有某人正在做某事”,现在分词doing表示动作正在进行。 36.OurChineseteachercameintotheclassroom,_____abookunderhisarm.A.carriesB.carriedC.tocarryD.carryingD[解析]这里用现在分词表示伴随。 37.Whilewewererunningontheplayground,Jacksuddenlystopped______andlayontheground,soweallstopped___whatwaswrongwithhim.A.torun;toseeB.running;seeingC.running;toseeD.torun;seeingC 38.—Don"tforget______yourhistoryandpoliticsbookstomorrowmorning.—Thanks.Iwon"t.A.bringB.tobringC.bringingD.totake39.Youmustgetyourroom_____beforeyouleave.A.cleanedB.tocleanC.cleaningD.tobecleaned[解析]getsthdone意为“让某事被做”。BA 40.—Whydoweeatvegetableseveryday,Mum?—________healthy,mydear.A.TokeepB.KeepC.KeepingD.Kept41.It"sdangerous_______acloselookatthetigerinthezoo.A.forustakingB.ofustotakeC.ofustakingD.forustotakeAD 42.________honestisthefirstthingpeopleshouldlearn.A.BeingB.LookC.BeD.Become43.Theassistantwon"tletyou_____thecinemaifyouhaven"taticket.A.enterB.toenterC.enteringD.enteredAA 44.MypenpalAndrewfounditdifficult________Chinesewell.A.learningB.learnC.tolearnD.learned[解析]it作形式宾语,不定式是真正的宾语。C 连词(Conjunction)1.连词的定义:在语言里,起连接作用的词叫连词。连词不能作句子成分,属于虚词的范畴。2.连词的种类:连词并列连词从属连词and,but,foror,notonly…butalso,neither…northat,if,because, III.句法体系SystemofSentences句子种类(KindsofSentences)1.按用途划分句子陈述句疑问句祈使句感叹句 1)陈述句(TheDeclarativeSentence)陈述句肯定陈述句否定陈述句 2)疑问句(TheInterrogativeSentence)疑问句一般疑问句特殊疑问句选择疑问句反意疑问句 3)祈使句(TheImperativeSentence)祈使句肯定祈使句否定祈使句 4)感叹句(TheExclamatorySentence)感叹句How引导的感叹句What引导的感叹句 2.按结构:句子简单句并列句复合句 2.按结构分1)简单句(TheSimpleSentence)句中只有一个主谓结构(但并非只有一个主语和一个谓语)(1)一主一谓:Hestudiesinauniversity.(2)一主两谓:Hestudiesandlivesinauniversity.(3)两主一谓:Heandhissisterstudyinthesameuniversity.(4)两主两谓:Heandhissisterstudyandliveinthesameuniversity. 2)并列句(TheCompoundSentence)句中有一个或更多的主谓结构(由并列连词、分号或逗号来连接);彼此互不依从,分、合均可成句。TheChinesepeoplelovepeacebutwearenotafraidofwar.Thefutureisbright;theroadistortuous.Themeetingisabouttobegin,sowemusthurry. 3)复合句(TheComplexSentence)句中由一个主句和一个或更多的从句构成(由连接代词或连接副词来连接);彼此相互依从,缺一不可(或不完整)。如:Shesaidthatshewouldgotothemeeting.Thatisthereasonwhyhewaslateforthemeeting.Hetelephonedmeassoonashegothome. 反意疑问句DisjunctiveQuestion1.构成方法反意疑问句是由“陈述句(在前)+疑问尾句(在后)”构成的。“疑问尾句”则由“助动词(或be)+人称代词”构成。通常按照“前否定,后肯定”或“前肯定,后否定”以及“前后时态需一致”的规则来处处理。如:HeisateacherofEnglish,isn’the?Thestudentsdidn’tdothework,didthey?Hewillpickyouupatyourhouse,won’the? Notice:1)如果“前后均为肯定式”或“前后均为否定式”(称作“同向疑问句”),通常表示①惊奇、②威吓、③愤怒等。如:①Imustgoanyfarther,mustI?②---Iwon’tletyoudoitlikethat.---Youwon’t,won’tyou?③---YoumustdoasItellyou.---Oh,Imust,mustI? 2)如果陈述部分带有助动词(或情态动词),“疑问尾句”用同一个助动词(或情态动词).如:Shehasn’tfinishedherpaper,hasshe?Tomcantype,can’the?JackwillcometovisitChina,won’the?3)如果陈述部分不带助动词(或be),则需用“do”(过去式用“did”)来帮助构成“疑问尾句”TheyallspeakEnglish,don’tthey?Hegavealectureonwriting,didn’the? 4)“疑问尾句”中的助动词(或be)的否定式必须用缩约式,不可分开来写。如:Heisateacher,isn’the?(isnothe?X)Youstudyhard,don’tyou?(donotyou?X)Youwillcomehere,won’tyou?(willnotyou?X)2.主要用法反意疑问句表示说话人对“陈述部分”所叙述的事实或情况提出反问,或是为了加强语气,而明知故问。请看口诀: 不定代词作主语,尾句变化要注意。(1)陈述部分含否定,尾句需用肯定式。(2)主谓若是缩约式,按其词义变尾句。(3)如遇主从复合句,尾句变化照所指。(4)几点说明切莫忘,分变酌情来处理。(5)(1)NobodyphonedwhileIwasout,didn’tthey?Nothingcanstopustogoforward,canit?(2)Sheseldomgoestoschool,doesshe?Shedislikesthenovel,doesshe? (3)She’slateagain,wasn’tshe?It’salreadybeendone,hasn’tit?(4)Mr.Whitesaidthatshehadseenthefilm,didn’the?(当陈述部分是主从复合句(带that引导的宾语从句)时,“疑问尾句”通常比照主句的主、谓语来构成)但是,当陈述部分的主语是Ibelieve,Ithink,Isuppose等时,“疑问尾句”通常比照从句的主谓语来构成,此时,陈述部分的主语多为第一 人称。如:Ithinkthatyoulikeit,don’tyou?Isupposethatheistobeblamed,isn’the?Ibelieveyouwillregretdoingthat,won’tyou?(5)几点说明:①“Therebe”句型中的“there”,要当作主语看待.Thereisnoonecomingtoday,isn’tthere?Therewon’tbeanytrouble,willthere? ②“情态动词+不定式的完成式”常作“一般过去时”看待。如:Youmusthaveseenthefilmlastnight,didn’tyou?Hecouldn’thaveheardusbecauseofthenoisefromtheriver,didhe?③当陈述部分带有情态动词oughtto时,可用ought或should的肯定式或否定式来帮助构成“疑问尾句”,如: Theboyoughtn’ttobecriticized,oughthe?(Theboyoughtn’ttobecriticized,shouldhe?)④当陈述部分带有情态动词usedto时,可用used或did的肯定式或否定式来帮助构成“疑问尾句”,如:Theyusedtoliveinasmalltown,usedn’t(didn’t)they?Hedidn’tusetocomehere,used(did)he? ⑤祈使句后的“疑问尾句”若用“will(won’t/can/can’t/would/could)+主语”则表示“请求”或“征求对方的意见”,如:Haveacupoftea,will(would)you?Dropin,won’tyou?Shutup,can’tyou?如果陈述部分是祈使句的否定结构,则“疑问尾句”只能用“willyou?”,如:Don’tforgettolockthedoor,willyou? 复合句(ComplexSentences)1.复合句中从句的种类:复合句名词性从句形容词性从句副词性从句 1.1:名词性从句名词性从句主语从句宾语从句表语从句同位语从句 1.2:形容词性从句---定语从句形容词性从句(定语从句)限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句 1.3:副词性从句---状语从句副词性从句(状语从句)时间地点原因目的结果条件方式比较让步 2.复合句中从句的语法功能2.1名词性从句的语法功能名词性从句起名词的作用,在复合句中作主语、宾语、表语、同位语等。名词性从句的引导词有三类:①从属连词that;②疑问词(疑问代词或疑问副词)who,what,which,how,why,when,where,以及if,whether等;③关系代词型的what(=thethingwhich),whatever,(=anythingthat),whoever(=anyonewho), whichever(=anyonethat)等。2.1.1主语从句(subjectclause)1)that引导的主语从句通常用it作形式主语,将从句放在句子后面,以避免句子头重脚轻的毛病。这时,在口语或非正式文体中,that可以省去。如:Itdoesn’tseemlikelythatshewillbehere.Itisgoodnewstousthatweareinvitedtoaconcertthisevening. 在正式文体中,为了强调从句的内容,也可把that从句放在句首,这时,that不能省略。Thatweneedmoremoneyisquiteobvious.如果全句是疑问句,只能用it作形式主语。Isitpossiblethattheywillcometomorrow?Notice:it作形式主语与it强调句的区别。如:Itisgoodnewsthatwewonthegame.ItisacamerathatTomboughtatthesupermarket. 在强调句中,引导词that不能移到句首,而在主语从句中引导词that可能放在句首。2)由疑问词引导的主语从句,可直接置于句首也可以放到句子后部,前面用it作形式主语.Whenweshallhaveoursportsmeetisstillaquestion(=Itisstillaquestionwhenweshallhaveoursportsmeet.)Whethershecomesornotdoesn’tconcernme.(用于句首时,不能用if引导) Itdoesn’tconcernmewhether(if)shecomesornot.(句中可用if或whether引导)3)由what,whatever,whoever等引导的主语从句,在结构上相当于“一个名词+一个定语从句”。这类主语从句只用于句首,不能用it结构而放到后面去。如:WhatIwanttoknowisthis.Whateverwassaidheremustbekeptsecret.Whoeveristiredmaytakearest. 2.1.2:宾语从句(objectclause)1)由that引导的宾语从句用得最普遍。在某些情况下(主要是从句较短时),that可以省略.Ibelieve(that)heishonest.Hetoldme(that)Johnhadinvitedhim.在that引导的宾语从句中,有时谓语尽管是否定意思,却不用否定形式,而把否定词not放到主句里,否定主句的谓语动词(主要是think,believe,suppose,expect,imagine等少数表 示“相信”或“臆断”的动词),这叫做“否定转移”,是英语的一种习惯用法。如,Idon’tbelieve(think,suppose)thatyoucandoit.在简短答语中,常常可以用so(肯定时)或not(否定时)来代替问句中的that从句。如,Doyouthinkshewillcome?Yes,Ithinkso.(=…shewillcome.)No,Ithinknot/Idon’tthinkso.) 在带有复合宾语的结构中,常以it作形式宾语后跟that从句作真实宾语。如,Weallthoughtitapitythatyoucouldn’tjoinus.Iconsideritnecessarythatheshouldim-provehisspeaking.Ihearditsaidthatshehasgreatconcernforherclassmates.2)由疑问词引导的宾语从句,不同于疑问句, 一般要用正常语序。如,Pleaseexplainwhythisisimpossible.Wemustfindoutwhodidallthis.Couldyoutellmewherethebookingofficeis?在某些动词后面常用whether或if引导宾语从句。whether和if有时可以换用,有时则不能。Heaskedmewhether/ifIwasbusy.Idon’tcarewhether/ifhehasaholidayornot Idon’tcarewhetherornothehasaholiday.(不说:ifornot)Itdependsonwhethertheywillgoorstay.(介词后不用if)3)关系代词型的what等也可以引导宾语从句DonotputofftilltomorrowwhatyoucandoI’lldowhateverthePartycallsuponustodoYoumaychoosewhoeveryoulike. 2.1.3:表语从句(predicativeclause)1)that可以引导表语从句。在口语或非正式文体中,that常可省略。如,Theproblemis(that)theycan’tgethereearlyenough.Myhopeis(that)hewillbewellagain.Whatsurprisedmewasthatshecouldn’tspeakEnglishatall. 2)表语从句也可以由疑问词来引导。如;Theproblemisnotwhowillgobutwhowillstay.WhatIamanxioustoknowiswhenwecanvisittheexhibition.whether可以引导表语从句,而if则不能。如Hisfirstquestionwaswhethershehadarrivedyet. 3)表语从句也可以由关系代词型what等来引导。如,Thisiswhathewrote(=Thisisthearticlehewrote.)Chinaisnolongerwhatitusedtobe.ThisbookisjustwhatIhavebeenlookingfor.2.1.4:同位语从句(AppositiveClause) 1)同位语从句多由that引导,它表示与之同位的名词的具体内容。在同位语从句前面与之同位的名词主要是一些抽象概念的名词(如idea,fact,news,rumor,hope,belief,truth,thought,doubt,proposal,suggestion,等).Ihadnoideathatyouwerehere.WeexpressedthehopethattheywouldcomeandvisitChinaagain.Suddenlythethoughtcametomethathe couldgoblind.Notice:that引导的同位语从句与that引导的定语从句的区别:①两种从句的性质和功能不同同位语从句是名词性的,它的功能是对所说明的名词从内容上作进一步阐述和解释,两者之间可以划等号;定语从句是形容词性的,它的功能是修饰先行名词或代词,描述其性质或特征。②两种从句中的引导词that作用不同。引导同位语从句的that是连词,只起连接主句和 从句的作用,不充当从句中任何成分;定语从句的that是关系代词,它的作用不但是连接主句和从句,而且还代表先行词在从句中充当一个句子成分,指物时还可以用which代替。如:Thenewsthatweareinvitedtothelectureisveryencouraging.(同位语从句)Thenewsthatweheardspreadallovertheschoolcampus.(定语从句)2)同位语从句有时也可由疑问词引导。如, Ihavenoideawhyhewaslateagain.Weoughttodiscussthequestionwhetherweshoulddoit.Theproblem,whereweshouldstay,isstillunsolved.2.2.形容词性从句(AdjectiveClause)形容词性从句也就是定语从句(AttributiveClause),起形容词的作用,修饰主句的某个名词、代词或整个主句,在复合句中作定语。 定语从句一般放在它所修饰的名词、代词后面,被修饰的名词、代词叫先行词。引导定语从句的是关系词(relative),包括关系代词、关系副词等。关系代词有三个作用:①连接作用,即引导从句,把从句和主句连接起来;②替代作用,即在从句中代替它前面的先行词;③成分作用,即在从句中可充当一个句子成分。 2.2.1:定语从句的类型定语从句可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。2.2.2:两种类型定语从句的区别①从含义上看,限制性定语从句对先行词起限制、确定的作用,它与先行词之间有着不可分割的联系,因而不能随意省去;非限制性定语从句则不同,它只对先行词作补充性的说明,如省去,也不会影响句子的基本意 思。②从结构上看,限制性定语从句与主句之间通常不用逗号;非限制性定语从句则通常用逗号语主句隔开。试比较:Hehastwodaughterswhoareworkingatacottonmill.(说明不只两个女儿)Hehastwodaughters,whoareworkingatacottonmill.(说明只有两个女儿)2.2.3:限制性定语从句(RestrictiveAttributiveClause) 限制性定语从句通常由who,whom,whose,that,which,as,when,where,why等关系词引导。1)限制性定语从句如果修饰人,一般用who(主格,作主语),whom(宾格,作宾语),whose(属格,作定语),有时也用that(作主语或宾语).whom和that在从句中作宾语时,大多数情况下都可以省去。注意that不能用在介词后面。 Thosewhoteachothersmustthemselvesbefirsteducated.Themanthatisplayingthepianonowismymusicteacher.Thisisthegirlwithwhomheworked.Thisisthegirlwhom/thatheworkedwith.Thisisthegirlwhoheworkedwith.Thisisthegirlheworkedwith TheprofessorwhosedaughterteachesusEnglishisDr.Smith.Isthereanyoneinyourclasswhosefamilyisinthenortheast?2)限制性定语从句如果修饰物,可用that,也可用which;但在从句中作宾语时,它们往往省去。如:Thetrainthat/whichhasjustleftisforXi’an.Thisistheplace(that)wevisitedlastyear. 当先行词为all,something,nothing,anything,everything,anyone,someone,anybody等不定代词时,或先行词被形容词最高级、序数词等修饰时,通常关系代词只用that。如:ThereissomethingthatIshouldliketotellyou.IsthereanythingthatIcandoforyou?ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.ThisisthefirstbookthatIreadlastyear. 表示物的属格一般用ofwhich,但有时也可以用whose.如:Thebookcaseontopofwhichstandsavaseisinthenextroom.Iwantthatdictionarywhosecover/thecoverofwhichhascomeoff.3)当限制性定语从句修饰一个表时间的名词时而且关系词在从句中作时间状语时,通常用when。如: October1,1949isthedaywhenthePeople’sRepublicofChinawasfounded.Thisisthetimewhenhearrived.4)当限制性定语从句修饰一个表地点的名词,而且关系词在从句中作地点状语时,通常用where。如:ThisistheplacewhereIwasborn.Isthereashoparoundwherewecanbuyfruit? 5)当限制性定语从句修饰表原因的名词reason而且关系词在从句中作原因状语时,通常用why。如:Thisisthereasonwhyhewent.Ican’tseethereasonwhyshelooksupset.6)as可用来引导限制性定语从句,在从句中充当主语或宾语。在这种情况下,其前面多有such或thesame与之连用。如: SuchEnglishasisspokenhereisnotEng-lish.HetoldmeofhisexperiencesuchasIhadneverhadbefore.Ishouldliketousethesametoolasisusedhere.Thisisthesamethingasweareinneedof. 2.2.4:非限制性定语从句(Non-restrictiveAttributiveClause)引导非限制性定语从句的关系词与引导限制性定语从句的关系词基本相同。只是that和why一般不用于非限制性定语从句。非限制性定语从句中的关系词都不能省略。1)修饰人时,用who,whom,whose.如:Mary’sfather,wholivesnextdoortous,isanengineer. Theoldmanhadthreesons,ofwhomtheeldestwaskilledinWorldII.ShemetTom,fromwhomshegotthenewsofmyarrival.Dr.NormanBethune,whosenameiswell-knowntoeverybodyinourcountry,wasborninCanadain1890.2)修饰物时,用which或whose。如: China,whosepopulationisthelargestintheworld,liesinEastAsia.which除了可代替先行词之外,还能代替先行句,即引导非限制性定语从句,修饰它前面的整个主句。在这种从句中,which可作主语或宾语。其含义和andthis相似。如:Isaidnothing,which(andthis)madehimangry.Theysentmychildtoschooleverymorning, whichIconsideredagreathelptome.3)当修饰表示时间或地点的名词时,也可用when或where,在从句中作时间状语或地点状语。如:Weshallneverforgettheday,whenChinawasliberated.TheywillflytoKunming,wheretheyplantostayfortwoorthreedays. 4)as在非限制定语从句中用来指先行句.如:Sheisateacher,asisclearfromhermanner.Heopposedtheidea,ascouldbeexpected.2.3副词性从句(AdverbClause)副词性从句即状语从句(adverbialclause),起副词作用,修饰主句的谓语(或其他动词),定语、状语或整个主句,在复合句中作状语,表示时间、地点、原因、目的、程度、结果、条件、方式、比较、让步等。引导状语从句的通 常是一些从属连词,有时也可以是一些起连词作用的词组,状语从句的位置比较灵活,放在复合句前或后均可;有时还放在句中,状语从句位于复合句前部时,通常用逗号与后面的主句隔开;但当句子较短时,从句与主句关系较密切时,也可不加逗号。状语从句可根据其含义和用途分为九种:时间状语从句;地点状语从句;原因状语从句;目的状语从句;结果(程度)状语从句;条件状语从句 方式状语从句;比较状语从句;让步状语从句。2.3.1:时间状语从句(AdverbialClauseofTime)时间状语从句通常由when,whenever,as.while,before,after,until,till,since,once,assoonas等从属连词引导。1)when,while,as引导时间状语从句时,都有“当……的时候”的意思,一般可以互换使用,但有时也有差别。While强调时段而不是时点 即“在一段时间内”或“在过程中”;as强调“同一时间”或“一先一后”,表示“一边……一边”或“随着”等含义。Ienteredwhen/while/asthemeetingwasgoingon.Notice:按一般情况,when是放在含有过去进行时谓语的句子开头,但when可移到后面含有过去时谓语的句子里。这时,when不作“当……时候”解,而是表示行为发生的突然性, 意为“正在这个时候”或“这时突然”。如:IwasthinkingofthiswhenIheardmynamecalled.2)till和until意思是“直到…..为止”,一般可以互换,用till/until时,主句中要是表示持续动作的动词,而不能是表示短暂动作的动词。如:Theywaitedtill/untilIreturned.Theyentered/wenttillIreturned.(x)但在否定句中till/until则可以与表短暂动作的 动词连用,这时含义与before相同,即“在…...以前不”或“直到……才”。如:Hedidn’tentermyroomuntilIreturned.Theydidn’tgountilheleft.3)since引导时间状语从句时,从句中一般用短暂性动词的过去时,主句动词用现在完成时(如动词为be,后面跟有表一段时间的名词词组,可用一般现在时代替现在完成时).SinceIleftschool,Ihavewrittentohimtwice. It’s(=hasbeen)twoyearssinceIsawhim.如果since从句中用持续性动词或状态动词的一般过去时,则一般表示动作或状态的完成或结束。如:Ihaven’theardfromhimsincehelivedinShanghai.SinceshewasinNanning,therehasbeenagreatchange.4)assoonas意思是“一……就……”。与它同 义的还有:immediately,directly,instantly,themoment,theminute,theinstant等。它们都能互换使用,引导时间状语从句。如:I’llreturnthebookassoonasIhavereadit.I’lltellyouaboutitthemomentyoucome.Mysistercamedirectlyshegotmymessage.5)nosooner…than;hardly…when,barely…when等,与assoonas相类似,也可以引导时间状语从句,含有“一……就”,“刚刚…… 就”的意思。但这中结构一般只用于描述已经发生或完成的动作,因此,nosooner/hardly/scarcely/barely后的主句通常用过去完成时,than/when后面的从句用以般过去时。如果把nosooner等置于句首,就要用倒装结构。如:Shehadnosoonerheardthenewsthanshefainted.Nosoonerhadsheheardthenewsthanshefainted. Hehadhardlyenteredtheroomwhenthephonerang.Hardlyhadheenteredtheroomwhenthephonerang.2.3.2:地点状语从句(AdverbialClauseofPlace)地点状语从句通常由where,wherever引导。Youmayfindhimwherehisbrotherlives.Whereveryouwork,youmustalwaysservethepeoplewholeheartedly. 2.3.3:原因状语从句(AdverbialClauseofCause)引导原因状语从句的三个最常用的从属连词是:because,since,as。其中because语势最强,since次之,as又次之。1)由because引导的原因状语从句通常表示说话人认为这种原因或理由是听话人所不知道的,因此在回答以疑问词why开头的问句时只能用because,而不能用since或as。如:Whywereyouabsent? BecauseIwasnotwell.because之前可加否定词not,还可用一定的并列连词形成并列because从句;如:Istayedathome,notbecauseIwastired,butbecauseIdidn’tliketogo.在分裂句(强调句)中强调原因从句时,只能用because从句,不能用since或as引导的从句。如:Itwasbecausehewasillthathedidn’tgo. 2)as和since引导的原因状语从句时,差别不大。带有这类原因状语从句的复合句,往往侧重主句的内容即原因状语从句所引起的结果,其原因只是附带说明。如:As/Sinceshewasnotathome,Ispoketohermother.Sinceheisbusy,Iwon’ttroublehim.3)for也可以表示因果关系,但与because有所区别。for是并列连词,for分句只能后置; because是从属连词,because从句的位置可前可后。当for表因果关系时,它可以和because交换使用。如:Hecouldnothaveseenme,for/becauseIwasnotthere.当for分句不表示因果关系,而只是对前一分句内容加以解释或推断时,for就不能用because来替换。如:Itrainedlastnight,forthegroundiswet thismorning.Itismorning,forthebirdsaresinging.2.3.4目的状语从句(AdverbialClauseofPurpose)能引导目的状语从句的连词通常是:sothat,inorderthat,lest,incase,forfearthat等。其中以sothat用得最多。在目的状语从句中,多用may,might,should等情态动词构成谓语,这是辩别它与结果状语从句的一个标志。 1)sothat和inorderthat一般可以互换使用。但inorderthat用于较正式场合。如:Theteachermustspeakclearlysothathisstudentsmayunderstandwell.Ihidthebooksothatheshouldnotseeit.2)lest引导目的状语从句,只用于正式文体,带有否定含义,相当于汉语“免得”、“以防”、“以免”等含义。在现代英语中多被forfearthat,sothat…not,inorderthat…not所代替 Ihidthebooklestheshouldseeit.=Ihidthebookforfearthatheshouldseeit.=Ihidthebooksothatheshouldnotseeit.3)在正式文体中,常用incase引导目的状语从句,表示“以防”、“以免”等含义。如:Heleftearlyincaseheshouldmissthetrain.Takeyourraincoatincaseitrains. 2.3.5结果状语从句(AdverbialClauseofResult)结果状语从句通常由sothat,so…that,such…that引导。1)由sothat引导的结果状语从句,在形式上与sothat引导的目的状语从句相似,要注意它们之间的区别。它们之间的区别除了根据上下意义判断外,还可从结构形式上进行分辨一般来说,sothat引导的结果状语从句之前有逗号隔开;另外,sothat引导的结果状语 从句中没有may,might,should等情态动词。Turnyourfacesothatwemayseewhoyouare.(目的)Heturnedhisface,sothatwesawwhohewas.(结果)2)so…that的so后面跟形容词或副词;such…that的such后面跟名词(如为单数可数名词就要用sucha…that)。它们引导的从句表示强化到何种程度,也就是导致何种结果。如: Hisvoicewassoloudthatwecouldallhearhim.ThisissuchbeautifulfurniturethatI’mthink-ingofbuyingit.Shemadesuchaninspiringspeechthatwewereexcited.2.3.6条件状语从句(AdverbialClauseofCondition) 条件状语从句通常由if,unless,suppose,sup-posing,provided,as(so)longas等引导。在条件状语从句中,谓语动词通常用现在时代替一般将来时,表将来的动作,用现在完成时代替将来完成时,表将来要做某事之前先要完成的动作。如:Ifitrainstomorrow,they’llnotgo.They’llgotomorrowunlessitrains.Aslongaswedon’tloseheart,we’llfinda waytoovercomethehardships.IwillreturnthebookonMondayifIhavereadit.2.3.7:方式状语从句(AdverbialClauseofManner)方式状语从句通常由as,asif,asthough引导,asif和asthough可以互用。如:Shedidtheexercisesasshewastold.Theywatchedhimcloselyasacatwatchesarat. Jacklooksasif/asthoughheisyoung.Peterlooksasif/asthoughhewereyoung.Tomspeaksasifhewereagirl.2.3.8:比较状语从句(AdverbialClauseofCom-parison)引导比较状语从句的连词主要是:as…as,notso(as)…as,than,the…the等。如:TomdidasmuchworkasMary(did) Thingsdidn’tgososmoothlyaswehadex-pected.HeisabettermanthanIimaginedbefore.Themoreofthemassesweunite,thebetter(itis)2.3.9:让步状语从句(AdverbialClauseofCon-cession)带有让步状语从句的复合句叫“让步句”。它和“条件句”(带有条件状语从句的复合句)在意 上有相同之处:在“条件句”中,主句中出现的情况以从句所表示的情况为前提;而“让步句”中,则表示在某种相反的条件下,主句中的情况却仍然出现。因此可以说,所谓“让步”,实际上就是一种“不起作用”的条件,因为它不能阻止主句所述情况的发生。让步状语从句可以由though,although,eventhough,evenif,nomatter等引导。1)Though和although是引导让步状语从句的 主要连词,在一般情况下两者都可互换使用.Wewerenottiredalthough/thoughwehadworkedtillmidnight.Thoughshehadbeenillforamonth,shewasneverabsentfromschool.如果要突出前后两部分的对比意义,主句前面可加上yet或still,但不能加but。如:Althoughheisnotstrong,yet/stillheworksjustashardaseveryoneelse. 在正式文体中,为了强调让步意义,往往将从句中的表语(形容词、名词等)置于句首,而连词用though(也可用as或that),置于表语之后Coldthough/as/thatitis,thechildrenplayoutdoors.Childthough/as/thatheis,heknowswhytheapplefallstowardtheearth.2)eventhough和evenif同义,常用来强调让步概念,有“即使”,“纵然”的意思。如: Eventhoughittakesmeayear,Idecidetodothejob.Youmustn’tbeproudevenifyouhavegotgreatsuccess.3)whatever,whoever,whenever,wherever,whichever,however等一类词,可以用来引导让步状语从句,表示“无论……”,“不管…”的意思。如:Whatevermayhappen,weshallnotlosehope Whoevercomes,hewillbewelcome.4)在口语中,常用nomatter+wh-词来代替wh-ever词作让步状语从句的引导词。如:NomatterwhatIdid,noonepaidanyattentiontome.HesayshewouldkeepmecompanynomatterwhereIgo.IamstillbehindyounomatterhowhardIhavetriedtocatchyouup. 主语和谓语的一致主语和谓语的一致(SubjectandPredicateConcord1.概述英语句子的各个成分之间通常都应保持一定的语法关系,即一致关系。所谓主语和谓语的一致,指的是谓语动词在人称和数等方面与主语取得一致的语法关系。谓语动词需用单数形式口诀: 下列主语请注意,单数形式作谓语。看作整体、同人、物,(1)名词性词或从句(2)某些学科、疾病词,词的结尾是s,ics.(3)复合代词、限定词,each等代词作主语。(4) (1)Onlytwoweekswasallowedtomakeprepar-ationfortheexam.Thesecretaryandmanagergoestoworkearlyeveryday.(2)Tobecometeachersisourambition.Readingwithoutcomprehensionisnogood(3)Physicsisoneoftheveryimportantsubjects.Measlesisaseriousillness. (4)Morethanonepersonhasappliedforthisjob.Manyastudentoftenmakesthatmistakeinwriting.Neitherplanissatisfactory.Eitheroftheplansispracticable. 谓语动词需复数形式谓语动词需复数形式口诀:下列主语请牢记,复数形式作谓语,并列主语不同类,集体名词成员指。两个部分构成物,不定代词复数意。过去分词、形容词,加the用来作主语。(1)当并列主语指不同的人或物时。Theeditorandthepublisherofthismagazineareablemen. Thedirectorandthegeneralmanagerwerepresentatthemeeting.(2)当主语是集体名词(army,audience,classclub,company,committee,congress,crew,crowd,family,government,group,herd,jury,minority,majority,party,public,staff,team,troop等).Thecommitteearedividedinopinion.Hisfamilyarewaitingforhimatthegate. TheaudiencearedressedinavarietyofwaysTheclassaredoingexperimentsonheatandlight.Notice:如把它们看作一个整体,谓语动词则用单数,如Thecommitteeishavingameetingnow.Herfamilyisaverybigone.Theclassisonthesecondfloor. 但主语是cattle,folk,police,youth,poultry等含复数之义的集合名词时,谓语动词总是用复数Thepolicehavecaughtthethief.(3)当由成双成对的,或由两个部分构成的东西的名词(scissors,shoes,trousers等)作主语时,谓语动词需用复数。ThesetrousersaremadeinChina.Thosescissorsarekeptinthedrawer.(4)含复数之意的不定代词(both,(a)few,many) 作主语时,谓语动词需用复数。Bothofthesenovelsarenotinteresting.Fewoftheguestswerefamiliartothem.(5)“the+a.(v-ed)”作主语时,表示一类人或物时,谓语动词需用复数。Theyoungarefullofvigorandvitality.Theinjuredweretakentohospitalatonce.Notice:如果表示一类不可数的事物或仅仅指 个人时,谓语动词则用单数。如,Thebeautifulisnotalwaysthesameasthegood.Thedepartedisaforeigner. 谓语动词的形式由主语的含义定口诀:单数、复数同形词,谓语形式看含义。如遇某些词、短语,两个公式请牢记。若带引导词结构,就近原则变谓语。all等代词作主语,看其替代、后跟词。 (1)当某些单数和复数同形的名词(aircraft,cropscrossroads,deer,fish,means,series,sheepspecies,works等)作主语时,谓语动词的形式要根据主语的含义来确定。如,Thespeciesoffisharenumerousintheworld.Thisspeciesoffishisveryrareinourcountry.Therearetwogasworksinthetown.Thereisagasworksinthetown. Therearemeansoflearningwhatishappeningintheworld.Everymeanshasbeentried,butinvain.Sheepareraisedforwool.Thereisasheepatthefootofthemountain. (2)当由某些词(短语)修饰、连接的名词或代词作主语时,可按下面两个“公式”来处理。公式1:(谓语动词要与主语一致,而不受其主语修饰语的影响)A(主语)withB(修饰语)AalongwithBAtogetherwithBAaswellasBAasmuchasB AinadditiontoBAnolessthanBAratherthanBAincludingBAinsteadofBAbutBAbesidesBAexceptBAlikeB 公式2:(谓语动词要与其最靠近的主语保持一致)eitherAorBneitherAnorBnotonlyAbut(also)B(3)在带引导词“therebe”或“herebe”的结构中如果主语部分由几个名词构成,则谓语动词形式通常以最靠近的一个词来变化。Hereisapen,afewenvelopsandtwobooks. Therearethreecowsandahorseoverthere.(4)当主语由all,half,most,none,some,或plentyof,partof,theremainderof,therestof等代词担任时,其谓语动词形式应按接它们所替代的或后面所跟的词的含义来确定。Allishere.Allweresilentthen. Mostofhersparetimewasspentinreading.Mostofthestudentshavepassedtheexam.Thereisstillplentyofwaterinthebottle.Thereareplentyofbooksonthedesk. 直接引语和间接引语1.定义:直接引用他人的原话(被引用的部分放在引号之内),叫直接引语;而转述别人说话的意思,则称为间接引语。2.直接引语变间接引语的方法:引语前为现在(将来)时,去掉引号变从句。人称、数、格要改动,时态不变别忘记。引语前为过去时,变为从句请注意。时态向前移一档,无需变化唯真理。 指示代词需变换,人称、数、格要一致。时、地状语相应变,当时当地留原词。一般(选择/反意)疑问句,whether,if作连词。若逢特殊疑问句,照用原句疑问(代/副)词。其他变化同上述,语序改为陈述句。引语若是祈使句,加“to”变为不定式。谓语动词酌情变,按照句意用宾语。掌握方法灵活用,熟能生巧难变易。 倒装(Inversion)1.定义:英语的基本语序一般是固定的,即“主语+谓语+其它成分”,如果主语和谓语的位置相颠倒,就称之为倒装(inversion)。倒装分为两种:全部倒装(completeinversion)和部分倒装(partialinversion)。全部倒装是将谓语部分(动词及其修饰成分)全部调到主语之前;而部分倒装,则只将谓语部分里的助动词或情态动词调到主语之前。 Infrontofthehousestandseveraltrees.OnlyinthiswaycanyoulearnEnglishwell.2.倒装的用法1)语法结构上需要的倒装由于语法结构上的需要(否则要犯语法错误)而倒装(改变语序)的句子主要有下列几种:口诀:语法需要变语序,常见多数疑问句。条件句中省去if,句子带有引导词。 so在句首免重复,某些表达祝愿句。here或now等置句前,come和be等作谓语。(1)大多数疑问句都需要倒装Isyourbrotherstudyinginthiscollege?Whatdidyoureadyesterdayevening?(2)省去if的虚拟条件句,需要倒装。Wereitfinetomorrow,Iwouldgodowntown.Hadhetakenthedoctor’sadvice,hewouldnotbeinhospitalnow. (3)带有引导词结构therebe(或there+表示状态的动词)的句子,需要倒装。Thereiscontradictionineverything.TherestandsaTVtoweratthetopofthehill.(4)为了避免重复原文而将so置于句首,表示“也…”一类概念,需要倒装。Ifyoucanreadit,socanI.HehasbeentoRome.SohaveI. Notice:表示否定概念的类似结构还有以nor或neither开头的句子。Iknewnothingaboutthenovel,nordidhe.Ifyoudon’tgo,neitherdoI.(5)某些表达祝愿的句子,需要倒装。Mayallyourdreamscometrue!Mayyousucceed!MayGodblessme! (6)副词here,there,now或then等用于句首,且谓语动词是come,go或be等时,需要倒装。Hereisaletterforyou.Theregoesthebell!Let’shaveabreak.Nowcomesourturn.Thestudentsenteredthesoundlabonebyone.ThencametheteacherofEnglish.Notice:如主语是人称代词,则语序不变,无需倒装。Hereweare.Thereyougoagain. 2)修辞手段上需要的倒装由于修辞的需要(如强调、使句子平衡或结构紧凑等)而倒装(改变语序)的句子主要有下列几种。看口诀:修辞需要变语序,only在句首强调时。副词、词组含否定,句子开头作状语。直接引语当直(接)宾,as,be引导状语从。为求平衡、衔接紧,需要生动描写时。 (1)当only用于句首(修饰状语)表示强调时,需要倒装。Onlythencouldshereallyunderstandwhathehadsaid.Onlyinthiswaycanyougetbetterresultsintheexamination.Notice:only位于句首,但不修饰状语时,不需要倒装。Onlyhecansolvetheproblem. (2)当含有否定之意的副词或词组在句首作状语时,需要倒装。NosoonerhadIleftmyofficethanitbegantorain.Hardlyhadhearrivedwhenshestartedcomplaining.NeverbeforehaveIseensuchagoodfilm.Notonlyissheasingerbutalsoacomposerofpopularsongs. LittledidheknowtheconsequencesofactionUndernocircumstancesmustweloseourhearts.InnocaseshallIagreetothebill.Notice:如果含否定之意的副词或词组不是放在句首,则句子无需倒装。Ihaveneverseensuchagoodfilm.Henotonlystudieshardhimselfbutalsoisalwaysreadytohelpothers. (3)当直接引语的全部或部分位于句首,并作谓语动词的直接宾语时,需要倒装。“Goon,please,”saidtheteacher.“Sorry”,saidMary,“it’smyfault.”Notice:如果主语是人称代词,则无需倒装。“Whatsizedoyouwant?”sheasked.“Isee,”heanswered.(4)当以“形容词等+as(though)”或以be等在句首引导让步状语从句时,需要倒装。 Youngasheis,heisquiteexperiencedinEnglishteaching.Hotasitwas,hewentout.Tiredthoughshewas,shestillkeptonworking.Tryastheymight,theycouldn’tfinishthedesignaheadofschedule.Everybodymustobeytheorder,beheanofficerorasoldier. (5)为了使句子平衡,避免头重脚轻,或与上文紧密衔接时,需要倒装。GoneforeverarethedayswhenIwasacollegestudent.Thereisahill.Onitstandsanancientcastle.(6)当需要生动地描写句中的动作时,需要倒装(常将副词away,down,in,up,out等置于句首).Upwentthearrowintothesky. Thedooropened.Instreamedagroupofstudents.Awaywenttheoldmanwithoutsayingaword.Incameawomanofaboutthirty. ThankYou!