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虚拟语气;名词性从句;定语从句;非谓语动词;倒装语序(这五大项排名不分先后),一般直接考2分左右;下面还有时态与语态2分-1分,情态动词+havedone1分,主谓一致要考1分,强调句句型1分。定语从句、名词性从句、非谓语动词的掌握不仅对于词汇结构直接考查有意义,而且更为重要的是对于阅读理解意义相当重大;有些语法知识比如虚拟语气、倒装、强调句句型、主谓一致、反义疑问句则主要对于词汇结构题直接考意义重大;有些语法知识诸如并列平行结构、状语从句、插入结构、it指代用法、比较结构则主要对于阅读理解有重大意义。一.定语从句考什么:which引导的非限制性定语从句,一级考点定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引起的,在句子中充当定语成分,来修饰名词、代词或句子。定语从句一般放在它所修饰的名词或代词之后,这种名词或代词称为先行词。Thenewpointswhichthepresidentstressedinhisreportareveryimportantindeed.(定语从句、关系代词、先行词)ThatisthereasonwhyIamnotinfavorofrevisingtheplan.(定语从句、关系代副词、先行词)所有从句都是由连接词引出来的,定语从句的连接词被叫做关系代词、关系副词。具体而言,有以下几种情况一.关系代词关系代词先行词关系代词所作成分例句that人或物主、宾、表1which物或整句话主、宾(动词宾语、介词宾语)2who人主3whom人宾4whose人或物定语(相当于先行词的所有格)5as人或物或整句话主语、宾语6例句:1Oneshouldnotplantagardenthatistoolargeforhimtocarefor.(06阅读1)2.Becauseoftheirfrequentwars,manyoftheirinventionswerenomorethanimprovementsinthedesignofGreekweaponswithwhichtheywerefamiliar.(06阅读2)3Therearealotofwomenwhowilldothejobaswellasmen.(06阅读2)Anyonewhobroughthissleepingbagandcookingequipmentalongcouldstaythereforaverysmallquantityofmoney.(03月度2,P48).4Hesawthemanagertalkingwithsomebodywhomhedidn’tknow.5Manypeoplewhosepossessionsweredestroyedinnaturaldisasterseventuallyconsideredtheirlossasablessing.(06CET-6,12)6Asisoftenthecase,themoreyouuseyourbrain,themoreactiveitwillbecome.关系代词使用的几种特别规定:That1)先行词是不定代词,常见有all,much,any,something,anything等;2)先行词被all,any,every,some,(a)few,(a)little修3)先行词被最高级、序数词、theonly/next/same/very修饰时;4)先行词既包括人,又包括物时。5)只用which:介词后、引导非限制性定语从句只能用which。介词+which既可以引导限制性定语从句,也可以引导非限制性定语从句,该结构中介词的选择取决于从句谓语动词的固定搭配,也取决于先行词的习惯搭配。
Itiswrittenbyapersonwithwhomweareallfamiliar.Thisisthecomputeronwhichhespentallhissavings.6)关系代词省略情况:that、which引导定语从句作宾语可以省略。但以下情况不可省略:第一,引导非限制性定语从句中,即使作宾语which也不能省略。第二,关系代词紧跟介词后,作介词宾语,此时一不可用that,只可用which或whom引导定语从句,并且不可省略;但当介词谓语定语从句句末时,作为介词宾语的关系代词仍可用that,也可以省略。Thisisoneofthethingswithwhichwehavetoputup.Thisisoneofthethings(that/which)wehavetoputupwith.二.关系副词关系副词与先行词关系在从句中所作成分when先行词是表示时间的名词,相当于介词+which.状语where先行词是表示地点的名词,相当于介词+which状语why先行词是表示理由的名词(reason),相当于for+which.状语1DoAmericanshavethecapacityandvisiontoremovethesestructuralbarriersthatdenydemocraticrightsandopportunities?(06CET4阅读)2.Cultureshockisanoccupationaldiseaseforpeoplewhohavebeensuddenlytransplantedabroad(04转本P61阅读4)3Forprimitivemen,activityduringthedaymeanthuntingandattacking,inwhichhesoonsawasred,thecolorofbloodandfire.(05转本P70阅读1)4Thecurriculumconsistedmainlyoftheclassicallanguages,andthepurposeofthiskindofschoolwasthepreparationofboysforcollege,wheremostofthemwouldbefittedfortheministry.第二章名词性从句考什么:that、what引导的名词性从句,一级考点。所谓名词性从句,就是把这个句子当作名词使用,并在句子中充当一定的句子成分:主语、同位语、表语、宾语。做什么成分,这个名词性从句就是相应的主语从句、同位语从句、表语从句、宾语从句。一主语从句:在句子中担当主语的是一个句子,这个句子就叫做主语从句。Howthishappenedisstillaquestion.Itisclearthathehasgone.所有从句都是由连接词引出来的,主语从句的连接词有以下几种情况:连词thatwhether(that在从句中没有任何意义,不作任何成分,但不可省略)连接代词What,whatever,who,whoever连接副词When,where,how,why注意考点:1Inthenewcountry,thatwomengoouttoworkandaddtothefamilyincomeisanewpatternoffamilylife.2Whatrefrigerationdidpromotewasmarketing—marketinghardwareandelectricity,marketingsoftdrinks,marketingdeadbodiesofanimalsaroundtheglobeinsearchofagoodprice.(P81,test3).直
接作为单向选择题出现的名词性从句考点有两处:第一,主语从句;第二,同位语从句。而主语从句直接考点最重要的就是关于that/what区分问题。同位语连接词that不作任何成分,没有任何意义,但在引导主语从句时不可省略。注意:名词性从句中的that与定语从句中的that有着明显的差别:作不作成分,有没有指代。二同位语从句读例子说问题:同位语、同位语从句、同位语连接词。1.Theideathatwecaninvitehimtomorrowisquitegood.2Therumorthatthere’llbeearthquakesoonspreadalloverthearea.3Thegeneralgavetheorderthatthesoldiersshouldcrosstheriveratonce.4Afteracoupleofrounds,theonly,lastandseriousquestionremainswhetherourteamcanwinthemajorityofthepeople.转本考点:1后面常接同位语从句的抽象名词Belief,certainty,concept,doubt,evidence,explanation,fact,hope,idea,news,order,promise,proof,question,rumor,thought等。2分隔情况有时,由that引导的同位语从句可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面,而被谓语动词等隔开。Informationhasbeenputforwardthatmoremiddleschoolgraduateswillbeadmittedintouniversities.3注意区分that引导的同位语从句和定语从句的区别Thesuggestionthatsheshouldstayintheroomisgood.Thesuggestionthatshehasgivenatthemeetingisgood.That在第一个句子中引导的是同位语从句,没有意义,不作成分,但不可省略。三表语从句如主句主语为reason,只能用that引导标语从句,不可用because。Thereasonwhysomanypeoplediedthereisthattherewerenotenoughfoodsupplies.第三章非谓语动词考什么?1不定式的省略to情况,不定式的被动式、完成式;2涉及到固定搭配需要使用的动名词形式;3过去分词与现在分词作状语时候的比较选择;4独立主格结构。非谓语动词是指那些在句中不能单独充当句子谓语成分的动词形式。基本形式有四种:不定式、动名词、分词和独立主格结构。一不定式考点不定式构成to+do(动词原形)。1不定式的时态与语态时态语态主动被动一般式Todo:wherecanwegetsomesicklestocutthericewith.表示不定式动作与谓语动词动作同时或在其后发生。Tobedone完成式Tohavedone:Mrs.BrownissupposedtohaveleftforItalylastweek.表示1:不定式动作、状态发生于谓语之前。2表示将来某一时刻之前不定式表示的动作、状态完成We’releavingatsixinthemorning,andhopetohavedonemostofthejourneybylunchtime.Tohavebeendone进行式TobedoingTohavebeendoing:Hewashappytohavebeenstayingwithhis
完成进行式uncle.不定式动作在谓语动作之前发生,但仍在持续进行。注意tohavedone的特殊考点:(1)shouldlike/wouldlike/love+tohavedone,表示过去未实现的动作;I’dliketohavegonewithyouonyourhikelastweekend,butIwastoobusy.(2)在wish,intend,mean,expect,pretend,plan,think等表示“打算”“计划”等含义的过去时动词后面,接tohavedone也表示动作没有实现。Iintendedtohavelimitedmyresearchtowastewatertreatment,butIwasaskedtodealwithotherproblemstoo.2n+todo+介词Ihaven’tdecidedwhichhoteltostayat.3dobut/except结构中,but前面有do的某种形式,but/except后接不带to的不定式。另外cannothelpbut也接不带to的不定式,属于特例。4hadbetter,wouldrather/sooner…than…,rather…than,mightaswell之后必须接动词原形。二动名词考点1时态和语态时态语态主动语态被动语态一般式Doing:Iapprovedofhistakingpartintheproject.Beingdone:Afterbeinginterviewedforthejob,youwillberequiredtotakealanguagetest.完成式Havingdone:Themaninthecornerconfessedtohavingtoldalietothemanager.Havingbeendone:Sheresentshavingbeencriticizedbyherbossyesterday.2转本英语可能会出现的后接动名词的动词有:admit,appreciate,avoid,consider,delay,deny,imagine,mind,miss,practice,resist,risk,suggest,quit,enjoy,finish.(如考到后两词,那属于弱智题,这类弱智题曾在03p5345、46、51出现过)。3转本英语可能会出现的后接动名词的词组有:be(get)usedto;beaccustomedto,bedevotedto,bebusy,cannothelp,confessto,giveup,havetrouble(in),havedifficulty(in)07,38,itisnouse/good07,36,lookforwardto,objectto,leadto,stickto,getdownto,seeto等。UsedtodoVSbeusedtodoing区分两者不同Beaccustomedto,beusedto,devoteto,dedicateto,lookforwardto,leadto,contributeto,objectto,stickto,getdownto,seeto.这里的to都是介词,后面只能接动名词。4在need,want,require,deserve等动词以及形容词worth后,动名词主动形式表示被动意义。Yourhairwantscutting.三分词考点(本部分结合教材P28)分词是非谓语动词部分最为重要的一个部分,分词包括presentparticiple,pastparticiple。分词也具有时态和语态的变化。1现在分词与过去分词的区别点:语态时态现在分词主动进行(一些特例情况下并不必然表示进行)如:promisingyoungman过去分词被动完成还要注意原则上语态服从时态,如retiredgeneral。Seeingfromthehill,youcanseethewholecity.Seeingfromthehill,thecityisbeautiful.
Heatedto100,waterwillboil.Heatingto100,waterwillboil2有些过去分词已经转化为形容词,没有被动的概念和已经完成的概念,如apracticedman技术娴熟的人,well-behavedyoungman懂礼貌的年轻人,thecultivatedpeople有修养的人。尤其在做阅读理解时候注意及时能从相应的动词意义转变过来。同样道理,有些动词的现在分词也已转化为固定的形容词,主要是由表示人的情绪的动词变化而来,意思为“令人…”如:amusing,astonishing,boring,inspiring,promising,puzzling。这就要注意过去分词、现在分词转化来的形容词词义的差别:Boring,bored;interesting,interested;satisfying,satisfied;tiring,tired等。3现在分词的完成式、被动式第一,表示一般性动作,不表明动作的先后或与谓语动作同时发生,用现在分词一般式。第二,现在分词所表示的动作先于句子谓语发生,要用完成式。(not)havingdone.第三,现在分词的逻辑主语是现在分词动作的对象,要用被动式。(not)beingdone,(not)havingbeendone.例句研究:1Overfishing,coupledwithdestructivefishingpractices,iskillingoffthefishandruiningtheirenvironment.(CET031听力)。顺便注意这里的主谓一致is.过去分词转化的形容词短语作状语2Theystatedtheirconsideredjudgement,painstakingarrivedatafterthoroughinquiryanddeliberation.(CET4,03,9)过去分词做定语的典型例子。四独立主格结构我们在前面讲到过去分词和现在分词短语作状语时候,它们的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。但有时过去分词短语和现在分词短语带有自己的主语,这个主语叫做逻辑主语,该逻辑主语一般由名词或代词充当,放在过去分词或现在分词短语之前,我们把这一结构称为独立主格结构。独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。Shewalkedalongthepath,herdaughterfollowingclosebehind.Alltheworkdone,youcanhavearest.Weatherpermitting,we’llgototheSummerPalace.(一)独立主格结构特点:1独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在Weatherpermitting;wearegoingtovisityoutomorrow.2名词或代词与后面的分词、形容词、副词、不定式或介词短语等是主谓关系Thedaybeingfine,wedecidedtogoswimming.Itbeingaholiday,alltheshopswereshut.3独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。They’llsendyouthebookfor$10,postageincluded.(二)with/without的复合结构作独立主语一个独立主格结构前面可以加上with/without,作伴随状语或定语。我们可以把它理解为with的独立主格结构。1Themurderwasbroughtin,withhishandstiedbehindhisback.2Thechildrenlookedatus,withtheireyesopeningwide.3Withnightcomingon,theywenthome.4Theriverwithgrassandflowersonbothsidesrunsthroughourschoolyard.
第四讲虚拟语气虚拟语气考什么?考的是谓语动词形式。所有的虚拟语气考点都在谓语动词形式上。一If条件从句虚拟语气情况时间If从句谓语动词形式主句谓语动词形式过去HaddoneWould/should/could/might+havedone现在Did/wereWould/should/could/might+do将来Did/wereto/shoulddoWould/should/could/might+do错综时间虚拟语气:Ifhehadpreparedverycarefullyyesterday,hecouldperformwellnow.连词if省略形成倒装。If条件句中的连词if可以省略,但该句就要使用倒装语序,即将were,had,should等置于主语前,形成倒装。Hadyouinformedherearlier,Ifyouhadinformedherearlier,shewouldn’thaveassignedthecontract.WereshelivinghappilyIfshewerelivinghappily,,Iwouldbeveryastonished.二用于某些动词的宾语从句中;以及由这些动词变来的分词、名词后的主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句。其形式是(should)+动词原形。表示愿望Desire,prefer表示建议Advise,move,propose,suggest,recommend,表示要求、请求Insist,maintain,oblige,request,require,urge表示决定Decide,determine,resolve其他Arrange,deserve,intend,motion,promise.1宾语从句Heinsisted坚持主张;坚持认为时候不用虚拟语气thatshebeintheofficeatsix.Thedoctorsuggested建议;暗含的时候不用虚拟语气thatshe(should)takeatrip.2itis+过去分词的主语从句Itisrequiredthatthemachinebetested.3表语从句、同位语从句Hissuggestionisthatwegooutonapicnic.HissuggestionthatwegooutonapicnicnextSundayiswonderful.三用于itis+某些形容词+主语从句Itisessential/urgent/necessary/important/advisable/natural/desired/vital/crutial/strange+that的从句中,谓语形式为(should)+原形动词。Itisnecessarythatthemachine(should)beoiledeveryday.四用于itis(high/about)time+从句中四、五两种情况从句用过去式。Itishightimewewentbacktocollege.五用于would/hadrather,wouldsooner引起的从句中,其谓语从此用过去时,表示现在或将来;用had+done,表示过去的情况。Iwouldratheryoudidn’ttellhimanythingaboutit.六lest引导的状语从句用虚拟语气。虚拟语气用于lest或incase引起的状语从句,其谓语动词形式为should+原形动词,should一般不可省。Hetookhisumbrellawithhimincaseitshouldrain.
七without,butfor,butthat等引出的短语,表示含蓄的条件(就把它当作是一个条件句),其后结果句用虚拟语气。第五讲倒装与强调一倒装1当句首为here,there,up,down,away,now等副词,谓语动词为be,go,come等时,主谓要完全倒装,但主语若是人称代词,则主谓不用倒装。Nowcomesyourturn.Herehecomes.2否定词或带有否定意义的短语位于句首时,要倒装,如hardly,never,rarely,seldom,notonly…butalso,atnotime,nosooner…than,hardly…when等。Littledidherealizethathehadmadeaseriousmistakeintheexperiment.Nosoonerhadhecomeintotheroomthanthetelephonerang.3only+状语位于句首时,要倒装。Onlyinthiswaycanwesolvetheproblem.4在so/such…that结构中,so/such位于句首时,要倒装。Soclearwasthestatementthatitcouldn’tbemisunderstood.5as引导的让步状语从句可用倒装表示强调。Youngasheis,heisquiteexperiencedinthiswork.Childasheis,hecanspeakEnglishfluently.二强调强调句的基本句型:itis/was+被强调的句子成分+that/who(注意强调人的时候,可以用who)+句子的其他成分。被强调的成分可以是除了谓语之外的任何成分。ItwasDoctorSmiththat(who)gaveusalecturelastweek.Itwaslastsummerthatmydaughterlearnedtoswim.ItwasinmybagthatIfoundthebook.注意主谓一致:itisIthatamtopresenttheprogramme.