【5A文】小学英语语法总结.ppt 39页

小学英语语法 一、名词（可数名词和不可数名词）二、代词三、冠词四、动词五、介词六、形容词和副词七、therebe结构八、时态：1.一般现在时2.一般过去时3.现在进行时4.一般将来时九、“wh”的特殊疑问句 一、名词名词（表示人和事物名称的词）专有名词普通名词特定的人、地方、机构等专有的名称。第一个字母通常要大写。e.g.JimGreen，NewYork，BankofChina，PekingUniversity星期、月份、节日、学科、报刊名也是专有名词。个体名词——表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：student,desk集体名词——表示若干个体组成的集合体，如：class,family物质名词——表示无法分为个体的物质名称，如：water,rice,sand，hair抽象名词——表示情感，状态，品质等抽象名称，如：love，carelessness个体名词和集体名词多数可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词，有单、复数形式；物质名词和抽象名词通常无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词，一般只有一种形式。 英语语法中，只有可数名词才有复数形式。名词有两种数的形式：1）单数（表示一个人或事物）；2）复数（表示多于一个的人或数）。名词的数：可数名词不可数名词chicken(鸡，一种动物)fish（鱼，一种动物）anicecream（一个冰淇淋）atomatosalad（一种西红柿沙拉）chicken（鸡肉）fish（鱼肉）icecream（冰淇淋这一类）salad（沙拉这一类） 名词复数形式的构成形式变化规则发音例词一般情况+s1.清辅音结尾的名词后[s]2.浊辅音结尾的名词后[z]；3.元音结尾的名词后[z];books,cups,catsdogs,birds,armsdays,players以-s,-sh,-ch,-x,-z结尾的名词+es[iz]bus,brush,boxes,watch,大多数以-o结尾的有生命名词+es[z]tomatoes,potatoes,heroes以o结尾的无生命名词+s[z]radios,pianos,photos以辅音字母加y结尾的名词把y改成i再加es[z]stories,families,babies以f和fe结尾的大多数名词把f或fe改成v再加es[z]thieves,knives,wives不规则名词的复数由元音字母的变化构成：man-men,tooth-teeth,foot-feet,mouse-mice,woman-women2.有些名词的复数形式与单数的形式一样：sheep,deer,fish(但也可以是fishes)有些名词变成复数时加-en:child-children,ox-oxen Practisepeach_________2.zoo_________3.glass_________4.fox_______5.lady_________6.policewoman_________7.house___________8.photo_________9.monkey__________10.wife__________11.rose____________12.path__________13.judge___________14.map___________peacheszoosglassesfoxesladiespolicewomenhousesphotosmonkeyswivesrosespathsjudgesmaps 二、人称代词和物主代词主格宾格形容词性名词性Imemymineyouyouyouryourshehimhishissheherherhersitititsitsweusourourstheythemtheirtheirs Practise_______(他)ismybrother.2.Ihadaletterfrom__________(她).3.It’sallright;it’sonly_________(我).4.Today________(我们)wentin_________(我们的)car;tomorrow________(我们)aregoingin_________(他们的).5.________(我)lend_________(我的)booksgladlyto_______(我的)friendsandto________(你的).6.Canyouhelp_________(我)with________(我的)English.7.When________(你)gotosee_________(你的)father,pleasetakethesebooksto________(他).8.________(他们)found_______(它)difficulttolearnGerman.HehermeweourwetheirsImymyyoursmemyyouyourhimTheyit 所有格所有格的形式单数人称名词末尾加’schild-child’s以-s结尾的单数人称名词末尾加’swaitress-waitress’s不规则的复数人称名词末尾加’schildren-children’s以-s结尾的复数人称名词末尾加’girls-girls’以-s结尾的一些人名末尾加’sJames-James’s下列情况一般用“of”结构：东西(没有现成的复合名词时):thebookofthefilm2.东西的一部分:thebottomofthebox3.抽象的概念:thepriceofsuccess4.当of短语中的名词被另一个短语或从句修饰时：Can’tyoulookatthebookoftheboybehindyou?双重’s结构也可以用于“of”结构之后，如：afriendofmyfather’s,出现这种情况是因为在一个名词前通常只用一个限定词，又如：thissonofmine,afriendofyours,acousinofhers等等。Isn’tFrankafriendofyours?ThatsillyuncleofTom’shastoldmethesameJokefivetimes. 冠词不定冠词a,an定冠词the只能用于单数可数名词之前单数可数名词复数可数名词不可数名词零冠词名词前可不用冠词 小试牛刀一、在下列单词前加上适当的不定冠词a/an。1.____elephant2.____oldman3.____nurse4.____hour5.____egg6.____orange7.____pen8.____baby9.____doctor10.____biggateKeys:1.an;2.an;3.a;4.an;5.an;6.an;7.a;8.a;9.a;10.a; 小试牛刀三、根据句意，填入适当的冠词。（20分)1.－Doyoulikeplaying_______volleyballhere?－Yes.Look!Ihave_______volleyball.2.－Canyousee____eraseron____desk?－Yes,whoseisit?3.LucyandLilyare_______sisters.Andthey’re_______twins.4.Icansee_______“u”,______“R”and_____“8”onthewall.//theana/anaan 小试牛刀1.Myfatheris_____kindman,sohehasmanyfriends.A.aB.anC.the2.Thereis______“a”intheword“apple”.A./B.aC.an3.TheChangjiangRiveris______longestinChina.A./B.anC.the4.What’swrongwithyou,______Mum?A.theB./C.a5.Shegoesto______schooleveryday.______schoolisnearherhome.A.an;TheB.a;AC./;TheAcCBC 四、动词动词主要表示动作，其次表示状态或性质，有时态、语态、语气等形式的变化。小学阶段所涉及的动词主要有：实义动词、be动词、情态动词can,must等。 Be动词am,is,arewas,were Practise1.He________verygoodatEnglish.2.MyfatherandI________goingtoBeijingnextmonth.3.________youondutythedaybeforeyesterday?4.Mr.King________inLondontwoweeksago.5.There________manykindsofanimalsinthezoo.6.What________thedateyesterday?7.Look!Alittlegirl________flyingakite.8.Who________notatschoollastMonday?9.I______notanurse.Iworkasadoctor.isareWerewasarewasiswasam 五、动词的时态动词时态是表示动作或状态发生或存在的时间和表示方式的一种动词形式。小学阶段所学的时态有：一般现在时：work/works2.现在进行时：am/is/areworking3.一般过去时：worked4.一般将来时：am/is/aregoingtoworkwillwork 一、写出下列动词的第三人称单数drink______go_______stay____make______look______have_______pass_____carry____二、用括号内动词的适当形式填空。1.Heoften________(have)dinnerathome.2.DanielandTommy_______(be)inClassOne.3.We_______(notwatch)TVonMonday.4.Nick_______(notgo)tothezooonSunday.5.______they________(like)theWorldCup?6._______yourparents______(read)newspaperseveryday?7.Thegirl_______(teach)usEnglishonSundays.8.SheandI________(take)awalktogethereveryevening. 现在进行时专项练习：一、写出下列动词的现在分词：run_______swim_______make______begin______go________like________  write______shop______have______sing  ______dance______put________see_______love_______live_______take________come_____  get_______stop_______sit________二、用所给的动词的正确形式填空：1.Theboy_________________(draw)apicturenow.2.Listen.Somegirls_____(sing)intheclassroom.3.Mymother________(cook)somenicefood  now.4.What_____you______(do)now?5.Look.They__________(have)anEnglishlesson. 动词过去式变化规则：1．一般在动词末尾加-ed，如：work--worked,2．结尾是e加d，如：live--lived3．末尾只有一个元音字母和一个辅音字母的重读闭音节，应双写末尾的辅音字母，再加-如：stop-stopped4．以“辅音字母y”结尾的，变y为i，再加-ed，如：study-studied 一、 用动词的适当形式填空1.It______(be)Ben’sbirthdaylastFriday.2.Weall______(have)agoodtimelastnight.3.He________(jump)highonlastSportsDay.4.Helen________(milk)acowonlastFriday.5.Shelikes______newspapers,butshe_____abookyesterday.(read)6._______they________(sweep)theflooronSunday?No,they_____.7.I_______(watch)acartoononMonday. Peter________(play)basketballtwiceaweek.2.Doyoubelievewhathe________(say)justnow?3.Look!Thelazycat____________(sleep)inthesofa.4.There_______(be)abookandtwopensonthedesk.5. _____you_______________(see)afilmtomorrowmorning?6.She____________(notplay)theguitaratthemoment.7.What______hisfatherusually_______(do)intheevening?8.They______________(have)ameetingnextweek,aren"tthey?9.BothheandI________(be)teachers.10.I___________(notfeel)verywellyesterday.11.Heputonhiscoatand_________(go)out.12.LeiFengoften____________(help)othersandhewashelpful.NextSunday,we___________________(clean)upthepark.14.Hurry!Yourmother____________(wait)foryouattheschoolgate.summaryplayssaidissleepingisAregoingtoseeisn’tplayingdoesdoaregoingtohavearedidn’tfeelwenthelpsaregoingtocleaniswaiting 六、介词介词在句子中表示名词或代词等与其他词之间的关系。不能单独作句子成分，常位于名词或代词（或与之相当的其他词类、短语、从句）前面构成介词短语。介词后面的成分作介词的宾语。方位介词in,on,at,under,to,behind,beside,near,before,infrontof,nextto,between时间介词in,on,at,after,before,from…to,past,between其它of,by,with,into,outof,for, Practise1.Look_____thepicture.It"spicture___myschool.2.Thereisaschoolbuilding____myschool.Ithasfivefloors.______theschoolbuilding,thereisabigplayground.________school,thechildrenalwaysplayballgamesthere.3.Myclassroomis____thefifthfloor.It"sbigandclean.4.MissLiisourclassteacher.Shecomes______schoolearlyeverymorning.Shecomes____bicycle.Thenshedoesmorningexercises______us.Shelikessports.Tomorrowisherbirthday.Wewillmakeacard___her.Weloveherverymuch.5.Therearesomeapples_____thetree.6.–Where’syourstudy?–It’snext____mybedroom.7.Thecar_____thetreeisJack’s.8.Theballis________thedoor,soyoucan’tseeit.9._______________thehouse,therearemanytrees.10.Listen!Someoneisknocking____thedoor.11.Thereissomethingwrong_____mycomputer.atofinNearAfterontobywithforontounderbehindInfrontofatwith 八、形容词和副词形容词是用来描写或修饰名词（或代词）的词。副词是用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词以及全句的词。Heisagoodstudent.2.Thefilmisveryinteresting.3.Thereissomethingwrongwiththebike.4.LucyisolderthanHelen.Theproblemisverydifficult.2.Hewrotetheletterscarefully. 形容词和副词的比较级和最高级情况比较级最高级一般情况+er,如：taller,longer,faster,sooner+est,如：tallest,longest,fastest,soonest以e结尾的词+r,如：later,nicer,larger+st,如：latest,nicest,largest以重读闭音节结尾的词双写最后一个字母，再+er,如:bigger,fatter双写最后一个字母，再+est，如：biggest,fattest以辅音字母加y结尾的词把y改为i再+er,如：busier,earlier把y改为i再+est,如：busiest,earliest大部分多音节词在前面加more,如：morecareful,morewonderfully在前面加most,如：mostcareful,mostwonderfully不规则的词：good/well,many/much,farbettermorefarther/furtherbestmostfarthest/further 一、写出下列形容词或副词的比较级short________ strong______  big_____ small_______  fat_________  thin_________ heavy____  light________  nice________ good_______  beautiful_______________  low_________ high________ slow_______  fast________  late_________ early________ far_________well_______二、根据句意填入单词的正确形式：1.Mybrotheristwoyears__________(old)thanme.2.Tomisas________(fat)asJim.3.Isyoursister__________(young)thanyou?Yes,sheis.4.Whois___________(thin),youorHelen?Helenis. 5.______Nancysing_____(well)thanHelen?Yes,she___.6.Fangfangisnotas____(tall)astheothergirls.7.Myeyesare__________(big)than_____(she)8.Whogetsup_________(early),TimorTom?9._____thegirlsgetup______(early)thantheboys?No,they______. Practise1.Shanghaiis________thanBeijing.Itis____________cityinourcountry.(large)2.Billisn’tas______asMike.Tomis______thanMike.Whois________ofthethreeboys?(old)3.Marydrawsas______asBill,andsheismuch_______thanhimatsinging.(well,good)4.Springiscoming.Theweatherisgetting________and_________.(warm)5.Tom,JohnandIboughtacomputereachlastweek.John’scomputerismuch____________thanTom’sandmine.Itis_________________ofthethree.(expensive)6.Itisalittle__________todaythanyesterday.(wet)7.MrsBrownismuch________thanshewastwoyearsago.(healthy)8.Whichdoyoulike_________,basketball,volleyball,orfootball?(well)largerthelargestoldoldertheoldestwellbetterwarmerwarmermoreexpensivethemostexpensivewetterhealthierbest Therebe的结构肯定句：Thereis/wasa…Thereare/were…一般疑问句:Is/Wasthere…?Yes,thereis/was.No,thereisn’t/was.Arethere…?Yes,thereare/were.No,therearen’t/weren’t.否定句：Thereisn’t/wasn’t….Therearen’t/weren’t….Therebe表示“存在有”,即当我们告诉某人某事存在(或不存在)常用这种结构。其中there是引导词,本身无词义;be为谓语动词,后面跟的是名词,也就是主语,也就是说therebe结构的运用也就是倒装的具体运用。其真正的主语在therebe之后。 Therebe的结构Some和any一般情况下，some用于肯定句中，any用于否定句中。如：Thereissomemilkinthebottle.Therearen’tanypicturesonthewall.Isthereanythingnewintoday’snewspaper?2.Be动词与后面所跟名词的就近原则：Thereisapenandtwopencilsinthebox.Therearesomestudentsandateacherintheclassroom. Practise1．There________ noteainthecup．A．is    B．are     C．has    D．be2．Thereissome ________  ontheplate．A．apple   B．bread    C．banana   D．sandwich3．There________ somepaperandapenonthedesk．A．is   B．are    C．have   D．has4．Thereissomemilkinthebottle，________？A．isn"tthere   B．aren"tthere   C．isn"tit    D．arethere5．Thereis________ oldwomaninthecar．A．×  B．a   C．the  D．anABAAD 9．There"s________ orangetreebehind________ house．A．an；the  B．a；a  C．the；the10．Thereis _____mapintheclassroom．____mapisonthewall．A．a；A   B．the；The  C．a；The   D．the；A11．Thereis____“f”and_____“u”intheword“four”．A．an；a    B．a；a    C．an；an    D．a；an12．There______ notanywaterintheglass．A．has     B．is      C．are13．There________ anappleandtenbananasinthebasket．Youcantakeanyofthem．A．are  B．is    C．has    D．have14．________anyflowersonbothsidesofthestreet？A．Isthere   B．Arethere    C．Has    D．Have15．Thereislittlewaterintheglass，________？A．isn"tthereB．isn"tit  C．isit  D．isthere16．There________ somewaterinthebottle．A．are     B．is    C．has    D．have17．Howmany ________arethereinyourclassroom？A．desks   B．desk   C．chair   D．doorACABBBDBA “Wh”的疑问句What——1)What’sthis/that?2)What’syourname?3)Whatareyoudoing?4)Whatdoyoulike/need?5)Whatdidyoudo?6)Whatishisjob?7)Whatdoyouusuallydoattheweekends?8)Whatareyougoingtodo?9)Whatcolourisit?10)What’stheweatherlike?11)Whattimeisit?What’sthetime?12)Whatdayisit?What’sthedate?13)Whatwouldyoulike?13)Whatcanyousee?14)Whatsubjectsdoyouhavethisterm?15)Whatlessonsdoyouhaveinthemorning? “Wh”的疑问句2.How——1)Howareyou?2)Howoldareyou?3)Howdowegotothepark?4)Howmanyapplescanyousee?5)Howmucharethey?6)Howabout…?7)Howdoyouspendyourweekends?8)Howfar…?Howlong…?Howoften…?3.Who——Whoisthat?Who’sthatboyin/with…? “Wh”的疑问句4.Whose——1)Whoseisthisbike?2)Whosebikeisthis?3)Whosebagisbigger,yoursormine?5.Which——1)Whichone?2)Whichislonger,yoursormine?3)Whichseasondoyoulikebest?6.Where——1)Whereisthebook?2)Whereareyoufrom?7.Why——Why? TomvisitstheScienceMuseumeveryyear.2.ThebuildingnearthefactoryisthePeople’shospital.3.Jackdidwellinmaths.4.It’scloudytoday.5.Mymotherisover40yearsold.6.IusuallytakeNo.4bustowork.7.Wehaveaclassmeetingonceaweek.WhatdoesTomvisiteveryyear?WhichbuildingisthePeople’shospital?HowdidJackdoinmaths?What’stheweatherliketoday?Howoldisyourmother?Whichbusdoyouusuallytaketowork?Howoftendoyouhaveaclassmeeting?Practise 8.Thecoatis388yuan.9.UncleWangfeelsbetternow.10.Hegoestoschoolbybus.11.Theyarecleaningtheirclassroomnow.12.Theyareonthelake.13.XiaoWangislookingforhisteacher.14.Tom’smotherisamusicteacher.15.Igotoworkateight.Howmuchisthecoat?HowdoesUncleWangfeelnow?Howdoeshegotoschool?Whataretheydoingnow?Wherearethey?WhoisXiaoWanglookingfor?WhatisTom’smother’sjob?/WhatdoesTom’smotherdo?Whattimedoyougotowork?Practise Thankyou!