自考现代英语语法学习笔记第四章-名词和名词短语1 5页

名词和名词短语（2）限定词和属格练习1定义4.1限定词Determiner在名词词组中对名词中心词起特指，类指以及表示数量等限定的词。Determinersrefertothewordswhichareusedinthepre-modificationofanounphrasewhichtypicallyprecedeanyadj.thatpre-modifytheheadword.Aniceman.(a:determiner,nice:adjective)练习2考点1限定词和形容词区别DifferencebetweenDeterminerandAdjective1.前置限定,限定词在形容词前面.Determinerusuallyprecedeadj.inpre-modification.Aniceman.(a:determiner,nice:adjective)2.限定词的选择受中心词影响而形容词不受。ThechoiceofDeterminerisdeterminedbytheheadwordbutnotthatofadj.Agoodman.Notthesegoodman.(shouldbethesegoodmen)3.形容词表明中心词的特征，而限定词限定中心词的意义数量。Adj.describetheheadwordbyshowingitscharacteristicwhiledeterminerdeterminetheheadwordbyidentifyingorquantifying.ManyGoodTheusefulBooks.Myold4.形容词可位于中心词后，而限定词不可。Adj.canpost-modifytheheadwordbutnotDeterminer.5.形容词有比较级而限定词没有(除few,little,manymuch外)。Adj.hascomparativeformbutnotDeterminer（exceptfew,little,manymuch）.定义4.1.2Co-occurrenceofDeterminersDeterminermayco-occurrenceinthepre-modificationofanounphrase:twoormoredeterminermaymodifyoneandthesameheadword.Eachdeterminertakesafixedposition,weidentifytheirrelativepositionsinthecaseofco-occurrence.前位限定Pre-Determiner中位限定CentralDeterminer后位限定PostDeterminerAll,BothHalf,DoubleTwice,Threetimes…One-third,Two-thirds…WhatSuchmanyA,TheThis,That,These,ThoseMy,your,his…John’s…(Genitive)Any,Some,NoEach,Every,Either,Neither,WhatWhich(ever),Whose(ever)One,Two,Three…First,Second,Third….Next,Last,Few,Many,MuchAnother,Other,SeveralSuch练习3,4考点2Pre-determinersandCentralDeterminersaremutuallyexclusive,thatisinoneandthesameNounPhrase,therecouldbeonlyonePre-determinerandCentralDeterminer,however,Post-Determinersarenotmutuallyexclusive.Alltheotherstudents.(Pre+Central+Post)Alltheotherthreestudents.(Pre+Central+Post+Post) 考点34.1.3UsageofsomeDeterminersAllandWhole(difference)1.All强调个体中的每一个，某种程度上与every相似。Shewouldwork12hoursadayalltheyearlong.1.Whole更注重于整体。Wholeregimentssurrenderedtotheenemy.2.All修饰一个表示地方的短语时，一般指“所有住在那的人”，Allthevillagewasexcitedatthenews.(=thewholevillage)2.Whole根据原文一般指指居民或者地方本身作为一个整体存在。Thewholevillagewasflooded,3.修饰专有名词时语法的区别。特别是地名。AllNewcastlewasexcitedatthenews.3.修饰专有名词时语法的区别。特别是地名。ThewholeofNewcastlewasexcitedatthenews.AllandBothAll修饰2部分以上组成的个体。Both修饰的个体由2部分组成All,Every,EachAll侧重于整个groupAlltheboysenjoyedthemselvesattheparty.（全局）Every指Group中的个体Everyboyenjoyedhimselfattheparty.（全局中的个体）Each则侧重于单独的个体。Eachboygotonepresentattheparty.（个体）Both,Each,EitherBoth强调2个一起Each,Either当表明2个中的每一个的时候bothsidesThereareshopsonEachsideofthestreet.EithersideAny,Either,No(None),NeitherAny,No(None)refertoagroupofmorethan2.EitherandNeitherrefertoagroupof2.定义4.1.4Article冠词Asadeterminer,itpre-modifiesaheadnoun,intheEnglishLanguage,therearetwoarticles:Definitearticle定冠词“the”andindefinitearticle不定冠词“An”.TheTwotermsindicatesomeofthesemanticimplicationofthearticleusage. 练习5泛指和特指定义Genericreferencevs.Specificreference:Genericreferencedenotesclassmembershipanditcanalsorefertoaclassasawhole,it’srealizedbyasingularcountablenounthatgoeswithanindefinitearticlea(n),orwithdefinitearticle“the”orapluralcountablenoungoeswithoutanarticle.e.g.Thepandaisarareanimal.Specificreferencecanbemadeeitherinadefinitewayorinanindefiniteway,definitespecificreferenceidentifiesthereferentinquestionandisrealizedbyanounwithadefinitearticle“the”.Indefinitespecificreferencepointstoaparticular,actualexampleoftheclass,realizedbyasingularcountablenounwith“a”.e.g.AdogchargedmeyesterdaywhenIwasonmywayhome.练习6Definitearticle+GenericreferenceThepandaisarareanimal.IndefiniteArticle+SpecificReferenceAgodchargemewhenIwasonmywayhomelastnight.*不定冠词A(n)IndefiniteArticle“A(n)”Mainfunction:toindicateclassmembership.typicallyusedwithsingularcountablenoun,refertoaclassasawhole.1.当专有名词或者不可数作为一种可数名词的分来来讲的话，前面可加AHelooksforwardtoowningaBenz.2.职业，工作为补语的名词需要不定冠词修饰。Johnisawriter.3.仅可一个人担任的职业名词不需要不定冠词的修饰。Hewasselectedchairmanofthecommittee.AspresidentoftheUnitedState…*定冠词TheDefiniteArticle“The”TheDefiniteArticle“The”不需要加定冠词“The”的情况需要加定冠词“The”的情况1.公共机构在习惯性表达里不需要冠词。TheygotochurcheverySunday.1.指公共机构本身的建筑时，用The(bed,class,table,townetc.用法相同)Thechurchwaspulleddownforanewandbiggerone.2.体育运动不需要加定冠词Playbasketball/football/tennis…2.指某人有能力弹奏某乐器时用“the”PlaythePiano/Guitar/Cello/Violin3.by后面接交通工具名词时不加“the”Bytaxi/bybus/byplan/bytrain3.当一些指独立事物或者人物的名词表示某些“特定的系统或服务“的时候，要加”the”Ringforthetaxiifit’sraining.Howlongdoesittakeonthebus?4.季节名词前一般不加“the”Whydon’tyougoinsummer?4.除了特指的某一时间的某一季节，Thesummerof1995…5.指“某一时间点”的时候不加Atdawn/Atsunrise/Atnight5.指“某一时间段”的时候可用定冠词Inthemorning/Duringtheafternoon(for..) 6.复数可数名词泛指时，不加定冠词。不可数名词用法相同。Pandasarerareanimal.（泛指）Thedeskismadeofmahogany.(泛指)6.特指时需要加定冠词。WiththePandas(特指)ThedeskismadeofthemahoganyfromThailand.(特指)*Propernoun专有名词除了一下几种情况，一般不加定冠词1.复数名字前加“the”指“…一家人”TheGreens/TheJohns..2.海洋，河流，海峡，山脉等地理专有名词前要加“the”TheMediterranean/TheAlps…/Thepacific/TheNile3.普通名词组成的组织名词TheUnitedKingdom/TheStateDepartment…1.某些特定的酒店，餐厅，剧院，电影院，博物馆，画廊要加“the”TheGrandStation../TheBritishmuseum/TheGourmont2.有限制性说明的专有名词The21stcenturyChina/TheLondoninDickens’novels3.名牌，作品要加“the”Whydon’tyouhangthePicassoonthewall?*SpecialUsageof“the”The+Adj.表示一类人ThePool穷人Theold老人Theugly丑陋的人4.2Genitives属格/所有格考点44.2.2Genitivesvs.of–phraseComparisonbetweenGenitivesandOf-phraseGenitivesOfphraseInterchangeablewhen:1.GeographicalPropernoun,nounsreferringtoPlace,Institutions.2.Collectivenouns.1.Animatenoun,especiallyPeopleTheboy’sadvise/Mary’sdress2.Canbeusedwithfirstname.Jake’scar3.Therelationshipofthe2nounsareDefinition,classification.Men’sclothes/Teacher’sbook4.NounsdenotingTime:threeyears’time5.Idiomaticcombinations.Apound’sworth/Aarm’slength.1.Inanimatenoun,lifelessobject.Thecolorofthecar/thearrivalofthetrain2.Usedwithfullnames.ThepassportofJohnSmith3.Possession.Clothesofmine4.Usedwithclassifyingadj.Thewelfareofthepoor练习7Theexperienceoftheold. 4.2.5GroupGenitive集体属格考点5TheGroupgenitiveisatermthatreferstothegenitiveformedbyadding“‘s”tothelastelementofapost-modifiedorcoordinatednounphrase.e.g.:Someoneelse’scarAnhourandahalf’stest***但是当名词短语包含1.“无论是限定或者非限定的后置修饰定语”时，2.名词前置修饰过长3.前置修饰会引起歧义时不可以用集体属格。（这时可以用ofPhrase）e.g.：ThemanIknow’scar(Wrong！！！)Themanwiththedog’sfood(Wrong！！！)考点6LocalGenitive地点属格Thegenitiveissometimesusedalonewithoutafollowingnoun,Nounsusedinlocalgenitiveareinvariablenounsreferringtopersonsanddenotingresidence,publicbuildings,placewherebusinessisconducted.1.Wellknownbuildings.St.Paul’s(Cathedral)2.店名.Thebacker’s/thegrocer’s…3.名词或者名词表示“某人家”Wearehavingdinneratmyaunt’stonight.考点64.2.5DoubleGenitive双重属格Alsoreferredtoas“postgenitive”,it’sacombinationofthegenitiveandof–phrase.练习81.Thesecondnouninthedoublegenitiveconstructionalmostalwaysreferstoperson,neverobject.1.双重属格结构中的第二个名词一定是指人，不可指物。Afriendofmyfather’s.Awindowofthehouse’s(WRONG!!!)2.thefirstnounusuallyhasindefinitereferenceandthesecondnounisalwaysdefinite.2..第一个名词前一般是不定冠词，而第二个名词前一般是定冠词。（Haveexceptions）Afriendofmybrother’s.Exception:thefirstnounispremodifiedbyademonstrativeorpostmodifiedbyarelativeclause.Thatfriendofmybrother’s.指示代词ThefriendofBob’swhowasherelastnight.