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河南自考网-自考专升本,河南自考网门户网站(zikao.ihaut.com)第九章形容词短语和比较AdjectivePhraseandComparison9.0Introduction1.形容词的四个特征:1)修饰作用,2)补语,3)可接加强词very做前置修饰,4)有比较级和最高级9.1.1StructureoftheAdjectivePhrase(Pre-modification)+HeadWord+(Post-modification)*Headwordisanadjective,Pre-modificationisinvariablyAdv.考点1Heisanextremelyintelligentperson.Hewasafraidtofallagain.9.1.2Attributiveadj.andPredicativeadj.修饰语&补语1.Attributiveadj.andPredicativeadj.修饰语&补语1.形容词短语修饰名词可做Pre-modification&PostModification,前置修饰&后置修饰Pre-modifier时,形容词短语在冠词和名词之间.Aninterestingstory.Allthesecertainideas.Post-modifier时,形容词短语往往由几个形容词组成,或者使用形容词自带的修饰语,而不用单个的形容词修饰.Allthepeopleoldandyoung.ThewomenanxioustokeepupwiththeJoneses.*单个形容词在下面几种情况中可以单独后置修饰名词。1)designate,elect,galore,incarnate…等直接用于名词后;Theministerdesignate;thepresentelect2)broad,deep,high,long,tall,old,thick,wide..表示测量意义的名词:sixfeettall,threemeterswide..3)concerned,involved,present,proper,responsible等在前置修饰和后置修饰时意义不同的词。4)affected,available,required,suggested,等用在名词前后意义没有任何变化的词.Availableinfo/infoavailable.2.除了修饰作用,形容词还可以当主语补语或者宾语补语.大部分名词具有这两种功能。Alovelygirl/ThegirlislovelyAnoldcar/Thecarisold2.Attributiveadj.1.以下是基本上只做修饰语的adj.列表1)–er结尾表示关系的名词:elder,former,inner,latter,outer,upper…myelderbrother*who’selder?×2)增强形容词,包括强调(certain,definite,pure,sheer,plain)扩大(absolute,entire,extreme,perfect,total),减弱(feeble,sight)意义。Aperfectidiot*theidiotisperfect×3)限制所指范围的形容词:chief,joint,lone,main,very,only,principle…Thechiefproduce.*theproductischief×4)科技,技术形容词:chemical,coastal,earthen,nuclear,solar,wooden,woolen…Thechemicalweapons.*theweaponsarechemical.×5)表示方位的形容词:downstairs,downtown,indoor,inside,outdoor,outside,upstairs…Threeupstairsbedroom.3.Predicativeadj.1.以下是基本上只做修饰语的adj.列表1)带后置修饰的形容词:theshipisboundforAustralia*theboundshipforAustralia.2)带前置A-(afraid,afloat,aghast,akin,alert,alight,alike,alive,alone,aloof,amiss,asleep,ashamedThechildisafraid.*Anafraidchild×3)表示健康的形容词。(faint,ill,poorly,well,unwell…Thegirllookspoorly.*thepoorlygirl×
河南自考网-自考专升本,河南自考网门户网站(zikao.ihaut.com)9.2形容词的语义分级1.Stative&Dynamicadjective静态形容词&动态形容词Stativeadjective1.大多数形容词都是静态形容词,描述潜在的永恒的特征,尤其是修饰作用的形容词。Abighouse,aredblouse,atallman2.即使是做补语,大多数形容词也是静态的,所以一般与静态动词配合使用,一般不与进行体搭配。Thehouseisbig.*thehouseisbeingbig.×3.然而许多形容词可做动态意义使用,特别是他们做补语1.形容主语;2,表示临时状态时Heisbeingfoolish.Sheisdeliberatelybeingrude.进行体暗示形容词所描述的品质是可以人为控制的,是主观印象。以下是可以做动态使用的形容词。Ambitious,awkward,brave,calm,careful,careless,cheerful,clever,conceited,cruel,disagreeable,dull,enthusiastic,extravagant,faithful,foolish,friendly,funny,generous,gentle,good,greedy,hasty,helpful,impatient,irritating,jealous,kind,lenient,loyal,mischievous,naughty,nice,noisy,obstinate,patient,playful,reasonable,rude,sensible,serious,shy,slow,stubborn,stupid,suspicious,tactful,talkative,thoughtful,tidy,timid,troublesome,unfaithful,untidy,vain,vicious,vulgar,wicked,witty…Gradable&Non-gradable可分级&不可分级1.大部分的形容词是可分级的,inflectional或者是periphrastic,或者被加强助词very,so修饰Bigbiggerbiggest/quite,rather,very,so,extremelybig2.不可分级的形容词:1)只做及物动词meter,latter,indoor2)表示起源,出处的形容词British,French…3)绝对意义的形容词average,excellent,perfect,equal…Inherent&Non-inherent表示内在意义和不表示内在意义1.一般来讲,表示内在意义的形容词描述了名词的本身特征.Abighouse表示房子很大,Afirmhandshake表示握手很用力.2.Noninherent,非形容词本身意思的。Abigeater不是指eater本身很大,而是指饭量大的人.Restrictive&Nonrestrictive限制性&非限制性1.限制性形容词用描述名词与众不同特性的方式来指定名词。Afatwomen.Fat指出了这个女人和其他女人不同之处-胖2.非限制性形容词只是紧紧提供某些非关键信息,不足以来指定名词。形容词修饰特有名词时不起限制作用。Myfatwife.FoggyLondon,sunnyCaliforniaMarked&Unmarked有标志&无标志UnmarkedMakedBig,SmallHeavylightOldyoungLongshortTallshort习惯问句用unmarked形容词提问,要用markedadj提问的前提是句中已经提过所提问对象有此品质。Yousayyourmotherisveryyoung,tellmehowyoungsheis.
河南自考网-自考专升本,河南自考网门户网站(zikao.ihaut.com)考点29.3前置形容词的顺序问题DetermineZONEIZONEⅡZoneⅢZoneⅤHeadWordTheIntensifyingAdj.GradableAdj.同时满足符合形容词特征的4个条件Color&ParticipateColorbeforeParticipateDenominalAdj.不是由名词变形而来,就是名词本身充当形容词Ae.g.:boththelasttwonicebigoldroundredcarvedFrenchwoodencardtable.ZONEⅡ:同时满足符合形容词特征的4个条件。当有好几个形容词时,遵循以下规则:1.非变而来的adj.(small,old,thick)在变形而来的adj.(helpful,interesting)之前。2.Subjectivemeasure+objectivemeasure(size,shape)+age主观意志,想法+客观事实Ahandsomeyoungman.(subjectivejudgment+age)Ameanwealthyman.(Subjectivejudgment+objectivemeasurement)ZoneⅤ:E.g.:anexpensivewoolencardinal.Amajortouristattraction.9.4比较级ComparativeandSuperlative9.4.1比较级变形a.Regular规则变形1.单音节形容词:regular.Inflectedform:-er/-est2.双音节形容词:Periphrasticform:More-/Most-3.双音节以-y,-er,-ure,-le,-ow结尾的形容词也可加-er/-est,(见下表)*特别是y结尾的形容词(否定前缀也可使用此规则)happy-happierUnhappy-Unhappier*clever-cleverer/moreclevermature-maturer/moremature4.两个或者两个以上形容词一起使用,即使是是单音节形容词也可以加more,mostSheismorekindandgentlethanhermother.Sheiskinderandgentlerthanhermother.5.由形容词变形而来以-ly结尾的副词比较级和最高级都是加–more/-mostSlowlyMoreslowlyMostslowlyQuicklyMorequicklyMostquickly6.三音节或以上的都用periphrasticform.ImportantMoreimportantMostimport*双音节单词一般用periphrasticfrommore/most,注意以-y,-er,-ure,-le,-ow结尾的形容词也可以有inflectedform.
河南自考网-自考专升本,河南自考网门户网站(zikao.ihaut.com)双音节单词InflectedformPeriphrastic-yEasy,sillyEasier/easiestSillier/silliestMoreeasy,MosteasyMoresilly,Mostsilly*双音节形容词或者以-y结尾的副词一般使用inflectedform,这些词加否定前缀-un时也成立。除了Shy,sly-erCleverCleverer/cleverestMoreclever,Mostclever-ureMature,obscureMature/maturesObscurer/obscurestMoreMature,MostMatureMoreobscure,Mostobscure-leGentle,simpleGentler/GentlestSimpler/SimplestMoreGentle,MostgentleMoreSimple,Mostsimple-owNarrowNarrower/narrowestMoreNarrow,Mostnarrowb不规则变形IrregularInflectionAdjectiveAdverbsComparativeSuperlativeOldOlder,elderOldest,EldestGood,wellWellbetterBestbadBadlyworseWorstFarFarFarther,furtherFarthest,FurthestlittleLittlelessLeastMany,muchMuchmoremost9.4.2Usagenotesa.Elder&OlderElder/Eldest表示家庭关系中长辈的意思,只可以有形容作用(attributeposition),Older/Oldest可做补语,可以指人也可以指物。Sheismyelder/oldersister.Sheis*elder(×)/olderthanme.b.Farther&Further都可以用来指物理距离,further/furthest可指抽象意义的距离。Ican’tworkanyfarther/further.Iftherearenofurtherquestions,Ideclarethemeetingclosed.c.Less&FewerLess接不可数,Fewer接可数名词d.lesser作为形容词来用,只可以起形容作用,表示“notsoimportantorgreat”,不可与than连用Toalesserextent.e.the与最高级配合使用,thebest,themost…也可以用其他冠词来代替the,mybestfriend,ourmostimportanttask.Most可以做为intensifiermeans“very”whengoeswithout“the”:amostinterestingvisit.The+比较级表示两个中级别较高的那个。Heisthetallerofthetwo.
河南自考网-自考专升本,河南自考网门户网站(zikao.ihaut.com)考点39.4.3comparativeconstructionPositivedegree:as…asComparativedegree:more…thanSuperlativedegree:themost…a.As…asNegativeform:notas…as…notso…as…1.*as后面可以是主语+(助词),非正式情况下,可以直接接主语。MybrotherisastallasI(am).Wedon’thaveasmuchtimeasJohn(dose).2.adj和Nouns有两种位置关系,前置和后置。JimisasqualifiedateacherasBob.JimisateacherasqualifiedasBob.Ican’tmoveasheavyaboxasthisone.Ican’tmoveaboxasheavyasthisone.*前置时,形容词在不定冠词+单数可数名词前。*determiner限定词不可以后置,一般都在名词前面。Icangiveyouasmanycopiesofthisbookasyouwant.(Many为determiner)×Icangiveyoucopiesofthisbookasmanyasyouwant.(×)3.As..as..结构三种用法:(1)两个人或者事之间具有同样的品质,(2)同一个人或者事两种不同品质的比较,(3)两个人或事之前两种不同的品质。(1)Susanisasintelligentasherhusband.(2)Susanisasintelligentassheisbeautiful.(3)Susanisasbeautifulasherhusbandisintelligent.b.More…than…1.可加pre-modification:far,even,many,much,still,alot,agreatdeal,rather,slightly…2.adj和Nouns有两种位置关系,前置和后置。Ourneighborhasalargerhousethanours.Ourneighborhasahouselargerthanours.Keenerboysthanheiswillbechosen.Boyskeenerthanheiswillbechosen.3.当两个被比较的物体不属于同一等级的时候,前置修饰不起作用,Mr.Whiteisaprofessormuchmorelearnedthanhisstudents.×Mr.Whiteisamuchmorelearnedprofessorthanhisstudents.TherearealotofwomenmoreintelligentthanJohn.×TherearealotofmoreintelligentwomenthanJohn.*determiner限定词不可以后置,一般都在名词前面。Helikestoordermorefoodthanhecaneat.×Helikestoorderfoodmorethanhecaneat.c.Themost一般要用of+数字,in+地点,或者从句来limitthescopeofcomparison。可是当最高级作为intensifier时候是可以不用limitthescope的~
河南自考网-自考专升本,河南自考网门户网站(zikao.ihaut.com)I’dliketoexpressmydeepestgratitude…