英语语法精讲-定语从句 5页

英语语法精讲-定语从句一.定语从句及相关术语1.定语从句：修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。2.关系词：引导定语从句的关联词成为关系词 关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that,which,who,whom,whose,as 等； 关系副词有where,when,why等。 关系词常有3个作用：1，引导定语从句。2，代替先行词。3，在定语从句中担当一个成分。二.关系代词引导的定语从句1.who指人，在从句中做主语 (1)TheboyswhoareplayingfootballarefromClassOne. (2)YesterdayIhelpedanoldmanwholosthisway.2.whom指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。 (1)Mr.Liuistheperson(whom)youtalkedaboutonthebus. (2)Mr.LingisjusttheboywhomIwanttosee.   注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。 (3)Themanwho/whomyoumetjustnowismyfriend.3.which指物，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略 (1)Footballisagamewhichislikedbymostboys. (2)Thisisthepen(which)heboughtyesterday.4.that指人时，相当于who或者whom；指物时，相当于which。在宾语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。 (5)Thenumberofthepeoplethat/whocometovisitthecityeachyearrisesonemillion. (6)Whereisthemanthat/whomIsawthismorning?5.whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语 (1)Hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor. (2)Ioncelivedinahousewhoseroofhasfallenin.whose指物时，常用以下结构来代替 (3)Theclassroomwhosedoorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired. (4)Theclassroomthedoorofwhichisbrokenwillsoonberepaired. (5)Doyoulikethebookwhosecoverisyellow? (6)Doyoulikethebookthecolorofwhichisyellow?三.介词+关系代词引导的定语从句    关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时，从句常由介词+关系代词引导 (1)Theschool(that/which)heoncestudiedinisveryfamous. (2)Theschoolinwhichheoncestudiedisvery famous. (3)TomorrowIwillbringhereamagazine(that/which)youaskedfor. (4)TomorrowIwillbringhereamagazineforwhichyouasked. (5)We"llgotohearthefamoussinger(whom/that/who)wehaveoftentalkedabout. (6)We"llgotohearthefamoussingeraboutwhomwehaveoftentalked.  注意：1. 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等 (1)Thisisthewatchwhich/thatIamlookingfor.(T) (2)ThisisthewatchforwhichIamlooking.(F)2. 若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用whom，不可用who或者that；指物时用which，不能用that；关系代词是所有格时用whose (1)Themanwithwhomyoutalkedismyfriend.(T) (2)Themanwho/thatyoutalkedwithismyfriend.(F) (3)TheplaneinwhichweflewtoCanadaisverycomfortable.(T) (4)TheplaneinthatweflewintoCanadaisverycomfortable.(F) 3.“介词+关系代词”前可有some,any,none,both,all,neither,most,each,few等代词或者数词 (1)Helovedhisparentsdeeply,bothofwhomareverykindtohim. (2)Inthebaskettherearequitemanyapples,someof whichhavegonebad. (3)Therearefortystudentsinourclassinall,mostofwhomarefrombigcities.四．关系副词引导的定语从句1.when指时间，在定语从句中做时间状语 (1)IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametotheschool. (2)Thetimewhenwegottogetherfinallycame.2.where指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语 (1)ShanghaiisthecitywhereIwasborn. (2)ThehousewhereIlivedtenyearsagohasbeenpulleddown.3.why指原因，在定语从句中做原因状语 (1)Pleasetellmethereasonwhyyoumissedtheplane. (2)Idon"tknowthereasonwhyhelooksunhappytoday.   注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换 (1)Thereasonwhy/forwhichherefusedtheinvitationisnotclear, (2)Fromtheyearwhen/inwhichhewasgoingtoschoolhebegantoknowwhathewantedwhenhegrewup. (3)Greatchangeshavetakenplaceinthecityinwhich/whereIwasborn. 五．限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句  限制性定语从句举例： (1)TheteachertoldmethatTomwastheonlypersonthatIcoulddependon. (2)Chinaisacountrywhichhasalonghistory. 非限制性定语从句举例： (1)Hismother,wholoveshimverymuch,isstrictwithhim.(2)China,whichwasfoundedin1949,isbecomingmoreandmorepowerful.要注意区分以下几个句子的不同 (1)Hisbrotherwhoisnowadoctoralwaysencourageshimtogotocollege. 他那当医生的哥哥常鼓励他要考上大学。（他还有其他的哥哥） (2)Hisbrother,whoisnowadoctor,alwaysencourageshimtogotocollege.  他的哥哥是当医生的，常鼓励他要考上大学。（他只有一个哥哥） 难点分析   （一）限制性定语从句只能用that的几种情况 1．当先行词是anything,everything,nothing(something除外),few,all,none,little,some等代词时，或者是由every,any,all,some,no,little,few,much等修饰时 (1)HaveyoutakendowneverythingthatMr.Lihassaid? (2)Thereseemstobenothingthatseemsimpossibleforhimintheworld. (3)Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone. (4)ThereislittlethatIcandoforyou.注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who (4)Anymanthat/.whohasasenseofdutywon"tdosuchathing.2. 当先行词被序数词修饰 (1)ThefirstplacethattheyvisitedinLondonwastheBigBen.3.  当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时 (1)ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveseen.4.  当形容词被thevery,theonly修饰时 (1)ThisistheverydictionarythatIwanttobuy, (2)Afterthefireinhishouse,theoldcaristheonlythingthathe owned.当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who (3)WangHuaistheonlypersoninourschoolwhowillattendthemeeting/5.  当先行词前面有who,which等疑问代词时 (1)Whoisthemanthatisstandingthere? (2)WhichistheT-shirtthatfitsmemost?6.  当先行词既有人，也有动物或者物体时 (1)Canyourememberthescientistandhistheorythatwehavelearned? （二）关系代词as和which引导的定语从句 as和which引导非限制性定语从句，有相同之处也有不同之处。具体情况是：1．As和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，代表前面整个句子。(1)Hemarriedher,as/whichwasnatural.(2)Hewashonest,as/whichwecansee.2.as引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一个主句；which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。另外，as有“正如……，正像……”的意思 (1)Asisknowntoall,Chinaisadevelopingcountry. (2)Heisfromthesouth,aswecanseefromhisaccent. (3)John,asyouknow,isafamouswriter. (4)HehasbeentoParismorethanseveraltimes,whichIdon"tbelieve. 注意：当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时，常用which (5)Tomwasalwayslateforschool,whichmadehisteacherangry.3. 当先行次受such,thesame修饰时，常用as (1)Ihaveneverheardsuchastoryashetells. (2)Heisnotsuchafoolashelooks. (3)ThisisthesamebookasIlostlastweek.注意：当先行次由thesame修饰时，偶尔也用that引导定语从句，但是和由as所引导的定语从句意思不同 (4)SheworethesamedressthatsheworeatMary"swedding. 她穿着她在Mary婚礼上穿过的一条裙子。 (5)Sheworethesamedressasheryoungsisterwore.     她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子。（三）以theway为先行词的定语从句通常由inwhich,that引导，而且通常可以省略。 (1)Thewayinwhich/that/./heansweredthequestionwassurprising.(四)but有时也可以做关系词引导定语从句 (1)Thereareveryfewbutunderstandhisidea.(but=whodon"t )(五)区分定语从句和同位语从句1．定语从句修饰先行词，它和先行词是修饰关系；同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容，是补充说明的关系 (1)TheplanethathasjusttakenoffisforLondon.    定语从句 (2)Thefactthathehasbeendeadisclear.    同位于从句2．定语从句由关系代词或者关系副词引导，关系词在句中充当成分，有时可以省略；同位语从句主要由that引导，在句中一般不做成分；句子也可以由when,where,how,why,whether,what等词引导，充当成分 (1)Thenewshetoldmeistrue. (2)Thenewsthathehasjustdiedistrue. (3)Theproblemthatwearefacingnowishowwecancollectsomuchmoney.     定语 (4)Theproblemhowwecancollectsomuchmoneyisdifficulttosolve.3. 同位语从句和先行词一般可以用be动词发展成一个完整的句子，而定语从句不可以 (1)Theideathatwecouldasktheteacherforadviceiswonderful.     (2)Theideawasthatwecouldasktheteacherforadvice. (3)Thefactthattheearthmovesaroundtheearthisknowntoall.同位语 (4)Thefactisthattheearthmovesaroundtheearth.