高一英语语法复习必修一 8页

高一英语语法复习Unit1~2.直接引语变间接引语一、如何变人称;下面有一句顺口溜“一随主。二随宾，第三人称不更新”。“一随主”是指在直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称所修饰。从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化如：Shesaid."Mybrotherwantstogowithme."→Shesaidherbrotherwantedtogowithher.“二随宾”是指直接引语变间接引语时，若从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称。或被第二人你所修饰。从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。如果引号外的主句没有宾语。也可以用第一人称，如：HesaidtoKate."Howisyoursisternow?"→HeaskedKatehowhersisterwasthen。“第三人称不更新”是指直接引语变间接引语时。如果从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称所修饰从句中的人称一般不需要变化如：MrSmithsaid。"Jackisagoodworker。"→MrSmithsaidJackwasagoodworker。二、如何变时态：直接引语在改为间接引语时、时态需要做相应的调整。现在时它需改为过去时态；过去时态改为完成时；过去完成时则保留原来的时态。如：1)Shesaid."Ihavelostapen."→Shesaidshehadlostapen2)Shesaid."Wehopeso."→Shesaidtheyhopedso.3)Shesaid."Hewillgotoseehisfriend。"→Shesaidhewouldgotoseehisfriend。但要注意在以下几种情况下。在直接引语变为间接引语时，时态一般不变化。①直接引语是客观真理。"Theearthmovesaroundthesunandthemoonmovesaroundtheearth,theteachertoldme.→Theteachertoldmetheearthmovesaroundthesunandthemoonmovesaroundtheearth。②直接引语是过去进行时，时态不变。如：Jacksaid."John,wherewereyougoingwhenImetyouinthestreet?"→JackaskedJohnwherehewasgoingwhenhemethiminthestreet。③直接引语中有具体的过去某年、某月、某日作状语，变为间接引语时，时态不变。如：XiaoWangsaid."IwasbornonApril2l,1980。"→XiaoWangsaidhewasbornonApril20,1980。④直接引语如果是一般现在时。表示一种反复出现或习惯性的动作，变间接引语，时态不变。如：Hesaid,"Igetupatsixeverymorning。"→Hesaidhegetsupatsixeverymorning。⑤如果直接引语中的情态动词没有过去时的形式（例：oughtto，hadbetter,usedto)和已经是过去时的形式时，（例：could,should,would,might）不再变。如：Petersaid."Youhadbettercomehavetoday。"→PetersaidIhadbettergotherethatday。三、如何变状语：直接引语变间接引语，状语变化有其内在规津，时间状语由“现在”改为“原来”（例：now变为then,yesterday。变为thedaybefore）地点状语，尤其表示方向性的，或用指示代词修饰的状语，由“此”改为“彼”（例：this改为that),如：Hesaid,"Thesebooksaremine."→Hesaidthosebookswerehis.四、如何变句型：①直接引语如果是陈述句，间接引语应改为由that引导的宾语从句。如：Shesaid,"Ourbuswillarriveinfiveminutes."→Shesaidthattheirbuswouldarriveinfiveminutes.②直接引语如果是反意疑问句，选择疑问句或一般疑问句，间接引语应改为由whether或if引导的宾语从句.如：Hesaid,"Canyouswim,John?"→HeaskedJohnifhecouldswim."Youhavefinishedthehomework,haven‘tyou?"mymotherasked.→MymotheraskedmewhetherIhadfinished thehomework."Doyougotoschoolbybusorbybike?"→HeaskedmeifIwenttoschoolbybusorbybike.③直接引语如果是特殊问句，间接引语应该改为由疑问代词或疑问副词引导的宾语从句（宾语从句必须用陈述句语序）。Sheaskedme,"Whendotheyhavetheirdinner?"→Sheaskedmewhentheyhadtheirdinner.④直接引语如果是祈使句，间接引语应改为"tell(ask,order,beg等)sb(not)todosth."句型。如："Don’tmakeanynoise,"shesaidtothechildren.→Shetold(ordered)thechildrennottomakeanynoise."Bringmeacupoftea,please,"saidshe.→Sheaskedhimtobringheracupoftea.⑤直接引语如果是以“Let‘s”开头的祈使句，变为间接引语时，通常用“suggest+动句词（或从句）。”如：Hesaid,"Let’sgotothefilm."→Hesuggestedgoingtothefilm.或Hesuggestedthattheyshouldgotoseethefilm.引述别人的话有两种方式：一是使用引号引出人家的原话，这叫做直接引语；一是用自己的话把人家的话转述出来，这叫做间接引语。例如：Johnsaid,"I’mgoingtoLondonwithmyfather."约翰说："我要和父亲到伦敦去。"（引号内是直接引语）JohnsaidthathewasgoingtoLondonwithhisfather.约翰说，他要和他父亲去伦敦。（宾语从句是间接引语）由直接引语变为间接引语，分以下情况：1．直接引语是陈述句时间接引语为that引导的宾语从句（口语中that可以省略），主句的引述动词主要有say,tell,repeat,explain,think等。Hesaid,"YouareyoungerthanI."-’Hesaid(that)Iwasyoungerthanhim.2.直接引语是疑问句时间接引语为陈述语序：主句的谓语动词say改为ask,或改为wonder,donotknow,wanttoknow,benotsure,bepuzzled等。（1）一般疑问句或反意疑问句变为if(whether)引导的宾语从句。Shesaid,"Doyouoftencomeheretoreadnewspapers?"→Sheaskedmeif(或whether)Ioftenwenttheretoreadnewspapers.Sheaskedme,"Youhaveseenthefilm,haven’tyou?"→Sheaskedmewhether(或if)Ihadseenthefilm.（2）选择疑问句变为whether….or宾语从句。Iaskedhim,"Willyoustayathomeorgotoafilmtonight?"→Iaskedhimwhetherhewouldstayathomeorgotoafilmthatnight.(3)特殊疑问句变为由原来的疑问词引导的宾语从句。Heasked,"Wheredoyoulive?"→HeaskedmewhereIlived.3.直接引语是祈使句时间接引语为不定式，作ask,tell,beg,order,warn,advise等动词的宾语补足语（don’t变为not）.Theteachersaidtotheboy,"Openthewindow."→Theteachertoldtheboytoopenthewindow.Hisfathersaidtohim,"Don’tleavethedooropen."→Hisfathertoldhimnottoleavethedooropen.[注意]（1）有些表示建议、提议、劝告或要求的祈使句，可以用suggest,insist等动词加以转述。例如：Hesaid,"Let’sgotothetheatre." →Hesuggested(our)goingtothetheatre.或Hesuggestedthatwe(should)gotothetheatre.(2)"Wouldyoumindopeningthewindow?"heasked.→Heaskedmetoopenthewindow."Whydon’tyoutakeawalkaftersupper?"heasked.→headvisedmetotakeawalkaftersupper."Shallwelistentothemusic?"heasked.→Hesuggestedlisteningtothemusic.4.直接引语是感叹句时间接引语为what或how引导，也可以用that引导。Shesaid,"Whatalovelydayitis!"→Shesaidwhatalovelydayitwas.或Shesaidthatitwasalovelyday.5．如果主句谓语动词为各种现在时或一般将来时，则间接引语中的动词仍保持直接引语原来时态。如果主句谓语动词为过去时，间接引语中的动词时态按下列变化：（1）一般现在时变为一般过去时（2）现在进行时变为过去进行时（3）一般将来时变为过去将来时（4）现在完成时变为过去完成时（5）一般过去时变为过去完成时（6）过去完成时不变，仍为过去完成时[注意]（1）如果直接引语是表示客观真理时，变为间接引语，一般现在时不改为一般过去时。如：Theteachersaid"Theearthgoesroundthesun."→Theteachersaidthattheearthgoesroundthesun.（2）如果直接引语中有明确表示过时间的状语，变为间接引语时，一般过去时不改为过去完成时。如：Hesaidtome,"Iwasbornin1973."→Hetoldmethathewasbornin1973.(3)如果直接引语所述事实在当时和目前同样生效，变为间接宾语时，一般现在时不改为一般过去时。如：Hesaid,"I’maboy,notagirl."→Hesaidthatheisaboy,notagirl.(4)如果直接引语中的谓语动词表示一种反复出现或习惯动作，在变为间接引时，一般现在时不改为一般过去时。如：Thegirlsaid,"Igetupatsixeverymorning."→Thegirlsaidthatshegetsupatsixeverymorning.(5)如果直接引语中含有since,when,while引导的表示过去时间的状语从句，在变为间接引语时，只改变主句中的谓语动词，从句的一般过去时则不变。如：Hesaidtome,"IhavetaughtEnglishsincehecamehere."→HetoldmethathehadtaughtEnglishsincehecamehere.(6)如果直接引语中含有情态动词must,need,hadbetter以及情态动词的过去式could,might,should,would,在变为间接引语时，这些情态动词没有时态的改变。例如：Theteachersaidtome."Youmustpaymoreattentiontoyourpronunciation."→TheteachertoldmethatImust(haveto)paymoreattentiontomypronunciation.Hesaid,"IcouldswimwhenIwasonlysix."→Hesaidthathecouldswimwhenhewasonlysix.6.代词等一般地应作用相应的变化。 指示代词this---thatthese---those表示时间的词now---thentoday---thatdaythisweek(month,etc)----thatweek(month,etc)yesterday----thedaybeforelastweek(month)---theweek(month)beforethreedays(ayear)ago---threedays(ayear)beforetomorrow----thenext(following)daynextweek(month)--thenext(following)week(month)表地点的词here--there动词bring--takecome–goUnit3。现在进行时表将来当句子涉及确切的计划、明确的意图和为将来安排好的活动时,现在进行时可用于表示将来。1)come,go,stay,arrive,leave等词的现在进行时经常用于表示将来确切的计划。2)表示交通方式、行程安排的动词，例如fly,walk,ride,drive,take(abus,ataxi)等的现在进行时也经常用于表示将来（注意:英语中一些表“状态和感官”的动词通常不用于进行时【见下表】）用法和单词例句表存在或位置:be,lie,standJapanliestotheeastofChina.表所属:have,own,possess,belongto,fit,suitTaiwanbelongstoChina.Whoownsthisland?表知觉:see,hear,smell,taste,sound,look,feel,seem,appearIsmellthedinnercooking.Heseemsquitehappy.表认识、信仰、意见、怀疑、猜测、希望:know,think,understand,doubt,suppose,hope,wishHedoubtswhetheryouwillfindyourlostpenagain.表喜欢、反对、仇恨、厌恶:love,like,prefer,mind,hate,want,dislike,envyWeloveourmotherlanddeeply.Theyenvyhergoodfortune.注意：另外,表示将来的动作或状态,还可用以下几种形式:①will/shall＋动词原形例：Ishallbeseventeenyearsoldnextmonth. ②begoingto＋动词原形:表示即将发生的或最近打算进行的事。例；Wearegoingtohaveameetingtoday.③beto＋动词原形:表示按计划要发生的事或征求对方意见。例：Arewetogoonwiththiswork?④beaboutto＋动词原形,表示即将发生的动作,不与表示将来的时间状语连用。例；Iwasabouttogoswimmingwhenmyguideshoutedatmeandtoldmenottodoso.我正要去游泳,这时向导大声叫我不要去。⑤be＋动词的ing形式：表示按计划或安排要发生的事,含义是“预定要……”这一结构常用趋向动词go,arrive,come,leave,start,stay,return和play,do,have,work,wear,spend,see,meet等。　　例：---Whenareyougoingoffforyourholiday?你什么时候动身去度假?---Myplaneistakingoffat9:20,soImustbeattheairportby8:30.我乘坐的飞机将于9:20分起飞,所以我必须在8:30之前赶到机场。⑥一般现在时表示将来时(1)按规定预计要发生的未来动作,仅限于动词come,go,leave,move,start,return,arrive,begin,stay等动词.(2)用在状语从句中用一般现在时代替将来时。例：Ifyoudothatagain,I’llhityou.(3)用在Ibet和Ihope后面,常用一般现在时表将来。例Ibetyoudon’tgetupbeforetentomorrow.例：Theplanetakesoffat10:10.Thatis,it’sleavingintenminutes.⑦单纯叙述未来的事实,可以用将来进行时,也可表示按计划安排将来要执行的动作。　　Unit4~5.定语从句1.定语从句的结构及理解2.定语从句的关系词的使用3.定语从句的简化表达知识总结归纳（一）定语从句的结构：在复合句中，修饰某个名词或代词的句子（做这个名词或代词的定语）叫定语从句，定语从句一般放在被修饰的名词或代词后面，被修饰的名词或代词叫做定语从句的先行词，它与定语从句之间要有一个词连接，这个词指代先行词的内容叫做关系词（关系代词或关系副词：that,which,who,whose,when,where,why）。先行词在定语从句中充当主语，宾语，时间，地点，原因状语。结构：先行词+关系词+定语从句。1.Thereshesawawallofwaterthatwasquicklyadvancingtowardsher.2.InJapan,someonewhoseesanotherpersonmakingthegesturewillthinkitmeansmoney.3.Athemeparkisacollectionofrides,exhibitionsorotherattractionsthatarebasedonacommontheme.4.TheparkhasaconservationcenterthathelpsprotectmarineanimalsandtheirhabitatsintheriversandcoastalwatersofAsia. 5.Visitorscangoonexcitingrideswheretheycanfeelwhatitisliketodothethingstheyhaveseentheirheroesdointhemovie.6.OprahWinfreyisablackwomanwhoserisetofameisaninspiringstory.（二）定语从句分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句：限定性定语从句：从句对先行词进行必要的描述或说明，缺少它，则句义显得不完整，从句与先行词紧密相连。非限定性定语从句：对先行词进行补充说明，解释，它与先行词之间有逗号隔开。1.Beforeshecouldmove,sheheardaloudnoise,whichgrewtoaterribleroar.2.Treeaftertreewentdown,cutdownbythewater,whichmusthavebeenthreemetersdeep.3.Flora,whosebeautifulhairanddresswereallcoldandwet,startedcrying.4.Theirtalkincludesrhythmandrhymingwordsaswellastonguetwisters,whichoftenmaketheaudienceapplaud.（三）关系词前面可以根据定语从句的内容加上一些介词，这些关系词在介词后面常用which或whom.1.TherewasamanwithwhomIwouldhavetoworktogetherandfinallythemanagerofthecompany.2.Manypeoplewhosawthefilmwereafraidtoswimintheseawhentheyrememberedthescenesinwhichpeoplewereeatenbytheshark.知识重点与难点（一）当先行词有最高级，序数词修饰，是不定代词，或是all,no,only等形式时，关系代词一般用that，而不能用which。1.TheTitanicwasthelargestshipthathadeverbeenbuiltatthattime.2.Thereisonethingthatkeepsworryingme.（二）当先行词是表示时间，地点，原因的词时，关系词用when,where,why还有which,that1.I’mverygladtoreturntomyhometownwhereIhadlivedfor10years.2.ThisismyhometownwhichIusedtotalkabouttoyou.3.IthinkIcanunderstandthereasonwhyhedidn’ttellthetruthtome.4.Noonebelievesthereasonthathegaveusabouthisabsenceatthemeeting.（三）定语从句的简化表达：1.ThemanwhoissittingontheplatformisaprofessorfromWuhanUniversity.2.Theletterthatwasmailedlastnightwillreachhimtomorrow.3.Thequestionthatisbeingdiscussedisveryimportant.4.Youarewelcometoapartytobegiveninourclassat7:45.说明：以上的定语从句部分可以用更加简单的非谓语形式表达出来：1.ThemansittingontheplatformisaprofessorfromWuhanUniversity.2.Thelettermailedlastnightwillreachhimtomorrow.3.Thequestionbeingdiscussedisveryimportant.4.Youarewelcometoapartytobegiveninourclassat7:45.说明：修饰一个名词除了后面用定语从句以外，还可以用非谓语动词形式：doing短语，done短语，beingdone短语，tobedone短语修饰。其结构和意思如下：1.被修饰名词+doing短语：正在做….的人/正在发生的事。2.被修饰名词+done短语：被…..的人/事3.被修饰名词+beingdone短语：正在被…..的人/事4.被修饰名词+tobedone短语：将要被…..的人/事（1）Doyouknowthemantalkingtomysister? （2）The“crazy”gesture,movingtheindexfingerinacircleinfrontoftheear,means“youhaveaphonecall”inBrazil.（3）Didyouseethatcarbeingrepaired?（4）Inacamera,thelensmustbefocusedontheobjecttobephotographed.（5）Thestudentstoattendthemeetingwillarriveheretomorrow.（6）GoodsimportedfromabroadarenotalwaysbetterthanthosemadeinChina.（7）TheYellowRiver,saidtobe“themotherriver”runsacrossChinalikeahugedragon.总结：以上做定语的那些短语就是英语语法中所说的分词，不定式的各种形式作定语。1.这些短语作定语应放在被修饰名词的后面。如果单独一个V-ing或V-ed形式作定语，则可以放在被修饰名词前面。2.分词作定语时，其动作应与全句动作同时发生。V-ing表示主动意义和正在做，V-ed表示被动意义。beingdone表示正在被做的3.不定式作定语表示将要发生的，tobedone表示将要被做的【典型例题】[例1]Friendshipisneededbyall,_____playsanimportantroleinpeople’slives.A.whichB.thatC.whoD.it分析：_____playsanimportantroleinpeople’slives为非限定性定语从句修饰先行词Friendship用which连接定语从句。答案：A[例2]UncleLi_____Iworkedthreeyearsagohasretirednow.A.whoB.whomC.withwhomD.towhom分析：_____Iworkedthreeyearsago作为定语从句修饰先行词UncleLi，从句完整的表达是：IworkedwithUncleLithreeyearsago.所以关系词前应加上介词with。答案：C[例3]Isthisthereason_____atthemeetingforhiscarelessnessinhiswork?A.heexplainedB.whatheexplainedC.howheexplainedD.whyheexplained分析：定语从句_____atthemeetingforhiscarelessnessinhiswork修饰先行词thereason指“他在会上就他工作中的粗心解释的原因。先行词在从句中做宾语。答案：A[例4]Teachers,_____workisratherhard,arebeingbetterpaidthanbefore.A.whoB.thatC.whichD.whose分析：非限定性定语从句_____workisratherhard修饰先行词teachers,它与从句中的work是从属关系，关系词用whose答案：D[例5]TheOlympicGames,_____in776BC,didn’tincludedwomenplayersuntil1912.A.firstplayingB.tobefirstplayedC.firstplayedD.tobefirstplaying分析：公元前776年被首次举行的奥运会，直到1912年才容纳女运动员。_____in776BC做定语修饰TheOlympicGames，指过去的内容，表示被动。用done做定语。答案：C[例6]Thehouses_____fortheteachersandtheconstructionworkwillstartsoon.A.builtB.tobebuiltC.tobuildD.beingbuilt分析：根据句意房子即将开工。_____fortheteachersandtheconstructionwork修饰Thehouses应为ThehousesThehouses将要为教师和施工修建的房子。 答案：B[例7]Howmanyofus_____,ameetingthatisnotimportanttouswouldbeinterestedinthediscussion?A.attendedB.attendingC.toattendD.haveattended分析：根据句意：比如说，我们当中参加一个对我们毫不重要的会议的人会有多少人对这个讨论感兴趣呢？_____,say,ameetingthatisnotimportanttous修饰Howmanyofus做定语。与全句动作同步.答案：B[例8]Shehasthreechildren,_____isworkinginAustralia.A.whoB.oneofwhomC.oneofthemD.noneofthem分析：非限定性定语从句__isworkinginAustralia修饰先行词threechildren，根据从句中的is判断，是说：三个孩子中的一个在澳大利亚工作。答案：B【模拟试题】1.Susanistheverygirl_____thegooddeed.A.whomIthinkdidB.whomIthinkshedidC.whoIthinkdidD.Ithinkwhodid2.Luckily,thepoorboyhadenoughmoney_____hecouldbuyatrainticket.A.bywhichB.onwhichC.withwhichD.forwhich3.Thebook_____hedevotedmuchtimeistocomeoutnextmonth.A.whereB.whichC.towhichD.onwhich4.Thedaycamefinally_____Iwasgivenanopportunitytoactintheplay.A.whenB.inthatC.whichD.inwhich5.1.Don’tyouthinkthequestion_____tomorrowisofgreatimportance.A.beingdiscussedB.discussedC.tobediscussedD.todiscuss6.Thefood_____atthemomentisforthedinnerparty.A.cookedB.tobecookedC.isbeingcookedD.beingcooked7.Doyouknowtheteacher_____underthebigtree?A.readB.readsC.readingD.beingread【试题答案】1.CSusan正是我认为作了好事的那位女孩。先行词theverygirl在从句中做think的宾语，同时又是后面宾语从句didthegooddeed.的主语，所以关系词不能用whom2.C定语从句_____hecouldbuyatrainticket.修饰先行词money：用这笔钱买火车票。关系词前面需要加介词：with3.C定语从句_____hedevotedmuchtime意思是：他把大量的时间都投入在这本书上了。devote….tosth.关系词前加介词：to4.A定语从句_____Iwasgivenanopportunitytoactintheplay修饰先行词theday：先行词theday在从句中做时间状语：在这一天我得到了扮演一个角色的机会。5.C短语_____tomorrow做定语修饰thequestion，根据表达的内容：明天即将被讨论的问题。应当用不定式的被动结构做定语。6.D短语_____atthemoment做thefood的定语,表示：正在做的食物。Beingdone做定语表示：正在被……的……。7.C现在分词短语readingunderthebigtree做定语修饰theteacher表示：正在大树下看书的那位老师。