高中英语语法专题及练习 19页

高中英语语法及练习（一）定语从句(一)定义在一个复合句中，如果一个名词或相当于一个名词的词被一个句子修饰，那么这个句子就是定语从句。构成先行词+引导词+句子引导词的分类1．关系代词及其用法：指人：who/that(作主语或宾语)whom（做宾语）whose(表所有)指物：which/that(作主语或宾语)whose(表所有)eg:(1).Themanwho/thatiswearingaredhatisMrSmith.(2).Thebookwhich/thatisonthedeskismine.(3).Themanwhosesonisasoldierisstandingunderthetree.(4).Thebookwhosecoverisredismysister’s. (5).Theman（whom/who/that）myfatheristalkingtoisMrSmith.(6).Thebook(which/that)youareholdingismine.(二).分类限定性和非限定性定语从句限定性定语从句对先行词起修饰限制作用;非限定定语从句对先行词起补充说明作用.在非限定定语从句中,先行词与从句之间往往有逗号隔开.eg:1.Hehastwosons,whoworkinthesamecompany.(Hehasonlytwosons.)2.Hehastwosonswhoworkinthesamecompany.(hehasmorethantwosonsperhaps.)关系代词的作用:(1).连接作用:关系代词引导从句,把主句和从句连接起来.(2).替代作用:关系代词在从句中替代它前面的先行词.(3).成分作用:关系代词在从句中总是充当句子成分.关系代词的用法与分类的三个依据: (1).根据所引导的从句的限定性和非限定性.(2).根据所替代的先行词是指人还是指物.(3).根据它在从句的所充当的成分-----主语、宾语、表语、或定语。关系代词that和which的用法：限定性定语从句只能用that的情况：1.当先行词是不定代词all，much,little,something,anything,everything，nothing，none，theone时：eg:(1).Doyouhaveanythingelsethatyouwanttosayforyourself?你还有要为自己说的话了吗？(2).Youshouldhandinallthatyouhave.你应该上缴你所有的东西。2.当先行词前有theonlythevery(恰好)any，few，little，no，all等词修饰时。eg:(1).ThisistheverybusthatIamwaitingfor.(2).Theonlythingthatwecangiveyouissomemoney.3.当先行词是形容词最高级或被最高级修饰时eg:(1).ThisisthemostinterestingfilmthatI haveseen.4.当先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时。eg:(1).ThetrainisthelastthatwillgotoSuzhou.5.当先行词即有人又有物时。Eg:(1).Doyouknowthepersonsandthingsthattheyaretalkingabout?6.当主句的疑问词是who或which时。Eg:(1).Whichisthebikethatyoulost?(2).Whoistheboythatwonthegoldmedal?7.有两个定语从句时，其中一个宜用which,另一个宜用that.eg:(1).Theysecretlybuiltupasmallfactory,whichproducedthingsthatcouldcausepollution.8.先行词在句子中作表语,而关系代词在句子中也作表语时.eg:(1).Shanghaiisnolongerthecitythatitusedtobe.当先行词是物/事时，只能用which的情况：1.在非限定定语从句中只能用which.eg:Helenwasmuchkindertoheryoungestsonthantoothers,whichmadetheothersenvy him.2.当动词短语的介词提前时，只能用which.eg:ThisisahouseinwhichLuXunoncelived.有关练习：1.Irefusetoaccepttheblameforsomething____wassomeoneelse’sfault.A.whoB.thatC.asD.what2.Hetalkedalotaboutthingsandpersons______herememberedintheschool.A.whichB.thatC.whomD.what3.Thegirlinplainclothes,______waswonderfullycamlinfaceofdanger,wasjustsixteenyearsold.A.whenB.whichC.whatD.who4.Aftergraduatingfromcollege,Itooksometimeofftogotravelling,___turnedouttobeawisedecision.A.thatB.whichC.whenD.where5.Thisisoneofthemostinterestingfilms_____shownlastweek. A.whichB.thatwasC.whichwereD.thatwere答案BBDBD关系代词whowhomwhose和that的用法：在从句中作主语时，用who/that,不可省略；在从句中作宾语时，用whom/that/who,可以省略；在从句中作定语时用whose,不可省略。可指人也可指物，whose+n.=the+n.+ofwhich或ofwhich+the+n.（指物）；whose+n.=the+n.+ofwhom或ofwhom+the+n.(指人)。eg:(1).Sheisthegirlwho/thatlivesnextdoor.(2).That’thegirlwhom/who/thatIteach.(3).Thisisthescientistwhoseachievementarewellknown(4).Thisisthehousewhosewindowbrokelastnight.=Thisisthehouse,thewindowofwhichbrokelastnight=Thisisthehouse,ofwhichthewindowbrokelastnight.介词+关系代词引导的定语从句： 介词+关系代词引导的定语从句指物时关系代词只能用which,指人时只能用whom.即介词+which/whom.介词选择的几种情况：所属关系用of;动词短语中固有的介词；根据语境临时选用的介词。eg:(1).Ipickedsomeapples,someofwhichwerebad.(2).Ihaveseenmanyforeingers,mostofwhomarefromEurope(3).Hehastensons,halfofwhomaresoldiers.(4).ThisisthegirlfromwhomIlearnedthenews.(5).Heisthemanonwhomyoucandepend.(6).Thehousehasmanysmallwindows,throughwhichlightcangointoit.但是一些动词短语是固定的，其介词不能提前：lookafter;lookfor;lookforwardto;takecareof.eg:Isthistheknifewhichyouarelookingfor?(for不能提前)。注意：请辨别下列一组句子,注意下列句子的定义:Ipickedsomeapples.someofthem ;someofthemwerebad.,and/butsomeofthem,someofwhich有关练习:1.Thecleverboymadeaholeinthewall,_____hecanseewhatwasgoingoninside.A.whichB.throughwhichC.thatD.throughthat2.Childrenwhoarenotactiveor____dietishighinfatwillgainweightquickly.A.whatB.whoseC．whichD.that3.Inthedarkstreettherewasnobody___hecouldturnforhelp.A.thatB.whomC.inwhomD.towhom4.Shebroughtwithherthreefriends,____Ihadevermetbefore.A.noneofthem;B.allofwhoC.noneofwhomD.allofthese5.MyfriendJennifer,_____helpIhavemadegreatprogressinmystudies,willleavefor Canadanextweek.A.inwhoseB.inherC.withwhoseD.withher6.ThevoiceofChinaisaprogram_____theyoungareveryfamiliarinChina.A.inwhichB.towhichC.bywhichD.withwhich7.Ourcountryhasalonghistoryandlotsofinterestingcustoms,_____weareveryproud.A.ofwhichB.withwhichC.inwhatD.forwhich在限制性定定语从句中，当介词位于定语从句末尾时，可用that/which(指物）；that/whom/who(指人）。作介词宾语，而且可以省略。Eg:Thisistheherothat/who/whomweareproudof.(可省略)。Thisisthepenthat/whichIwrotetheletterwith.(可以省略).答案:BBDCCBA复合介词短语+关系代词which引导的定语从句，这种定语从句常常与先行词用逗号分开，定义从句常用倒装句。 eg:Helivedinabighouse,infrontofwhichstoodatalltree.关系代词as引导的定语从句：关系代词as即可引导限定性定语从句，也可引导非限定性定语从句，as在句中作主语、宾语、或表语。引导限定性定语从句常用于下列句式：1.Such+名词+as像……一样，像…..之类。2.thesame+名词+as…和……同样的.(1).Wehavefoundsuchmaterialsasareusedintheirfactory.(主语)(2).Thesehousesaresoldatsuchalowpriceaspeopleexpected.（宾语）Heisnotthesamemanashewas.（表语）。注意：such…as…引导的定语从句和such…that…引导的结果状语从句的区别：Heissuchacleverboyaseveryonelikes.Heissuchacleverboythateveryonelikeshim.as,which的区别：as 引导的非限定性定语从句，即可放在主句前，也可放在主句后，还可插入主句中。而which引导的非限定性定语从句只能置于主句后。相同的是两者都可替代主句的整个内容，而不是主句的某个词。eg:Theweatherturnedouttobeverygood,whichwasmorethanwecouldexcept.当非限定性定语从句放在主句前时,只能用as.主要有以下句式：asanybodycansee正如人人能看到的那样；asiswell-known=asisknowntoall众所周知；aswehadexcepted正如我们所预料的那样；asoftenhappens正如经常发生的那样；ashasbeensaidbefore如上所述；asismentionedabove正如上面提到的。注意下列典型表达：Asisknowntoeverybody,themoontravelsaroundtheearthonceeverymonth.(as引导的是非限定性定语从句前置)。=Themoontravelsaroundtheearthonceeverymonth,as/whichisknowntoeverybody.(as/which引导的非限定性定语从句后置)。=Itisknowntoeverybodythatthemoontravelsaroundtheearthonceevery month.(it是形式主语，that引导的是主语从句)。=Whatisknowntoeverybodyisthatthemoontravelsaroundtheearthonceeverymonth.(what…everybody是主语从句；is后是表语从句)。有关练习:1.Ihaveboughtthesamedress____sheiswearing.A.asB.thatC.whichD.than2.Canyousolvesuchproblems__raisedbytheaudience?A．whatwereB.aswereC.thatwereD.whichwere3.HemustbefromAfrica,_____canbeSeenfromhisskin.A.thatB.asC.itD.what4____isreportedinthenewspapers,talkbetweenthetwocountriesaremakingprogress.A.ItB.AsC.ThatD.What5.TheBeatle,____manyofyouareoldenoughtoremember,camefromLiverpool.A.WhatB.thatC.howD.as 答案：ABBBD1.关系副词的用法当先行词在定语从句作状语时,要用关系副词.其中when=表示时间的介词（in；at;on;during等）+which;where=表示地点的介词（in;at;on;under等）+which;why=表示原因的介词（for）+which;how=表示方式的介词（in）which.eg:(1).IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametoBeijing.(when=onwhich)(2).Canyoutellmetheofficewhereheworks?(where=inwhich)(3).Doyouknowthereasonwhyheisabsent?(why=forwhich)介词+关系代词which=when/where,有时为了表达清楚，还可以在where/when前加上from,to,during等：(1).Chinaistheplaceofkites,fromwherekiteflyingspreadtoJapan,Korea,ThailandandIndia.(2).Wewentuptotheroof,fromwherewehadagoodviewofthelake.(3).Westoodnearthewindow,fromwhere wecouldseethewholegarden.注意：当先行词是case,condition,situation,position,point,stage等名词，表示情况，方面，处境时，用关系副词where;表示时间，地点，原因的先行词在句中作主语、宾语时，应用that或which.eg:(1).Therearesomecases,wherethisroledoesn’tholdgood(适用)。(2).Iwillshowyouthepointwhereyoufail.(3).Hehadtofacetheconditionwherepresswasheavy.请注意下列句子中时间,地点,原因的不同作用:Doyoustillrememberthedaysthat/whichwespentinQingdao?DoyoustillrememberthedayswhenwespentthesummerinQingdao?Thisisthereasonthathegaveus.Thisisthereasonwhyhewaslateformeeting.Haveyoubeentotheplacethatyour parentsvisitedlastsummer?HaveyoubeentotheplacewhereLuxunwasborn?从上例可以看出表示时间、地点、原因的先行词的引导词需要根据该词在句子中的成分而定，如作状语就用when,where,why引导。如作主语或宾语就有which/that引导。这是定语从句的难点之一。HelivedinLondonforthreemonths,duringwhichtimehelearnedsomeEnglish.有关练习:用that,when,why,where,which填空：Iwanttoknowthedate___youwereborn.Ihaveforgettenthedate___youtoldme.Doyouknowthereason____heisabsenttoday?Thatisthereason___IwanttoknowThisisthefactory____hisfatherworksThisisthefactory___hisfatherbuilt.1.Iwalkeduptothetopofthehillwithmyfriends,____weenjoyedasplendidviewofthelake.A.whichB.whereC.whoD.that 2.Betweenthetwopartsoftheconcertisaninterval,___theaudiencecanbuyice-cream.A.whenB.whereC.thatD.which1.Whateverisleftovermaybeputintotherefrigerator,____itwillkeeptwoorthreeweeks.A.whenB.whichC.whereD.while2.Mozart’sbirthplaceandthehouse___hecomposed‘TheMagicFlute‘arebothmuseumsnow.A.whereB.whenC.thenD.which3.Itishelpfultoputchildreninasituation____theycanseethemselvesdifferently.A.thatB.whenC.whichD.where答案：BACAD定语从句的其他要点：关系代词在句中作主语时不可省略。定语从句的谓语动词在人称、数方面，应该与先行词的单复书保持一致。Thebookwhichisonthedeskismine.Thebookswhichareonthedeskaretheirs.oneof+复数名词+关系代词+动词复数： eg:MoyanisoneofAsianwriterswhowintheNobelPrize.theonlyoneof+复数名词+关系代词+动词的单数：MoyanistheonlyoneofChinesewritersWhowinstheNobelPrize.但nottheonlyoneof…=oneof…Tomisnottheonlyoneofboyswhohavepassedtheexam定语从句的特例:I,whoamyourteacher,willtrymybesttohelpyou.Toownacomputerinfamilies,whichwethougtwasimpossibletwentyyearsago,becomestruenow.有关练习：用下列动词的适当形式填空：（1）.Heisoneofthedriverswho___(have)passedthedrivingexam.（2）.Heistheonlyoneofthedriverswho___(have)passedthedrivingexam.(3).Heisnottheonlyoneofthedriverswho____(have)passedthedrivingexam. (4).I,who__(be)verybusynow,can’thelpthematthemoment.(5)).Theidea,whichIthink__(be)reasonable,wasbroughtupbyachild.注意way和time后的定语从句的情况：当先行词是way（方式、方法）时，引导从句的关系词有下列三种形式：eg:Whatsurprisedmewasnotwhathesaidbutthewayinwhich/that/不填hesaidit.Thewaythat/which/不填heexplainedtouswasquitesimple.Thewaythat/inwhich/不填heexplainedthesentencetouswasverysimple.当先行词是time时，作次数讲时用that;作一段时间或时代讲时用when或介词at/during+which.引导定语从句。eg:(1).Thisisthesecondtimethathewentbacktohishomeland.(2).IcouldnotrememberhowmanytimesthatIhavefailed.(3).Thiswasatimewhen/duringwhichtherewerenoradios,noTVsets,nocomputers.有关练习： 用正确的关系代词和关系副词填空：(1).Idon’tliketheway___youlaughtather.(2).Thisisthesecondtime___Ihavebeenhere.(3).Canyoustillrememberthetime___wespenttogetherinourchildhood?(4).Thefirsttime___hesawher,hefellinloveher.`注意下列相似结构:Isthismuseumtheonethattheyvisitedyesterday?Isthisthemuseumthat/whichtheyvisitedyesterday?Isthisthemuseumwheretheystayedyesterday?Itwasthemuseumwhere/inwhichyousawmanytreasures.Itwasinthemuseumthatyousawmanytreasures.Itwasinthemuseumwhichyoudropedinthatyousawmanytreasures.