初中英语语法全解全练：中考英语语法专项复习动词时态 13页

中考英语语法专项复习动词时态知识梳理思维导图记知识思维导图记知识一般现在时一般过去时一般将来时现在进行时过去进行时现在完成时标志词标志词结构〈结构标志词结构标志词表示经常性或习惯性的动作或定义存右两快态・表示普遍真理或客观事实S+V结构〈S+V+s/esoften,usually,everyday,标志词always,sometimes,twiceaweek,onSunday表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存定义右的状态■表示过去习惯或经常发生的动作结构—主语+过去式定义yesterday,lastSunday,in201()，justnow,theotherday,threedaysago定义表示将采发生的动作或存在的状态疇鴻鑫月畫雜勰爭will/shall+动词原形begoingto+动词原形tomoiTow,nextweek,nextyear,intwodays,、inthefutureifOS1话瞬间）正在进行或现阶段正在进行的动作或am/is/are+动词的现在分词好士口now,allthetime，thesedays,祚心ajthisyear,atthemoment结构定义鏑灌刼翻驟一段was（第一、三人称单数））+现在分词"（第二人称甲数和各人称的复数）+现在分词"atthattime，atnineyesterdav.thosedays、when/wnile引导的时间状语从句定义在have(has)+动词的过去分词already,yelJust,once,twice,ever,never,threetimes,beforefor或since 一考点分析时态是中考英语的一个非常要的语法内容，在初中阶段我们共学习了八种时态。一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、过去将来时、现在完成时、过去完成时。每一种时态都有可能成为中考英语的考点。因此在平时的复习中我们必须掌握每一种时态的定义、结构、标志词以及时态的特殊用法。考题常在单项选择、完形填空、单词填空中设置5-8分的题。书面表达中对时态的考查更为普遍。下面就每一种时态进行小结：【一般现在时】1.一般现在时的构成①be动词的一般现在时:肯定句：主语+be(am/is/are)+否定句：主语+be(am/is/are)+not+…isnot=isn5tarenot=aren"t一般疑问句：Be(am/is/are)+主语+...?肯定回答：Yes,主语（代词）+be动词.j否定回答：No,主语（代词）+be动词+not.②实义动词的一般现在时:主语第一人称、第二人称单复数第三人称复数第三人称单数肯定句：主语+动词原形+...主语+动词第三人称单数（-S）+...否定句：主语+don"t+动词原形+...主语+doesn"t+动词原形+...don^t=donotdoesn"t=doesnot一般疑问句：Do+主语+动词原形+...?Does+主语+动词原形+...?肯定回答：Yes,主语（代词）+do・Yes,主语（代词）+does.否定回答：No,主语（代词）+don"t.No,主语(代词)+doesn,t.特殊疑问句：疑问词+—般疑问句？2.—般现在时的用法①表示经常性或习惯性的动作或存在的状态.Ioftengotoschoolbybike.②表示客观事实或普遍真理.Theearthgoesaroundthesun. ①在某些以here^there开头的句子中，用一般现在时表示正在发生的动作.Theregoesthebell・1.与一般现在时连用的时间状语①表示频度的副词always,often,usually^sometimes等.②onSundays,onMondayafternoons,everyday/week/month/year等时间状语.③onceayear,twiceamonth,threetimesaweek等表示频率的词组.4.动词第三人称单数形式的变化规则形式构成例词第三人称单数形式在动词原形后加・srunsjikes以ch,sh,ss,o,x结尾的动词，在词尾加・esteach-teaches,wash-washes,pass-passes,go-goes以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，先将y变i再加・esstudy-studies,try-tries以元音字母加y结尾的动词,在词尾加-Sstay-stays,play-plays5.用一般现在时表示将来的情况.①表示按规定或时间表预计发生的动作WearegoingtoHangzhou.Ourplanetakesoffat8:10.②当主句为一般将来时态时，在if,assoonas,until,when等引导的状语从句中用一般现在时代替一般将来时.Ifitdoesn"trainthisafternoon,we"llhaveafootballmatch.【一般过去时】1•一般过去吋的构成①be动词的一般过去时:肯定句：主语+be(was/were)+…否定句：主语+be(was/were)+not+...wasnot=wasn"twerenot=weren"t一般疑问句：Be(was/were)+主语+…？肯定回答：Yes,主语（代词）+be动词.否定回答：No,主语（代词）+be动词+not.②实义动词的一般过去时:肯定句：主语+动词过去式+...否定句：主语+didn"t+动词原形+....didn"t=didnot一般疑问句：Did+主语+动词原形+...?肯定回答：Yes,主语(代词)+did.否定回答：No,主语(代词)+didn"t. 2•—般过去时的用法①表示过去某时间发生的动作或存在的状态.Igotupatsixthismorning.Wevisitedthefactorylastweek.②表示过去的习惯或经常发生的动作WhenIwasinthecountrysidejoftenswamintherive匚3.和一般过去时连用的时间状语lastnight,yesterday,lastweek,someyearsago,in1995jnthepast,theotherday等.【一般将来时】1•一般将来吋的构成①will形式肯定句：主语+will+动词原形+....否定句：主语+won*t+动词原形+....won"t=willnot一般疑问句：Will+主语+动词原形+...?肯定回答：Yes,主语（代词）+will.否定回答：No,主语（代词）+won"t.特殊疑问句：疑问词+—般疑问句？②begoingto肯定句：主语+begoingto+动词原形+....否定句：主语+benotgoingto+动词原形••••一般疑问句：begoingto+主语+动词原形+...?肯定回答：Yes,主语（代词）+be.否定回答：No,主语（代词）+benot.特殊疑问句：疑问词+—般疑问句？2•—般将来时的用法.①表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态TheywillleaveforShanghainextweek・Willyoubebackintwodays?②“begoingto+动词原形“表示计划，打算做某事，还可表示已决定的，很可能发生的事或有某种迹象表明要发生的事.WhatareyougoingtodonextSunday?Lookatthedarkclouds.Thereisgoingtobeastorm.③bedoing表示将来 常用于这种结构的动词有go,comejeave,stay,start,begin等，表示即将发生或安排好要做的事情.WeareleavingforLondon.Sheisgoingtheretomorrow.④"beaboutto+动词原形”和"beto+动词原开『"结构表示即将发生的动作.Sheisabouttotravelbyplane.【现在进行时】1.现在进行时的构成肯定句：主语+am/is/are+动词的现在分词+....否定句：主语+am/is/are+not+动词的现在分词一般疑问句：Am/is/are+主语+动词的现在分词？肯定回答：Yes,主语(代词)+be.否定回答：No,主语（代词）+benot.特殊疑问句：疑问词+—般疑问句？2.现在进行时的用法①表示此时此刻正在进行的动作.Whatareyoudoing?②表示现阶段正在进行的动作或持续的状态.Theyarestudyinghardthisterm.(3)go,leave,arrive,start等动词用现在进行时表示将来.IamgoingtoBeijingthisSunday.①当时间状语为now,thesedays等或当句子中含有look,listen,canyousee,can"tyousee之类的暗示词时,要用现在进行时.但应注意下列这些动词一般不用于现在进行时态的句子中.a.与感官相关的动词，如see,hear等.b.表示喜欢或厌恶的动词，如like,love等.c.表示希望的动词，如want,wouldlike等.d.表示状态的动词，如be等.e.表示归属的动词，如have等.f.表示思维，知识或理解能力的动词，如know,forget等.2.动词现在分词的变化规则形式构成例词现在分词在动词原形后加-ingread-reading以不发音的字母e结尾的动词，去掉e再加・inglive-living,write-writing以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词，双写该辅音字母后再加・ingsit-sitting,begin-beginning少数几个以ie结尾的动词要变ie为y,再加-ingdie-dyingJie-lying,tie-tying【现在完成时】1.现在完成吋的构成基本结构:主语+have/has+动词的过去分词 1.现在完成时的用法①表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果.Haveyouhadyourlunchyet?YesJhave.I"vejusthadit.Ihavelostmypen.（过去某个时间丢的，现在还没有找到）备注:already,yet常和现在完成时连用.already用于肯定句，可放在助动词之后，过去分词之前，也可放在句末表示惊讶.yet用在疑问句和否定句中.②表示动作或状态在过去已经开始，持续到现在，也许还要持续下去，常和for+时间段或since+时间点连用,表示持续的动作或状态，多为延续性动词.Wehavelivedheresince2000.1.几个副词在现在完成时中的用法.©just意为”刚刚”，表示动作刚刚结束，常放在助动词与过去分词之间.HehasjustcomebackfromBeijing.②ever意为”曾经“，用于疑问句或否定句中，放在助动词与过去分词之间.HaveyoueverbeentoShanghai?©never意为“从来没有”，常与before连用，多放在助动词与过去分词之间.Ihavenevertraveledbyplanebefore.④since+时间点/for+时间段.IhavebeeninBeijingfortwoyears.2.延续性动词与非延续性动词的用法①现在完成时表示动作从过去某个时候开始一直持续到现在，与一段时间连用时应注意句中的谓语动词应是延续性动词，非延续性动词不可和一段时间连用.误:I"veleftthisschoolforeightyears.正:l"vebeenawayfromthisschoolforeightyears.误:Hehasborrowedmydictionaryfortwodays.正:Hehaskeptmydictionaryfortwodays.不过，在否定句中非延续动词可与一段时间连用.Ihaven"tgonetoseehimforseveralmonths.②非延续性动词与一段时间连用时可采用下列三种方法：a.讲非延续性动词化为延续性动词非延续性动词延续性动词buyhaveborrowkeepopenbeopenclosebeclosedbegin/startbeoncomebeherefinishbeoverdiebedeadputonwearwakeupbeawakefallasleepbeasleepjoinbein leavebeawayb.讲吋间状语改为过去吋,并用一般过去时代替现在完成时.c.用句型“Itis+—段时间+since从句（从句中的谓语动词用非延续性动词的过去式）Itistwoyearssincetheoldmandied.5.动词的过去式与过去分词①规则变化形式构成例词过去式与过去分词（规则变化）在动词原形后加・edwork-worked以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，先将y变为i再加・edcarry-carriedStudy-studied以e结尾的动词,直接加・dlive-lived以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词，双写此辅音字母后再加-edstop-stoppedplan-planned②不规则变化（略）6•现在完成时与一般过去时的区别①侧重点不同:现在完成时是与现在有关的时态，属于现在时态范畴，它侧重于过去的动作对现在造成的影响.而一般过去时是一种过去的时态，侧重于表示过去的动作,与现在无关.YesterdayIwenttothezoo.(仅说明昨天去了动物园，与现在无关)LiLeihasreadthebook.(说明李磊已经了解了那本书的内容)②连用的时间状语不同现在完成时:already,yet,stilljust,sofar,inthelast(past)..,before,ever,never,since引出的时间点,for引出的时间段.一般过去Bt：ago,yesterday,last..,in2000,justnow等连用.Fatherboughtthatwatchtenyearsago.Ihaveneverseenthefilmbefore・7.have/hasbeento,have/hasgoneto和have/hasbeenin三种结构的区别.①have/hasbeento:过去曾去过某地②have/hasgoneto已去了某地③have/hasbeenin已在某地(待了多久)JimhasgonetoLondonwithhisfamily・HaveyoubeentoBeijingbefore?ThegreenshavebeeninChinafortwoyears.LiLei"saunthasbeenatthisschoolfortenyears.TheGreensareinChinanow.Theyhavebeenhereforhalfayear.【同步练习】用括号内所给词的适当形式填空.1.1(be)busythesedays.I(notgo)tothecinemaforweeks.2.Howmanyunitsyou(leam)sofar?3.Alice(make)severalfriendssinceshe(come)toChina.4.Jim(make)manyfriendssincehe(come)toChina.5.1(write)himasecondletterbeforeI(hear)fromhim.6.1(know)theway.I(live)hereforquitemanyyears. Key:was,haven"tgone;have,learned;hasmade,came;havewritten;heard;knew,havelived【过去进行时】1.表示过去某一时刻或过去一段时间内正在进行的动作.常和表示过去的时间状语then,atthattime,thislimeyesterday,attenyesterday等连用•Whatwereyoudoingatninelastnight?IwaswatchingTVatthattime.2•注意在含有when或while引导的时间状语从句的主从复合句中过去进行时的运用.①在when引导的从句中，谓语动词既可以是延续性动词，也可以是非延续性动词;而在while引导的从句中，谓语动词只能是延续性动词.Whentheearthquakehappened,weweresleepingsoundly.Thebellrangwhen/whileIwastakingashower.②当两个延续性动词同时发生而又具有对比意味时，从句一般用while引导,主句和从句的时态通常是相同的.LucywasdoingherhomeworkwhileIwasplayingcomputergames・When/WhileKangkang"smotheriscooking,hegetshome・【同步练习】一•用when或while填空1.Margowastalkingonthephone,hersisterwalkedin.2.wevisitedtheschool,thechildrenwereplayinggames・3.Sarahwasatthebarber"s,Iwasgoingtoclass・4.IsawCarlos,hewaswearingagreenshirt・5.Allenwascleaninghisroom,thephonerang.6.Ritaboughthernewdog;itwaswearingalittlecoat.1.Hewasdrivingalongsuddenlyawomanappeared.7.Jakewaswaitingatthedoor,anoldwomancalledtohim.8.Hewasreadingabooksuddenlythetelephonerang・9.itbegantorain,theywereplayingchess.Key:1.while2.when3.while4.when5.while6.when7.When&While9.When10.When二.用所给动词适当形式填空1.WhileJake(look)forcustomers,he(see)awoman.2.They(play)footballontheplaygroundwhenit(begin)torain.3.Astrangebox(arrive)whilewe(talk)・4John(sleep)whensomeone(steal)hiscar.2.Fatherstill(sleep)whenI(get)upyesterdaymorning.3.Grandma(cook)breakfastwhileI(wash)myfacethismorning・4.Mother(sweep)thefloorwhenI(leave)home・8・I(read)ahistorybookwhensomeone(knock)atthedoor.Key:1.waslooking,saw2.wereplaying,began3.arrived,weretalking4.wassleeping,stole5.wassleeping,got6.wascooking,waswashing7.wassweepingjeft8,wasreading,knock【过去完成时】概念:过去完成时指的是到过去某个时间已经完成的动作或存在的状态，即”过去的过去”构成形式:had+动词的过去分词备注：过去完成时在句中使用时一般必须有一个或暗含一个发生在过去的动作与其相比较，使用过去完成时的动词动作发生在该过去的动作之前. 时间状语:bylastweek,bytheendoflastyear,beforeIarrived.ShehadleftbythetimeIarrived.我到达之前，她已经离开了.HehadworkedinShanghaifortenyearsbeforehecamehere・【过去将来时】1.表示从过去某一时间看将来发生的动作或存在的状态.常用在宾语从句中，谓语由“would+动词原形“构成.Hesaidhewouldbuysomefruitforhissister.Heaskedwhenthemeetingwouldend. 2•表示曾经打算或准备要做的动作，用was/weregoingto+动词原形.Ithoughtitwasgoingtorainsoon.Theyweregoingtostartnewjobswhen1sawthemthen・考点突破考点一：一般现在时典例1:一CanIhelpyou?—Iboughtthiswatchhereyesterday,butitwork.（江西中考题）A.won"B.didn"tC.doesn"tD.wouldn"t【解析】虽然手表是前一天买的，但说话者现在拿来退，说明这块表“不工作"是现在的事，故用一般现在时。【答案】C举一反三LIusedtolovethisfilmwhenIwasyoung,butIitthatwayanymore.（江苏南京中考题）A.don"tfeelB.didn"tfeelC.haven"tfeltD.hadn"tfelt2.一-Henry,youonthephone.-一oh,•Thankyou.A.arewanted,IcomeB.arewanted,TmcomingC.arebeingwanted,IcomeD・arcwanting,I"mcoining3.■一TomorrowwillbeFather"sDay.Whatwillyoudoforyourfather?―IwillsayTloveyou,Daddy”assoonasheup.A.willwakeB.wakeC.wakesD.woke考点二：一般过去时典例2:Ithewrongthing.CanIuseyoureraser?（河北中考题）A.writeB.wroteC.amwritingD・willwrite【解析】说话者要向对方借用橡皮擦，说明写错字的事已经发生了，故用一般过去时。【答案】B举一反三1.Theyhertotheparty,soshewasveryhappy.（北京中考题）A.inviteB・invitedC・willinviteD・areinviting2.一Whenyourmotheryouthatbluedress、Mary?——Sorry,Irealycan"tremember.A.does;buyB.has;boughtC.had;boughtD.did;buy3.…Howdidtheaccidenthappen? —Itdifficulttoseetheroadbecauseit・A.was，wasrainingB.is,hasrainedC.is,israiningD・willbe,willrain考点三：一般将来时典例3:Attention,please.ThereafootballgamebetweenChinaandKoreathisevening.（山东淄博中考题）A.isgoingtobeB.hasbeenC・hasD.willhave【解析】答案选A。根据句中的时间状语thisevening（今天晩上）可知，句子应用一般将来时，故可排除B和C;又因为therebe的将来时态可以是therewillbe或thereisgoingtobe,但不能是therewillhave或thereisgoingtohave,故可排除Do【答案】A举一反三1.Ifyoucarefully,youthereportwell.（广州中考题）A.willlisten;willbeunderstoodB.willlisten;understandC.listen;willunderstandD・1isten;understand2.1don"tknowwhenJim.Tilmeethimattheairportwhenhe.A.willreturn;returnB.returns;willreturnC・returned;returnedD.willreturn;returns.考点四：现在进行时典例4:一Alice,tumdowntheTV,please.Ionthephone・一Oh,sorry.（安徽中考题）A.havetalkedB.talkedC.amtalkingD.talk【解析】说话者叫Alice把电视机声音关小，说明他当时正在打电话，即用现在进行时。【答案】C举一反三Litoutside.YouMbettertakeanumbrellawithyou.（江西中考题）A.rainsB.israiningC.rainedD.hasrained2.—Listen.Whointhenextroom?™ItmaybeMrLee.A.singsB.issingingC・sangD.doessing 考点五：现在完成时典例5:…IsCindyathome?-一No,shethelibrary.Shethereamomentago.A.hasgoneto,wentB.hasgoneto,hasbeenC.hasbeento,wentD・hasbeento,hasgone举一反三1.■一Whataboutseeingthefilmwithme?■一SonyItwice.A・amseeingB.willseeC.seeD.haveseen2.一-Wouldyoulikesomecoffee?一-No,thanks.Isome.A.have,alreadyhaveB.had,justhadC・having,haveyethadD.tohave,havealreadyhad3・■一Haveyouyourticketyet?■一No,I"mstillit.A.found,findingB.lookedfor,lookingforC.found,lookingforD.lookedfor,finding2.…WhereisMissGao,Lily?…Shetotheteacher"s.A.hasbeenB.hasgoneC.wentD.wouldgo考点、六:过去进行典例6:一Whatdidtheteachersayjustnow?一Sorry・Ididn"tcatchit.Isomethingelse.A.thinkB.willthinkC.wasthinkingD.hadthought【解析】该题的正确答案为c。该题必须根据上下句来理解，第二句所要表达的意思是“刚才老师讲话的时候我在想别的事情。’‘即表达在过去某一时间发生的动作，所以要用过去进行时wasthinkingo【答案】C举一反三1.一Whatwhentheearthquake（地震）happenedonMay12th?—Er,Iwashavingageographyclassintheclassroom.A.areyoudoingB.didyoudoC・wereyoudoing2.…Whatyourfatherdoingateightyesterdayevening,Sandy?―Letmesee...Oh,hewasanewspaper. A.was,readingB.were,watchingC.was,lookingD・were,seeing■■MM務厂真题在线1.Wewillgoforapicnicifit（notrain）tomoiTOW.（2012浙江衢州）2.Mymother（be）agoodexampleformesinceIwasyoung.（2016陕西）3.Mymother（cook）dinnerwhenIgothomeyesterday.（2016天津）4Jfsnicetoseeyouagain.We（see）eachothersince2014.（2016北京）5.1sawJeffinthepark.He(sit)onthegrassandreadingabook.(2015河北)6.AuntLucywilltellussomethingabouthertriptoAustraliawhenshe(come)back.(2014上海)7.Hello,mayIspeaktoMr.Smith?Sorry,heisnlin.He(go)totheoffice.(2012福建福州)8.AuntLucywilltellussomethingabouthertriptoAustraliawhenshe(come)back.(2014上海)9.1supposeyouareatleast60yearsold.Thankyou.Fmgladyou(say)that.Myrealageis62.(2014黄冈)lO.Mum,whereisDad?He(plant)flowersinthegardennow.(2015北京)Key:doesntrain;hasbeen;wascooking;havenrtseen;wassitting;comes;said;isplanting1.Cotton(feel)niceandsoft.2.Pmsorryyoifvemissedthetrain,it(leave)10minutesago.3.Thefactory(open)sincetheFebruaryof1988.4.1fit(be)fine,we"llgofishingtomorrow.2.BythetimeIgothome,myparents(have)supper.3.Light(travel)muchfasterthansound・4.Thelastbusust(leave)whenthey(get)tothebusstop.5.WhenIgottoschooljrealizedI(leave)myhomeworkathome.9.1(feed)mycat,soitisfullnow・lO.Hisuncle(return)inthreedays・Key:feels;left;hasbeenopen;is;had,had;travels;hadjeft,got;hadleft;havefed;willreturn