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  • 2022-06-17 15:48:16 发布

专题一:句子的种类和结构(高考英语语法复习)

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一.句子的种类和结构种类1.用途角度(1).陈述句:陈述一件事情,分为肯定句和否定句(2).疑问句:提出问题,分为一般疑问句、特殊疑问句(whatwherewhenwhywhichwhohow)、选择疑问句(or)、反义疑问句(3)、祈使句:提出命令要求请求Eg.Setdownplease.(4)、感叹句:表达强烈的感情1)、由"what"引导的感叹句:"what"意为"多么"用作定语,修饰名词(被强调部分),单数可数名词前要加不定冠词a/an,复数可数名词或不可数名词前不用冠词.这类句子的结构形式是: what+(a/an)+adj.+n.+主语+谓语+(itis).  Eg.whataclevergirlsheis! Whataninterestingstoryitis! Whatgoodchildrentheyare! Whatdeliciousfooditis! 2) 、由"how"引导的感叹句:"how"意为"多么",用作状语,修饰形容词或副词(被强调部分).如果修饰形容词,则句中的谓语动词用系动词;如果how修饰副词,则句中的谓语动词用行为动词,这类句子的结构形式是: How+adj.(adv.)+主语+谓语+(itis). Howcolditistoday! Hownicethepicturesare! Howwellshesings! 3)、在表示同一意义时,英语感叹既可用"what"引导,也可用"how"引导.如: ①Whatahotdayitis! Howhotthedayis! ②Whattallbuildingstheyare! Howtallthebuildingsare! 4)、感叹句在表示激动强烈的感情时,口语中常常采用省略句,其后面的主语和谓语往往略去不讲. 2.结构句子是按照一定的语法规律组成的,表达一个完整的意义。一个句子一般由两部分构成,即主语部分和谓语部分,这两部分也叫做句子的主要成分。句子的次要成分包括宾语,定语,状语,表语等。句子成分是句子中起一定功用的组成部分。2.结构角度简单句a.主语+谓语eg.Hejumps. b.主语+谓语+宾语eg.Iloveyou.c.主语+系动词+表语eg.I’mthestudent.d.主语+谓语+直宾+间宾(双宾语)eg.Momboughtmeapen.e.主语+谓语+宾语+宾补eg.Hemakeshismotherhappy.f.Therebe句型eg.Therearemanyaappletreeinthegarden.Payattention:只有一个主谓结构的句子叫做简单句,主语可以是一个单独的人和物,也可以是多个人和物的并列,谓语可以是单独的一个动词,也可以是多个动词的并列,并列的主语或谓语在最后两个词之间用“and”并列,其余用“,”隔开。句子可以没有主语,但一定要有谓语结构(一)主语:主语是谓语讲述的对象,或是动作的执行者。表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。一般由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词或短语来充当。动名词、动词不定式或从句作主语时通常用it作形式主语。它在句首。如:(1)Lucyisabeautifulnurse.(作主语)(2)Hereadsnewspaperseveryday.(作主语)(3)Smokingisharmfultothehealth.(作主语)(4)ToswiminKunmingLakeisagreatpleasure. (作主语)(5)Whatweshoulddoisnotyetdecided.(作主语)(6)It’snouseregrettingit.后悔是无用的。(形式主语,真正主语是)(7)Itisveryhardtogettosleep.入睡很难。(形式主语,真正主语是)(8)Itisveryclearthattheelephantisroundandtalllikeatree.(形式主语,真正主语是)(二)谓语说明主语“做什么”“是什么”或“怎么样”。谓语(谓语部分里主要的词)必须是动词。谓语和主语在人称和数两方面必须一致。它在主语后面。如:Hisparentsareteachers.(和一起作谓语)Westudyhard.(作谓语)Wedon’tfinishreadingthebook.(和一起作谓语)HecanspeakEnglish.(和一起作谓语)(三)宾语宾语是动作、行为的对象 ,由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词、短语来担任,但人称代词要用宾格。它和及物动词一起说明主语做什么。需要说明的是:只有及物动词和介词或相当于及物动词和介词的短语才可带宾语。一般放在谓语之后。Sheisdoingherhomeworknow.(作宾语)Shesays(that)sheisill.(作动词宾语)Weoftenhelphim.(作宾语)Helikestoplaybasketball.(作宾语)Weenjoylisteningtothemusic.我们喜欢听音乐。(作宾语)Areyouafraidofthesnake?(作的宾语)note1:宾语是及物动词vt.涉及到的人或物,宾语一般放在及物动词之后。note2:及物动词作谓语时,后面要跟宾语。宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语是及物动词的直接对象,直接宾语指物,间接宾语通常是及物动词的动作所及的人,间接宾语指人。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语之前。不是所有的及物动词都可以用双宾语。有的动词可以跟。如:give,show(给……看),bring,pass,buy等。如:(1)Ourteachertellsusastory.(直接宾语是间接宾语是)(2)Thesungivesuslight.(直接宾语是 间接宾语是)间接宾语如果放在直接宾语之后,在表示“人”的间接宾语之前会出现介词“to”或“for”。间接宾语前加“to”的有:give,show,send,bring,read,pass,lend,leave,hand,tell,return,write,throw,promise(答应),refuse(拒绝)等。间接宾语加“for”的有:make,buy,do,get,play,order(命令),sing,pay等(1)Igivehimabook.改成:(2)Hepassesmethebook.改成:(3)Hewritesmealetter.改成:(4)Hewillbuymesomebooks.改成:(5)Sheismakingmeacake.改成:(四)宾语补足语在宾语后面补充说明宾语的动作、状态、特征的成分,称为宾语补足语;补充说明主语的叫主语补足语。名词、形容词、副词、介词短语以及动词不定式、分词等可用作宾语补足语。宾语和宾语补足语称为复合宾语。如:Theymakeherhappy.(作宾补)Iseeherdance.(作宾补)We’llhelpyoutomaketheOlympicsasuccess. (作宾补)Pleaselethimin.(作宾补)Pleasemakeyourselfathome.(作宾补)Weheardhersingingasong.(作宾补)I’llhavemybikerepaired.(作宾补)主补:对主语的补充。Hewaselectedmonitor.(作主补)Shewasfoundsinginginthenextroom.(作主补)Hewasadvisedtoteachthelazyboyalesson.(作主补)(五)表语表语说明主语“是什么”或者“怎么样”,由名词、形容词、副词、介词、不定式及相当于名词或形容词或短语来担任。它的位置在系动词后面。如:Iamateacher.(作表语)Heisalwayshappy.(作表语)Theyareontheplaygroundnow.(作表语)Itgetscold.(作表语)Hisfatherisin.(作表语)Thequestioniswhethertheywillcome.(作表语) 系动词1.Be动词am,is,are,was,were2.表保持keep,stay,remain3.表改变get,become,turn4.感官动词feel,sound(听起来),seem/look(看起来),taste(尝起来),smell(闻起来)如:Itsoundsinteresting.(sound为系动词,interesting为表语)Weshouldallremaincareful.(Remain为系动词,careful为表语)(六)定语定语是用来修饰名词或代词的,起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子,汉语中常用‘……的’表示。形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不等式或相当于形容词的词或短语等。单个词作定语时,通常放在它所修饰的名词之前。如:Theblackbikeismine.(形容词)What’syourname?(代词)Theymakepaperflowers.(名词)note1:当定语修饰不定代词:nothing,anything, everything,something等时,定语在不定代词后面。如:Itellhimsomethinginteresting.(形容词interesting作不定代词something的后置定语)Hehassomethingtodo.(todo为不定式作后置定语)note2:短语或从句作定语时,也放在被修饰的名词之后。副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。如:TheboysintheroomareinClassFour.(intheroom是介词短语作theboys的后置定语。)形容词作定语:Thelittleboyneedsabluepen。Tomisahandsomeboy.数词作定语相当于形容词:Twoboysneedtwopens.Thetwoboysarestudents.Therearetwoboysintheroom.代词或名词所有格作定语:HisboyneedsTom"spen.HisnameisTom.TherearetwoboysofTomsthere.介词短语作定语:Theboyintheclassroomneedsapenofyours. TheboyinblueisTom.Therearetwoboysof9,andthreeof10.名词作定语:Theboyneedsaballpen.Itisaballpen.Thereisonlyoneballpeninthepencilbox.副词作定语:Theboythereneedsapen.ThebestboyhereisTom.不定式作定语:Theboytowritethisletterneedsapen.TheboytowritethisletterisTomThereisnothingtodotoday.分词(短语)作定语:Thesmilingboyneedsapenboughtbyhismother.ThepenboughtbyherismadeinChina.Therearefiveboysleft.定语从句TheboywhoisreadingneedsthepenwhichyouboughtyesterdayTheboyyouwillknowisTom.Therearefiveboyswhowillplaythegame. (七)状语状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句,一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等意义,一般由副词、介词短语、不定式短语来表示。说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等。状语在句子中的位置很灵活,状语一般放在句末,但有的可以放在句首、句中。有时状语在句中的某个位置会引起歧义,应注意,如:Theboycallsthegirlintheclassroom.一般理解成‘男孩喊教室里的女孩‘(此时intheclassroom为girl的定语),也可以理解为‘男孩在教室里喊女孩’(此时intheclassroom为地点状语),最好写作‘Intheclassroom,theboycallsthegirl.如:Hediditcarefully.(副词)Weoftenhelphim.(副词)HermothergoesouttodosomeshoppingonSunday.(介词短语)WhenIgrowup,Iamgoingtobeateacher.(从句作时间状语)Hesitsthere.(副词地点状语)副词(短语)作状语Theboyneedsapenverymuch.(程度状语)Theboyneedsverymuchthepenboughtbyhismother. (宾语较长则状语前置)Theboyreallyneedsapen.(程度状语)Theboyneedsapennow.=Now,theboyneedsapen.=Theboy,now,needsapen.(时间状语)介词短语作状语:Intheclassroom,theboyneedsapen.(地点状语)Beforehismother,Tomisalwaysaboy.条件状语)OnSundays,thereisnostudentintheclassroom.(时间状语)分词(短语)作状语:Hesitsthere,askingforapen.(表示伴随状态)Havingtofinishhishomework,theboyneedsapen.(原因状语)Frightened,hesitstheresoundlessly.(原因状语)不定式作状语:Theboyneedsapentodohishomework.(目的状语)Tomakehisdreamcometrue,Tombecomesveryinterestedinbusiness.名词作状语:Comethisway!(方向状语)状语从句:时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、目的状语从句、比较状语从句、让步状语从句、条件状语从句 八)同位语:同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分,近乎于后置定语。如:Westudentsshouldstudyhard./(students是we的同位语,都是指同一批‘学生’)Weallarestudents./(all是we的同位语,都指同样的‘我们’)(九)独立成分:有时句子中会有一些与句子没有语法联系的成分,称为句子独立成分(注意:区别于分词独立结构。感叹词:oh,hello,aha,ah,等。肯定词yes否定词no称呼语:称呼人的用语。插入语:一些句中插入的Ithink,Ibelieve,等。如:Thestory,Ithink,hasnevercometotheend.情态词,表示说话人的语气(多作为修饰全句的状语):perhaps也许,maybe大概,acturely实际上,certainly当然,等。并列句简单句+并列连词+简单句Andbutsoornorforwhile复合句名词性从句:主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句形容词性从句:定语从句 副词性从句:状语从句并列复合句用并列连词连接一个简单句和一个复合句的句子Eg.lookfortheexpressionstheyusetokeeptheconversationgoingandunderlinethem.句子成分练习题一).指出下列句中主语的中心词①Theteacherwithtwoofhisstudentsiswalkingintotheclassroom.②Thereisanoldmancominghere.③Theusefuldictionarywasgivenbymymotherlastyear.④Todotoday"shomeworkwithouttheteacher"shelpisverydifficult.(二)选出句中谓语的中心词①Idon"tlikethepictureonthewall. A.don"tB.likeC.pictureD.wall②Thedaysgetlongerandlongerwhensummercomes.A.getB.longerC.daysD.summer③Doyouusuallygotoschoolbybus?A.DoB.usuallyC.goD.bus④Therewillbeameetingatthelibrarythisafternoon.A.willbeB.meetingC.thelibraryD.afternoon⑤Didthetwinshaveporridgefortheirbreakfast?A.DidB.twinsC.haveD.breakfast⑥Tomdidn"tdohishomeworkyesterday.A.TomB.didn"tC.doD.hishomework⑦WhatIwanttotellyouisthis.A.wantB.totellC.youD.is⑧Wehadbettersendforadoctor.A.WeB.hadC.sendD.doctor⑨Heisinterestedinmusic. A.isB.interestedC.inD.music⑩Whomdidyougivemybookto?A.giveB.didC.whomD.book(三)挑出下列句中的宾语①Mybrotherhasn"tdonehishomework.②PeopleallovertheworldspeakEnglish.③Youmustpaygoodattentiontoyourpronunciation.④Howmanynewwordsdidyoulearnlastclass?⑤Someofthestudentsintheschoolwanttogoswimming,howaboutyou?⑥Theoldmansittingatthegatesaidhewasill.⑦Theymadehimmonitoroftheclass.⑧Goacrossthebridgeandyouwillfindthemuseumontheleft.⑨Youwillfinditusefulafteryouleaveschool.⑩Theydidn"tknowwho"FatherChristmas"reallyis.(四)挑出下列句中的表语①Theoldmanwasfeelingverytired.②WhyisheworriedaboutJim?③Theleaveshaveturnedyellow.④SoonTheyallbecameinterestedinthesubject.⑤Shewasthefirsttolearnaboutit. (五)挑出下列句中的定语①TheyuseMr,Mrswiththefamilyname.②Whatisyourgivenname?③OnthethirdlapareClass1andClass3.④Iamafraidsomepeopleforgottosweepthefloor.⑤Themandownstairswastryingtosleep.⑥Iamwaitingforthesoundoftheothershoe!(六)挑出下列句中的宾语补足语①Shelikesthechildrentoreadnewspapersandbooksinthereading-room.②Heaskedhertotaketheboyoutofschool.③Shefounditdifficulttodothework.④TheycallmeLilysometimes.⑤IsawMrWanggetonthebus.⑥DidyouseeLiMingplayingfootballontheplaygroundjustnow?(七)挑出下列句中的状语①Therewasabigsmileonherface.②Everynightheheardthenoiseupstairs.③HebegantolearnEnglishwhenhewaseleven.④Themanonthemotorbikewastravellingtoofast.⑤Withthemedicineboxunderherarm,MissLihurried off.⑥Shelovesthelibrarybecauseshelovesbooks.⑦Iamafraidthatifyou"velostit,youmustpayforit.⑧ThestudentsfollowedUncleWangtoseetheothermachine.(八)划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语①Pleasetellusastory.②Myfatherboughtanewbikeformelastweek.③MrLiisgoingtoteachushistorynextterm.④Hereisapen.GiveittoTom.⑤Didheleaveanymessageforme?答案(一)①teacher②man③dictionary④Todo (二)①B②A③C④A⑤C⑥C⑦D⑧C⑨A⑩A(三)①homework.②English.③attention④words⑤togoswimming⑥hewasill.⑦himmonitor⑧bridgemuseum⑨itschool.⑩who"FatherChristmas"reallyis.(四)①tired.②worried③yellow.④interested⑤thefirst(五)①family②given③third④some⑤downstairs⑥oftheothershoe!(六)①toreadnewspapersandbooks②totaketheboy③difficult④Lily⑤getonthebus⑥playingfootball(七)①onherface.②Everynight③whenhewaseleven.④toofast.⑤Withthemedicineboxunderherarm⑥becauseshelovesbooks.⑦ifyou’velostit⑧toseetheothermachine.(八)①us,间接宾语astory,直接宾语②me,间接宾语anewbike,直接宾语③us,间接宾语history,直接宾语④Tom,间接宾语it,直接宾语⑤me,间接宾语message, 直接宾语