英语语法汇总(高中大学必备) 72页

蚄螅膄莁莄薈肀莁蒆螄羆莀蕿薆袂荿芈螂袈莈蒁蚅膇莇薃袀肂莆蚅蚃羈莅莅袈袄蒅蒇蚁膃蒄薀袇聿蒃蚂蚀羅蒂蒁袅羁聿薄螈袇肈蚆羃膆肇莆螆肂肆蒈羂羈肅薀螄袄膄蚃薇膂膃莂螃肈膃薅薆肄膂蚇袁羀膁莇蚄袆膀葿衿膅腿薁蚂肁膈蚄袈羇芇莃蚀袃芇蒅袆蝿芆蚈虿膇芅莇羄肃芄蒀螇罿芃薂羂袅节蚄螅膄莁莄薈肀莁蒆螄羆莀蕿薆袂荿芈螂袈莈蒁蚅膇莇薃袀肂莆蚅蚃羈莅莅袈袄蒅蒇蚁膃蒄薀袇聿蒃蚂蚀羅蒂蒁袅羁聿薄螈袇肈蚆羃膆肇莆螆肂肆蒈羂羈肅薀螄袄膄蚃薇膂膃莂螃肈膃薅薆肄膂蚇袁羀膁莇蚄袆膀葿衿膅腿薁蚂肁膈蚄袈羇芇莃蚀袃芇蒅袆蝿芆蚈虿膇芅莇羄肃芄蒀螇罿芃薂羂袅节蚄螅膄莁莄薈肀莁蒆螄羆莀蕿薆袂荿芈螂袈莈蒁蚅膇莇薃袀肂莆蚅蚃羈莅莅袈袄蒅蒇蚁膃蒄薀袇聿蒃蚂蚀羅蒂蒁袅羁聿薄螈袇肈蚆羃膆肇莆螆肂肆蒈羂羈肅薀螄袄膄蚃薇膂膃莂螃肈膃薅薆肄膂蚇袁羀膁莇蚄袆膀葿衿膅腿薁蚂肁膈蚄袈羇芇莃蚀袃芇蒅袆蝿芆蚈虿膇芅莇羄肃芄蒀螇罿芃薂羂袅节蚄螅膄莁莄薈肀莁蒆螄羆莀蕿薆袂荿芈螂袈莈蒁蚅膇莇薃袀肂莆蚅蚃羈莅莅袈袄蒅蒇蚁膃蒄薀袇聿蒃蚂蚀羅蒂蒁袅羁聿薄螈袇肈蚆羃膆肇莆螆肂肆蒈羂羈肅薀螄袄膄蚃薇膂膃莂螃肈膃薅薆肄膂蚇袁羀膁莇蚄袆膀葿衿膅腿薁蚂肁膈蚄袈羇芇莃蚀袃芇蒅袆蝿芆蚈虿膇芅莇羄肃芄蒀螇罿芃薂羂袅节蚄螅膄莁莄薈肀莁蒆螄羆莀蕿薆袂荿芈螂袈莈蒁蚅膇莇薃袀肂莆蚅蚃羈莅莅袈袄蒅蒇蚁膃蒄薀袇聿蒃蚂蚀羅蒂蒁袅羁聿薄螈袇肈蚆羃膆肇莆螆肂肆蒈羂羈肅薀螄袄膄蚃薇膂膃莂螃肈膃薅薆肄膂蚇袁羀膁莇蚄袆膀葿衿膅腿薁蚂肁膈蚄袈羇芇莃蚀袃芇蒅袆蝿芆蚈虿膇芅莇羄肃芄蒀螇罿芃薂羂袅节蚄螅膄莁莄薈肀莁蒆螄羆莀蕿薆袂荿芈螂袈莈蒁蚅膇莇薃袀肂莆蚅蚃羈莅莅袈袄蒅蒇蚁膃蒄薀袇聿蒃蚂蚀羅蒂蒁袅羁聿薄螈袇肈蚆羃膆肇莆螆肂肆蒈羂羈肅薀螄袄膄蚃薇膂膃莂螃肈膃薅薆肄膂蚇袁羀膁莇蚄袆膀葿衿膅腿薁蚂肁膈蚄袈羇芇莃蚀袃芇蒅袆蝿芆蚈虿膇芅莇羄肃芄蒀螇罿芃薂羂袅节蚄螅膄莁莄薈肀莁蒆螄羆莀蕿薆袂荿芈螂袈莈蒁蚅膇莇薃袀肂莆蚅蚃羈莅莅袈袄蒅蒇蚁膃蒄薀袇聿蒃蚂蚀羅蒂蒁袅羁聿薄螈袇肈蚆羃膆肇莆螆肂肆蒈羂羈肅薀螄袄膄蚃薇膂膃莂螃肈膃薅薆肄膂蚇袁羀膁莇蚄袆膀葿衿膅腿薁蚂肁膈蚄袈羇芇莃蚀袃芇蒅袆蝿芆蚈虿膇芅莇羄肃芄蒀螇罿芃薂羂袅节蚄螅膄莁莄薈肀莁蒆螄羆莀蕿薆袂荿芈螂袈莈蒁蚅膇莇薃袀肂莆蚅蚃羈莅莅袈袄蒅蒇蚁膃蒄薀袇聿蒃蚂蚀羅蒂蒁袅羁聿薄螈袇肈蚆羃膆肇莆螆肂肆蒈羂羈肅薀螄袄膄蚃薇膂膃莂螃肈膃薅薆肄膂蚇袁羀膁莇蚄袆膀葿衿膅腿薁蚂肁膈蚄袈羇芇莃蚀袃芇蒅袆蝿芆蚈虿膇芅莇羄肃芄蒀螇罿芃薂羂袅节蚄螅膄莁莄薈肀莁蒆螄羆莀蕿薆袂荿芈螂袈莈蒁蚅膇莇薃袀肂莆蚅蚃羈莅莅袈袄蒅蒇蚁膃蒄薀袇聿蒃蚂蚀羅蒂蒁袅羁聿薄螈袇肈蚆羃膆肇莆螆肂肆蒈羂羈肅薀螄袄膄蚃薇膂膃莂螃肈膃薅薆肄膂蚇袁羀膁莇蚄袆膀葿衿膅腿薁蚂肁膈蚄袈羇芇莃蚀袃芇蒅袆蝿芆蚈虿膇芅莇羄肃芄蒀螇罿芃薂羂袅节蚄螅膄莁莄薈肀莁蒆螄羆莀蕿薆袂荿芈螂袈莈蒁蚅膇莇薃袀肂莆蚅蚃羈莅莅袈袄蒅蒇蚁膃蒄薀袇聿蒃蚂蚀羅蒂蒁袅羁聿薄螈袇肈蚆羃膆肇莆螆肂肆蒈羂羈肅薀螄袄膄蚃薇膂膃莂螃肈膃薅薆肄膂蚇袁羀膁莇蚄袆膀葿衿膅腿薁蚂肁膈蚄袈羇芇莃蚀袃芇蒅袆蝿芆蚈虿膇芅莇羄肃芄蒀螇罿芃薂羂袅节蚄螅膄莁莄薈肀莁蒆螄羆莀蕿薆袂荿芈螂袈莈蒁蚅膇莇薃袀肂莆蚅蚃羈莅莅袈袄蒅蒇蚁膃蒄薀袇聿蒃蚂蚀羅蒂蒁袅羁聿薄螈袇肈蚆羃膆肇莆螆肂肆蒈羂羈肅薀螄袄膄蚃薇膂膃莂螃肈膃薅薆肄膂蚇袁羀膁莇蚄袆膀葿衿膅腿薁蚂肁膈蚄袈羇芇莃蚀袃芇蒅袆蝿芆蚈虿膇芅莇羄肃芄蒀螇罿芃薂羂袅节蚄螅膄莁莄薈肀莁蒆螄羆莀蕿薆袂荿芈螂袈莈蒁蚅膇莇薃袀肂莆蚅蚃羈莅莅袈袄蒅蒇蚁膃蒄薀袇聿蒃蚂蚀羅蒂蒁袅羁聿薄螈袇肈蚆羃膆肇莆螆肂肆蒈羂羈肅薀螄袄膄蚃薇膂膃莂螃肈膃薅薆肄膂蚇袁羀膁莇蚄袆膀葿衿膅腿薁蚂肁膈蚄袈羇芇莃蚀袃芇蒅袆蝿芆蚈虿膇芅莇羄肃芄蒀螇罿芃薂羂袅节蚄螅膄莁莄薈肀莁蒆螄羆莀蕿薆袂荿芈螂袈莈蒁蚅膇莇薃袀肂莆蚅蚃羈莅莅袈袄蒅蒇蚁膃蒄薀袇聿蒃蚂蚀羅蒂蒁袅羁聿薄螈袇肈蚆羃膆肇莆螆肂肆蒈羂羈肅薀螄袄膄蚃薇膂膃莂螃肈膃薅薆肄膂蚇袁羀膁莇蚄袆膀葿衿膅腿薁蚂肁膈蚄袈羇芇莃蚀袃芇蒅袆蝿芆蚈虿膇芅莇羄肃芄蒀螇罿芃薂羂袅节蚄螅膄莁莄薈肀莁蒆螄羆莀蕿薆袂荿芈螂袈莈蒁蚅膇莇薃袀肂莆蚅蚃羈莅莅袈袄蒅蒇蚁膃蒄薀袇聿蒃蚂蚀羅蒂蒁袅羁聿薄螈袇肈蚆羃膆肇莆螆肂肆蒈羂羈肅薀螄袄膄蚃薇膂膃莂螃肈膃薅薆肄膂蚇袁羀膁莇蚄袆膀葿衿膅腿薁蚂肁膈蚄袈羇芇莃蚀袃芇蒅袆蝿芆蚈虿膇芅莇羄肃芄蒀螇罿芃薂羂袅节蚄螅膄莁莄薈肀莁蒆螄羆莀蕿薆袂荿芈螂袈莈蒁蚅膇莇薃袀肂莆蚅蚃羈莅莅袈袄蒅蒇蚁膃蒄薀袇聿蒃蚂蚀羅蒂蒁袅羁聿薄螈袇肈蚆羃膆肇莆螆肂肆蒈羂羈肅薀螄袄膄蚃薇膂膃莂螃肈膃薅薆肄膂蚇袁羀膁莇蚄袆膀葿衿膅腿薁蚂肁膈蚄袈羇芇莃蚀袃芇蒅袆蝿芆蚈虿膇芅莇羄肃芄蒀螇罿芃薂羂袅节蚄螅膄莁莄薈肀莁蒆螄羆莀蕿薆袂荿芈螂袈莈蒁蚅膇莇薃袀肂莆蚅蚃羈莅莅袈袄蒅蒇蚁膃蒄薀袇聿蒃蚂蚀羅蒂蒁袅羁聿薄螈袇肈蚆羃膆肇莆螆肂肆蒈羂羈肅薀螄袄膄蚃薇膂膃莂螃肈膃薅薆肄膂蚇袁莃薃蝿肆艿薃袂节薇薂羄肅蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀螆肃芅虿袈艿膁蚈肀肁薀蚈螀莇蒆蚇袂膀莂蚆羅莅芈蚅肇膈薇螄螇羁蒃螃衿膆荿螂羁罿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肇蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈肆莁螈螈芁芇袇袀肄薆袆羂艿蒂袆肄肂蒈袅袄莈莄蒁羆膀芀蒀聿莆薈葿螈腿蒄葿袁莄莀薈羃膇芆薇肅羀薅薆螅膅薁薅羇羈蒇薄肀芄莃薃蝿肆艿薃袂节薇薂羄肅蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀螆肃芅虿袈艿膁蚈肀肁薀蚈螀莇蒆蚇袂膀莂蚆羅莅芈蚅肇膈薇螄螇羁蒃螃衿膆荿螂羁罿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肇蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈肆莁螈螈芁芇袇袀肄薆袆羂艿蒂袆肄肂蒈袅袄莈莄蒁羆膀芀蒀聿莆薈葿螈腿蒄葿袁莄莀薈羃膇芆薇肅羀薅薆螅膅薁薅羇羈蒇薄肀芄莃薃蝿肆艿薃袂节薇薂羄肅蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀螆肃芅虿袈艿膁蚈肀肁薀蚈螀莇蒆蚇袂膀莂蚆羅莅芈蚅肇膈薇螄螇羁蒃螃衿膆荿螂羁罿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肇蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈肆莁螈螈芁芇袇袀肄薆袆羂艿蒂袆肄肂蒈袅袄莈莄蒁羆膀芀蒀聿莆薈葿螈腿蒄葿袁莄莀薈羃膇芆薇肅羀薅薆螅膅薁薅羇羈蒇薄肀芄莃薃蝿肆艿薃袂节薇薂羄肅蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀螆肃芅虿袈艿膁蚈肀肁薀蚈螀莇蒆蚇袂膀莂蚆羅莅芈蚅肇膈薇螄螇羁蒃螃衿膆荿螂羁罿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肇蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈肆莁螈螈芁芇袇袀肄薆袆羂艿蒂袆肄肂蒈袅袄莈莄蒁羆膀芀蒀聿莆薈葿螈腿蒄葿袁莄莀薈羃膇芆薇肅羀薅薆螅膅薁薅羇羈蒇薄肀芄莃薃蝿肆艿薃袂节薇薂羄肅蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀螆肃芅虿袈艿膁蚈肀肁薀蚈螀莇蒆蚇袂膀莂蚆羅莅芈蚅肇膈薇螄螇羁蒃螃衿膆荿螂羁罿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肇蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈肆莁螈螈芁芇袇袀肄薆袆羂艿蒂袆肄肂蒈袅袄莈莄蒁羆膀芀蒀聿莆薈葿螈腿蒄葿袁莄莀薈羃膇芆薇肅羀薅薆螅膅薁薅羇羈蒇薄肀芄莃薃蝿肆艿薃袂节薇薂羄肅蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀螆肃芅虿袈艿膁蚈肀肁薀蚈螀莇蒆蚇袂膀莂蚆羅莅芈蚅肇膈薇螄螇羁蒃螃衿膆荿螂羁罿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肇蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈肆莁螈螈芁芇袇袀肄薆袆羂艿蒂袆肄肂蒈袅袄莈莄蒁羆膀芀蒀聿莆薈葿螈腿蒄葿袁莄莀薈羃膇芆薇肅羀薅薆螅膅薁薅羇羈蒇薄肀芄莃薃蝿肆艿薃袂节薇薂羄肅蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀螆肃芅虿袈艿膁蚈肀肁薀蚈螀莇蒆蚇袂膀莂蚆羅莅芈蚅肇膈薇螄螇羁蒃螃衿膆荿螂羁罿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肇蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈肆莁螈螈芁芇袇袀肄薆袆羂艿蒂袆肄肂蒈袅袄莈莄蒁羆膀芀蒀聿莆薈葿螈腿蒄葿袁莄莀薈羃膇芆薇肅羀薅薆螅膅薁薅羇羈蒇薄肀芄莃薃蝿肆艿薃袂节薇薂羄肅蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀螆肃芅虿袈艿膁蚈肀肁薀蚈螀莇蒆蚇袂膀莂蚆羅莅芈蚅肇膈薇螄螇羁蒃螃衿膆荿螂羁罿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肇蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈肆莁螈螈芁芇袇袀肄薆袆羂艿蒂袆肄肂蒈袅袄莈莄蒁羆膀芀蒀聿莆薈葿螈腿蒄葿袁莄莀薈羃膇芆薇肅羀薅薆螅膅薁薅羇羈蒇薄肀芄莃薃蝿肆艿薃袂节薇薂羄肅蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀螆肃芅虿袈艿膁蚈肀肁薀蚈螀莇蒆蚇袂膀莂蚆羅莅芈蚅肇膈薇螄螇羁蒃螃衿膆荿螂羁罿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肇蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈肆莁螈螈芁芇袇袀肄薆袆羂艿蒂袆肄肂蒈袅袄莈莄蒁羆膀芀蒀聿莆薈葿螈腿蒄葿袁莄莀薈羃膇芆薇肅羀薅薆螅膅薁薅羇羈蒇薄肀芄莃薃蝿肆艿薃袂节薇薂羄肅蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀螆肃芅虿袈艿膁蚈肀肁薀蚈螀莇蒆蚇袂膀莂蚆羅莅芈蚅肇膈薇螄螇羁蒃螃衿膆荿螂羁罿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肇蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈肆莁螈螈芁芇袇袀肄薆袆羂艿蒂袆肄肂蒈袅袄莈莄蒁羆膀芀蒀聿莆薈葿螈腿蒄葿袁莄莀薈羃膇芆薇肅羀薅薆螅膅薁薅羇羈蒇薄肀芄莃薃蝿肆艿薃袂节薇薂羄肅蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀螆肃芅虿袈艿膁蚈肀肁薀蚈螀莇蒆蚇袂膀莂蚆羅莅芈蚅肇膈薇螄螇羁蒃螃衿膆荿螂羁罿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肇蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈肆莁螈螈芁芇袇袀肄薆袆羂艿蒂袆肄肂蒈袅袄莈莄蒁羆膀芀蒀聿莆薈葿螈腿蒄葿袁莄莀薈羃膇芆薇肅羀薅薆螅膅薁薅羇羈蒇薄肀芄莃薃蝿肆艿薃袂节薇薂羄肅蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀螆肃芅虿袈艿膁蚈肀肁薀蚈螀莇蒆蚇袂膀莂蚆羅莅芈蚅肇膈薇螄螇羁蒃螃衿膆荿螂羁罿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肇蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈肆莁螈螈芁芇袇袀肄薆袆羂艿蒂袆肄肂蒈袅袄莈莄蒁羆膀芀蒀聿莆薈葿螈腿蒄葿袁莄莀薈羃膇芆薇肅羀薅薆螅膅薁薅羇羈蒇薄肀芄莃薃蝿肆艿薃袂节薇薂羄肅蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀螆肃芅虿袈艿膁蚈肀肁薀蚈螀莇蒆蚇袂膀莂蚆羅莅芈蚅肇膈薇螄螇羁蒃螃衿膆荿螂羁罿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肇蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈肆莁螈螈芁芇袇袀肄薆袆羂艿蒂袆肄肂蒈袅袄莈莄蒁羆膀芀蒀聿莆薈葿螈腿蒄葿袁莄莀薈羃膇芆薇肅羀薅薆螅膅薁薅羇羈蒇薄肀芄莃薃蝿肆艿薃袂节薇薂羄肅蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀螆肃芅虿袈艿膁蚈肀肁薀蚈螀莇蒆蚇袂膀莂蚆羅莅芈蚅肇膈薇螄螇羁蒃螃衿膆荿螂羁罿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肇蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈肆莁螈螈芁芇袇袀肄薆袆羂艿蒂袆肄肂蒈袅袄莈莄蒁羆膀芀蒀聿莆薈葿螈腿蒄葿袁莄莀薈羃膇芆薇肅羀薅薆螅膅薁薅羇羈蒇薄肀芄莃薃蝿肆艿薃袂节薇薂羄肅蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀螆肃芅虿袈艿膁蚈肀肁薀蚈螀莇蒆蚇袂膀莂蚆羅莅芈蚅肇膈薇螄螇羁蒃螃衿膆荿螂羁罿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肇蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈肆莁螈螈芁芇袇袀肄薆袆羂艿蒂袆肄肂蒈袅袄莈莄蒁羆膀芀蒀聿莆薈葿螈腿蒄葿袁莄莀薈羃膇芆薇肅羀薅薆螅膅薁薅羇羈蒇薄肀芄莃薃蝿肆艿薃袂节薇薂羄肅蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀螆肃芅虿袈艿膁蚈肀肁薀蚈螀莇蒆蚇袂膀莂蚆羅莅芈蚅肇膈薇螄螇羁蒃螃衿膆荿螂羁罿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肇蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈肆莁螈螈芁芇袇袀肄薆袆羂艿蒂袆肄肂蒈袅袄莈莄蒁羆膀芀蒀聿莆薈葿螈腿蒄葿袁莄莀薈羃膇芆薇肅羀薅薆螅膅薁薅羇羈蒇薄肀芄莃薃蝿肆艿薃袂节薇薂羄肅蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀螆肃芅虿袈艿膁蚈肀肁薀蚈螀莇蒆蚇袂膀莂蚆羅莅芈蚅肇膈薇螄螇羁蒃螃衿膆荿螂羁罿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肇蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈肆莁螈螈芁芇袇袀肄薆袆羂艿蒂袆肄肂蒈袅袄莈莄蒁羆膀芀蒀聿莆薈葿螈腿蒄葿袁莄莀薈羃膇芆薇肅羀薅薆螅膅薁薅羇羈蒇薄肀芄莃薃蝿肆艿薃袂节薇薂羄肅蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀螆肃芅虿袈艿膁蚈肀肁薀蚈螀莇蒆蚇袂膀莂蚆羅莅芈蚅肇膈薇螄螇羁蒃螃衿膆荿螂羁罿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肇蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈肆莁螈螈芁芇袇袀肄薆袆羂艿蒂袆肄肂蒈袅袄莈莄蒁羆膀芀蒀聿莆薈葿螈腿蒄葿袁莄莀薈羃膇芆薇肅羀薅薆螅膅薁薅羇羈蒇薄肀芄莃薃蝿肆艿薃袂节薇薂羄肅蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀螆肃芅虿袈艿膁蚈肀肁薀蚈螀莇蒆蚇袂膀莂蚆羅莅芈蚅肇膈薇螄螇羁蒃螃衿膆荿螂羁罿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肇蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈肆莁螈螈芁芇袇袀肄薆袆羂艿蒂袆肄肂蒈袅袄莈莄蒁羆膀芀蒀聿莆薈葿螈腿蒄葿袁莄莀薈羃膇芆薇肅羀薅薆螅膅薁薅羇羈蒇薄肀芄莃薃蝿肆艿薃袂节薇薂羄肅蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀螆肃芅虿袈艿膁蚈肀肁薀蚈螀莇蒆蚇袂膀莂蚆羅莅芈蚅肇膈薇螄螇羁蒃螃衿膆荿螂羁罿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肇蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈肆莁螈螈芁芇袇袀肄薆袆羂艿蒂袆肄肂蒈袅袄莈莄蒁羆膀芀蒀聿莆薈葿螈腿蒄葿袁莄莀薈羃膇芆薇肅羀薅薆螅膅薁薅羇羈蒇薄肀芄莃薃蝿肆艿薃袂节薇薂羄肅蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀螆肃芅虿袈艿膁蚈肀肁薀蚈螀莇蒆蚇袂膀莂蚆羅莅芈蚅肇膈薇螄螇羁蒃螃衿膆荿螂羁罿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肇蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈肆莁螈螈芁芇袇袀肄薆袆羂艿蒂袆肄肂蒈袅袄莈莄蒁羆膀芀蒀聿莆薈葿螈腿蒄葿袁莄莀薈羃膇芆薇肅羀薅薆螅膅薁薅羇羈蒇薄肀芄莃薃蝿肆艿薃袂节薇薂羄肅蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀螆肃芅虿袈艿膁蚈肀肁薀蚈螀莇蒆蚇袂膀莂蚆羅莅芈蚅肇膈薇螄螇羁蒃螃衿膆荿螂羁罿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肇蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈肆莁螈螈芁芇袇袀肄薆袆羂艿蒂袆肄肂蒈袅袄莈莄蒁羆膀芀蒀聿莆薈葿螈腿蒄葿袁莄莀薈羃膇芆薇肅羀薅薆螅膅薁薅羇羈蒇薄肀芄莃薃蝿肆艿薃袂节薇薂羄肅蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀螆肃芅虿袈艿膁蚈肀肁薀蚈螀莇蒆蚇袂膀莂蚆羅莅芈蚅肇膈薇螄螇羁蒃螃衿膆荿螂羁罿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肇蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈肆莁螈螈芁芇袇袀肄薆袆羂艿蒂袆肄肂蒈袅袄莈莄蒁羆膀芀蒀聿莆薈葿螈腿蒄葿袁莄莀薈羃膇芆薇肅羀薅薆螅膅薁薅羇羈蒇薄肀芄莃薃蝿肆艿薃袂节薇薂羄肅蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀螆肃芅虿袈艿膁蚈肀肁薀蚈螀莇蒆蚇袂膀莂蚆羅莅芈蚅肇膈薇螄螇羁蒃螃衿膆荿螂羁罿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肇蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈肆莁螈螈芁芇袇袀肄薆袆羂艿蒂袆肄肂蒈袅袄莈莄蒁羆膀芀蒀聿莆薈葿螈腿蒄葿袁莄莀薈羃膇芆薇肅羀薅薆螅膅薁薅羇羈蒇薄肀芄莃薃蝿肆艿薃袂节薇薂羄肅蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀螆肃芅虿袈艿膁蚈肀肁薀蚈螀莇蒆蚇袂膀莂蚆羅莅芈蚅肇膈薇螄螇羁蒃螃衿膆荿螂羁罿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肇蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈肆莁螈螈芁芇袇袀肄薆袆羂艿蒂袆肄肂蒈袅袄莈莄蒁羆膀芀蒀聿莆薈葿螈腿蒄葿袁莄莀薈羃膇芆薇肅羀薅薆螅膅薁薅羇羈蒇薄肀芄莃薃蝿肆艿薃袂节薇薂羄肅蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀螆肃芅虿袈艿膁蚈肀肁薀蚈螀莇蒆蚇袂膀莂蚆羅莅芈蚅肇膈薇螄螇羁蒃螃衿膆荿螂羁罿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肇蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈肆莁螈螈芁芇袇袀肄薆袆羂艿蒂袆肄肂蒈袅袄莈莄蒁羆膀芀蒀聿莆薈葿螈腿蒄葿袁莄莀薈羃膇芆薇肅羀薅薆螅膅薁薅羇羈蒇薄肀芄莃薃蝿肆艿薃袂节薇薂羄肅蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀螆肃芅虿袈艿膁蚈肀肁薀蚈螀莇蒆蚇袂膀莂蚆羅莅芈蚅肇膈薇螄螇羁蒃螃衿膆荿螂羁罿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肇蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈肆莁螈螈芁芇袇袀肄薆袆羂艿蒂袆肄肂蒈袅袄莈莄蒁羆膀芀蒀聿莆薈葿螈腿蒄葿袁莄莀薈羃膇芆薇肅羀薅薆螅膅薁薅羇羈蒇薄肀芄莃薃蝿肆艿薃袂节薇薂羄肅蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀螆肃芅虿袈艿膁蚈肀肁薀蚈螀莇蒆蚇袂膀莂蚆羅莅芈蚅肇膈薇螄螇羁蒃螃衿膆荿螂羁罿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肇蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈肆莁螈螈芁芇袇袀肄薆袆羂艿蒂袆肄肂蒈袅袄莈莄蒁羆膀芀蒀聿莆薈葿螈腿蒄葿袁莄莀薈羃膇芆薇肅羀薅薆螅膅薁薅羇羈蒇薄肀芄莃薃蝿肆艿薃袂节薇薂羄肅蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀螆肃芅虿袈艿膁蚈肀肁薀蚈螀莇蒆蚇袂膀莂蚆羅莅芈蚅肇膈薇螄螇羁蒃螃衿膆荿螂羁罿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肇蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈肆莁螈螈芁芇袇袀肄薆袆羂艿蒂袆肄肂蒈袅袄莈莄蒁羆膀芀蒀聿莆薈葿螈腿蒄葿袁莄莀薈羃膇芆薇肅羀薅薆螅膅薁薅羇羈蒇薄肀芄莃薃蝿肆艿薃袂节薇薂羄肅蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀螆肃芅虿袈艿膁蚈肀肁薀蚈螀莇蒆蚇袂膀莂蚆羅莅芈蚅肇膈薇螄螇羁蒃螃衿膆荿螂羁罿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肇蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈肆莁螈螈芁芇袇袀肄薆袆羂艿蒂袆肄肂蒈袅袄莈莄蒁羆膀芀蒀聿莆薈葿螈腿蒄葿袁莄莀薈羃膇芆薇肅羀薅薆螅膅薁薅羇羈蒇薄肀芄莃薃蝿肆艿薃袂节薇薂羄肅蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀螆肃芅虿袈艿膁蚈肀肁薀蚈螀莇蒆蚇袂膀莂蚆羅莅芈蚅肇膈薇螄螇羁蒃螃衿膆荿螂羁罿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肇蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈肆莁螈螈芁芇袇袀肄薆袆羂艿蒂袆肄肂蒈袅袄莈莄蒁羆膀芀蒀聿莆薈葿螈腿蒄葿袁莄莀薈羃膇芆薇肅羀薅薆螅膅薁薅羇羈蒇薄肀芄莃薃蝿肆艿薃袂节薇薂羄肅蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀螆肃芅虿袈艿膁蚈肀肁薀蚈螀莇蒆蚇袂膀莂蚆羅莅芈蚅肇膈薇螄螇羁蒃螃衿膆荿螂羁罿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肇蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈肆莁螈螈芁芇袇袀肄薆袆羂艿蒂袆肄肂蒈袅袄莈莄蒁羆膀芀蒀聿莆薈葿螈腿蒄葿袁莄莀薈羃膇芆薇肅羀薅薆螅膅薁薅羇羈蒇薄肀芄莃薃蝿肆艿薃袂节薇薂羄肅蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀螆肃芅虿袈艿膁蚈肀肁薀蚈螀莇蒆蚇袂膀莂蚆羅莅芈蚅肇膈薇螄螇羁蒃螃衿膆荿螂羁罿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肇蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈肆莁螈螈芁芇袇袀肄薆袆羂艿蒂袆肄肂蒈袅袄莈莄蒁羆膀芀蒀聿莆薈葿螈腿蒄葿袁莄莀薈羃膇芆薇肅羀薅薆螅膅薁薅羇羈蒇薄肀芄莃薃蝿肆艿薃袂节薇薂羄肅蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀螆肃芅虿袈艿膁蚈肀肁薀蚈螀莇蒆蚇袂膀莂蚆羅莅芈蚅肇膈薇螄螇羁蒃螃衿膆荿螂羁罿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肇蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈肆莁螈螈芁芇袇袀肄薆袆羂艿蒂袆肄肂蒈袅袄莈莄蒁羆膀芀蒀聿莆薈葿螈腿蒄葿袁莄莀薈羃膇芆薇肅羀薅薆螅膅薁薅羇羈蒇薄肀芄莃薃蝿肆艿薃袂节薇薂羄肅蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀螆肃芅虿袈艿膁蚈肀肁薀蚈螀莇蒆蚇袂膀莂蚆羅莅芈蚅肇膈薇螄螇羁蒃螃衿膆荿螂羁罿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肇蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈肆莁螈螈芁芇袇袀肄薆袆羂艿蒂袆肄肂蒈袅袄莈莄蒁羆膀芀蒀聿莆薈葿螈腿蒄葿袁莄莀薈羃膇芆薇肅羀薅薆螅膅薁薅羇羈蒇薄肀芄莃薃蝿肆艿薃袂节薇薂羄肅蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀螆肃芅虿袈艿膁蚈肀肁薀蚈螀莇蒆蚇袂膀莂蚆羅莅芈蚅肇膈薇螄螇羁蒃螃衿膆荿螂羁罿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肇蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈肆莁螈螈芁芇袇袀肄薆袆羂艿蒂袆肄肂蒈袅袄莈莄蒁羆膀芀蒀聿莆薈葿螈腿蒄葿袁莄莀薈羃膇芆薇肅羀薅薆螅膅薁薅羇羈蒇薄肀芄莃薃蝿肆艿薃袂节薇薂羄肅蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀螆肃芅虿袈艿膁蚈肀肁薀蚈螀莇蒆蚇袂膀莂蚆羅莅芈蚅肇膈薇螄螇羁蒃螃衿膆荿螂羁罿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肇蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈肆莁螈螈芁芇袇袀肄薆袆羂艿蒂袆肄肂蒈袅袄莈莄蒁羆膀芀蒀聿莆薈葿螈腿蒄葿袁莄莀薈羃膇芆薇肅羀薅薆螅膅薁薅羇羈蒇薄肀芄莃薃蝿肆艿薃袂节薇薂羄肅蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀螆肃芅虿袈艿膁蚈肀肁薀蚈螀莇蒆蚇袂膀莂蚆羅莅芈蚅肇膈薇螄螇羁蒃螃衿膆荿螂羁罿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肇蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈肆莁螈螈芁芇袇袀肄薆袆羂艿蒂袆肄肂蒈袅袄莈莄蒁羆膀芀蒀聿莆薈葿螈腿蒄葿袁莄莀薈羃膇芆薇肅羀薅薆螅膅薁薅羇羈蒇薄肀芄莃薃蝿肆艿薃袂节薇薂羄肅蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀螆肃芅虿袈艿膁蚈肀肁薀蚈螀莇蒆蚇袂膀莂蚆羅莅芈蚅肇膈薇螄螇羁蒃螃衿膆荿螂羁罿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肇蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈肆莁螈螈芁芇袇袀肄薆袆羂艿蒂袆肄肂蒈袅袄莈莄蒁羆膀芀蒀聿莆薈葿螈腿蒄葿袁莄莀薈羃膇芆薇肅羀薅薆螅膅薁薅羇羈蒇薄肀芄莃薃蝿肆艿薃袂节薇薂羄肅蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀螆肃芅虿袈艿膁蚈肀肁薀蚈螀莇蒆蚇袂膀莂蚆羅莅芈蚅肇膈薇螄螇羁蒃螃衿膆荿螂羁罿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肇蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈肆莁螈螈芁芇袇袀肄薆袆羂艿蒂袆肄肂蒈袅袄莈莄蒁羆膀芀蒀聿莆薈葿螈腿蒄葿袁莄莀薈羃膇芆薇肅羀薅薆螅膅薁薅羇羈蒇薄肀芄莃薃蝿肆艿薃袂节薇薂羄肅蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀螆肃芅虿袈艿膁蚈肀肁薀蚈螀莇蒆蚇袂膀莂蚆羅莅芈蚅肇膈薇螄螇羁蒃螃衿膆荿螂羁罿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肇蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈肆莁螈螈芁芇袇袀肄薆袆羂艿蒂袆肄肂蒈袅袄莈莄蒁羆膀芀蒀聿莆薈葿螈腿蒄葿袁莄莀薈羃膇芆薇肅羀薅薆螅膅薁薅羇羈蒇薄肀芄莃薃蝿肆艿薃袂节薇薂羄肅蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀螆肃芅虿袈艿膁蚈肀肁薀蚈螀莇蒆蚇袂膀莂蚆羅莅芈蚅肇膈薇螄螇羁蒃螃衿膆荿螂羁罿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肇蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈肆莁螈螈芁芇袇袀肄薆袆羂艿蒂袆肄肂蒈袅袄莈莄蒁羆膀芀蒀聿莆薈葿螈腿蒄葿袁莄莀薈羃膇芆薇肅羀薅薆螅膅薁薅羇羈蒇薄肀芄莃薃蝿肆艿薃袂节薇薂羄肅蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀螆肃芅虿袈艿膁蚈肀肁薀蚈螀莇蒆蚇袂膀莂蚆羅莅芈蚅肇膈薇螄螇羁蒃螃衿膆荿螂羁罿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肇蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈肆莁螈螈芁芇袇袀肄薆袆羂艿蒂袆肄肂蒈袅袄莈莄蒁羆膀芀蒀聿莆薈葿螈腿蒄葿袁莄莀薈羃膇芆薇肅羀薅薆螅膅薁薅羇羈蒇薄肀芄莃薃蝿肆艿薃袂节薇薂羄肅蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀螆肃芅虿袈艿膁蚈肀肁薀蚈螀莇蒆蚇袂膀莂蚆羅莅芈蚅肇膈薇螄螇羁蒃螃衿膆荿螂羁罿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肇蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈肆莁螈螈芁芇袇袀肄薆袆羂艿蒂袆肄肂蒈袅袄莈莄蒁羆膀芀蒀聿莆薈葿螈腿蒄葿袁莄莀薈羃膇芆薇肅羀薅薆螅膅薁薅羇羈蒇薄肀芄莃薃蝿肆艿薃袂节薇薂羄肅蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀螆肃芅虿袈艿膁蚈肀肁薀蚈螀莇蒆蚇袂膀莂蚆羅莅芈蚅肇膈薇螄螇羁蒃螃衿膆荿螂羁罿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肇蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈肆莁螈螈芁芇袇袀肄薆袆羂艿蒂袆肄肂蒈袅袄莈莄蒁羆膀芀蒀聿莆薈葿螈腿蒄葿袁莄莀薈羃膇芆薇肅羀薅薆螅膅薁薅羇羈蒇薄肀芄莃薃蝿肆艿薃袂节薇薂羄肅蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀螆肃芅虿袈艿膁蚈肀肁薀蚈螀莇蒆蚇袂膀莂蚆羅莅芈蚅肇膈薇螄螇羁蒃螃衿膆荿螂羁罿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肇蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈肆莁螈螈芁芇袇袀肄薆袆羂艿蒂袆肄肂蒈袅袄莈莄蒁羆膀芀蒀聿莆薈葿螈腿蒄葿袁莄莀薈羃膇芆薇肅羀薅薆螅膅薁薅羇羈蒇薄肀芄莃薃蝿肆艿薃袂节薇薂羄肅蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀螆肃芅虿袈艿膁蚈肀肁薀蚈螀莇蒆蚇袂膀莂蚆羅莅芈蚅肇膈薇螄螇羁蒃螃衿膆荿螂羁罿莅螂螁芅芁螁袃肇蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈肆莁螈螈芁芇袇袀肄薆袆羂艿蒂袆肄肂蒈袅袄莈莄蒁羆膀芀蒀聿莆薈葿螈腿蒄葿袁莄莀薈羃膇芆薇肅羀薅薆螅膅薁薅羇羈蒇薄肀芄莃薃蝿肆艿薃袂节薇薂羄肅蒃蚁肆芀荿蚀螆肃芅虿袈艿膁蚈肀肁薀蚈螀莇蒆蚇袂膀莂蚆羅莅芈蚅肇膈薇螄螇羁蒃螃衿膆荿螂羁罿莅螂螁芅芁英语语法汇总(高中大学必备)第一章名词一、名词的分类：名词就其词汇意义可分为专有名词和普通名词。普通名词又可分为可数名词和不可数名词。专有名词：BeijingSmiththeUnitedNations可数名词普通名词：water,coal,rice不可数名词surprise,honour,help二、可数名词的复数形式1．一般情况，直接加-s。port（港口）→ports；technique（技术）—techniques2．以s,x,ch,sh结尾发[s]、[∫]、[t∫]、[dЗ]音的词，加—esbus—buses,box—boxes,bush—bushesbranch—branches，stomach—stomachs（stomach词尾发k，故复数直接加-s）3．辅音字母+y，变y为i，加-esuniversity—universitiesy前为元音字母，直接加-sboy—boys4．以O结尾加-eshero—heroesO前为元音字母，及部分外来词直接加-szoo—zoosradio—radiopiano—pianosphoto—photos5．以f或fe结尾，变f或fe为v，再加-esleaf—leaveswife—wives※以下f结尾单词直接加-sbelief—beliefs（信念）roof—roofs（屋顶）proof—proofs（证据）safe—safes（保险柜）chief—chiefs（首领）gulf—gulfs（海湾）6．不规则名词man—men,woman—women,foot—feet,tooth—teeth,goose—geese,mouse—mice,child—children,ox—oxen注1：有些可数名词的单复数相同，要根据上下文的意义来确定其单数还是复数，例如：sheep羊fish鱼deer鹿means手段，方法works工厂，作品series系列注2：在些可数名词，只有单数形式，但表示复数意义。如果作主语，谓语动词用复数形式。1个体名词：man,expert,factory集合名词：audience（观众），class,family如：cattle牛people人民police警察注3：集合名词既可看作单数（作为整体），也可看作复数（作为集体的各个成员）。例如：audience（观众）class（班级）family（家庭）group（小组）她家在该地区是名门望族。她的家人正在为分财产激烈地争吵。改错：ABCD2.Fishalwayswellinthemarketsbecausefishrichprotein,canABC D（罪犯）?ABCD三、不可数名词物质名词、抽象名词均属不可数名词。前面不能加不定冠词a/an，词尾也不能加—s。请牢记下列典型的不可数名词。news消息information信息advice忠告，建议progress进步，进展knowledge知识weather天气fun乐趣equipment设备English英语furniture家具wealth财富damage损坏traffic交通，车辆及行人baggage/luggage行李clothing衣服，衣着word消息，信息work工作homework家庭作业housework家务改错：1．ABCD2．Djoy.3．ABCD4．ABCD5．ABCD说明1：部分抽象名词可与a（an）连用，此时词义发生变化，表示某种事或人。这2※ABC些词有：surprise,pleasure,shock,honour,help,success等。当这类词在句中作表语（例3），作宾补（例4）及在介词as之后，词义发生变化，通常要加a/an。说明2：paper表示“纸”不可数。表示“报纸、论文、书面作文、试卷、文件、有价证券”为可数名词。四、名词的所有格名词的所有格通常在名词后加—’s构成，用于表示所属关系。用于以下情况：1）表示有生命的名词mybrother’scarchildren’sbooks（儿童读物）students’rooms2）表示国家、城市、地域的名词China’spopulationBeijing’sweather3）表示天体、时间、距离、金钱的名词themoon’ssurfacetenyears’hardwork十年的辛劳today’snewspapers20dollars’worthofastamp一张价值20美元的邮票其他无生命的名词通常用“of+名词”的短语表示所属关系。theobjectofthesentence句子的宾语thetitleofthefilm影片的名字五、名词的作用1）名词在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语。主语宾语宾语宾补2）名词还作其他名词的前置定语，用于更准确说明某物的用途，性质，组成材料等。ateacup茶杯acarnumber车牌号ashoeshop鞋店astonebridge石桥※※名词作定语必须用单数。man, woman作定语，用单数还是复数由被修饰的名词的单复数决定。sport作定语，单复数形式均可。amanteacher一个男教师tenwomendoctors十个女医生asport（s）shirt运动衫thearmsrace武器竞赛（特例）选：ItissaidthattheAirForceabout$80millionayear.Reallyaproblem,isn’tit?A．birdhitcostB．birdshitcostsC．birdhitscostD．birdhitcosts本题题义：空军每年因飞鸟撞击飞机造成的损失达大约八千万美元。考查的是名词作定语。名词作定语必须用单数，故可考虑的答案为A、C。又因一年内鸟击飞机事件多次发生，故选C。六、学习名词，特别要注意的问题31选：Oneoftheadvantageoflivingonthetopfloorofahighriseisthatyoucangetagood.（2001年上海高考题）A．sightB．sceneC．viewD．look辩析：sight1.看见2.视力3.视野4.风景scene1.（事件发生的）现场2.场面;情景3.景色4.（拍电影）场景，（舞台）布置view1.眺望2.视野3.风景，景色。look1.看2.神色,表情looks=appearance外貌本句意为：住在高层建筑顶层的优越之一，是能清楚眺望到一切。故本题答案为C。近年来高考试卷非常重视对名词的考查，是重点热点之一。2）正确掌握名词前冠词的使用规则选：1.Summerin________southofFrancearefor________mostpartdryandsunny.A./;aB.the,/C./,/D.the,the2．Mostanimalshavelittleconnectionwithanimalsofdifferentkindunlesstheykillthemforfood.A．the；aB．不填；aC．the；theD．不填；the名词练习1.Heisamanof________andhehas_______interesting_______inhislife.A.muchexperience;alotof;experiencesB.manyexperiences;much;experienceC.manyexperience;much;experienceD.manyexperiences;alotof;experience2.Perhapsweneedtoclearawaythesebookstomake_______forournewstudents.A.placeB.areaC.roomD.space3.Ifyouaredrivingtotheairport,canyougivemea_______?A.handB.seatC.driveD.lift4.Beingabletospeakanotherlanguagefluentlyisagreat______whenyouarelookingforajob.A.chanceB.importanceC.assistantD.advantage5.The_______ofbuildingtheGreatTheater______onlyoneyear.A.job;spentB.work;spentC.position,tookD.works,took46.Hehadrunawayfromhomeandgoneto_______whenhewas16yearsold.A.theseaB.aseaC.seasD. sea7.Onlyonethirdofthepeoplepresentatthemeetingwere_________thenewrules.A.infavourofB.inagreementofC.inforD.witthesideof8.Everybodythinkslittleofthefilm.Infact,thereisno______ofitbeingtriedoutinthefilmfestival.A.signB.useC.possibilityD.doubt9.Canyour________withyou----money,jewellery,camerasandsoon.A.giftsB.suitcaseC.bagsD.valuables10.Studentsshouldbeencouragedtofinishtheirhomework_______.A.ofthemselvesB.oftheirownC.fortheirownD.ontheirown11.Whenheisangry,his_______standsuponend.A.headB.uniformC.hairD.skin12.HisletterwassoconfusingthatIcouldhardlymakeany______ofit.A.explanationB.meaningC.senseD.guess13.---IsMrSmithin?---No,he’saskedfor_______leave.A.atwoweek’sB.atwo-weekC.atwo-week’sD.atwoweeks14.-----______carcrashedintoatreeyesterday.Theymusthavebeendrivingtoofast.----Everyboyandeverygirl_____todrivethatfast.A.TomandJane’s;wishB.Tom’sandJane’s;wishesC.TomandJane’s;likesD.Tom’sandJane’s;want15.________MrWanghas!Healmostneverrememberswhereheleaveshiskeys.A.WhatapoormemoryB.WhatpoormemoryC.HowgoodamemoryD.Howpoormemory16.The_____changeofweathermayhavesome_____hishealth.A.sudden;causedB.sudden;effectonC.suddenly;badresultstoD.suddenly;effecton17.Becausepricesoffoodandclothingandalmosteverythingelseinthatcountryhavesteadilygoneupthebuying_______ofthedollarhasgonedown.A.energyB.forceC.powerD.strength18._______ofEnglishishelpfulifyouaredevotedto_______Englishliterature.A.Agoodknowledge;studyB.Agoodknowledge;studyingC.Goodknowledge;studyD.Goodknowledge;studying19.---Fewchildrenareasbrightasheis,andalso,heworksveryhard.5---It’sno_______thathealwaysgetsthefirstplaceinanyexamination.A.doubtB.problemC.questionD.wonder20.Mary’shandwritingisbetterthan_______inherclass.A.anyoneelseB.anyoneelse’sC.anyone’selseD.otherstudents21.Itreallydoesn’tmakeany_____whethertobuyalaptopcomputeroradesktopcomputer.A.choiceB.decisionC.differenceD.sense22.Manystudentssignedupforthe_____raceinthesportsmeetingtobe heldnextweek.A.800-meter-longB.800-meters-longC.800meterlengthD.800meterslength23.Hisbehaviouratthepartylastnightseemedrather______.Manyofuswerequitesurprised.A.outofpracticeB.outofplaceC.outofpolitenessD.outofpity24.Thesefootballplayershadnostrict______untiltheyjoinedourclub.A.practiceB.educationC.trainingD.exercise25.Ifitwasnotanaccident,hemusthavedoneit________.A.onpurposeB.incommonC.onoccasionD.intime26.Wemustkeepourroomclean.Dirtanddiseasego_______.A.fromtimetotimeB.handinhandC.stepbystepD.oneafteranother27._____isknowntousall,_____feedongrasswhilehorsesongrain.A.It,cattleB.This;cattlesC.What;cattlesD.As;cattle28.______everyonecanhearthespeakerthereisno______inturninguptheradio.A.Nowthat;pointB.Evenif;pointC.Nowthat,needD.Evenif;need29.ShellyhadpreparedcarefullyforherEnglishexaminationsothatshecouldbesureofpassingitonherfirst_______.A.intentionB.attemptC.purposeD.desire30.Noonehasyetsucceededinexplainingthe______ofhowlifebegan.A.causeB.problemC.reasonD.puzzle31.JacktriedhardtogetagoldmedalinthisWinterOlympicGamesbuthehadno______.A.luckB.timeC.fateD.entrance32.Theyoungmanoweshissuccesstomanypeople,hisparents_______.A.afterallB.bychanceC.onpurposeD.inparticular33.Ishouldliketotrythatcoaton,forIdon’tknowifitismy_______.6A.shapeB.modelC.designD.size34.Itisimportantforustoemployawordorphrasetothe_______inlanguagestudies.A.situationB.expressionC.conditionD.translation35.FlightBA123toViennaisnowboardingat_______.A.Gate21B.21stGateC.theGate21D.21Gate36.----Shallwetakeawalkbeforedinner?-----Oh,yes,______ismyfavouritetimeofaday.A.theearlyeveningsB.intheearlyeveningC.theearlyoftheeveningD.earlyevening37.Beingpoor,shehadtoborrowanew_______soastoattendtheparty.A.clothB.clothesC.clothingD.dress38.Popularmusicislikedbymanypeople,butitisnottoeveryone’s_______.A.mannersB.smellC.tasteD.thought39.Suchgood______shouldbemadeofone’ssparetimetostudyanotherforeignlanguage.A.chanceB.choiceC.decisionD. use40.Shethoughtthepaintingwasoflittle______,soshelethimhaveitforonly$15.A.costB.importantC.priceD.value41.Therearethree_______inourclinic.A.womandoctorB.womandoctorsC.womendoctorD.womendoctors42.Itriedevery______tomakehimgiveupsmoking.A.meanB.waysC.meaningD.means43.______willconquernature.A.ThemanB.ManC.AnymanD.Themen44.YesterdayIwasinvitedtothedinnerat_______.A.TurnersB.theTurnersC.Turners’D.theTurners’45.Jesswenttoa_______forsomeshoes.A.shoes’storeB.shoestoreC.shoe’sstoreD.shoesstore46.Standingontopofthemountain,you’llgetawonderful_______.A.joyB.seeingC.viewD.nature47.Hewaschosen_____ofthecompany.A.managerB.amanagerC.themanagerD.asamanager48.---WhatcanIdoforyou?---I’dliketohavea______ofChinaDaily.A.pieceB.sheetC.lotD.copy49.______itistolistentomusic!A.HowfunB.HowafunC.WhatafunD.Whatfun750.Whattheexperthassaidanddonewillbe_______tothedepartmentmanagers.A.valueB.benefitC.ofvaluableD.ofbenefit1-5ACDDD6-10DACDD11-15CCBCA16-20BCBDB21-25CABCA26-30BDABA31-35ADDAA36-40DDCDD41-45DDBDB6-50CADDD第二章主谓一致句子的谓语动词和句子的主语应在数方面保持一致。主谓一致的基本原则是：主语是单数，谓语动词用单数形式；主语是复数，谓语动词用复数形式。句子的主语有以下几种类型：1．带后置定语型。其谓语动词的形式依主语的单复数而定，与后置定语无关。……………两个飞行员连同所有旅客都死于这次空难。2．部分—整体型。其谓语的单复数，由整体部分决定。of（整体）1）2）（ofthem）areofnovalue.※注：all单独作主语时，All指人谓语用复数。All指物或事情谓语用单数。．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．1）Allareeagertoreachanagreement.所有的人都急于达成协议。2）Allisgoingwell.一切都进展顺利。3．定语仅能修饰单数名词型，其谓语动词用单数。8 不止一个毕业生要求去中国西部工作。那个男孩失踪已有许多天。4．就近一致型。下列连词连接两个主语时，及therebe句型有多个并列主语，谓语应与最靠近的主语保持一致。1）不是你就是我要去车站接他们。2）3）在他办公室有一台空调和二台电脑。5．需记住的其他规则1）作主语，谓语用单数。Noneof+n（复数）作主语，谓语用单数或复数均可。Noneof+n（单数）作主语，谓语用单数。Eitheroftheanswersisright.两个答案中有一个是对的。这些车都没有受损。食物没有变质。2）anumberof+n（复数）作主语，谓语用复数。thenumberof+n（复数）作主语，谓语用单数。很多学生是南方人。我校学生数已上升到3000人。3）关系代词作主语，定语从句谓语动词的形式取决于其先行词的单复数。HeisoneofthefewpersonswhohaveagoodknowledgeofItalian.他是精通意大利语的少数人之一。在以上句子中，persons是who的先行词，从句谓语动词用复数。（比较）他是这些孩子中唯一受到奖励的。当one之前有theonly修饰时，one是who的先行词，从句谓语动词用单数。4）单个动名词，不定式或主语从句作主语，谓语动词用单数。两个并列的动名词，不定式或主语从句作主语，谓语动词用复数。decidedyet.（一个不定式作主语）我说什么，想什么与你无关。（两个并列主语从句作主语）95）each,any,every,no构成的复合代词都当作单数看待。有人在打电话找你。注：复合代词作主语，反意疑问句的主语通常用they，也可用he。??6）以“s”结尾的书刊名、国名、机构名和学科名作主语，谓语用单数。联合国建于1942年。《坎特伯雷故事集》是乔叟写的。Economicsismymajor.经济学是我的主修课程。7）某些形容词或分词和定冠词the连用表示某类人作主语，谓语用复数。病人得到医治，失踪的也已找回来了。8）由and连接两个单数名词作主语，谓语动词用复数形式。EnglishandChinesearequitedifferentlanguages.若and并列的主语在意义上指同一个人，同一概念或对立统一的事物，谓语动词用单数。那位经理兼秘书整天忙忙碌碌。（两个名词共用一个冠词，指同一个人）战争与和平是历史永恒的主题。（对立统一的一对事物）9）单复数同形的名词如deer, means；集合名词如family作主语，如何决定谓语动词的单复数，请见第四章冠词。1011Exercise1主谓一致1．I,whoyourfriend,willtrymybesttohelpyou.A．beB．amC．isD．are2．TheUnitedStatesmustlookoutoftherightsofcitizens.A．itsB．theirC．oursD．us3．SofarasIknow,morethanonepersonconnectedwiththeaccident.A．isB．hasC．areD．have4．Mathsaswellasphysicsalwaysmetomuchtrouble.A．causesB．putsC．causeD．put5．NotonlyyouandIbutPeter,thetopstudentinourgrade,notabletosolvetheproblem.A．areB．wereC．isD．am6．ThereoneortwothingsthatIhavetomention.A．isB．areC．hasD．have7．EitherIormyaccountant（会计）toblamefortheloss?A．IsB．AreC．AmD．Does8．Sofar70%ofthepoorinthisareaoutofpoverty（贫困）withthehelpofthelocalgovernment.A．hasgotB．aregettingC．havegotD．hadgot9．Collectingstampsasahobbyincreasinglypopularduringthepasttenyears.A．becameB．becomesC．hasbecomeD．havebecome10．Whetherornotthenewplanwillproduceanypositive（积极的）resultstobeseen.A．remainB．isremainedC．remainsD．haveremained11．Toomuchworkandtoolittlerestbadhealth.A．leadtoB．leadstoC．resultinD．resultfrom12．Heistheonlyoneofthosespeakerswhoideasperfectlyclear.A．maketheirB．makeshisC．expresstheirD．express13．Everypossiblemeanstried,butwithoutmuchresult.A．hasbeenB．havebeenC．areD．is14．Tenminutesanhourwhenoneiswaitingforaphonecall.A．seemB．lookC．seemsD．looks15．Allwehaveseenandheardourmemory.A．isdeeplyimpressedonB．greatimpressC．arestronglyimpressedinD．highlyimpresses1-5BAABC6-10AACCC11-15BBACA12第三章代 词1．人称代词的主格在句中作主语2．人称代词的宾格作动词和介词的宾语Youcan’ttrust注1．主格，宾格均可作表语，在口语中用宾格较多——Whoisknockingatthedoor?——It’s※注2．作主语的人称代词孤立地使用在无谓语动词的句中，常用宾格——Iwantanapple.——“What!Metosaysorrytohim?No!”注3．两个或两个以上的人称代词并列时，其顺序是：单数按2，3，1人称排列；复数按1，2，3人称排列。You,she（Mary）andImustattendtoday’smeeting.※IandTomaretoblame.该责备的是我和汤姆（在承认错误或自我批评时，说话人一般把自己放在他人之前讲。）二、it的用法1．代替已提到的事物或上文提及的情况Heboughtamagazineandlentittome.Hermotherhasdied.Itisaterribleshocktoher.她母亲死了。这对她打击很大。132．用于It+be+n/adj句型中，说明天气、时间、距离等Itisfreezingcoldtoday.Itisfiveminutes’ridefromheretothestation.3．（未指明但谈话双方都明白的）那件事；那种情况。--------Doyoulikeithere?-------Oh,yes.Theair,theweather,thewayoflife.Everythingisnice.4．代替性别尚不明的婴儿和小孩Shewasholdingababyinherarmsanditwascrying.5．作形式主语或形式宾语，代替作主语或宾语的不定式，动名词或从句（it作形式主语）我通常一天步行二英里。（it作形式宾语）.我的理解是，你和我看法不同。（it作形式宾语）☆注：少数动词，如take（理解），hate，dislike，不能直接带宾语从句，须在动词和宾语从句之间，加形式宾语it。5．Itis/was…that….构成强调句，强调句中某一部分（强调主语I）三、物主代词1．形容词性物主代词只能作名词的前置定语，不能单独使用2．名词性物主代词单独使用，在句中作主语，表语和宾语作主语（Mine=Mybike）isred.作表语Thisfaultisyours,nothers.这是你的过错，不是她的错。作宾语 3．名词性物主代词与of连用构成双重所有格1）表示部分概念（）inthestreet.2）表示强调=yourinvention））千万别信她的那个女儿。四、反身代词1．作动词或介词的宾语她一直在自学英语。2．作表语我今天身体不太好。3．作主语或宾语的同位语，译“亲自”；“本人，自己”市长将亲自调查这件事。You’dbetteraskthepatient关于病人的病情，你最好问他自己。4．反身代词的重要短语14Iwillbemyselfinnotime.请不要受拘束自行取用，随意拿取Helpyourselftoapples.Noonewasthere,soshehelpedherselftoallthemoneyonthetable.Hecametohimselfafewminuteslater.Itisbettertothinkforyourself.独立思考，自己作出决定I’dbegrateful(thankful)ifyoukeepthisinformationtoyourself.不把某事告诉别人五、相互代词eachother一般指两者；oneanother一般指三者或三者以上。但现在可以通用，不加区别。在句中仅作宾语，不能作主语。Weshouldcareforeachotherandhelpeachother.Theyoftenstayatoneanother’shouses.他们经常住在彼此的家里。六、不定代词1．some和anysome及复合代词someone,something用于肯定句。any及复合代词用于否定句、疑问句和条件句。Someofthemilkhasgonebad.Ihaven’tanymoneyonme.Ifanythingunusualhappens,letmeknow.若发生异常情况，请告诉我。注1．若表示请求，建议，尽管是疑问句，用some，不用any。Wouldyoulikesomemorecoffee?ShallIbringsomefoodtotheparty?注2．any及复合代词也可用于肯定句，表示三者或三者以上中任何一个。．．．．．．Ithinkanyofhismovieswouldinterestyou.——Whichwouldyoulike,tea,coffeeorwine?——Anywilldo. 随便哪一个都行。2．each和everyeach用于强调两个或两个以上的人或事物中每一个。既可作定语，也可作主语和宾语。．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．Eachoftheboyshashisstrongandweakpoints.Thereisabookstoreoneachsideofthestreet.every（形容词）用于表示三个或三个以上的人或事物中每一个。在句中只能作定语。．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．Ihavereadeverybookhelentme.请注意以下不定代词的特殊用法或固定搭配①some修饰单数可数名词，相当于acertain15②她有点像她的母亲。③他是一个出色的电脑专家。④她只不过是一个跳舞的。（nothingbut=only）⑤听到这个消息他一点不高兴。（anythingbut=not…atall）3．both,either,neither和all,any,none（两者中）无一；either（两者之中）任何一个；者以上中）任何一个。作用：1）作主语（2）作名词的定语两个位子都空着。3）tiredofreading.选择：——Haveyouanymoney?Ineedsomebadly.——Sorry.atall.A.NothingB.NooneC.NoneD.Alittle注1.指带没有上文中提到的人或物，用none.2.none不能做定语。下句是典型病句:Luckily,nonepassengerswereinjuredinthecaraccident.3.noone仅指人；noone,nothing等不定代词不能接“of+n.”结构Everyoneofuslikesit.判断下列句子是否正确。如果有错，请改正。1．ABCD2．A16BCD3．ABCD4．ABCD5．（边境）WestwardacrossAmericaprobablyABC DABCDasolidbankaccount.7．ABCD8．ABCD9．ABCD10．ABCD另外，替代上述之事用that,this,it；替代下文要说的事，用this：Hermotherwasill.That/Thisiswhyshecouldn’tcome.Theproblemisthis：heissufferingfromcancer.4．one和that1）one替代上文提到的同种类的人或事物，但非同一个人或物。one=a+单数名词。——Whatdoyouthinkofthewatches?——Excellent.I’mgoingtobuyone.=Igoingtobuyawatchlikethem.其复数形式为ones。Thewhitecoatsmatchthehatthantheblueones.白色上衣比蓝色上衣更配这顶帽子。one只能替代可数名词。若其有形容修饰，需加“a”；若其后有限制性后置定语，需加“the”。．．．．．．．．．．．例1：例2：2）that替代上文提到的同种类的事物。that=the+单数名词，常用thatof…结构。例1：Myseatwasnexttothatofthemayor.（that=theseat）例2：Theairofasuburbisclearerthanthatofacity.郊外的空气比都市的干净。176．that可替代可数名词（例1），也可替代不可数名词（例2）。其复数形式为those。5．疑问代词who,what,which1）which既可指人，也可指物。表示在一定范围B.anythingC.somethingD.nothing答案A7．other,theother,theothers,therest,another1）other(adj)其他的，仅作定语，修饰复数名词。no/some/any/manyother可修饰单数或复数名词Canwesettlethisprobleminotherways?Youhavenootherchoicebuttowait.Ihavemanyotherquestionstoask.Pleasecometomyhomesomeothertime.2）another同类中另一个Wouldyoulikeanothercupoftea?Givemeanotherchance,please.我还需要三美元。3）others泛指其他人，别人或其他东西，常与some对照使用，表示“有的…有的…”Itislikehertothinkofothers.SomepeoplebelieveinGod;othersdon’t.4）theother表示两者的另一个。Hehastwosons.Oneisthinandtheotherisfat.5）theothers/therest表示除去一部分其余的人或物。替可数或不可数名词。Someoftheboyswentswimming,whiletheotherslayonthebeach,bathedinsunlight. 一些男孩去游泳，其余的躺在沙滩上沐日光浴。18用other,theother,theothers,therest,another填空：1）Idon’tknowpopmusic.SoIcanhardlytellonesongfrom2）Youmightaswellpaintsideofthewallwhite.3）Perhapshecamehereforreasons.4）SomeoftheequipmentismadeinChina;isintroducedfromJapan.5）Wemusttrytomeettheneedsof.Exercise代词1.Shanghaiisreallyafascinatingcityandwe’vedecidedtostayfor______twoweeks.A.anotherB.otherC.theotherD.other’s2.---Doyoulike______here?---Oh,yes,theair,theweather,thewayoflife.Everythingissonice.A.thisB.theseC.thatD.it3.Ilike_____intheautumnwhentheclimateisclearandbright.A．itB．thatC．thisD．one4.Weconsidered_____logical（符合逻辑的）thatnotallplanscanbeputintopractice.A．thatB．quiteC．itD．very5.---Arethenewrulesworking?---Yes,______booksarestolen.A．FewB．SomeC．LessD．None6.---Haveyouanymoneywithyou?Ineedsomebadly---Sorry,but_____.A．notB．nothingC．noneD．quitealittle7.---Howmuchteaisleftinthepot?---______.19A．NoneB．NothingC．NotsomeD．Noone8.---Youhavenodifficultyfindingtheanswertothequestion?---_______.A.NotalittleB.NoproblemC.NoneatallD.Neither9.---Doyouhave_____readyfortonight’sparty?---No.Istillhavetosendallthelettersofinvitation.A．anythingB．somethingC．everythingD．nothing10.---DoyoumindifPeterjoinyouinyourwork?---Yes,Ido.Iwillbegladtoworkwith_____Peter.A．anyonebutB．nooneexceptC．allbesidesD．everyoneand11.---WheredoyouthinkIshouldputthispotofflowers?---Putiton_____sideofthemeetinghall.A．everyB．anyC．eachD．either12.Asisexpected,citieslikeCarioandJakartaprobablywould_____haveapopulationof20millionby 2010.A．bothB．eachC．everyD．either13.Youshouldlearntothinkforyourself;nothingtaughtbyotherscanhavethesameeffectonyouas______learnedbyyourself.A．whatB．itC．thatD．theone14.---Whydon’twetakealittlebreak?---Didn’twejusthave_____.A．itB．thatC．oneD．this15.Ifthisdictionaryisn’tyours,______canitbe?A．whatelseB．whoelseC．whichelses’D．whoelse’s16.NewEnglish-Chinesedictionaryhasbeenrepublishedmanytimes,moreuptodatethanthelastedition.A．everyB．eitherC．eachD．any17.Theycouldn’thavedinnerinarestaurantbecause_____ofthem____money.A．all,didn’thaveB．everyone,hadnoC．none,hadanyD．noone,hadany18.MostoftheequipmentismadeinChina;_____importedfromJapan.A．othersB．theothersC．therestD．theother19.Itisonethingtoenjoylisteningtogoodmusic,butitisquite_____toperformskillfullyyourself.A．anotherB．otherthingC．othersD．theother20．Themanissofamiliartome.Imusthavemethimoneday_____.A．ortheotherB．oranotherC．orelseD．orsomething21.Oneofthesidesoftheboardshouldbepaintedyellow,and_____.A．theotheriswhiteB．anotherwhite20C．theotherwhiteD．therestwhite22.Iintendedtocomparenoteswithafriend,butunfortunately_____couldn’tspareevenoneminute.A.theyB.oneC.whoD.it23.Ireadaboutitinsomebookorother.Doesitmatter_____itwas?A．whereB．whatC．howD．which24．Thereis_____thing_____privateownership（私有制）oflandinChinatoday.A．nosucha,asB．nosuch,asC．suchno,asD．nosuch,like25.---IsDavidamanwithgoodmanners.---Idon’tthinkso.Asamatteroffact,heis______butpolite.A.somethingB.everythingC.nothingD.anything26.Meetingmyuncleafteralltheseyearswasanunforgettablemoment,_____Iwillalwaystreasure.A.thatB.oneC.itD.what27.---CanIhelpyou?---I’dliketobuyapresentformyfather’sbirthday,_____ataproperpriceandofgreatuse.A.oneB.itC.thatD. those28.TheParkersboughtanewhousebut_____willneedalotofworkbeforetheycanmovein.A.theyB.itC.oneD.which29.---Whatdoyouthinkofheridea?---IwasnotintheleastsurprisedforIhadfullyexpected______.A.thatmuchB.asmuchC.verymuchD.somuch30.---Whatanamazingfilm.It’sthemostinterestingfilmI’veeverseen.---ButI’msureitwon’tinterest_______.A.somebodyB.anybodyC.everybodyD.nobody31.Heseemstohavelittle,if______,todowithit.A.soB.anyC.someD.anything32.Inthatcase,itwas______shecoulddonottocry.A.somethingB.anythingC.allD.nothing33.Ifyourdaughtercanmakewhatherteachersteach______,shewillmakerapidprogress.A.itB.thatC.herselfD.hers34.Duetolackoffundandequipment,wehave______choicethantogiveuptheexperiments.A.someotherB.otherC.anotherD.noother35.---Whoonearthcoulditbe?---Itwas______otherthanClintEastwood.21A.nobodyB.noneC.nothingD.not36.---IsJissicaadiligentstudent?---No,butsheisalazyone,if______.A.somethingB.everythingC.anythingD.nothing1-5ADACA6-10CACCA11-15BBCCD16-20CCCAB21-25CADBD26-30BABBC31-36DCDDBC第四章冠词一、冠词的种类冠词可分成不定冠词a，an和定冠词the。二、泛指和特指的定义1．泛指：一般提及人或事物，不作具体说明叫泛指。下列两种情况为泛指a）未明确交待的人或事物我在车站附近的一家咖啡馆遇到她的。b）表明数量“一”他要一本书和两本杂志。2．特指：具体指明人或物叫特指，其基本意思是“这，那”。下列三种情况为特指。1）上文提到过的人或物昨天我买了一本书，这本书很有价值。2）说话人或听话人心中都有数的人或事物————At2:00o’clockinthe afternoon.3）带有限制性的后置定语张艺谋执导的那部电影极为叫座。三、冠词使用的基本规则1表示泛指，单数可数名词用不定冠词a（an），复数名词不用冠词。表示特指，可数单数名词和复数可数名词，均用定冠词the。2．物质名词和抽象名词物质名词和抽象名词不用冠词。血浓于水。智慧胜于力量。22特指的物质名词和抽象名词，用定冠词the。房前的雪开始融化了。a(n)与物质名词连用，可表示种类或一杯之量。Maotaiisanexcellentwine.Bringmeacoffee,willyou?选择：Thewarmthofsweaterwillofcoursebedeterminedbythesortofwoolused.A．the；theB．the；不填C．不填；theD．不填；不填四、需要用定冠词的其他几种情况1．用于表示世界上独一无二的事物名词之前。thesun,themoon,theearth,theworld,thesky2．用于表示方位名词，序数词和形容词最高级之前。3．与某些形容词或分词连用，代表一类人或事物。我从小就接受教育，要敬爱老人。美是永恒的。4．用在表示江河、海洋、山脉、群岛、海峡、沙漠，建筑物等名词之前。thePacific（Ocean）太平洋theSouth-Chinasea南中国海theSahara哈拉沙漠thePersianGulf波斯湾theBeijingStation北京车站5．用于姓氏的复数形式之前，表示“夫妇”或“一家人”。特纳一家正吃午饭。6.由普通名词构成的专有名词（如国家，党派等）前。例：theUnitedStates;theCommunistPartyofChina7.用在表示发明物的单数名词前。ThetelephonewasinventedbyBell.8．用在某些固定短语中：onthespot当场onthewhole总的来说forthemostpart多半，在多数情况下outofthequestion不可能五、不用冠词的其他几种情况1．物质名词，抽象名词（见第三章），人名，地名等专有名词前。Airisimportanttous.Beijingisthecapitalof China.2．表示季节、月份、周日、节假日（中国传统节例外）名词之前。most.I’mgoingtoreturntoEnglandat若具体指明哪一年的季节，应有定冠词。3．表示学科、球类、棋类和三餐名词之前23注：强调一顿饭或特指某顿饭可用冠词。4．表示正式的或独一无二的职位、头衔的名词，在句中作宾补或同位语。南非总统曼德拉于1997年获得诺贝尔和平奖。5.在与by连用的交通工具名称之前。例:bytaxi,bybike,byboat但注意：getintoataxi,takeabus,onthetrain等表达形式。6．某些固定短语中，要求不用冠词。atpresent目前takepartin参加inpeace平安，平静bychance碰巧注意：有些词组中有无冠词含义不同。在进餐inhospital住院inthehospital在医院工作或参观等outofquestion不成问题outofthequestion根本不可能坐在桌子旁负责„在白天按天计算7．高考中冠词考查热点选择：SummersinsouthofFranceareformostpartdryandsunny.（2000年春季高考）A．the；不填B．不填；theC．不填；不填D．the；the答案为D。分析：方位名词要用定冠词the，故可考虑的选项为A、D。forthemostpart为固定短语，故答案为D。近几年来，高考试卷对冠词的命题方式大多数情况是，一空考冠词的基本用法，一空考固定短语中冠词使用。因此在我们学习固定短语中，一定要留神并准确记忆固定短语中名词前使用的冠词。24由„负责冠词练习1.______on-goingdivisionbetweenEnglish-speakingCanadiansandFrench-speakingCanadiansis______majorconcernofthecountry.2.---Whereismyblue shirt?---It’sinthewashingmachine.Youhavetowear_____differentone.A.anyB.theC.aDother3.Thesignreads“Incaseof_____fire,breaktheglassandpush_____redbutton”.A./,aB./,theC.the,theD.a,a4.Thereis______dictionaryon______deskbyyourside.A.a,theB.a,aC.the,aD.the,the5.Jumpingoutof_______airplaneattenthousandfeetisquite______excitingexperience.A./,theB./,anC.an,anD.the,the6.Onewaytounderstandthousandsofnewwordsistogain_____goodknowledgeofbasicwordformation.7.Thecakesaredelicious.He’dliketohave_____thirdonebecause_____oneisrathertoosmall.A.a,aB.the,theC.the,aD.a,the8.Thewarmthof______sweaterwillofcoursebedeterminedbythesortof_____woolused.A.the,theB./,theC.the,/D./,/9.MrSmith,thereisamanat_______frontdoorwhosayshehas______newsforyouofgreatimportance.A.the,/B.the,theC./,/D./,the10.Abullethitthesoldierandhewaswoundedin______leg.A.aB.oneC.theD.his11.Papermoneywasin______useinChinawhenMarcoPolovisitedthecountryin_____thirteenthcentury.A.the,/B.The,theC./,theD./,/12.Itisnotrarein______thatpeoplein______fiftiesaregoingtouniversityforfurthereducation.A.90s,theirB.the90s,/C.90s,theD.the90s,their13.Peopleregardthewheelas_____inventionofthefirstimportancein_____humanhistory.A.an,theB.an;/C.the,theD.the,/14.Youngasheis,Davidhasgained______richexperiencein_____society.A./,/B.the,theC.a,/D./,the15.Thepartylastnightwas_____success.Wesanganddanceduntilitcameto______endattwelve.A.a,theB.the,anC.a,anD./,an2516.Sheisusuallyon_____dutyinherofficeevery_____days.A.the,aB./,/C./,aD.a,/17.Thetworoomsareof_____size.Butanothertworoomsaretwice_____sizeofthem.A.the,theB.a,aC.the,aD.a,the18.Cleaningwomeninbigcitiesusuallygetpaidby______hour.A.theB.aC.anD./19.----Hewantstohave______wordwithyou.----Iknow______wordhascomethatIamthenextpersonhewantstotalk to.A./,theB.a,theC.a,/D.the,a20.MrSmithtoldusthat_____goldmedalhissonhadgotwasconsidered_____greathonourtothewholefamily.A.the,/B.a,aC.the,aD.a,the21.Whodoyouthinkwilltake_____officenextmonthandbecome______ofthatcountry?A.a,theB./,theC.the,/D./,a22.---Doyouthinkanadvertisementis______helpwhenyoulookforanewjob?---Well,italldepends.Anyway,itgivesmemoreof____chancetotry.A.a,aB./,/C.the,theD.a,the23.Althoughheknew______littleabout_____largeamountofworkdoneinthefield,hesucceededwheremorewell-informedexperimentersfailed.A.a,theB.the,aC.a,/D./,the24.Igot____badtoothacheyesterday,whichkeptmeawake______wholenight.A.a,theB./,aC.the,aD.a,/25.______personlikehimwon’tbesimplysatisfiedwith______littleprogressthathasbeenmade.A.The,aB.The,/C.A,/D.A,the26.Ismokeoutof______habit,notfor____pleasure;forIhavebeeninthehabitfor20years.A.a,theB.the,aC./,theD/,/27.Manypeoplearestillin______habitofwritingsillythingsin______places.A.the,theB./,/C.the,/D./,the28.Iwonderwhatitfeelsliketobecomeoneof_____reallyrich.TheJenkinsalreadyhavetwoRollRoycesandnowtheyarebuying_____third!A.the,aB.the,theC./,aD./,the29.Inthefaceof_____failure,itisthemostimportanttokeepup______goodstateofmind.A./,aB.a,/C.the,/D./,the30.---WhatdrinksshallIorder?---_____largecoffeeforme.Oh,youmayaswellbringme_____hotchocolatetoo.A./,theB.A,/C.A,aD./,/31.Ihearthat______applejuiceis_____healthydrink.A./,aB./,/C.an,aD.the,/2632.Allthesechangeswillleadto______strongandpowerfulChina,_____countrythatcansurpriseandenrichourplanet.A.a,aB.the,aC.the,theD.a,the33.Whenitcomestobringingupchildren,somepeoplesay______disciplineproduces_____happy,well-behavedchild.A.a,theB./,aC.a,aD./,the34.Thegrowingcrimeratehasbecome______majorproblemof_____society.A.the,theB.a,/C./,theD./, /35.Don’tworrytoomuchabout____mistakes.Theyare____naturalpartoflearning.A./,aB.the,aC.the,/D.the,the1-5ACBAC6-10ADCAC11-15CDBAC16-20BDACC21-25BADAD26-30DCAAC31-35AABB第五章形容词和副词第一节形容词和副词的作用11）作定语目前市场一派新气象。2）3）作宾语补足语谁没有关门？4）作伴随状况（安然无恙）21）形容词作定语通常放在被修饰的名词之前。若出现多个形容词，排列顺序为：a）冠词——序数词——数量词——描绘性形容词Ispentthelastfewsunnydaysattheseaside.b）描绘性形容词——大小——长短——新旧——国籍——材料buildafinenewstonebridgeHeisafamousAmericanwriter.2）下列三种情况定语后置27a）短语b）修饰不定代词c）“a”开头的形容词他是在世最伟大的艺术家。Timealonewillshowwhowasright.(timealone=onlytime)只有时间能证明到底谁正确。3主要用作状语，修饰动词，形容词，副词，介词短语和整个句子can’t（修饰动词）我无论如何不能接受你的礼物。I’m（修饰形容词）（修饰副词）（修饰介词短语）（修饰全句）改错1）——AB——CD2）！ABCD3）ABCD4）daytoday.Ican’tABCD1）Cwell→goodwell表示“好”是副词，当形容词用时表示“健康”2）Bdifferent→differently,它修饰动词speak3）Bstrong→strongly,它修饰介词短语againstthedecision4）Bahot→hotatoo通常修饰形容词和副词。too也可修饰单数可数名词，表达方式：too+adj.+a+n。类似词有as,so和how。Heissogoodaboythatwealllikehim.Howgoodaboyheis!请注意关于too的一些特殊表达：1．cannot„too„再„ 也不为过2．onlytoo=very非常Youcan’ttoocarefulwhencrossingthestreet.横越马路后，越小心越好。I’monlytoopleasedtobeabletogohome.能回到家，我真高兴。3．too可以有以下程度状语1）Youspeakabit/alittle/rathertoofast.你讲话有点快。2）Theseshoesarefar/muchtoobigforme.这双鞋我穿太大了。几组副词的比较：281.very,much二者均为程度副词，very修饰形容词或副词；much修饰“a”开头的形容词，过去分词或非谓语动词。例如：verygood/exciting/limited.（以习惯上被用作形容词的过去分词）Hewas(very)muchafraid.Ienjoyedthefilm(very)much.2.already,yet,stillalready用在肯定句，表示某事已经发生；yet用于否定句和疑问句中，表示期待某事发生；still表示某事还在进行。例如：Ihavealreadyfinishedmywork.Hehasn’tcomebackyet.Hasshefallenasleepyet?译：1）KeepstillwhenItakeapicture.2)Itisraininghard;still,wemustgoout.3．almost,nearly1)almost比nearly更接近某状况。例如：It’salmost12o’clock.(11:55)It’snearly12o’clock.(11:45)2)almost多与nobody,nothing,no,none,never连用。例如：Ialmostneverseehim.notnearly为固定用法，含义为“远非”。例如：It’snotnearlyeasy.4．quite,rather,fairly1)quite和rather修饰名词时在a之前。而fairly在a之后。例如：Wehadquiteaparty.It’safairlyinterestingfilm.但如果有形容词和rather一起修饰名词时，放在a的前后均可，例如：Theyareratherastrong(aratherstrong)team.2)rather通常修饰贬义词和不喜欢的词，而fairly通常修饰褒义词或喜好的词。例如：Thequestionisratherdifficult.Thecityisfairlyclean.第二节形容词和副词的比较结构英语中的形容词和副词可以划分为三个等级：原级，比较级和最高级。原级比较级最高级youngyounger youngestexcellentmoreexcellentmostexcellent形容词和副词比较级和最高级的构成方法1）单音节词及以“er”，“le”，“ow”，“辅音字母+y”收尾的双音节词，在词尾加er或est构29成比较级和最高级quick→quicker→quickestlarge→larger→largestthin→thinner→thinnestclever→cleverer→cleverestsimple→simpler→simplestnarrow→narrower→narrowesthappy→happier→happiest2）其他双音节词及多音节词，在词加more或most构成比较级和最高级famous→morefamous→mostfamousbeautiful→morebeautiful→mostbeautiful注：1）farther,further均可表示距离上“更远”；但表示程度上“进一步”，用further。I’mtootiredtogoanyfarther/further.Wemustlookintothematterfurther.我们必须进一步调查此事。Ihavenothingfurthertosay.我再没什么可说的了。注：2）elder/eldest指家庭成员的长幼关系，作前置定语。older/oldest表示年龄大小关系，可作定语也可作表语。Myeldestsisterisgoingtogetmarried.我大姐要结婚了。Myeldersisteristenyearsolderthanmyyoungerbrother.我姐姐比我弟弟大十岁。Heistheoldestteacherofus.我是我们中最年长的老师。第三节形容词和副词的比较结构1．表示A与B一样肯定形式1）2）3）IwillofferyouasmuchhelpasIcan.Trytomakeasfewmistakesaspossible.否定形式ThismoviewasnotsogoodasIhadexpected.30Ihaven’tseenasoldacarasthisforyears.以上结构中，第二as为连词，连接比较的一方。第一个as为副词，可在其前加上多种程度状语。EnglishisnotnearlyaseasyasIimaged.英语远没有我当初想象的那么容易。（notnearly远非）Wehaveproduced70%/twiceasmuchcottonthisyearaswedidlastyear.今年我们生产的棉花是去年的70%/两倍多。2．表示A超过B表达形式Thistextismoredifficulttounderstandthanthat one.Workmeansmoretomethananything.对我来说，工作比任何东西都重要。Itisrainingmoreheavilythanever.雨下得比以往任何时间都大。比较级前可加上多种程度状语Ispend（一点）abit/alittle/rather/slightlymoretimeonEnglishthanbefore.※在否定句和疑问句中，比较级程度状语用anybetter?IamsotiredthatIcan’tgo※注：两者比较，形容词比较级前面不用冠词“the”，但句中带有“of+比较范围”这一结构，则要在比较前加“the”3．表示越„越„表达形式1）2）Thesooner,thebetter.越早越好。Thelesssheworried,thebettersheworked.她越不担忧，工作效果越好。Theharderyoustudy,thegreaterprogressyouwillmake.4．表示“最”三者或三者以上的人或事物之间进行比较，用形容词或副词最高级表达形式：Heisthebeststudentinourclass.(在某一范围或区域Heisamostskilleddriver.表示“最”的概念还有以下方式311)adj./adv.(比较级)+thananyother+单数名词/theothers2等）+3ShespeaksEnglishmorefluentlythananyotherstudentinourclass.NoothercountryinEuropewentthroughmorewarsthanEngland.=EnglandwentthroughthemostwarinEurope.在欧洲没有一个国家比英国经历的战争多。Itcan’tbeworse.=ItistheworstthingIhaveeverknown.Chinahasneverbeensopowerfulasitistoday.中国从来没有象今天这样强大。5．需了解的几种特殊表达方式1）Youarenomorestupidthanhe.=Youareascleverashe.ThedishtastesnoworsethanIexpected.=ThedishtastesasgoodasIexpected.这道菜的味道和我当初估计的一样好。2）Hehasasmuchinterestinpoliticsasinart.他对政治与艺术同样感兴趣。选择：Itisgenerallybelievedthatteachingisitisascience.A．anartmuchasB．muchanartasC．asanartmuchasD．asmuchanartas（答案D，本题为句型（2）的具体运用）3）Heisnotsomuchanovelistasacritic.与其说他是小说家，不如说他是评论家。Shewasmoresadthanangrywhenhersonliedagain.当他儿子再次说谎时，与其他说愤怒不如说他悲伤。32形容词与副词练习1.Allenhadtocallataxibecausetheboxwas_______tocarryalltheway home.A.muchtooheavyB.toomuchheavyC.heavytoomuchD.tooheavymuch2.—I’mvery_______withmyowncooking.Itlooksniceandsmellsdelicious.—Mm,itdoeshavea______smell.A.pleasant;pleasedB.pleased;pleasedC.pleasant;pleasantA.ahighB.ahigherD.pleased;pleasantD.thehighest3.Borishasbrains.Inface,Idoubtwhetheranyoneintheclasshas_______IQ.C.thehigher4．_______totakethisadventurecoursewillcertainlylearnalotofusefulskills.A.BraveenoughstudentsC.StudentsbraveenoughA.fairlyB.EnoughbravestudentsD.StudentsenoughbraveC.nearlyD.seldom5.Imustbegettingfat-------Ican_______domytrousersup.B.hardly6.Hedidit_____ittookme.A.one-thirdatimeB.one-thirdtimeC.theone-thirdtimeD.one-thirdthetime7.Comeandseemewhenever_______.A.youareconvenientB.youwillbeconvenientC.itisconvenienttoyouD.itwillbeconvenienttoyou8.----Iwasridingalongthestreetandallofasudden,acarcutinandknockedmedown.----Youcanneverbe_______carefulinthestreet.A.muchB.veryC.soD.too9.Wearein_______whenweleftthatweforgottheairlinetickets.A.arushsoanxiousC.soananxiousrushA.thebestB.asuchsoanxiousrushD.suchananxiousrushD.themost10.ProfessorWhitehaswrittensomeshortstories,butheis______knownforhisplays.B.moreC.better11.The_______meansofgettingformplacetoplaceinthecityisthebus.A.mostcommonlyusefulpublicC.publicusedmorecommonlyA.late;soundA.quiteB.mostcommonlypublicsuedD.mostcommonlyusedpublicD.far;lateD.much12.Mybrotherwasstillstudying_______intothenightwhileIwas_______awake.B.lately;wideB.veryC.deeply;farC.too13.Itwas_______possibleforhertogetthe9o’clocktrain.Iknowshegotupat9:15.14.----Whatdoesthemodelplanelooklike?----Well,thewingsoftheplaneare________ofitsbody.A.morethanthelengthtwiceC.morethantwicethelengthB.twicemorethanthelengthD.moretwicethanthelength3315.----Waituntilwegetasatisfactoryreply,willyou?----Icouldn’tagree______.Theideasoundsgreattome.A.muchB.worseC. moreD.atall16.Ithinkthisexhibitionis_______ofthetwo.Ihaveneverseen_______exhibition.A.byfarbetter;thebetterC.byfarthebetter;abetterA.outB.toB.farbetter;abetterD.farthebetter;abetterC.onD.awayD.extensivelyD.were;deep17.Crowdsofpeoplewereturned________forlackofroom.18.Broadlyspeaking,IwouldagreewithShirley,thoughnot_______.A.widelyB.thoroughlyC.entirely19.Qualitiesofpreciousjewelry_______foundburied_______intheearth.A.was;deeplyB.were;deeplyC.was;deep20.Forsomepeople,travelingabroadisthethingtheyenjoymostinlife;forothers,______,culturaldifferencesmakethemfeeluncomfortable.A.fortunatelyB.evenworseC.what’smoreD.though21.----Doyoureallywanttogoout?----Itmayrain.________,Ishallgoout;Idon’tmindtherain.A.anywayB.otherwiseC.nowthatD.orelse22.----Howdoyoulikethefilm?----Therewasnothingspecial----itwasonly_______.A.averageB.usualC.normalD.common23.Managementtheoriesare________butthemethodofdoingbusinessisdifferent.A.thesameprettymuchC.thesamemuchprettyB.muchprettythesameD.prettymuchthesame24.----Tomisverystupid.Hefailsineveryexam.----Inmyopinion,heis________than stupid.A.lazierB.nolazierC.morelazyD.lazierrather25.----Doyouplayfootballafterwork?----Yes,________.Playingfootballisnotmyfavoritesport.A.moreorlessA.rightB.onceinawhileC.timeandagainB.pleasantB.HoweverB.somuchC.wellD.soonerorlaterD.goodD.GenerallyD.verymuchD.highly;high26.Thedoctorwaspleasedtoseehow________shelookedafterherrecentillness.27.Ourbodiesarestrengthenedbytakingexercise._____,ourmindsaredevelopedbylearning.A.ProbablyA.muchtooC.SimilarlyC.toomuchC.high;highly28.TheexaminationItookyesterdaywasn’tdifficult,butitwas_______long.29.Ithinkthatapersonshouldaim________andneverspeak________ofhimself.A.high;highB.highly;highly30.Exerciseis________asanyothertoloseunwantedweight.A.sousefulawayB.asausefulwayC.asusefulaway34D.suchausefulway1-5ADBCB6-10DCDDC11-15DAACC16-20CDCDD21-25AADCB26-30CCACC第六章动词时态在英语中，通过不同的时态，表示或区别在不同时间发生的动作或出现的情况，要准确地使用不同的时态，关键要弄清各种时态的定义和用法。在近年英语高考命题中对时态的考查是一个重点，所考查的主要是一般过去时，现在完成时，现在进行时，过去进行时。一、一般现在时基本用法：1．表示包括现在时刻在B．haveplayedC．playedD．play2．——CanIhelpyou,sir?——Yes,Iboughtthisradiohereyesterday,butit.A．didn’tworkB．won’tworkC．can’tworkD．doesn’twork1.答案为D。乒乓球打得出色是一个的基本能力和特征，因此要用一般现在时。2. 答案为D。收音机不响，反应的是收音机目前的工作状况，故用一般现在时。改错：1．Makesurethatyouwillpickmeupafterwork.2．I’llseetoitthatIwillreturnthereferencebookontime.答案：1）willpick→pick2）willreturn→return在和„句型中，从句动词用一般时，表示将来时。二、一般过去时基本用法：1．表示在一个特定的过去时间，发生的事件或人或物的客观情况。该时态常跟一个表示过去35时间的状语连用。如：yesterday,thenightbefore（前天晚上），once（曾经），theotherday=afewdaysago,justnow=amomentago（刚才）Igottoknowhimtwoyearsago.Hewasseriouslyilllastweek.2．也可表示过去经常性或重复发生的动作或情况。Asachild,Iwouldgotoseaalongwithmyfather.Chinaisdifferentfromwhatitusedtobe.情态动词woulddo可表示过去习惯性动作；usedtobe/do可表示过去习惯性动作或状态。选择：1．——Yourtelephonenumberagain?Iquitecatchit.——It’s9568422.A．didn’tB．couldn’tC．don’tD．can’t2．——Wecouldhavewalkedtothestation,itwassonear.——Yes.Ataxiatallnecessary.A．wasn’tB．hadn’tbeenC．wouldn’tD．won’t3．——Comeonit,Peter.Iwanttoshowyousomething.——Oh,howniceofyou!Iyoutobringmeagift.A．neverthink；aregoingB．neverthought；weregoingC．didn’tthink；weregoingD．hadn’tthought；weregoing简析：1.答案A。“没听清楚”发生在对方当时报电话号码那个过去时刻，故用一般过去时。2.答案A。根据对话的情景可知，甲乙双方都在谈论过去发生的事情。甲方用虚拟语气，责备自己当时未能步行去车站，乙方强调当时乘出租车没有必要，故用一般过去时。3.答案B。思维动词think,know,expect等，时态使用的原则是：表示现在的看法、知晓用一般现在时；表示过去的看法、知晓，而这种思维活动现在已不复存在，用一般过去时。根据对话可知，乙方没想到‘“甲方会给他带来礼物”，发生在未见到礼物之前。一旦见到礼物，这种想法即刻消失，故think应用一般过去时。答案B比C语气强，更符合对话的情景，因此B为最佳选项。在以下句型中，必须用一般过去时表示将来发生的动作：1．你该去睡觉了。2．我倒希望他们明天来。三、现在完成时1．表达形式：主动语态have/hasdone；被动语态have/hasbeendone2．基本用法：1）表示动作或过程发生在说话之前某个过去时刻，到说话时已完成，并与现在的情况有联系。Ihaveturnedontheelectricheater（电热器）inthe room.（Iturnedontheelectricheater,andtheroomisgettingwarmnow.）Hehastakenawaymyreferencebook.（Hetookawaymyreferencebook,andnowIcan’tuseit.）选择：Theprice,butIdoubtwhetheritwillremainso.36A．wentdownB．willgodownC．hasgonedownD．wasgoingdown答案为C。作者对今后物价是否能继续走低，心怀疑虑，而他此时的心态是由物价下跌这一动作引发的，故用现在进行时。2）表示动作或状态从过去某一时刻开始，一直延续到现在。可能刚结束，也可能继续下去。·起点NowHehasbeeninBeijingfortwoyears.Wehavehadplentyofrainheresincewepartedlastmonth.自上个月我们分手以来，这里下了很多雨。表示动作或状态从过去某一时刻持续到现在的时间状语还有inthepast（last）fewyears,eversince,sofar,uptothepresent（直到现在），untilnow,inrecentyears等。选择：——Howareyoutoday?——Oh,IasillasIdonowforalongtime.A．didn’tfeelB．wasn’tfeelingC．don’tfeelD．haven’tfelt答案为D。译：我很长时间没有象今天这样周身不适。本句的实质是：今天我身体状况最差，而这以前情况基本正常，即notfeelill。这种正常身体状况从过去延续到今天截止。故应用现在完成时。关于现在完成时，请注意以下三点：1）现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：现在完成时表示的动作或状态或与在有联系，它强调的是对现在的影响。一般过去时表示的动作或状态已成为历史，不复存在，与现在无关系。HehasworkedinParisfortwoyears.（现在人仍在巴黎。）HeworkedinParisfortwoyears.（现在人已不在巴黎。）2）可用句型Itis+（一段时间）+since（主语）+（动词的过去时），解决瞬间动词不能与一段时间连用的矛盾。如：ItistenyearssinceheleftShanghai.ItisabouttwoyearssinceIgotmarriedtoJane.3）下列句型的分句中动词用现在完成时。如：Itisthefirst（序数词）time（that）IhavevisitedChina.我是我第一次访问中国。Thisisthemostbeautiful（形容词最高级）citythatIhaveeverseen. 这是我见过的最美丽的城市。四、过去完成时1．表达形式主动语态haddone；被动语态hadbeendone2．基本用法1）在过去某一时间或某一动作之前已完成的动作。haddone···Now例：Hesaidthathehadarrivedthreedaysbefore.2）动作或状态在过去某一时间之前已经开始，一直延续到这一过去时间。例：Bythetimehecamewehadworkedfortwohours.haddoneNow例1：——Marycamebackyesterday.——WheresheA．had;beenB．did;goC．has;beenD．had;gone答案为A。乙方要问的是“在昨天之前，她去过哪里”，属过去的过去。故应用过去完成时。例2：Untilthen,hisfamilyfromhimfortwomonths.A．didn’thearB．hasn’theardC．hadn’theardD．heardnothing译：到那个时候，他家人已有两个月没有收到他的来信。答案为C。“未收到来信”这种情况持续到那个时候，而不是现在。根据过去完成时的第二种用法，应用过去完成时。例3：用正确时态填空Imean）togoonMonday,butIhavestayedattheirrequest.答案为hadmeant。动词hope,wish,intend,mean,want,expect等，其过去完成时可表示“过去未曾实现的希望，打算或意图”。五、现在进行时1．表达形式：主动形式：am/is/aredoing被动形式am/is/arebeingdone2．基本用法表示此刻或现阶段正在进行的动作。Thestudentsarepreparingfortheentranceexamatpresent.表示目前的变化、发展和进展过程，需要用现在进行时。Selectingamobilephoneforperponaluseisnoeasytaskbecausetechnologyischangingsorapidly.请注意以下两点：1．现在进行时与一般现在时的区别：一般现在时表示的动作，其特征为经常性；现在进行时表示的动作，其特征具有暂时性。经常性与暂时性是区分这两种时态的主要尺度。例：——Isthisraincoatyours?——No,minetherebehindthedoor.A．ishangingB．hashungC．hangs D．hung答案为A。这段对话大多发生在下班，会议或社交活动结束后，人们各自找自己的雨具这样的场合。“雨衣挂在门后”是临时性的，故用现在进行时。2．进行时与always,continually,constantly,forever等副词连用，作为一种修辞手段，用于表38达赞扬、不满、抱怨等情绪。Heisalwaysthinkingofothers.他总是为别人着想。（赞扬）Atschoolhewasconstantlyplayingtrickonothers.在校读书时，他老是捉弄人。（厌恶）六、过去进行时1．表达形式主动态：was/weredoing；被动形式：was/werebeingdone2．基本用法用于表示在过去某一时刻或过去某一阶段正在进行的动作。Iwasmakingalong-distancecalltomynearrelativebeforeyouarrived.Inthoseyearswewerehavingahardtime.例：1.——Hey,lookwhereyouaregoing!——Oh,I’mterriblysorry.A．I’mnotnoticingB．Iwasn’tnoticingC．Ihaven’tnoticedD．Idon’tnotice2.TomintothehousewhennooneA．slipped;waslookingB．hadslipped;lookedC．slipped;hadlookedD．wasslipped;looked1.答案为B。“走路时心不在焉，不注意前进方向”，发生在甲方责备他之前那段已过去的时间里。故应用过去进行时。2.译文：汤姆乘着没有人注意，溜进房屋。答案为A。when,while,as引导的时间状语从句，若主句动作与从句动作同时进行，且一长一短。那么持续时间长的动作用进行时，持续短的动作用一般时。本题中“溜slip”发生在没有人注视这一过程中，“溜slip”为短动作，故用一般过去时，而watch“注视”持续时间长，应用过去进行时。七、一般将来时1．基本用法表示将来或即将发生的动作2．表达形式主动形式：shall/willdo；shall/willbedoing被动形式：shall/willbedoneshall用于第一人称，will用于所有人称Iwon’tbefreetonight.Iwillbewaitingforyououtsideafterschool.一般将来时其他表达形式如下：1）am/is/aregoingtodo用于表示a）预先打算做某事。b）有迹象表明即将发生的动作。WearegoingtovisittheGreatWallatweekends.Listentotheloudcrashofthunder.It’sgoingtorain.听那震耳的雷声，天就要下雨了。2）am/is/aretodo用于表示按计划、安排要进行的动作Themeetingistobeheldtomorrow.注1：该结构也可当情态动词用，表示“命令”、“可能”39Youaretobebackby9o’clockatthelatest.你必须最迟在9点之前回家。Thiskindofbookisnowheretobebought.=Thiskindofbookcan’tbebought anywhere.注2：用在if条件句中，表示“想”。Ifwearetobethereintime,we’llhavetohurryup.3）beabouttodo用于表达某动作马上要发生Bequick!FlightNo.302toTokyoisabouttotakeoff.改错：Allentionplease!Theconcertisabouttostartinfiveminutes.删去infiveminutes。beabouttodo不能与具体时间状语连用。4）转移动词go,come,start,leave,arrive,return,sail等以及win,lose,die可用进行时表示将来时。TheshipissailingforShanghaitomorrow.Itseemstomethatourteamislosing.八、过去将来时1．基本用法表示在过去某一时刻尚未发生的动作或存在的状态。2．表达形式主动语态：should/woulddo被动语态：should/wouldbedoneIneverimaginedthathewouldbecomeadoctor.IpromisedmybossthatIwouldfinishthisworkbytheendofthismonth.一般将来时的其他表达形式，也适用于过去将来时Ifeltthatsomethingterriblewasabouttohappen.请注意：①when,once,until,assoonas等引导的时间状语从句②if,unless,solongas等引导的条件状语从句③evenif,though,whenever,whether„or（不管„还是„）等引导的让步状语从句若从句动作未发生，应用一般时表示将来时。Hesaidthathewouldn’tloseheartevenifhe九、被动语态1．定义：若主语是谓语动作的承受者，即主谓语为被动关系，则谓语动词应用被动形式。Thequestionisbeingdiscussedatthemeeting.Fulltimeshouldbemadeuseoftospeedupsocialistconstruction.必须充分利用时间加速社会主义建设。①下列情况不能用被动语态：a．不及物动词及不及物性的短语动词，如happen,appear,disappear,breakout,takeplace等40b．状态动词或系动词。例：ThereisnodoubtthatTaiwanisbelongedtoChina.（错）Hisheadisfelthot.（错）Thisplanwasprovedpractical.（错）②下列情况用主动形式表示被动意义：a．表示事物的名词作主语，谓语表示该事物的特征。例：b．动词前有情态动词won’t,wouldn’t，表示该动作难以实现。例：Thedoor这扇门就是关不起来。Theenginethismorning. 今天上午这马达怎么也发动不起来。动词时态练习一、经典高考考题重现。(04全国卷)1.Mymindwasn’tonwhathewassayingsoI’mafraidI______halfofit.A.wasmissingB.hadmissedC.willmissD.missed(04浙江卷)2.Thediscussion____alivewhenaninterestingtopicwasbroughtin.A.wascomingB.hadcomeC.hascomeD.came(04福建卷)3.Shehassetanewrecord,thatis,thesalesofherlatestbook________50million.A．havereachedB．hasreachedC．arereachingD．hadreached(04江苏卷)4.Morepatients___________inhospitalthisyearthanlastyear.A.treatedB.havetreatedC.hadbeentreatedD.havebeentreated(04湖北卷)5.Hekeptlookingather,wonderingwhetherhehersomewhere.A．sawB．hasseenC．seesD．hadseen(04浙江卷)6.Becausetheshop_____,alltheT-shirtsaresoldathalfprice.A.hascloseddownB.closeddown（04北京春季）7.－Sorrytohaveinterruptedyou.Pleasegoon.－WherewasI?41C.isclosingdownD.hadcloseddown－You______youdidn’tlikeyourfather’sjob.A.hadsaid(04湖南卷)8.Turnonthetelevisionoropenamagazineandadvertisementsshowinghappyfamilies.A.willoftenseeB.oftenseeC.areoftenseeingD.haveoftenseen(04北京卷)9.Nowthatsheisoutofajob,Lucy_____goingbacktoschool,butshehasn’tdecidedyet.A.hadconsideredB.hasbeenconsideringC.consideredD.isgoingtoconsider(04北京卷)10.ThemayorofBeijingsaysthatallconstructionworkfortheBeijingOlympics__by2006.A.hasbeencompleted1-5DDADD6-10CCABC二、提高练习。.---I’mafraidnot.You’dbetterchangeitforanother.A．doB．haddoneC．didD．would2.---Sorry,Joe,Ididn’tmeanto…---Don’tcallme“Joe”.I’mMr.Parkertoyou,and______youforgetit!A.doB.didn’tC.didD.don’t3.Nobodycouldhaveguessed,20yearsago,theimportantplaceinChinesehistorythatShenzhen______.A.washavingB.wastohaveC.hadhadD. had4.TheplaneoverthelandingfieldfortwentyminuteswhenthepilotwastoldthatheshouldusetheEastsideField.A．hadbeencirclingB．iscirclingC．wascirclingD．hadcircled5.---Whataboutthesituationthere?---Oh,it________asseriousasitdoesnowforalongtime.A.didn’tlookB.wasn’tlookingC.doesn’tlookD.hasn’tlooked6.---Why!Where’smypassport?MaybeIleftitontheplane.---MyGoodness!You______thingsbehind!A.hadneverleftB.didn’tleaveC.neverleftD.haven’tleft7.Doctorsandmedicalsuppliestothesceneoftheaccidentafterthetraincrash.A．hadbeenrushedB．wererushedC．wererushingD．rushed8.Allmorningasshewaitedforthemedicalreportfromthedoctor,hernervousness_____.A.hasgrownB.isgrowingC.grewD.hadgrown9.---Theformerpresidentwascaughtatlast.---Really?Wherehimself?A．hadhehiddenB．hashehiddenC．washehiddenD．hashebeenhiding10.AfteratsunamihitSoutheastandSouthAsialastmonth,upto150,000________andthousandsmore_________.A.werekilled;arestillunknownB.havebeenkilled;werestillunknown42B.saidC.weresayingD.hadbeensayingB.hascompletedC.willhavebeencompletedD.willhavecompletedC.arekilled;arestillunknownD.hadbeenkilled;werestillunknown11.Whydon’tyouputthemeatinthefridge?Itwillfreshforseveraldays.A．bestayedB．stayC．bestayingD．havestayed12.You____thingsabout.Look,whatamessinyourroom!A.alwaysthrowB.havealwaysthrownC.arealwaysthrowingD.havealwaysbeenthrowing13.Plantmoretreesinthisarea,otherwisewe______fromsandstorms.A.oftensufferB.willoftensufferC.isoftensufferD.willoftenbesuffered14.---Henry,thephoneisringing.Doyouwantmetogo…?---No,sitstill.________.A.I’llgetitB.IamtogetitC.I’mgettingitD.Iamgoingtogetit.15.Thearticlesuggeststhatwhenaperson______underunusualstressheshouldbeespeciallycarefultohaveawell—balanceddiet.A.beB.isC.wereD.wasonlyalittle.A.aregoingup;havebeenbroughtdownB.havegoneup;arebeingbroughtdownC.arebeinggoneup;hasbroughtdownD.havebeengoneup;arebringingdown17.---Ithoughtyoumighthavegotdrunk.---Yes,I______.A．haveB．hadC．diddoD．mighthaveforsixweeks.A．arewalkingB．havebeenwalkingC．willbewalkingD．willhavebeenwalking19.Howcanyoupossiblymissthenews?It______onTVallday long.A.hasbeenB.hadbeenC.wasD.willbe20.Idon’tunderstandhowyougotaticket.Ialwaysyouacarefuldriver.A．think„areB．amthinking„areC．thought„wereD．think„were21.---Whydidyoucomebytaxi?---MybikebrokedownlastnightandI________itrepaired.A.didn’thaveB.don’thaveC.won’thaveD.haven’thad22.---Doyoumeanwehavetobreakofftheexperimentfordinner?A．isservedB．servesC．isbeingservedD．willserve23.---Fined$20!Youknowyou______100kmanhour,don’tyou?---No,officer!Ican’thavebeen.Thiscardoesn’tdo80.A.aredrivingB.havedrivenC.droveD.weredriving24.---Doyouregrethavingleftyourfirstjob?---WhyshouldI?I______asmuch,butIenjoymoreofmypresentjob.A.didn’tearnB.don’tearnC.hadn’tearnedD.haven’tearned25.Itseemsoil_____fromthispipeforsometime.Wewillhavetotakethemachineaparttoputitright.A.hasleakedB.isleakingC.leakedD.hasbeenleaking26.Onceaprogrammeputintoacomputer,itaccordingly.A.is;actsB.isbeing;isactingC.hasbeen;willactD.willbe;actsmeaboutwhenItelephonedyou?---No,Iamsorry.Ican’t.Igaveittoafriend.43A．weretellingB．wouldtellC．hadtoldD．hadbeentelling28.---Howhugethesetomatoes!Youmusthaveappliedmuchfertilizer(肥料)tothem.---Yes,I_________.TheyoughttoberipeenoughtopickbynextTuesday.A.doB.mustC.haveD.did29.---Peter,you_____thecardownatonce.---Ok!Oh!Thecar______gone.A.wash,isB.willwash,isC.wash,wasD.willwash,has30.---Thepossibilityofafloodwasjustreportedovertheradio.---Iknow.Iheardaboutit.Theriver______thetopofitsbank.A.hasreachedB.reachingC.hadbeenreachedD.hadreached1-5ADBAD6-10CBCAA11-15BCBAB16-20ACDA21-25DCDBD26-30CACAD第七章情态动词情态动词具有一定的词义，没有人称和数的变化，不能单独充当谓语。它和谓语动词连用，表示“请求，愿望，建议，推测”等意义。第一节交际1．表示“请求”，请别人做事。用will,would,can,could。句型：（1）Will/Wouldyou（please）do„？（2）Can/Couldyoudo„?在这两个句型中would,could比will,can更正式、客气。Will/Wouldyoupleaseexplainthetextonceagain?Can/CouldyoutellmewhattimeFlight312 arrives?2．询问是否“许可”。用can/could，may/might句型：（1）May/MightIdo„?（2）Can/CouldIdo„?在这两个句型中could,might比can,may更正式、客气。—CouldIuseyourcar?—Yes,ofcourse,youcan?（回答必须用can）—MightIhavealookatyournewcomputer?—Yes,youmay（回答必须用may）或Pleasegoahead.3．自己想做，要求对方做决定,即征询对方意见。用shall，用于第一人称和第三人称。句型：ShallI（we,he,sheit,they）„？译“要不要„？”—Theroomissodirty.Shallwecleanit?—Ofcourse.（03全国春季）Shallthesegoodsbesentovertoyouatonce?要不要把这些货物马上送给你？4．表示规劝，建议1）正面的规劝，表示“最好”，“应该”，或“必须”做某事。①表示“最好”，用hadbetter，may/mightaswell或Itisbetter/besttodosth.Youmightjustaswelltellthemanufacturerthatmalecustomersmaynotlikethedesignofthefurniture.（04上海春季）Ifyouareplanningtospendyourmoneyhavingfunthisweek,betterforgetit—you’vegotsomebigbillscoming.（04广东卷）（betterforgetit相当于Youhadbetterforgetit.）44②表示“有义务或有必要”，用should或oughtto。即“应该”。Ifyouseeanythingunusual,youshouldcallthepolice.③用must译：“必须”。Theguiderequiredthatallpassengersmustwearseatbelts.导游要求所有旅客必须系安全带。2）反面的规劝，表示“不必”，“不应当”，或“不许”做某事。①表示“不必”，用needn’t或don’thaveto。---Idon’tmindtellingyouwhatIknow.---Youneedn’t.I’mnotaskingyouforit.(04江苏卷)Youneedn’treturn/don’thavetoreturnthebooknow.Youcankeepittillnextweek.②表示“不应该”，用shouldn’t或oughtn’tto。Weshouldn’tthrowcoldwateronthem.我们不应当给他们泼冷水。③表示“不许”,用mustn’t。Youmustn’tsmokeinclass.上课时不准吸烟。needn’t/don’thaveto→shouldn’t→mustn’t语气逐步加强5．须区别或注意的情态动词1）can,could与beableto的区别a）表示能力时can和beableto可以互换使用Ican/amabletospeakEnglish.Shecould/wasabletoreadnovelsatten.b）表示在过去某一特定场合下，一次性表现出来的能力，只能用was/wereableto。Thefirespreadthroughthehotelveryquicklybuteveryonegetout.A．hadtoB．wouldC．couldD．wasable to（答案D）（97全国）2）shall用在主语是第二、第三人称的陈述句中，表示说话人给对方的许诺或命令。Workhardandyoushallbepaid.好好干，你会得到报酬的。（许诺）Youshallleavehereatonce.=Youmustleavehereatonce.（命令）shall也用于法律、法令或规章等正式文件中，表示义务或规定。译“应，必须”。Thefineshallbepaidincash.罚款应以现金交纳。3）need和dare的用法。改错：1）ABCD2）ABCDa）need（需要），dare（敢于）可作行为动词用，句型needtodo,daretodo。也可作情态动词，但不能用在肯定句。在肯定句中只能作行为动词使用，故第一题B错，need→needsto；第二题C错，accept→toacceptb）need,作情态动词用时，无人称变化。need用于否定句和疑问句中；dare用于否定句、疑问句和条件句中。Youneedn’tworksohard.→Youdon’tneedtoworksohard.45—NeedIgoatonce.—Yes,youmust./No,youneedn’t.Marydarenottouchthesnake.→Marydoesn’tdare（to）touchthesnake.Dareyouwalkthroughtheforestatnight?Iftheenemydareenterourcountry,wewillfightagainstthemtotheend.如果敌人胆敢进入我国，我们就和他们战斗到底。4）should的用法。should除表示“应该”外，还可用于表示情感、意志等句中的that从句。译“竟然、居然”。例如：Youcan’timaginethatawell-behavedgentleman_____besorudetoalady.A.mightB.needC.shouldD.would（答案C）（01上海）第二节推测1．根据某一事实、现象推测可能发生的情况。用must,may,might。下表比较了三者表示推测肯例：Youmustbetired.Gohomeandhaveagoodrest.（对目前的推测）Thelightisoninthelab.MrLimuststillbedoingexperiments.（对目前的推测）SorryI’mlate.Imighthaveturnedoffthealarmclockandgonebacktosleepagain.（对过去的推测）（2000北京春季）注：1）must表示推测仅用于对当前和已发生的情况，不能用于推测将来可能发生的事情。must表示推测仅用于肯定句。在否定句和疑问句中，必须用can/could取代must。MrLican’tstillbedoingexperimentsat present.MyEnglish-Chinesedictionaryhasdisappeared．Who___________havetakenit？A．shouldB．mustC．couldD．would答案C（03上海春季）2）may/might可以用于推测将来可能发生的情况，既可用于肯定句，也可用于否定句，但不能用于疑问句。在疑问句中，同样使用can/could。例：1.—IsJohncomingbytrain?—Heshould,buthe________not.Helikesdrivinghiscar.A.mustB.canC.needD.may答案D（02全国）2.—YoursonmayreturntoNanjingtomorrowbywayofHongKong.—Wonderful!Buthowcanhecome,byairorsea?462．根据经验或惯例对某一情况进行推测，用should或oughtto，常译成“按理应该„”或“可能会„„”。It’snearlyseveno’clock.Jackshouldbehereatanymoment.时间已将近7点了，按理Jack该回来了。第三节反思1．表示“当时本应该做，而实际上没有做”，用：①shouldhavedone或oughttohavedone②couldhavedone或mighthavedone句型①责备的语气强于句型②例：1.Mr.Whiteshouldhavearrivedat8:30forthemeeting,buthedidn’t’showup.(04广西卷)2.Hemighthavegivenyoumorehelp,eventhoughhewasbusy.2①needn’thavedone当时做了某事，但事实上没有必要Youneedn’thavetoldhimthenews;heknewitalready.didn’thavetodo通常指当时某事没有必要做且没有做。Shetoldmethatshehadadaughteranddidn’thavetohaveanotherbaby.第四节虚拟语气虚拟语气是指所说的话只是一个与事实相反的主观愿望或假想。虚拟语气可用于条件状语从句、名词从句以及其他结构中。一、if引导的非真实条件中的虚拟语气。例：1.Iftherewerenogravity,wewouldnotbeabletowalkontheearth.假如没有引力，我们就不可能在地球上行走。2.Wewouldhavesucceededifwehadmadeenough preparations.当初要是作了充分的准备，我们就有可能成功。3.Thiskindofboilerisverysafe.Ifitweretogowrong,thecontrollingsystemwouldcutoffthefueloilsupplyautomatically.这种锅炉很安全。万一锅炉发生故障，控制系统会自动切断燃油的供给。2、if虚拟条件句的省略。47若虚拟条件从句中有were,had,should,可把if省略，而把were,had,should提到主语前面，成为倒装结构。例：1.IfIwereyou,Iwouldacceptthechallenge.→WereIyou,Iwouldacceptthechallenge.2.Ifyouhadinformedmeearlier,Iwouldn’thavesignedthecontract.→Hadyouinformedmeearlier,Iwouldn’thavesignedthecontract.当初你要早点告诉我，我是不会签那个合同的。3、错综时间条件句。在这种虚拟条件句中，从句动作和主举动作发生的时间不一致，因此，从句和主句的谓语动词要根据各自所指的不同时间选择适当的动词形式。例：1.IfIwereyou,Iwouldhavetakenthatjob.（从句指现在，主句指过去）你错过了这么好的机会。我要是你，我当时就接受那份工作。2.Hadherhusbandnotbeenkilledinthewar,shewouldnotbehelpingotherswithhouseworknow.（从句指过去，主句指现在）如果她的丈夫那时没有死与战争的话，她现在不会帮人做家务了。4、含蓄虚拟条件句。有时假设的情况并不以条件从句表示出来，而是以其他形式表现出来。1）介词短语butfor或without。译：“要不是，要是没有”。例：1.Butforelectricity(=Ifitwerenotforelectricity),therewouldbenomodernindustry.要是没有电，就不会有现代化工业。2.Withoutyourhelp(Ifithadnotbeenforyourhelp),wecouldnothavesucceeded.当初没有您的帮助，我们不可能成功。2）or或otherwise。句型：did(过去时)，or/otherwisewouldhavedone.例：Iranallthewaytoschool,otherwiseIwouldhavebeenlate.我一路跑到学校，否则，我就会迟到了。3）but句型：（1）woulddobutdo(一般现在时)（2）wouldhavedonebutdid(一般过去时)Mydaughterwouldgainweightbutshedoesn’teatenough.----Whydidn’tyouhelphimout?----IwouldhavebutIdidn’thavemoney.5、wish后的宾语从句和ifonly引导的感叹句中的虚拟语气。wish后的宾语从句和ifonly引导的感叹句表达的是与客观事实相反的愿望，需用虚拟语气。wishthat从句=ifonly+从句译：“要是„„就好了”或“但愿„„”。1）愿望与事实相反。从句谓语动词用：were或did(过去时形式)IwishIknewtheanswertothequestion.=IfonlyIknewtheanswertothequestion.我要能知道那个问题的答案就好了。2）愿望与过去事实相反。从句谓语动词用：haddone(过去完成时形式)----Wehadagreattimelast night.----IwishthatIhadnotbeenillyesterday.=IfonlyIhadnotbeenillyesterday.昨天我要是不生病那该多好啊！483）愿望将来不大可能发生。从句谓语动词用：would/could/mightdoIwishthatitwouldbefinetomorrow.=Ifonlyitwouldbefinetomorrow.但愿明天是个好天气。6、“(should)+动词原形”的形式在名词从句中的运用。在这些从句中should可以省略，具体运用在以下三种情况下。1）用在谓语动词为suggest（建议），insist（坚持），adivse（建议），order（命令），desire（希望），demand（require，request）（要求、请求）的宾语从句中。2）suggestion,advice（忠告）,order,demand,desire（愿望）等名词后的同位语从句或表语从句中。3）在固定句型中：Itisimportant/necessary(essential)(必要的)/desirable(希望)that(should)do例：1.Isuggestthatourmanager(should)gotherebysea.我建议我们的经理由海路去那里。2.Ourdesireisthatwe(should)getariseinsalaryassoonaspossible.我的愿望是能尽快涨工资。3.Itisessentialthatyou(should)winthevoter’shearts.赢得选民的心是绝对必要的。49提高练习：一、考题重现。(04天津卷)1.----Whoisthegirlstandingoverthere?----Well,ifyouknow,hernameisMabel.A.mayB.canC.mustD.shall（03全国卷）2.Aleftluggageofficeisaplacewherebagsbeleftforashorttime,especiallyatarailwaystation.(04浙江卷)3.I____payTracyavisit,butIamnotsurewhetherIwillhavetimethisSunday.A.shouldB.mightC.wouldD.could(04江苏卷)4.---Idon’tmindtellingyouwhatIknow..I’mnotaskingyouforit.A.mustn’tB.maynotC.can’tD.needn’t（04上海春季）5.Youmightjustaswelltellthemanufacturerthatmalecustomers________notlikethedesignofthefurniture.A.mustB.shallC.mayD. need(04全国卷)6.----Isn’tthatAnn’shusbandoverthere?-----No,it_______behim.I’msurehedoesn’twearglasses.A.can’tB.mustnotC.won’tD.maynot(04福建卷)7.----I’lltellMaryabouthernewjobtomorrow.----You________herlastweek.A．oughttotellB．wouldhavetoldC．musttellD．shouldhavetold(04重庆卷)8.“Theinterestbedividedintofiveparts,accordingtotheagreementmadebybothsides,”declaredthejudge.A.may（98全国）9.----WhencanIcomeforthephotos?Ineedthemtomorrowafternoon.----They_____bereadyby12:00.（03上海春季）A.canB.shouldC.mightD.need10.LookatthetroubleIamin！IfonlyI___________youradvice．A．followedB．wouldfollowC．hadfollowedD．shouldfollow1-5CBADC6-10ADDBCB.shouldC.mustD.shallA．shouldB．canC．mustD．will二．自我测评.501.Lastyear’sSARSoutbreaktellsusthatasoundpublichealthsystem_______bebuiltupandstrengthenedinourcountry.A.shouldlibrary.A.mustB.mayC.canD.need3.---CanItellmybestfriendaboutit?---No.Idon’twantanyoneelseA．won’tB．mustn’tC．don’thavetoD．don’tneedto4.---Amazing!You______wearslippersatwork.---Don’tyouknowit’safashion.A.shouldB.oughttoC.dareD.mustn’t5.---DidyouhavedifficultyfindingJohn’shouse?---Notreally.Johnhadgivenusgooddirectionsandwe______findit.A.wouldB.couldC.hadtoD.wereableto6.---Weneedapersonbadlytothinkupsuchanidea.---thenewcomerhaveatry?A．ShallB．MayC．ShouldD．Need7.Ithasbeenannouncedthatallthepoultry(家禽)within3kmoffarmsinfectedwithbirdflu_____bekilledtobringthediseaseundercontrol.A.willB.shallC.needD.may8.Ifyou_____beintimefortheflighttoParis,besuretostartoutby5:00p.m.atthelatest.A.aretoB.areabouttoC.willD.aredueto9.---Iwouldliketotaketomorrowoff,_______I ?---I’mafraidyoucan’t.Therearemanythingsforustothen,yousee.A.shallB.mayC.wouldD.should10.---________youbehappy!---Thesametoyou!A.wishB.HopeC.MayD.Should11.---Well,lostagain!---Itisnotveryimportant.We___aswellforgetaboutit.OK?A.can’tB.mustn’tC.mightD.should12.---DoyouknowUncleTomiscrazyaboutgardening?---Sure.He____hisflowersinthegardennow.A.maybewateringB.mustbewateringC.couldlookafterD.oughttowatch13.---Hurryup,Michael!It’stentothree.---Goodnessme!Theclass______.I’llbelateagain.A.mustbeginB.canC.willD.may2.Childrenunder12yearsofageinthatcountry________beunderadultsupervisionwheninapublicB.maybeginC.shouldhavebegun51D.musthavebegun14.Mr.Smithisontimeforeverything.How_______itbethathewaslatefortheopeningceremony.A.canB.shouldC.mayD.must15.---Thereisalotofsmokecomingoutofthehouse.---Really?It_____beafire,mostprobably.A.mustB.mightC.oughttoD.can16.---Wherewillyoustartyourworkaftergraduation?---Mmm,it’snotbeendecidedyet.I____continuemystudyforahigherdegree.A.needB.mustC.wouldD.might17.---Itelephonedyoutwicelastnight,butanyhow,Icouldn’tgetthroughtoyourhouse.---Ithinkthatthelinesmighthavebeenoutoforder,______?A.don’tyouB.haven’ttheyC.weren’ttheyD.hadn’tthey18.Hehasmadesomanymistakesinhishomeworkthathe______nothavebeenallowedtowatchTVwhiledoingit.A.couldB.mustC.would19.---HankStreamdidn’tturnuplastnight,didhe?---No.Weforhim.Awholenightwaswasted.A.needn’thavewaitedB.couldn’thavewaitedC.needn’thavetowaitD.didn’tneedtowait20.---Theyhaven’tfinishedtheworkuptonow.---Howabsurdofthem!They_________twodaysago.A.shouldB.shouldhaveC.wouldD.musthave21.Wesomuchhadwenothadyourhelp.A.willnotachieveB.wouldnothaveachievedC.donotachieveD.didnotachieve22.ItishardformetoimaginewhatIwouldbedoingnowadaysifI_____inlove,attheageof seven,withthelibraryinmyhometown.A.wouldn’thavefallenB.shouldnotfallC.hadnotfallenD.werenottofall23.Isupportedhimintime,otherwisehe________offthebike.A.mightfallB.wouldfallC.wouldhavefallenD.shouldhavefallen24.Thetrafficaccidentwouldn’thavehappenedyesterday,butthedriver_____reallycareless.A.hadbeenB.isC.wereD.was25.---Didyoumeetwiththefamousspacehero,YangLiwei?hereearlier!A．cameB．hadcomeC．wouldcomeD．havecome1-5AABAD6-10ABABC11-15CBDAC16-20DCDAB21-25BCCDBD.should第八章非谓语动词不定式（infinitive）、分词（participle）、动名词（gerund）是非谓语动词，在句子中不能作谓语。．．．．．．．．．以下表格列出了他们各自在句中的作用。（√表示可以在句中担任的语法成分，×则表示不可以。）52非谓语动词在句中的特点、性质、用法、区别及使用注意事项分述如下：第一节、非谓语动词作主语可作主语的非谓语形式为：不定式和动名词。其表达形式为：不定式：主动态todo;被动态tobedone;动名词：主动态doing;被动态beingdone。例1：例2：要我用现金买那辆车是不可能的。例3：例4：——Whatmadeyousolateforworktoday?——因为交通拥挤，今早开车上班非常慢。一般说来，动名词和不定式作主语，可以互换，其意义没有多大差别，但须注意以下两点：1．表示具体的，尤其是未发生的动作，倾向用不定式（如例2）。表示无时限的泛指动作（如例3）或描述当时的情况（如例4），倾向用动名词。2．在下列句型用动名词作主语（„„没有用）（„„不可能）Itisnogoodarguingwithhim.和他争论没有用。Thereisnoknowingwhatmayhappen.=Itisimpossibletoknowwhatmayhappen.练习：1．（改错）Asisknown,learnaforeignlanguagewellrequiresgreatefforts.2．（改错）Thoughflyingballoonsareeasy,balloonistsmustwatchtheweathercarefully.3．（选择）_______tosunlightfortoomuchwilldoharmtoone’sskin.A.ExposedtoB.ExposingC.HavingexposedD.Beingexposed答案：1．learn→learning原形动词不能作主语。2．are→is 单个动名词作主语，谓语用单数。3.答案D。句义：遭太阳暴晒对皮肤有害。本题考查动名词作主语。分析句子结构可知，待选项在句中作主语，又因为人与expose为被动关系，所以选D。第二节、非谓语动词作表语53可作表语的非谓语动词为：不定式，动名词。1．YourtaskthismorningistodeliverthemailtoProfessorSmith.你今天上午的任务是把这个邮件送给史密斯教授。（不定式解释主语B.nottomakeC.notmakingD.donotmake2.分析句子是否正确:Whatwedoisprepareourstudentstofacefiercecompetitionswhentheyentersociety.1、答案B。is后有两个表语，两者必须在结构上对称。第一个表语为不定式tomakelifeeasier，则第二个表语也应该为不定式，所以选B。2、正确。当主语部分有实义动词do时，作表语的不定式可以省略to;若没有实义动词do,表语中to不能省略。第三节、非谓语动词作宾语可作宾语的非谓语动词为：不定式和动名词。1．不定式作宾语例1．Hedemandedtoknowthetruth.例2．Thecarfailedtostopattheredlight.那辆轿车看到红灯没有停。英语中有相当数量的动词，只能以不定式作宾语。如：agree（同意），decide,refuse,pretend（假装），manage（设法），promise,seem,happen,hope,wish,offertodo（表示愿望）affordtodo（买得起，承担得起），bothertodo（特意），choosetodo（愿意或决定）attempt/seektodo（试图）learntodo（学习或学会）wouldlike（love）todo，wouldprefertodo（更愿意），beabouttodo（即将）,介词but/excepttodo例1）Ihavenochoicebuttogiveuptheplan.2）Therewasnothingwecoulddoexceptwait.注：but/except前有实义动词do,其后to必须省去请注意以下几点：1）疑问代词如what，which；疑问副词如when,whether（why除外）引导的不定式可作know,decide等的宾语，在意义上相当与一个未曾发生的宾语从句。例1．Wehaven’tdecidedwhatstepstotakenext.→Wehaven’tdecidedwhatstepsweshouldtakenext.2．Ireallydon’tknow→Ireallydon’tknowwhetherIshouldwritetoherorgiveheraphonecall.54这种结构也可以作主语和表语例1．下一步该怎么办有待于讨论。例2． 2）为了避免重复，不定式可省去与前边重复的动词原形，而保留“to”。例：——Wouldyouliketogoforapicnicwithme?——I’dloveto,butIcan’tspareanytimeatpresent.（to后省略了goforapicnicwithyou）不定式的进行时和完成时常用在下列句型中：1）S（人，物）2）S（人，物）请注意：考查不定式的时态和语态，主要集中在以上句型中，是高考的重点和热点。Ihappenedtobestandingnexttohimwhenhefelldown.Thebankisreportedinthelocalnewspapertohavebeenrobbedinbroaddaylightyesterday.据当地报纸指导，这家银行昨天在光天化日之下遭到抢劫。Heisknowntohavebeenarrestedbythepolice.人们都知道他曾被警察逮捕过。4）was/weretohavedone；wouldliketohavedonewished（hoped/wanted/intended/meant）tohavedone表示当时想做，而实际不能做到Iwastohavepickedyouupattheairport,butIforgotaboutit.IintendedtohavehelpedyououtbutIhadnomoneythen.我当时真想帮助你摆脱困境，可是我那时身无分文。2．动名词作动词或介词的宾语Ican’timaginemarryingagirlofthatsort.我很难想象与那种女子结婚后的情形。Inarrowlymissedbeingkilledinthecaraccident.在那次车祸中我死里逃生。Headmittedhavingstolenmybicycle.他承认偷了我的自行车。55Thereisnopointinarguinganyfurther.再争议下去毫无意义。1）下列动词必须带动名词结构作宾语：understand（理解），admit（承认），keep（on）（继续），practise（练习），finish（完成），imagine（想象），miss（错过，避免），avoid（避免），escape（逃避），suggest（建议），dislike（讨厌），enjoy（喜欢），delay（推迟），excuse（原谅），mind（介意），appreciate（感激），oppose（反对）。另外，有的词既可带动名词做宾语，亦可带不定式做宾语补足语，请区别清楚。如：allowdoing（比较：allowsb.todo）advisedoing（比较：advisesb.todo）2）下列短语必须带动名词结构作宾语：beworth（值得），payattentionto（注意），objectto（反对），can’thelp（情不自禁），devoteoneselfto（致力于），putoff（推迟），be/getusedto（习惯于），feellike（想要），lookforwardto（盼望），getdownto（开始做，认真做某事），how/whatabout（„„怎么样），Thereisnopoint(in)doingsth (做某事毫无意义)3）下列动词可以用不定式作宾语，也可以用动名词作宾语，但有明显的语义差别。rememberdoing回忆起过去做过的事remembertodo记住要做的事forgetdoing忘记了曾做过的事forgettodo忘记该做的事regretdoing对已发生的事表示后悔regrettodo对现在要发生的事表示抱歉meandoing意味着，意思是meantodo打算，想要trydoing试一试某种方法trytodo设法去做一件事比较1．Idon’tmeantogiveuptheplan.我不打算放弃这个计划。Abreakdownonourwaywouldmeanourwalkingforhours.汽车半路抛锚意味着我们要步行几个小时。比较2．Ihavealwaysdeeplyregrettedselling（havingsold）thefarm.我一直为卖掉这个农场而后悔不已。Weregrettotellyouthatyouowethebank&100.我们很遗憾地告诉你，你欠银行100英镑。第四节、非谓语动词作状语作状语的非谓语动词为：分词和不定式1．现在分词和过去分词的区别1）现在分词表示主动，译为“令人„„”；过去分词表示被动，译为“感到„”，这是两者最重要的区别Theweatherofthissummerisdisappointing.56MyparentswillbedisappointedwithmeifIfailtheexam.描述事物或事情的性质一般用现在分词。描述人的情感一般用过去分词。Idon’tthinkitsurprisingforsuchabadmantohavebeenpunished.（it指“象这样的坏人受到惩罚”这件事）Therewasasurprisedexpressioninhereyes.她的眼里流露出惊讶的神情。（人的表情是情感的具体表现，故应用过去分词来修饰expression）2）现在分词通常表示动作正在进行；过去分词通常表示动作已完成。 3．分词表示时间、原因、条件、让步、伴随或补充说明等a）分词做时间、原因、条件、让步状语的表达形式如下：havingdone（主动关系）Notunderstandingitsmeaning,heaskedtheteachertoexplaintheword.（表原因：understanding与句子主语he之间是主动关系，同谓语动词asked同时发生）Havingmadeadecision,theyimmediatelysetouttowork.（表时间：makeadecision与句子主语之间是主动关系且发生于谓语动词setout之前）Havingbeenexperimentedmanytimes,thisnewproductwillbeputintomassproduction.由于这一新产品已实验过多次，不久将投入批量生产。（表原因：experimented与主语product为被动关系，且先于谓语动词put之前发生）词作上述状语时，它的位置可置于主句之前，也可置于主语之后。例：They,havingmadeadecision,setouttowork.选择：Theresearchissodesignedthatonce_____nothingcanbedonetochangeit.（02全国）A.beginsB.havingbegunC.beginningD.begun本题考查状语从句的省略，难度较大。若时间、原因、条件和让步状语从句的主语与主句主语相同，且从句部分有be时，可省略从句主语及be。省略后的形式如下：57(1)when（while,until,once,as,if,though等）+doing从句谓语动词与主语为主动关系(2)when（while,until,once,as,if,though等）+done从句谓语动词与主语为被动关系表示“某一事件的开始”，begin既可用主动态，也可以用被动态。状语从句表达形式：（1）Onceitbeings。这种形式，不具备省略条件。（2）Onceitisbegun。具备省略条件（有be）。省略后的形式为：Oncebegun。所以本题选D。b）分词作伴随状语时,其形式为：（1）doing（2）done。究竟用现在分词还是过去分词，取决于该动作与句子主语是主动还是被动关系“Wecan’tgoingoutinthisweather,”saidBob,lookingoutofthewindow.（04重庆）Theboysatinthedarkroom,frightenedandtrembling.男孩一个人做在黑洞洞的房间里，吓得浑身发抖。注意：作伴随状语的分词，与谓语动作同时。这是判断一个动词是否作伴随状语的主要尺度。请注意下列固定短语在作状语时的表达形式：Generallyspeaking一般地说Strictlyspeaking 从严格意义上说Judgingfrom/by„根据„判断Given/Allowingfor考虑到Giventheirinexperience,theyhavedoneagoodjob.在缺少经验的情况下，他们的工作算是做得不错。4．不定式用作表目的，结果，方式和形容词原因状语1）目的Towinovertheundecidedvoters,theyareworkingtwiceashard.为了把尚未拿定主意的选民争取过来，他们正在加倍努力工作。Hegotupearlynottomissthefirstbus.（notto也可用soasnotto或inordernotto这一强调形式）2）结果不定式作结果状语，常见结构有：tooadj/advtodo;tooadj+a+ntodosoadj/advastodo;such+nastodoTheboyistooyoungtodresshimself.Hewastooshrewd（精明的）abusinessmantoacceptouroffer.他是个非常精明的商人，不会接受我们的开价。Willyoubesokindastoturndowntheradio?请把收音机开小一点。Hecan’thavedonesuchaterriblethingastokeepyouwaitingsolong.他不可能做出这样糟糕的事，让你等这么长的时间。注意：表示一种事先没有预料的结果，用不定式。不定式前可用only来加强意想不到的语气。如：(04福建卷)Thenewsreportershurriedtotheairport,onlytobetoldthefilmstarshadleft.然而，要表示在事情发展过程中必然会产生的结果，就要用分词来表达。分词前可加thus,加58强必然的语气。Thenewmachinewillworktwiceasfast,thusgreatlyreducingcosts.新机器的运转速度提高一倍，因而大大降低了成本。3）方式状语结构：S（人，物）be+adjtodo特点（1）句子的主语在逻辑关系上为不定式动作的宾语（2）形容词为：easy,hard,difficult,comfortable,dangerous等。1.Somebooksareinterestingtoread,butboringtolearn.有些书读起来很有趣，但学起来很讨厌。2.Thetelephonenumberiseasytoremember.他的电话号码很难记。3.Thatmanisdifficulttodealwith.那个人很难对付。注意：以上句子，尽管句子的主语和不定式动作为被动关系，但只能用主动形式；若不定式动词为不及物，应加上适当介词，如例4。4）形容词原因状语。这类形容词通常是表示情感或评价行为表现的形容词。Iamshockedtohearthenewsofhissuddendeath.Youweresillynottohavelockedyourcar.(04湖南)第五节、非谓语动词作宾语补足语作宾语补足语的非谓语动词是不定式和分词。 ．．．．．英语中有相当一批动词必须以不定式作宾语补充语。Myparentsdon’tallowme这些动词和短语为：wish,want,ask,require/request（要求）；order,warn（警告）allow/permit,forbid（禁止）,expect,remind（提醒），encourage,inspire（激励）callon（号召，要求），dependon,longforsb.todo（渴望）请特别记住下列动词的宾补形式，表达的意义及判断的依据。do宾语与宾补动作为主动关系。1．make（使）+O+Cdone宾语与宾补动作为被动关系。todo主语与不定式动作为主动关系。S+bemadedone主语与分词动作为被动关系。注：句型“O”代表宾语，为名词或代词；“C”代表宾补。例：Thosewhowon’tworkshouldbemadetowork.那些不愿工作的人应强制他们去工作。Hecouldn’tmakehimselfheard.他无法让别人听到他说的话。592．Keep（leave）doing宾语与宾补动作为主动关系。（使„„处于某种状态）done宾语与宾补动作为被动关系。doing主语与分词动作为主动关系。S+be+kept（leftdone主语与分词动作为被动关系。例：Nowstudentsarekeptburyingthemselvesinbooksallday.现在的学生被迫整天埋头读书。Hisworkwasleftundone.他丢下工作不去干。3．doing宾语与宾补动作为主动关系。find（发现）done宾语与宾补动作为被动关系。doing主语与分词动作为主动关系。done主语与分词动作为被动关系。例：（03全国）Acookwillbeimmediatelyfiredifheisfoundsmokinginthekitchen.4．doing宾语与宾补动作为主动关系with+O+Cdone宾语与宾补动作为被动关系todo（动作未发生）例：1.Helayonthegrasslandwithhisjacketcoveringhisstomach.他躺在草地上，把上衣盖在肚子上。2.Withalotofdifficultproblemstosettle,thenewly-electedpresidentishavingahardtime.（02上海春季）由于很多棘手的问题要解决，那为新当选的总统处境艰难。5．catchsb.doing;becaughtdoing该句型表示（偶然或突然）撞见、发现。例：Helookedaroundandcaughtamanputtinghishandintothepocketofapassenger.（04北京春季）他向四周看，突然发现一个人把手伸进一个旅客的口袋6．do宾语与宾补动作为主动关系。让某人做某事。have（使）doing宾语与宾补动作为主动关系。让某一动作一直在进行。done 宾语与宾补动作为被动关系。(表示：1)让某事由别人做。2)表达主语的遭遇。）例:1.Whomwouldyouliketohavehandlethecomplicationproblem?2.Paulhadhishandburnedseriouslywhilecookingdinner.保罗在做饭时，手被严重烫伤。7．todo宾语与宾补动作为主动关系。Getsbtodo=havesb.do。get（使）+O+Cdone宾语与宾补动作为被动关系。getsthdone=havesth.done。60例：You’llnevergethertoagree.Whenaregoingtogetyourhaircut?8．感官动词hear,listento,see,lookat,notice,watch,observe,feel等。do宾语与宾补动作是主动关系。该动作全过程已结束，或经常性发生。hear+O+Cdoing宾语与宾补动作是主动关系。该动作正在进行。done宾语与宾补动作是被动关系。todo主语与不定式动作为主动关系。该动作全过程已结束或经常发生S+be+hearddoing主语与分词动作为主动关系。该动作正在进行。done主语与分词动作为被动关系。例：Hehasneverheardhersingsowellbefore.Ididn’tnoticeyoucarryingapackwhenyoucamein.Neverbeforehadhefelthimselfsopowerfullyattractedtothescientificidea.改错：1）ABCD2）ABCD3）ABCD4）ABCD5）ABCD答案：1）B错arehoped→arewishedhopesb.todo典型病句2）B错totake→（should）takedemand句型：1）demandtodo2）demandthat(should)do3）C错becoming→become现在分词doing不能做make的宾补。4）C错tobesung→sung5）B错remained→remaining。remain“剩下”是不及物动词，只有主动形式。注意：以上动词的宾补形式的考查是高考的重点和难点。第六节、非谓语动词作定语1．不定式作定语在三种情况下需用不定式作定语：1）动作未发生，被修饰的名词在逻辑关系上是不定式动作的宾语。不定式用主动形式还是被61动形式，由句子的主语与不定式的逻辑关系决定。ItseemstomethatIhavenothingtotakehometomychildren.在我看来今天我们没有东西可以带给孩子了Shewilltelluswhyshefeelssostronglythateachofushasarolebetterplaceto live．（03上海春季）她会告诉我们为什么她强烈地认为在使地球成为更好住处这一点上，我们每个人都有可以发挥的作用。若作定语的不定式动词为不及物动词，需加适合介词。如：NowIfeelverylonelybecauseIcan’tfindanyonetotalk2）被修饰的词为抽象名词，如need,way,reason,right等，不定式解释其B．toconsiderC．consideredD．beingconsidered2：Peoplearetalkingabouttheplayintwodaysatthetheatre.A．toperformB．beingperformedC．performedD．tobeperformed例1答案为C。例2答案为D。非谓语动词练习62一、高考典型考题重现1.Youweresillynotyourcar.(04湖南卷)A.tolockB.tohavelockedC.lockingD.havinglocked2.Havingbeenillinbedfornearlyamonth,hehadahardtime________theexam.(04福建卷)A．passB．topassC．passedD．passing3.I’veworkedwithchildrenbefore,soIknowwhat________inmynewjob.（2000全国）A．expectedB．toexpectC．tobeexpectingD．expects4.Theoldman,_________abroadfortwentyyears,isonthewaybacktohismotherland.(04江苏卷)A.toworkB.workingC.tohaveworkedD.havingworked5.______lateinthemorning,Bobturnedoffthealarm.(01北京春季)A．TosleepB．SleepingC．SleepD．HavingsleptA．totellB．tobetoldC．tellingD．told6.Thenewsreportershurriedtotheairport,only________thefilmstarshadleft.(04福建卷)7.Theflowers____sweetinthebotanicgardenattractthevisitorstothebeautyofnature.（04上海卷）A.tosmellB.smellingA.knowingC.smeltD.tobesmelt8.LindaworkedfortheMinnesotaManufacturingandMiningCompany,____as3M.(04浙江卷)B.knownC.beingknownD.tobeknown9.Don’tleavethewaterwhileyoubrushyourteeth.(04天津卷)A.runB.runningC.beingrunD.torun10.Ifyouareplanningtospendyourmoneyhavingfunthisweek,better______it—you’vegotsomebigbillscoming.(04广东卷)A.forgetB.forgot1-5BDBDA6-10BBBBAC.forgettingD.toforget二、提高练习.1．Didontimemakeourteacherangry?A．shenotcomeB．shenottocomeC．nothercomingD．hernotcoming2．Iinthequietcountrysideinsteadofinthebusycity.A．feellikelivingB．wouldpreferlivingC．disliketoliveD．wouldrather to3．YoucanneverimaginewhatgreattroubleIhavehadwhathewanted.A．todoB．doingC．doneD．tobedoing4．Thestudentsexpectedtheremorereviewingclassesbeforethefindexam.A．isB．beingC．havebeenD．tobe5．Thetimehehasdevotedinthepasttenyearsthedisabledisnowconsideredofgreatvalue.A．tohelp;beingB．tohelping;tobeC．help;tobeD．helping;being6．Ideeplyappreciatetheopportunitytogoabroadforfurtherstudy.A．togivemeB．tohavegivenmeC．beinggivenD．thatIhavebeengiven7．Herewefoundlittlesnow,asmostofitseemedoffthemountain.63A．havingbeenblownB．thatithadbeenblownC．tobeblownD．tohavebeenblown8．Theleadersusinourdiscussion,butowingtomoreimportantbusinesstheycouldn’tcome.A．weretojoinB．wouldliketojoinC．intendedtojoinD．weretohavejoined9．IwouldlovetothepartylastnightbutIhadtoworkextrahourstofinishareport.A．togoB．tohavegoneC．goingD．havinggone10．---Howdidyoufindthelecturetoday?---VeryA．inspiringB．surprisedC．disappointingD．puzzled11．fromhearttroubleforyears;ProfessorWhitehastotakesomemedicinewithhimwhereverhegoes.A．SufferedB．SufferingC．HavingsufferedD．Beingsuffered12．scoresoftimes,buthestillcouldn’tunderstandit.A．HavingexplainedB．HavingbeenexplainedC．ThoughitwasexplainedD．Itwasexplained13．Thesunwasshiningbrightly,everythingtheremorebeautiful.A．making,lookB．tomake,lookC．making,lookingD．made,looked14．Shesetoutsoonafterdark,homeanhourlater.A．arrivingB．toarriveC．havingarrivedD．andarrived15．TheheadmasterhurriedtotheconcerthallonlythespeakerA．tofind,leftB．finding,leavingC．finding,leftD．tofind,gone16．Asweknow,theharderonestudies,themorequestionshethinksof.A．askingB．toaskC．beingaskedD．tobeasked17．Theheadmastersuggestedthestudenttobegivenaprize.A．shouldreferB．referredC．referringD．wouldrefer18．---Whodoyouwanttoseeatthemoment?---ThemanMr.Zhang.A．calledhimselfB．youcallhimC．callinghimselfD．iscalled19．Whenfirst_________tothemarket,theseproductenjoyedgreatsuccess.A.introducingB.introductionC.introduceD.beingintroduced20．ReadingisanexperiencequitedifferentfromwatchingTV;therearepictures________inyourmindinsteadofbeforeyour eyes.A.toformB.formC.formingD.havingformed21．________withthesizeofthewholeearth,thebiggestoceandoesnotseembigatall.A.CompareB.WhencomparingC.ComparingD.Whencompared22．Idon’tknowwhetheryouhappen_______,butIamgoingtostudyintheUSAthisSeptember.A.tobeheardB.tobehearingC.tohearD.tohaveheard.23．Lawsthatpunishparentsfortheirlittlechildren’sactionsagainstthelawgotparents_______.A.worriedB.toworryC.worryingD.worry6424.---Isthisthelaundry?Ihavesomeclothes_______.---Leavetheminyourroom,please,andwearegoingtofetchthemsoon.A.towashB.tobewashedC.washedD.washing25．Withmanytroublesomeproblems,suchasunemploymentandcrime_______,themayorseemstobeataloss.A.remainedtosolveB.remainingtobesolvedC.remainedtobesolvedD.remainingtosolve26._______tothehospital,theinjuredstudentwastreatedwithoutdelayandnowisoutofdanger.A.Torush--No,I’mfree.B.RushingC.HavingrushedD.Rushed27.--WeshallgoforapicnicthisSundaymorning.Doyouhaveanything_________then?A.toplanB.plannedC.tobeplannedD.planning28.________onthetopofthemountainisanancienttowerdatingbacktohundredsofyearsago.A.TostandB.HavingstoodC.StandingD.Stand29.Thesonpromisedtokeephisparents__________ofhowhewasgoingonwithhisstudiesatcollege.A.informB.informingC.informedD.toinform30.---Whereisthenewteachingbuilding_________thefirst-yearstudentstobebuilt?---Justbehindtheoldone.A.toseatB.tobeseatedC.seatedD.seating31.Aftertheearthquake,nohouseinthevillage__________.A.leftstandingB.waslefttostandC.wasremainedstandingD.remainedstanding32.Thepilotaskedallthepassengersonboardtoremain_________astheplanewasmakingalanding.A.seatB.seatingC.seatedD.tobeseating33.Theyoungmanwefollowedstoppedandlookedasif________whetherhewasgoingintherightdirection.A.seeingB.tohaveseenC.havingseenD.tosee34._______intheUnitedStates,StLouishasnowbecomethe24thlargest city.A.BeingthefourthbiggestcityB.ItwasoncethefourthbiggestcityC.OncethefourthbiggestcityD.Thefourthbiggestcityitwas35.---I’dliketobuyanexpensivecamera.---Well,wehaveseveralmodes.A．tochoosefromA．followedB．ofchoiceC．tobechosenD．forchoosingB．tofollowC．followingD．beingfollowed37.Youcanhardlyimaginethedifficultythewomanhad_________herchildren.A.broughtupB.tobringupC.bringingupD.tohavebroughtup38.Theeighteen-storiedbuilding,when____,willshutoutthesun____uptheroomsinmyhouse.A.completed;lightedB.completing;lighting65C.completing;lightedD.completed;lighting39.Comparisonmaymakesomethingappearmorebeautifulthanitiswhen______alone.A.toseeB.seeingC.isseenD.seen40.Lily’sA.tofindB.tobefoundC.findingA.buyingB.tobuyC.boughtD.beingfoundD.tobebought41.WithallthemagazinesIneeded,Ileftthepostoffice.42.Withalotofdifficultproblems,themanagerfeltworriedallthetime.A.settledB.tobesettledC.settlingD.tosettle43.Such__________thecase,Icouldn’thelpbut________him.A.being;supportB.is;tosupportC.hasbeen;supportingD.be;supposed44.Whichdoyouenjoy_______yourweekend,sportsorshopping?A.spendB.spendingC.beingspentD.tospendD.designed45.EnglishTaxi,anewcomputergame________forEnglishlearnersinChina,isonthemarketnow.A.isdesignedB.hasbeendesignedC.designing46.Inthereadingroom,wefoundher_______atadesk,withherattention________onamagazine.A.sitting;fixingB.seated;fixedC.sit;fixingD.sitting;tobefixed47.Morenaturalresourcesshouldbemadeuseof____________the________needofenergy.A.meeting;increasingB.tomeet;increasedC.meeting;increasedD.tomeet;increasing48.I________youyesterday,butyouwerenotin.Thatmeans__________upthechance.A.meanttelling;togiveB.meantelling;givingC.meanttotell;givingD.meantotell;togive49.Everythingintoconsideration,theyoughttohaveanother chance.1-5DCBDB6-10CDDBC11-15CDADD16-20BBCCC21-25DDABB26-30DBCCDA．totakeB．takenC．tobetakenD．taking50.Whatworriedthechildmostwastovisithisbrotherinhospital.A．hisnotbeingallowedC．hisbeingnotallowedB．hisnotallowingD．havingnotbeenallowed第九章状语从句状语从句在复合句中作主句的状语，它可根据功能分为时间、条件、让步、地点、原因、目的、结果、方式和比较九种从句。要掌握这方面知识，关键要弄清各个连词的含义和功能。一、时间状语从句引导时间状语从句的连词有when,while,as,before,after,until,till,once（一旦），assoonas,themoment,hardly„when,nosooner„than,thefirsttime,thelasttime,every/eachtime等。现结合66具体情景，对重点连词和难掌握的连词加以说明。1．when,while,as1）——I’mgoingtothepostoffice.——you’rethere,canyougetmesomestamps.A．AsB．WhileC．BecauseD．If2）Withparcels（包）ofallshapesandsizes,Mr.Daviescouldhardlyseewherehewasgoingheandhiswifeleftthelastshop.A．asB．whileC．beforeD．until3）theelectionapproached（临近），theviolencegotworse.A．WhenB．AsC．WhileD．With4）Iwasjustabouttoleavehomeitstartedtorain.A．asB．whileC．whenD．assoonaswhile“当„时候”while表示的时间是一段而不是一点，故从句的谓语动词用延续性动词，用瞬间动词。趁热打铁asⅰ)正当„时候，ⅱ)一边„一边，ⅲ)随着as引导从句动作与主句动作同时发生，强调同时性。从句、动词通常为行为动词，不用be动词。他一边洗澡，一边唱歌。他将随年龄的增长而聪明起来。when“当„时间”，引导的从句动作可以与主句动作时间，也可以先于主动的动作。（同时）（一先一后）若遇困难，就去找你父亲。★此外，when还可以表示andjustatthemoment，用在以下句型中：ⅰ)was/weredoingwhendid;ⅱ)was/were（just）abouttodowhendid:ⅲ)haddonewhendidWeweresleepingwhensuddenlytheearthquakehappened.我们正在睡觉，突然地震发生了。Iwasabouttogooutwhenthetelephonerang.我正要出去，这时电话响了。1）答案为B。本题表达的意思为“当你去邮局时，能否给我买几张邮票？”不能选A，as引导时间状语从句，V从句一般不用be动词。2）答案A。不能选B。while引导时间状语从句，V从不能为瞬间动词。3）答案B。本题句义为“随着选举的临近暴力事件越演越烈”。表示“随着”，只能用as。本句还可表达为：4）答案为C。when表达“就在这个时候”※※ 须指出的是，while还可以表达“转折对比”，译“„而„”Theircountryhasplentyofoil,whileourshasnone.他们国家盛产石油，我们国家却一点也没有。2．before,since,until671）willbeyearswemeetagain.A．It;sinceB．There;afterC．It;thatD．It;before2）Someonecalledmeupinthemiddleofthenight,buttheyhungupIcouldanswerthephone.A．whenB．sinceC．untilD．before3）——Whatwasthepartylike?——Wonderful.ItisyearsIenjoyedmyselfsomuch.A．afterB．beforeC．whenD．since4）Wasitnotthebellrangthestudentsstoodup?A．when;thatB．until;thatC．until;whenD．when;thenaTheplanelandedatBeijingAirportbeforeweknewit.重点句型：Itwastwodaysbeforehecametohimself.→Soonhedied.hegetswell.→Soonhewillgetwellb）还未来得及„就BeforeIcouldexplain,theteacherdrovemeoutoftheclassroom.我未来得及作解释，老师就把我赶出教室。（before表示此义，其后常跟could或hadtimetodo）自从她搬到乡下之后就没来看过我。他们结婚已有一年。）。在肯定句中，表示“直到„为止”。主句动词为连续性动词Iwillwait（连续性）untilhecomesback.2）动词。UntilyoutoldmeIhadnoideaofwhathadhappenedintheschool.如果notuntil位于句首时，主句需要部分倒装结构还可以用于Itis（was）notuntil„that„强调“notuntil„”（主句用正常词序）3．assoonas,themoment,every/eachtime,thefirsttime,thelasttime1）WecalledtheFirst-AidCentrethetrafficaccidentoccurred.A．immediatelyB．shortlyC．quicklyD．hurriedly2）Iwenttoseehim,hemakingexperimentsonlivinganimals.A．Forthefirsttime;wasbusyB．Whenever,devotedtoC．Thelasttime;waslostinD．Everytime;wasdeeplyin表示“一„就„”，有多个连词（Ihavefinishedmybreakfast.68他刚走进房间，电话就响了。他一听到那个消息，就晕了过去。注：在hardly„when„；nosooner„than„句型中，when/than前句用过去完成时；后句用一般过去时。某些表示时间的名词词组，也可引导时间状语从句。everytime/eachtime“每当”；thefirsttime“第一次”；thelasttime“上一次”。EverytimeImethim,Ifoundhimtobetaller.每次我见到他，我都觉得他长高了。ThefirsttimeIsawher,Ifellinlovewithher. 我第一次见到他，就爱上了她。二、条件状语从句1Ifheisnotintheoffice,hemustbeoutforlunch.Iwillnotlendthebooktoyouunlessyoucanreturnitintime.★2）引导条件状语从句还有as/solongas（只要），onconditionthat（条件是„），suppose/supposing（假如），provided（that）假如，incase（万一）I’lllendittoyouaslongasyouhandleitwithcare.只要你小心使用，我会借给你的。Wewillbuyeverythingyouproduceprovidedthatthepriceisright.若价格合适我们会采购你们的一切产品。Suppose(supposing)thatthisisnottherightwaytothestation,whatshallwedo.如果这不是去车站的路，我们该怎么办？Incaseanythingimportanthappens,pleasecallmeup.万一发生重要的事情，请打电话给我。三、让步状语从句1．though,although（虽然，尽管）引导的句子陈述的是基本事实。although语气重，通常置于句首。though可放在句首或句末。Although/Thoughitishardwork,yetIenjoyit.Iwon’thirehimthoughheisatalentedman.尽管他很有才华，但我不想雇用他。注：although/though不能与but连用，但可与yet连用，以加强语气。此外，表示“虽然”，还有while,as。as必须用倒装结构，把从句的表语、状语或谓语动词放在句首。,Idon’tagreewithyou.虽然我理解你的观点，但我还是不同意。将下列句子变成as引导的让步状语从句1）2）3）2．evenif/eventhough（即使）EventhoughIfail,Iwillkeepontrying.即使我失败，我仍会继续尝试下去。3．Whether„or„，however/nomatterhow„1）Allmatter,whetheritisagas,aliquidorasolid,expandsasthetemperaturerises.69不管是气体，液体，还是固体，所有的物体遇热都会膨胀。Iwillstudyabroadwhethermyparentsagreeornot.不论我父母同意与否，我都要出国留学。2）。句子结构Howeveradj/advS+V；HoweverS+V无论天有多冷，她总是去游泳。W’llhavetofinishit,不管花多长时间，我们必须把它做完。’tlisten.无论我怎么解释，他就是不听。类似的句子还有：Whatever/Nomatterwhatmayhappen,wewon’tchangeourplan.需要强调的是在时间、条件、让步状语从句中，动作未发生，需用一般时表示将来时。四、地点状语从句地点状语从句的作用，是具体交待主句动作发生的地点。连词用where，句型如下：1）Youshouldputthebookwhereitwas.你应该把书放在原来的地方。Makeamarkwhereyouhaveanydoubtsorquestions.有疑问的地方可以做个记号。2），（there）S+V，译“哪里„，那里„”Wherethereisawill,thereisaway. 有志者，事竞成。Wherewaterresourcesareplentiful,（there）hydroelectricpowerstationswillbebuilt.哪里水源充足，就把水电站建在那里。Whereverhewent,hewaswarmlywelcome.无论他走到哪里，都受到热烈欢迎。五、原因状语从句引导原因状语从句的连词，有because,as,since和nowthat。1）Ihaven’tseenthefilm,Ican’ttellyouwhatIthinkofit.A．AsB．ForC．WithD．Because2）youhavegotachance,youmightaswellmakefulluseofit.A．NowthatB．AfterC．ThoughD．Assoonas3）Itmusthaverainedlastnight,thegroundiswetthismorning.A．forB．becauseC．thereforeD．yet1．because语气最强，所陈述的理由是全句的重点，所引导的从句多放在句末。回答由why引出的问句，及在强调句中，若强调原因状语从句，只能用because。Hedidn’tgoout（全句中心）——Whywereyoulate?——Becausethetrafficwastooheavy.since,as引导的原因状语从句，语气比because弱，表述已为大家所知的明显的原因，经常在句首，主句是全句中心。（全句中心）由于他工作努力，他可能会成功。702Since/NowthatJohnhasarrived,wecanbegin.既然John已经到3．for引导的是并列分句。功能ⅰ）对前面的分句加以解释，ⅱ）说明推断的理由，for引导的句子只能后置。Ibelieveher,forsurelyshewillnotlietome.天亮了，因鸟儿在鸣叫。（鸟鸣不是导致天亮的原因，故本句不能用because代替for）Itmusthaverainedlastnight,forthegroundisstillwet.答案：1）A2）A本句句义为：既然得了一个机会，你最好充分利用它。3）A六、目的状语从句1．由sothat,inorderthat引导目的状语从句。从句中谓语通常用may/might,can/could,will/would,inorderthat引导的从句可置于句首，也可置于句末。sothat引导的从句只能放在主句之后。→Inordertomakemoney,hedidanything.→Hetoldustokeepquietnottodisturbothers.2incase,forfearthat“以防，以免”。应特别注意从句动词的形式带把伞，以防下雨（从句用一般时）我把书藏起来，以免被她看见。（从句用将来时）七、结果状语从句1表达方式：such+nthat„；soadj/advthat„somany/much/few/little+nthat„Itwassuchabadaccidentthatdozensofpeoplewerekilled.Sofiercewastheirdogthatnoonedaredtocomenear.他们的狗真凶恶，没有人敢走近它。注：以上句型，若so或such位于句首，主句需部分倒装。2．Hemadeawrongdecision,so（that）halfofhislifetimewas wasted.他做了错误决定，结果毁掉了半生。八、方式状语从句112Iwilldoasyouadvice.我会照你的忠告去做。Leaveitasitis.把它维持原状好了。2．两者均可表示“象”，但as为连词，后接从句或介词短语。71九、状语从句的省略在状语从句中，若从句主语和主句的主语相同，且谓语部分有be，则从句的主语和be可以省略。表达形式为：,用现在分词还是过去分词，由该动词与主句主语的关系决定。状语从句练习1．Theearthrevolves（旋转）alittlemorerapidlyitisclosertothesun.A．thanB．orC．whenD．wherever2．CCTVisexactlylikeawindowontheworldyouwillsitinfrontofitandfixyourattentiononwhatitshows.A．ifB．asC．whileD．aslongas3．IwouldprefertogoonFriday,itisallthesametoyou.A．unlessB．ifC．assoonasD．though4．----CanDavidgotoseethefilm?----Youcan’thehasfinishedhishomework.A．onconditionthatB．onceC．whenD．unless5．Theoldmanwasknockeddownbyamotor-carhesawitrunawaytothesouth.A．beforeB．afterC．whenD．till6．Itwon’tbelongmancanexploretheMars（火星）andwalkonitssurface.A．sinceB．untilC．whenD．before7．Itisanattractivestory,andnothingcanbeputdownaboutitonehasfinishedreadingit.A．afterB．whenC．unlessD．until8．MrLiwasfirmhefelthimselftoberight.A．whatB．thatC．whereD．how9．humanbeingsliveingreatnumbers,thewatersarelikelytobepolluted.A．ThatB．WhereC．OnceD．As10．Itwasfoundthatalthoughthegirlcouldrecognizethingswithherfingers,thisabilitystoppedherhandsgotwet.A．whileB．forthelasttimeC．themomentD．until11．Humanbehaviorismostlyaproductoflearning,thebehaviorofanimalsdependsmainlyoninstinct（本能）.A．whileB．asC．andD．or12．theplanhasbeenmade,let’sgetdowntocarryingitout.72A．AfterB．AssoonasC．ForD．Nowthat13．Someonemusthaveleftthetapon,thewaterwasrunningoverandfloodingthe bathroom.A．thereforeB．forC．becauseD．besides14．Wewillhavetofindthejobontime,difficultitis.A．thoughB．evenifC．asD．however15．----Didthedoor-keeperletyouin?----No,ItriedtotellhimthatIwasyourrelative,hejustwouldn’tlistentome.A．NomatterB．EvenifC．HoweverD．Whether16．Wewillstartoffat7:00a.m.sharp,.A．whethershewillcomeornotB．ifshe’dliketocomeornotC．nomattershecomesornotD．whethershecomesornot17．Someparentsdon’tallowtheirsontogoonlinetheywillbeaffectedbysomethingunhealthy.A．forfearthatB．onceC．becauseD．incase18．Ihopeallthemeasuresagainstairpollution,suggestedbythelocalgovernment,willbeseriouslytaken.A．asB．whileC．likeD．since19．Icouldn’tmovemylegstheywerestucktothefloor.A．becauseB．asC．asthoughD．eventhough20．Onemoreweek,wecanfulfill（完成）thetask.A．orB．sothatC．andD．if21．AnnaPavlova,afamousRussianactress,died1931,buthernamestillstandsforthemostwonderfuldancingtheworldhaseverseen.A．aslongasB．asearlyasC．asoldasD．asrecentlyas22．----Itcostme30yuantogethere.----Well,itwascrazyofyoutotakeataxi______youcouldcomebybusaswell.A.whileB.ifC.becauseD.when23.Itislikehertobeself.Shethinksofothers________whattheiruseisinherlife.A.asmuchasB.asfarasC.aswellasD.asgoodas24.That’saninformalget-together.Youcandress_______youlikeforit.A.whateverB.aslongasC.howeverD.sothat25._____modelingbusinessisbynomeanseasytogetinto,thegoodmodelwillalwaysbeindemand.A.WhileB.SinceC.AsD.If26.Youcaneatfoodfreeinmyrestaurant_______youlike.A.wheneverB.whoeverC.whateverD.however27.Don’tbeafraidofaskingforhelp_______itisneeded.A.unlessB.sinceC.althoughD.when28.Mr.White,ourchiefengineer,usuallyridestowork______itrains.A.exceptthatB.aslongasC.onlyifD.exceptwhen29._______muchadviceIgavehim,hedidexactlywhathewantedtodo.73A.HowB.WhateverC.HoweverD.That30.Iwonderwhyyouwon’tdoitas______anditisthethirdtimeyouhavedone so.A.toldyouB.toldC.youtoldD.toldto1-5CABDA-10DDCBC11-15ADBDC6-20DAACC21-25BDBCA26-30ADDCB第十章定语从句定语从句由关系代词或关系副词引导。关系词除了起引导作用外，在从句中还担任一定的成份。1．who,whom引导的定语从句who,whom用于代替人。who在定语从句中作主语；whom在定语从句中作动词或介词的宾语，在限制性定语中可以省略，在口语中可用who代替whom。Isthattheboy2．which引导的定语从句which指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，在限制性定语中作宾语中可以省略。Theclock3．that引导的定语从句that指人或指物，在定语从句中作主语，宾语或表语。他是个说话算数的人。ThepicturesHedoesn’tseemtobetheman他似乎和过去大不一样。（that代替theman作was的表语）4．whose引导的定语从句whose指人，也可指物，在定语从句中作定语。指物时可与ofwhich互换使用。Ihaveaclassmatewhosefatherisamayor.Iliveinthehousewhosewindowsfacesouth.5．关系副词when,where,why引导的定语从句when,where,why引导的定语从句，分别修饰表示时间、地点、原因的先行词，并分别在从句中作时间、地点、原因状语。关系副词也可以根据在句中的搭配关系，转换成“介词+which”的结构。）Forsixorsevenmonthsintheyearnoworkcanbedonetherainyseasonmakesitimpossible.74A．untilB．becauseC．whenD．whywhen/where引导的定语从句若过长，为了保持句子平衡，可将其定语从句移至句末。6．“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句用在介词后面关系代词是whom,which,whose。定语从句中的介词通常置于关系代词之前，也可在关系代词之后。但是含有介词的短语动词一般不可拆开，介词仍放在动词之后。Thecompany你的粗鲁，这我们早就受够了，现又在惹怒我们顾客。（putupwith“忍受”，是固定短语，不可将with与putup拆开）7．使用定语从句应注意的问题1）必须用关系代词at的几种情况．．．．．．．th．．．．．．a）先行词为all；先行词被形容词最高级，序数词，only,very修饰．．．．．．．．．．．（that）wewantispeaceandfreedom.我们要的是和平和自由。这正是我一直渴望得到的书。b）并列的两个先行词分别表示人或物c）关系代词在从句中作表语Themodernplaneisnolongerthemachine现代飞机不是刚发明的那种飞机了。（that代替themachine，作was的表语）2）不能用that的两种情况a）that不能引导非限制定语b）介词后面不能用that错，改为whom)改为who)3）在非限制定语从句中，关系代词作宾语时不能省略Sheintroducedmetoherhusband,8．as与which用法比较1）在非限制性定语从句中，as/which均可代替前示或后续的整个句子。 由那个男人说话的样子，可明显看出他是个老师。但由as引导的定语从句可以前置，而which不可以。Aswasexpected,heperformedthetasksuccessfully.正如所预料的那样，他成功地完成了任务。2）as作关系代词可用于thesame„as,such„as，so+adj.+a(n)+n.as句型中，as在定语从句中可作主语或宾语。75Canyougivesuchlecturesaswillinterestus?你能不能作使我们感兴趣那样的讲座？=Canyougivethelectureswhichwillinterestus.（as代替lectures,作主语）Suchpeopleasyoudescribearerarenowdays.你描绘的这种人现在已很少见了。（as代替people,作decribe宾语）Wearefacingthesameproblemsaswedidyearsago.我们正面临与几年前相同的问题。=Wearefacingtheproblemswhichwefaceyearsago.（as代替problems,作宾语）在以上句型中，as不能被which,who,whom替换。改错：1）Don’tyouthinkthosehavemadecontributionstothepeopleareworthrespecting?ABCD2）Thecomputer,itIthinkisa20thcenturyimportantinventionhascreatedsurprisingABCDtechnologicalprogress.3）Livingonthatislandforthreeyearsseemtobeanunforgettableexperienceforme.ABCD4）ThewomanwemetwithherinthestreetholdsanimportantpositioninthegovernmentABCDoffice.5）Iwillmakegreateffortstofinishallwhatyourequireofme.ABCD6）自愿者ABCD7）ABCD8）ABCD关于7，8小题注：在this后名词无冠词句子中，若关系在定语从句中作宾语，用theone（which）引导；若从句动词不及物，用where。Isthishoteltheone（which）youstayedin?Isthishotelwhereyoustayed?将以上句子变成肯定句，句子结构便一目了然。Thishotelistheone（which）Istayedin.ThishoteliswhereIstayed.这个旅馆我曾在那里住过。（where引导表语从句） 定语从句练习761．HeisthemanIsupposeisabletodosuchathing.A．whoB．towhomC．itD．which2．Allthedoctorscandoistoprolongthepatient’slife.A．whatB．whichC．不填D．but3．Itwasanexcitingmomentforthosefootballfansthisyear,forthefirsttimeinyearstheirteamwontheWorldCup.A．thatB．whileC．whichD．when4．Hetriedtogetoutofthebusiness,hefoundimpossible.A．butB．whileC．whichD．it5．Thebackgardenofourhousehasalawn（草坪），verypleasanttositoninsummer.A．thatisB．whichitisC．itisD．whereitis6．isknowntoall,goodfriendshappinessandvaluetolife.A．It;addB．As;addC．It;addupD．As;addto7．Theyoungmothersawherbabyfalltotheground,broughtherhearttohermouth.A．itB．andwhichC．andthatD．this8．Mr.Greendroveslowlyonthewayhomeuntilitreachedthehighway,thespeedlimitwas60milesperhour.A．becauseB．whichC．whereD．that9．IsthisdraweryouusedtoputimportantpaperswhileyouactedasChairmanoftheclub?A．whereB．whichC．theoneD．inwhich10．Ifyouhaveatasteforexcitingadventures,youmayjointhegroupofmenistoexplorethemysteries（奥秘）ofthedeepsea.A．theirworkB．whoC．ofwhichD．whosework11．Mr.LuXun,someofworkswehadread,wasoneofthegreatestwritersintheworld.A．hisB．whoseC．whomD．the12．Onsaleatthatshopisanewtypeofcomputer,makesitsoattractivetostudents.A．whichB．becauseitscheappriceC．itslowpriceD．thelowpriceofwhich13．Sheissuchakind-heartedladyallthepeopleinthetownshowrespectfor.A．thatB．whomC．sothatD．as14．ThefilmbroughtthehoursbacktomeIwastakengoodcareofinthatfarawayvillage.A．whenB．thatC．untilD．where15．Thepilotlasttouchwiththebase,theplanecrashedinthedesert.A．bymeansofwhichB．forwhichC．becauseofthatD．asaresultofwhich16．Inthenuclearpowerstationweusegenerator（发电机）isusedinthecommonsteampowerstation.A．thesame;asB．such;asC．so;asD．as;as17．Anyway,thatevening,_________Iwilltellyoumoreaboutlater,endedupstayingatRachel’splace.A.whenB.whereC.whatD.which7718.Thejourneyaroundtheworldtooktheoldsailorninemonths,_____thesailingtimewas 226days.A.ofwhichB.duringwhichC.fromwhichD.forwhich19.Hehasgothimselfintoadangeroussituation_______heislikelytolosecontrolovertheplane.A.whereB.whichC.whileD.why20.Icanthinkofmanycases_______studentsobviouslyknewalotofEnglishwordsandexpressionsbutcouldn’twriteagoodessay.A.whyB.whichC.asD.where21.Hemadeanotherwonderfuldiscovery,_______ofgreatimportancetoscience.A.whichIthinkisB.WhichIthinkitisC.whichIthinkitD.Ithinkwhichis22.Jackhidhimselfbehindthedoor________hestillcouldseewhatwouldhappentohisclassmate.A.thereB.whichC.fromwhichD.fromwhere23.Wehave1,600teachersinourcollege,________200areforeigners.A.whoseB.inthemC.ofthemD.morethan24.Thetownisnolonger_______itwasfiveyearsago,________itwasquitedirty.A.what,whichB.that,whichC.what,whenD.that,where25.Heis_______isknownasahacker(黑客)------helikestoshowoffontheInternetandattackwebsites.A.whoB.whatC.thatD.which26.MadamCurie,for_______lifehadoncebeenveryhard,wassuccessfullater.A.whomB.whichC.whoseD.that27.Isthisthereason_________atthemeetingforhiscarelessnessinhisworkA.whyheexplainedB.whatheexplainedC.howheexplainedD.heexplained28.Beijinggovernmentputsmorethan7OOmillionyuantoincreaseitsgreenspacethisyear，_______doublesthemoneyprovidedlastyear.A.AsB.whileC.thatD.which29.----Whoseovercoatisit?----Maybeit’sJulia’s.Shelikestowear,_______wasveryuncommoninthissmallcountry,abrightredovercoat.A.whatB.whichC.itD.that30.Thehours______thechildrenspendintheiron-wayrelationshipwithtelevisionpeopleundoubtedlyaffecttheirrelationshipwithreal-lifepeople.A.thatB.whenC.inwhichD.onwhich1-5ACDCB6-10BCCAD11-15BDDAD16-20ADAAD21-25DCCBA26-30ADDBA第十一章 名词从句78名词从句按其句法功能可分为主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句和同位语从句。名词从句的功能相当于名词词组，在句中可作主语、宾语、表语和同位语。引导名词从句的连词：1）连词代词who,whom,whose,which,what,whoever,whichever,whatever等连词副词when,where,why,how,whenever,wherever,however2）连接词whether若一个名词从句，用连词表达的含义为“是否”，用whether3）连接词that若一个句子表达含义和句子结构均完整，用连词that。“that”在从句中不充当任何成分，没有任何含义。一、主语从句，在句中充当主语。isn’tmoney.人生最重要的并非金钱。凡是想看这部电影的人可免费得到一张票。Itdoesn’tmattertome她是否满意对我而言并不重要。（whethersheiscontentornot作主语，it在句中作形式主语）在这场事故中他幸免于难，真是奇迹。Itisnatural她为儿子的死而感到悲痛是理所当然的。据报导非洲野生动物的数量正在减少。注1：it作形式主语是极富交际功能的固定句型。（1）Itisafactthat„事实是„Itiscommonknowledgethat„„是常识Itisapitythat„遗憾的是„Itisashamethat„„真是可耻Itisawonder/miraclethat„„真是个奇迹（2）Itisclear/obviousthat„很清楚„Itisnaturalthat„„很自然（3）Itissaidthat„据说„Itisreportedthat„据报导„Itisbelievedthat„据认为„（4）Itseemsthat„好像是„Ithappenedthat„碰巧„Itmattersthat„要紧的是„二、表语从句，在句中作系动词的表语。其结构为：主语+系动词+表语从句那就是他上学迟到的原因。这就是我20年前出生的地点。Itmaybe那可能因为我昨天晚上没睡好。问题是他是否能信守诺言。麻烦的是我把钥匙丢了。79三、同位语从句同位语从句作用是对名词，如fact,idea,hope等，作进一步解释，具体说明名词的实际BCD2）ABCD3）tomorrow’spicnic.ABCD4）ABCD5）——A B——Certainly.Nomatterwhocomeswillbewelcome.CD6）Amancan’tbe80ABCD7）ABCD注1：学习名词从句要注意的首要问题是：要根据句义选择恰当的连词。第一题C错。how—that本句句义为：我当初认为李先生应对这次事故负责，现在我明白了，我当初的看法错了。注2：介词能够带wh引导的宾语，但不能带that引导的宾语从句（介词except除外）例：Italldependsonwhetherwecangettheircooperation.这完全取决于我们能否得到他们的合作。我对他一无所知，只知道他住在我们隔壁。（except后的that不能省略）第二题A错。seeto—seetoit介词后若接that引导的宾语从句，可在介词后加形式宾语it或thefact。注3：主语从句，表语从句和同位语从句若需表达“是否”，只能用连词whether，不能用if。在宾语从句中，if和whether通常可以互换使用，但介词或形容词后的宾语从句只能用whether，不用if。第三题C错。if—whetherwhether引导的是主语从句第四题C错。If—whetherasto“至于”是介词短语。注4：whoever与nomatterwho，whenever与nomatterwhen等词义相同。但在名词从句中只能用whoever,whenever等；在让步状语从句，两者均可。例：Whoevercomeswillbewelcome.不管谁来，都表示欢迎。Whoever引导主语从句。不管你什么时候来，我们都会热情接待你。Whenever/Nomatterwhen引导让步状语从句。第五题C错。Nomatterwho—Whoever注5：在名词从句中，what可表达。1）thing（s）which“„的东西”2）theplacewhich“„的地方”3）thetimewhich“„时间”，what在从句中作主语、宾语、表语。．．．．．．第六题C错。that—what（„东西）本句句义：若一个人尽力所做的事情被认为毫无价值，他是不可能高兴的。第七题A错。it—what（„的时间）本句句义：那个病人在通过一段似乎很时间后，终于苏醒过来。81名词从句练习1．progresshelpstoincreaseinproductivity（生产力）isafactacceptedbyeconomists.A．TechnologicalB．ThattechnologicalC．ThoughtechnologicalD．Thereistechnological2．allthestudentsinthisclasshaveincommonistheyhaveahighobjectinlife.A．That；thatB．What；thatC．What；whetherD．That ；what3．differentlifetodayisfromitwas20yearsago.A．Whata；whatB．How；whatC．What；whatD．Whata；how4．ProfessorLee’sbookwillshowyoucanbeusedinotherconditions.82A．thatyouhaveobserved（观察）B．thathowyouhaveobservedC．howthatyouhaveobservedD．howwhatyouhaveobserved5．Whydon’tyoubringtohisattentionthatnowchildrenbearheavylearningload.A．thisB．whatC．thatD．it6．----I’dliketoinviteyoutotheconcertthisevening.----Thankyou,butI’llhavetimeI’mnotsureatthemoment.A．whileB．ifC．whenD．whether7．Parentsaretaughttounderstand________importanteducationistotheirchildren’sfuture.A.thatquicknote.A.whichA.whyB.whyC.whatC.whatD.howD.how9．Youaresayingthateveryoneshouldbeequal,andthisis________Idisagree.B.where10．Evidence（证据）cameupspecificvoicesarerecognizedbybabiesasyoungassixmonthsold.A．whatB．whichC．thatD．whose11．Amoderncityhasbeensetupin______wasawastelandtenyearsago.A.whatB.whichC.thatD.where12．----IdrovetoZhuhaifortheairshowlastweek.----Isthatyouhadafewdaysoff?A．whyB．whenC．whatD．where13．Withthedevelopmentofcomputers,itismanhassuddenlybecomeamillionaireofamind（智力）.A．thatB．asifC．howD．as14．breaksthetrafficregulationswillbefined$100.A．AnyoneB．WhoC．ThosewhoD．Whoever15．Thepresidentshouldappoint（任命）hethinkscandothejobthemostexcellently.A．whoB．whomC．whomeverD．whoever16．onecansucceeddependsonhardheworks.A．That；howB．That；howeverC．Whether；howD．Whether；however17．Wasitnotthe1500’sthefirstEuropeanexploredthecoastofCalifornia?A．when；thatB．until；thatC．until；whenD．when；then18．Iknewnothingabouthisjourneyhewaslikelytobeawayforthreemonths.A．ifB．inthatC．exceptthatD．but19．After________seemedalongtime,thewoundedsolidercametohimself.A.thatB.whatC.whichD.it20．isnopossibilityBobcanwinthefirstprizeinthegame.A．There；thatB．It；thatC．There；whetherD．It ；if21．----Irangyouataboutnine,buttherewasnoreply.83B.howC.suchD.so8．IexpectFatherwouldliketoknow________Ihavebeenuptosofar,soI’vedecidedtosendhima----Oh,thatwasprobably________Iwasseeingandoctor.A.whyB.whenC.whatD.that22．Astorygoes_______ElizabethIofEnglandlikednothingmorethanbeingsurroundedbycleverandqualifiednoblemenatcourt.A.whenA.WhatB.whereB.ThatC.whatD.thatD.WhichD.Howitisthat23．________fashiondiffersfromcountrymayreflecttheculturaldifferencefromoneaspect.C.This24．Why!Ihavenothingtoadmit._______youwantmetosay?A.WhatisitthatB.WhatitisthatC.HowisitthatB.if;tobeimproved25．Thereisanewprobleminvolvedinthepopularityofprivatecars_____roadconditionsneed_____.A.that;tobeimprovedC.where;improvingD.when;improving26．----ItissaidthattheladyspentfiveyearsinParis.----Ifso,Iwonder________herFrenchissobad.A.forwhatproblems.A.thewaywhichB.inthewaywhichC.thewayD.intheway28．Theworkingconditionsoftheworkershaven’timprovedalotsofar.I’mindoubt_______thedirectorhasacceptedourdemands.A.thatA.oneB.inwhichB.thatC.ifD.whetherD.itD.that;that29．Itistheabilitytodothejob________mattersnotwhereyoucomefromorwhatyouare.C.what30．Canitbeintherestaurant_____wehaddinnerlastSunday______youleftyourwallet?A.where;whereB.where;thatC.that;where1-5bbbdd6-10dbcbc11-15aabdd16-20cbcba21-25bdbaa26-30dcdbbB.whateverC.howisitD.howcome27．I’mimpressednotwithyourmanager’slearningandappearancebut________hedealswith第十二章倒装英语句子的正常语序是：S（主语）+V（谓语）。有时由于句子结构的需要或表示强调，需采取倒装形式。倒装可分为两种：完全倒装和部分倒装。将谓语动词完全移到主语之前称作完全倒装；只将助动词或情态动词放到主语之前称作部分倒装。第一节完全倒装 以下几种情况需采取完全倒装：1．以here,there,now,then等开头的句子。房子中间放着一张书桌。谓语主语84从附近小河那边传来呼救声。谓语主语Herecomesthebus.公共汽车来了。Thencamethehourwehadbeenlookingforwardto.我们期盼的那个时刻终于来到了。注1：上述句子动词的时态通常用一般现在时或过去时，不能用进行时。注2：当主语为人称代词时，不用倒装，用正常语序。他来了。这是给你的。2．表示方位的副词in,out,away,off,down,up等开头的句子。把上述表示方位的副词位于句首，常使用倒装，目的是为了生动形象地描写这些动作。Upwenttherocketintotheair.嗖地一声火箭上了天。Downjumpedthethieffromthehouse.小偷从房子上跳下来。注：在这种结构中，若主语为代词时，则不倒装。Backtheycame.他们回来了。3．作地点状语的介词短语在句首。若一个句子的主语较长，为了避免头重脚轻，则采取完全倒装，将作状语的介词短语置于句首。状语谓语主语定语（Tothe）northofthevillagestandsahighmountain,coveredwithsnowalltheyearround.4．在“Doing/Done（分词）+状语+be+主语”的结构中。该句型实际上就是“主语+be+doing/done（分词）”结构，为了句子平衡，避免头重脚轻，实行倒装。GoneforeverarethedayswhenweChinesepeopleusedforeignoil.Seatedinthefrontisanoldmaninhisfifties.WalkingabovethecrowdedstreetsontopofabuildingtenstoreyshighwasPhilippePetit.第二节部分倒装+以下五种情况，句子需采取部分倒装：1．以neither/nor或so开头的句子以neither/nor或so开头的句子，用于表示相同的看法，要用部分倒装结构。so用于肯定句，neither/nor用于否定句。Theycanaffordtobuyacar,socanwe（=wecan, too）.他们能买得起车，我们也能。Ihaveneverbeenabroad.Neitherhashe（=Shehasn’t,either）.我从没去过外国，他也没去过。Iknownothingaboutit,nordoIcare（=Idon’tcare,either）.关于这件事我是一无所知，对此也无兴趣。注：So在句首，若只是对对方所陈述的内容表示肯定，这时不用倒装。——Heisagoodstudent.——Soheis.（=Indeedheisagoodstudent.）852．具有否定意义的副词或介词短语在句首具有否定意义的副词有：hardly,never,little,seldom,rarely（很少）,scarcely,hardly,notuntil,nolonger,nowhere,nosooner…than…等具有否定意义的介词短语有：atnotime,undernoconditions,bynomeans等metsuchadeterminedperson.．knowthewholetruth.．earrivedhomewhenhiswifestartedcomplaining.他刚到家，他的妻子就唠唠叨叨．地抱怨起来。efinishedhistalkthanamanstoodupandputaquestiontohim.他的讲话刚结．束，就有人站起来向他提出一个问题。nafirstuseunclearweapons.在任何时候中国决不会首先使用核武器。．3．以only所修饰的副词，介词短语或状语从句在句首realizethatIwaswrong.到那时我才意识到我错了。．econtroltheenvironmentalpollution.．uanswerthesequestions.．注：若only在句首，强调的不是状语，而是主语，句子不倒装。只有你了解我。4．notonly在句首由并列连词notonly„butalso„连接的句子，若notonly放在句首，则notonly所在的句子部分倒装，butalso连接的句子用正常语序。eteachschool,but（also他不但在学校里教书，而且还写小说。．注：若notonly„butalso„连接的是主语，句子用正常语序。hastoattendtoday’smeeting.5．当so„that„和such„that„句中的和Thatdogwassofiercethatnoonedaredcomenear.tdogthatnoonedaredcomenear.．．Itwassuchabadaccidentthatmanypeoplewerekilled.tthatmanypeoplewerekilled.．第三节倒装结构在其他句型中的用法1．在if引导的虚拟条件状语中，如果从句中有had, were或should可省去if，将这些词提到句首。1）与目前事实相反我要是你，就不会轻易放过他。2）与过去事实相反3）将来发生的可能性极小86Ifthereshouldbeafire,pleaseraisethealarmatonce.=Shouldtherebeafire,pleaseraisethealarmatonce.若万一发生火灾，请立即发警报。2．as引导让步状语从句，应将表语、状语或谓语移到句首。（见状语从句一章）Thoughheworkedhard,hemadelittleprogress.注：though引导让步状语从句，也有这种用法。Thoughtheyfoughtbravely,theyhadnochanceofwinning.3．为了强调宾语，可将宾语移至句首，但句子采取正常词序，不倒装。——I’dliketoinviteyoutotheconcertthisevening.——（宾语）.=Thankyou,butI’mnotsureatthatmoment.倒装练习1．Notonceintheseyearsthepricesoftheseproducts.87A．wechangedB．havewechangedC．didwechangeD．wechange2．muchfooddidIeatthatIwasalmostsick.A．TooB．SoC．SuchD．What3．Soabsorbed_____inherworkthatshedidn’trealizeIwasbehindher.A．didsheB．wassheC．shedidD．shewas4．NotuntilIshoutedatthetopofmyvoicehishead.A．thatheturnedB．hadheturnedC．didheturnD．thathehadturned5．---Whycan’tIsmoke?---Atnotime_______inthemeetingroom.A.doessmokingpermitB.issmokingpermittedC.smokingispermittedD.permitssmoking6.---SohardinthepastfewmonthsthathehasmadegreatprogressinEnglish.---Icanseethat;onlyafewmistakesintheexam.A．hasheworked;didhemadeB．hehasworked;didhemadeC．hehasworked;hemadeD．hasheworked;hemade7．IfMrBlackdoesn’tattendittomorrow,.A．neitherdoIB．norshallIC．Idon’t,eitherD．neverwillI8．---Yoursonhasdoneagoodjob.---.However,thereisalongwaytogo.A．SohehasB．SohasheC．SoyouhaveD．Sohaveyou9．Onthewallthepicturesofmygrandparents,taken20yearsago.A．hangsB．hangedC．werehungD．hang10．Southeastofthecitytwonewly-builtTVtowers.A．hasB．standC．lie D．is11．A．WhateverdifficultRussianisB．NomatterhowdifficultisRussianC．HoweverdifficultRussianisD．DifficultasisRussian12．Wewaitedandwaited,wehadbeenlookingforwardto.A．ThencamethehourB．ThendidthehourcameC．ThenthehourcameD．Thehourthencame13．I’msureyou’dratherhestayedinShanghai,?A．aren’tIB.didn’theC.hadn’tyouD.wouldn’tyou14.______washisdiligencethateveryonepraisedhimforit.A.SoB.SuchC.ItD.What15.---Areearthquakescommoninthisregion?---Almostnever________.A.theyhappenB.dotheyhappenC.theydohappenD.aretheyhappening16._______fromthefifthfloorwhenthepolicemanpointedhisgunathim.A.JumpeddownthemurderB.Downthemurdererjumped88C.ThemurdererjumpeddownD.Downjumpedthemurderer17._______foreverarethedayswhenteacherswerelookeddownupon.A.GoneB.GoC.TogoD.Going18.Maybeyouhavebeentomanycountries,butnowhereelse_____suchabeautifulpalace.A.canyoufindB.youcouldfindC.youcanfindD.couldyoufind19.Ofthemakingofgoodbooksthereisnoend;neither_____anyendtothetheirinfluenceonmen’slives.A.thereisB.thereareC.isthereD.arethere20.---Iwouldnevercometothisrestaurantagain.Thefoodisterrible.---______.A.NoramIB.NeitherwouldIC.Samewithme.D.SodoI.21.______snacksanddrinks,buttheyalsobroughtcardsforentertainmentwhentheyhadapicnicintheforest.A.NotonlytheyboughtB.NotonlydidtheybringC.NotonlyboughttheyD.Notonlytheydidbought22.Onlywhenyouridentityhasbeenchecked,______.A.youareallowedinB.youwillbeallowedinC.willyouallowinD.willyoubeallowedin23.---DoyouknowJimquarreledwithhisbrother?---Idon’tknow,______.A.nordon’tIcareB.nordoIcareC.Idon’tcareneitherD.Idon’tcarealso1-5BBBCB6-10DBADB11-15CADBB16-20c/dAACB21-23BDB89 蒀蒂蚆膈葿薅袂肄蒈蚇蚅羀蒇蒆袀羆蒆蕿螃芅蒅蚁羈膁蒄螃螁肇蒄蒃羇羃肀薅蝿衿腿蚈羅膇膈莇螈肃膈薀羃聿膇蚂袆羅膆螄虿芄膅蒄袄膀膄薆蚇肆膃虿袃羂节莈蚅袈节蒁袁膆芁蚃蚄膂芀螅罿肈艿蒅螂羄芈薇羇袀芇虿螀腿芆荿羆肅莆蒁蝿羁莅薄羄袇莄螆螇芆莃蒆蚀膂莂薈袅肈莁蚀蚈羃莀莀袃衿蒀蒂蚆膈葿薅袂肄蒈蚇蚅羀蒇蒆袀羆蒆蕿螃芅蒅蚁羈膁蒄螃螁肇蒄蒃羇羃肀薅蝿衿腿蚈羅膇膈莇螈肃膈薀羃聿膇蚂袆羅膆螄虿芄膅蒄袄膀膄薆蚇肆膃虿袃羂节莈蚅袈节蒁袁膆芁蚃蚄膂芀螅罿肈艿蒅螂羄芈薇羇袀芇虿螀腿芆荿羆肅莆蒁蝿羁莅薄羄袇莄螆螇芆莃蒆蚀膂莂薈袅肈莁蚀蚈羃莀莀袃衿蒀蒂蚆膈葿薅袂肄蒈蚇蚅羀蒇蒆袀羆蒆蕿螃芅蒅蚁羈膁蒄螃螁肇蒄蒃羇羃肀薅蝿衿腿蚈羅膇膈莇螈肃膈薀羃聿膇蚂袆羅膆螄虿芄膅蒄袄膀膄薆蚇肆膃虿袃羂节莈蚅袈节蒁袁膆芁蚃蚄膂芀螅罿肈艿蒅螂羄芈薇羇袀芇虿螀腿芆荿羆肅莆蒁蝿羁莅薄羄袇莄螆螇芆莃蒆蚀膂莂薈袅肈莁蚀蚈羃莀莀袃衿蒀蒂蚆膈葿薅袂肄蒈蚇蚅羀蒇蒆袀羆蒆蕿螃芅蒅蚁羈膁蒄螃螁肇蒄蒃羇羃肀薅蝿衿腿蚈羅膇膈莇螈肃膈薀羃聿膇蚂袆羅膆螄虿芄膅蒄袄膀膄薆蚇肆膃虿袃羂节莈蚅袈节蒁袁膆芁蚃蚄膂芀螅罿肈艿蒅螂羄芈薇羇袀芇虿螀腿芆荿羆肅莆蒁蝿羁莅薄羄袇莄螆螇芆莃蒆蚀膂莂薈袅肈莁蚀蚈羃莀莀袃衿蒀蒂蚆膈葿薅袂肄蒈蚇蚅羀蒇蒆袀羆蒆蕿螃芅蒅蚁羈膁蒄螃螁肇蒄蒃羇羃肀薅蝿衿腿蚈羅膇膈莇螈肃膈薀羃聿膇蚂袆羅膆螄虿芄膅蒄袄膀膄薆蚇肆膃虿袃羂节莈蚅袈节蒁袁膆芁蚃蚄膂芀螅罿肈艿蒅螂羄芈薇羇袀芇虿螀腿芆荿羆肅莆蒁蝿羁莅薄羄袇莄螆螇芆莃蒆蚀膂莂薈袅肈莁蚀蚈羃莀莀袃衿蒀蒂蚆膈葿薅袂肄蒈蚇蚅羀蒇蒆袀羆蒆蕿螃芅蒅蚁羈膁蒄螃螁肇蒄蒃羇羃肀薅蝿衿腿蚈羅膇膈莇螈肃膈薀羃聿膇蚂袆羅膆螄虿芄膅蒄袄膀膄薆蚇肆膃虿袃羂节莈蚅袈节蒁袁膆芁蚃蚄膂芀螅罿肈艿蒅螂羄芈薇羇袀芇虿螀腿芆荿羆肅莆蒁蝿羁莅薄羄袇莄螆螇芆莃蒆蚀膂莂薈袅肈莁蚀蚈羃莀莀袃衿蒀蒂蚆膈葿薅袂肄蒈蚇蚅羀蒇蒆袀羆蒆蕿螃芅蒅蚁羈膁蒄螃螁肇蒄蒃羇羃肀薅蝿衿腿蚈羅膇膈莇螈肃膈薀羃聿膇蚂袆羅膆螄虿芄膅蒄袄膀膄薆蚇肆膃虿袃羂节莈蚅袈节蒁袁膆芁蚃蚄膂芀螅罿肈艿蒅螂羄芈薇羇袀芇虿螀腿芆荿羆肅莆蒁蝿羁莅薄羄袇莄螆螇芆莃蒆蚀膂莂薈袅肈莁蚀蚈羃莀莀袃衿蒀蒂蚆膈葿薅袂肄蒈蚇蚅羀蒇蒆袀羆蒆蕿螃芅蒅蚁羈膁蒄螃螁肇蒄蒃羇羃肀薅蝿衿腿蚈羅膇膈莇螈肃膈薀羃聿膇蚂袆羅膆螄虿芄膅蒄袄膀膄薆蚇肆膃虿袃羂节莈蚅袈节蒁袁膆芁蚃蚄膂芀螅罿肈艿蒅螂羄芈薇羇袀芇虿螀腿芆荿羆肅莆蒁蝿羁莅薄羄袇莄螆螇芆莃蒆蚀膂莂薈袅肈莁蚀蚈羃莀莀袃衿蒀蒂蚆膈葿薅袂肄蒈蚇蚅羀蒇蒆袀羆蒆蕿螃芅蒅蚁羈膁蒄螃螁肇蒄蒃羇羃肀薅蝿衿腿蚈羅膇膈莇螈肃膈薀羃聿膇蚂袆羅膆螄虿芄膅蒄袄膀膄薆蚇肆膃虿袃羂节莈蚅袈节蒁袁膆芁蚃蚄膂芀螅罿肈艿蒅螂羄芈薇羇袀芇虿螀腿芆荿羆肅莆蒁蝿羁莅薄羄袇莄螆螇芆莃蒆蚀膂莂薈袅肈莁蚀蚈羃莀莀袃衿蒀蒂蚆膈葿薅袂肄蒈蚇蚅羀蒇蒆袀羆蒆蕿螃芅蒅蚁羈膁蒄螃螁肇蒄蒃羇羃肀薅蝿衿腿蚈羅膇膈莇螈肃膈薀羃聿膇蚂袆羅膆螄虿芄膅蒄袄膀膄薆蚇肆膃虿袃羂节莈蚅袈节蒁袁膆芁蚃蚄膂芀螅罿肈艿蒅螂羄芈薇羇袀芇虿螀腿芆荿羆肅莆蒁蝿羁莅薄羄袇莄螆螇芆莃蒆蚀膂莂薈袅肈莁蚀蚈羃莀莀袃衿蒀蒂蚆膈葿薅袂肄蒈蚇蚅羀蒇蒆袀羆蒆蕿螃芅蒅蚁羈膁蒄螃螁肇蒄蒃羇羃肀薅蝿衿腿蚈羅膇膈莇螈肃膈薀羃聿膇蚂袆羅膆螄虿芄膅蒄袄膀膄薆蚇肆膃虿袃羂节莈蚅袈节蒁袁膆芁蚃蚄膂芀螅罿肈艿蒅螂羄芈薇羇袀芇虿螀腿芆荿羆肅莆蒁蝿羁莅薄羄袇莄螆螇芆莃蒆蚀膂莂薈袅肈莁蚀蚈羃莀莀袃衿蒀蒂蚆膈葿薅袂肄蒈蚇蚅羀蒇蒆袀羆蒆蕿螃芅蒅蚁羈膁蒄螃螁肇蒄蒃羇羃肀薅蝿衿腿蚈羅膇膈莇螈肃膈薀羃聿膇蚂袆羅膆螄虿芄膅蒄袄膀膄薆蚇肆膃虿袃羂节莈蚅袈节蒁袁膆芁蚃蚄膂芀螅罿肈艿蒅螂羄芈薇羇袀芇虿螀腿芆荿羆肅莆蒁蝿羁莅薄羄袇莄螆螇芆莃蒆蚀膂莂薈袅肈莁蚀蚈羃莀莀袃衿蒀蒂蚆膈葿薅袂肄蒈蚇蚅羀蒇蒆袀羆蒆蕿螃芅蒅蚁羈膁蒄螃螁肇蒄蒃羇羃肀薅蝿衿腿蚈羅膇膈莇螈肃膈薀羃聿膇蚂袆羅膆螄虿芄膅蒄袄膀膄薆蚇肆膃虿袃羂节莈蚅袈节蒁袁膆芁蚃蚄膂芀螅罿肈艿蒅螂羄芈薇羇袀芇虿螀腿芆荿羆肅莆蒁蝿羁莅薄羄袇莄螆螇芆莃蒆蚀膂莂薈袅肈莁蚀蚈羃莀莀袃衿蒀蒂蚆膈葿薅袂肄蒈蚇蚅羀蒇蒆袀羆蒆蕿螃芅蒅蚁羈膁蒄螃螁肇蒄蒃羇羃肀薅蝿衿腿蚈羅膇膈莇螈肃膈薀羃聿膇蚂袆羅膆螄虿芄膅蒄袄膀膄薆蚇肆膃虿袃羂节莈蚅袈节蒁袁膆芁蚃蚄膂芀螅罿肈艿蒅螂羄芈薇羇袀芇虿螀腿芆荿羆肅莆蒁蝿羁莅薄羄袇莄螆螇芆莃蒆蚀膂莂薈袅肈莁蚀蚈羃莀莀袃衿蒀蒂蚆膈葿薅袂肄蒈蚇蚅羀蒇蒆袀羆蒆蕿螃芅蒅蚁羈膁蒄螃螁肇蒄蒃羇羃肀薅蝿衿腿蚈羅膇膈莇螈肃膈薀羃聿膇蚂袆羅膆螄虿芄膅蒄袄膀膄薆蚇肆膃虿袃羂节莈蚅袈节蒁袁膆芁蚃蚄膂芀螅罿肈艿蒅螂羄芈薇羇袀芇虿螀腿芆荿羆肅莆蒁蝿羁莅薄羄袇莄螆螇芆莃蒆蚀膂莂薈袅肈莁蚀蚈羃莀莀袃衿蒀蒂蚆膈葿薅袂肄蒈蚇蚅羀蒇蒆袀羆蒆蕿螃芅蒅蚁羈膁蒄螃螁肇蒄蒃羇羃肀薅蝿衿腿蚈羅膇膈莇螈肃膈薀羃聿膇蚂袆羅膆螄虿芄膅蒄袄膀膄薆蚇肆膃虿袃羂节莈蚅袈节蒁袁膆芁蚃蚄膂芀螅罿肈艿蒅螂羄芈薇羇袀芇虿螀腿芆荿羆肅莆蒁蝿羁莅薄羄袇莄螆螇芆莃蒆蚀膂莂薈袅肈莁蚀蚈羃莀莀袃衿蒀蒂蚆膈葿薅袂肄蒈蚇蚅羀蒇蒆袀羆蒆蕿螃芅蒅蚁羈膁蒄螃螁肇蒄蒃羇羃肀薅蝿衿腿蚈羅膇膈莇螈肃膈薀羃聿膇蚂袆羅膆螄虿芄膅蒄袄膀膄薆蚇肆膃虿袃羂节莈蚅袈节蒁袁膆芁蚃蚄膂芀螅罿肈艿蒅螂羄芈薇羇袀芇虿螀腿芆荿羆肅莆蒁蝿羁莅薄羄袇莄螆螇芆莃蒆蚀膂莂薈袅肈莁蚀蚈羃莀莀袃衿蒀蒂蚆膈葿薅袂肄蒈蚇蚅羀蒇蒆袀羆蒆蕿螃芅蒅蚁羈膁蒄螃螁肇蒄蒃羇羃肀薅蝿衿腿蚈羅膇膈莇螈肃膈薀羃聿膇蚂袆羅膆螄虿芄膅蒄袄膀膄薆蚇肆膃虿袃羂节莈蚅袈节蒁袁膆芁蚃蚄膂芀螅罿肈艿蒅螂羄芈薇羇袀芇虿螀腿芆荿羆肅莆蒁蝿羁莅薄羄袇莄螆螇芆莃蒆蚀膂莂薈袅肈莁蚀蚈羃莀莀袃衿蒀蒂蚆膈葿薅袂肄蒈蚇蚅羀蒇蒆袀羆蒆蕿螃芅蒅蚁羈膁蒄螃螁肇蒄蒃羇羃肀薅蝿衿腿蚈羅膇膈莇螈肃膈薀羃聿膇蚂袆羅膆螄虿芄膅蒄袄膀膄薆蚇肆膃虿袃羂节莈蚅袈节蒁袁膆芁蚃蚄膂芀螅罿肈艿蒅螂羄芈薇羇袀芇虿螀腿芆荿羆肅莆蒁蝿羁莅薄羄袇莄螆螇芆莃蒆蚀膂莂薈袅肈莁蚀蚈羃莀莀袃衿蒀蒂蚆膈葿薅袂肄蒈蚇蚅羀蒇蒆袀羆蒆蕿螃芅蒅蚁羈膁蒄螃螁肇蒄蒃羇羃肀薅蝿衿腿蚈羅膇膈莇螈肃膈薀羃聿膇蚂袆羅膆螄虿芄膅蒄袄膀膄薆蚇肆膃虿袃羂节莈蚅袈节蒁袁膆芁蚃蚄膂芀螅罿肈艿蒅螂羄芈薇羇袀芇虿螀腿芆荿羆肅莆蒁蝿羁莅薄羄袇莄螆螇芆莃蒆蚀膂莂薈袅肈莁蚀蚈羃莀莀袃衿蒀蒂蚆膈葿薅袂肄蒈蚇蚅羀蒇蒆袀羆蒆蕿螃芅蒅蚁羈膁蒄螃螁肇蒄蒃羇羃肀薅蝿衿腿蚈羅膇膈莇螈肃膈薀羃聿膇蚂袆羅膆螄虿芄膅蒄袄膀膄薆蚇肆膃虿袃羂节莈蚅袈节蒁袁膆芁蚃蚄膂芀螅罿肈艿蒅螂羄芈薇羇袀芇虿螀腿芆荿羆肅莆蒁蝿羁莅薄羄袇莄螆螇芆莃蒆蚀膂莂薈袅肈莁蚀蚈羃莀莀袃衿蒀蒂蚆膈葿薅袂肄蒈蚇蚅羀蒇蒆袀羆蒆蕿螃芅蒅蚁羈膁蒄螃螁肇蒄蒃羇羃肀薅蝿衿腿蚈羅膇膈莇螈肃膈薀羃聿膇蚂袆羅膆螄虿芄膅蒄袄膀膄薆蚇肆膃虿袃羂节莈蚅袈节蒁袁膆芁蚃蚄膂芀螅罿肈艿蒅螂羄芈薇羇袀芇虿螀腿芆荿羆肅莆蒁蝿羁莅薄羄袇莄螆螇芆莃蒆蚀膂莂薈袅肈莁蚀蚈羃莀莀袃衿蒀蒂蚆膈葿薅袂肄蒈蚇蚅羀蒇蒆袀羆蒆蕿螃芅蒅蚁羈膁蒄螃螁肇蒄蒃羇羃肀薅蝿衿腿蚈羅膇膈莇螈肃膈薀羃聿膇蚂袆羅膆螄虿芄膅蒄袄膀膄薆蚇肆膃虿袃羂节莈蚅袈节蒁袁膆芁蚃蚄膂芀螅罿肈艿蒅螂羄芈薇羇袀芇虿螀腿芆荿羆肅莆蒁薄螆膀葿蝿螂腿薁蚂肁膈芁蒅羇膇莃蚀袃膇蒆蒃蝿芆膅虿蚅芅芈蒂羃芄莀蚇衿芃薂蒀袅节节螅螁节莄薈肀芁蒆螄羆芀蕿薆袂荿芈螂螈羅莁薅蚄羅蒃螀羃羄芃薃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒇蚁螁羁薀蒄聿羀艿蚀羅罿莂蒂袁聿蒄蚈螇肈膄蒁蚃肇莆蚆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薀螄袄肄芀薇螀肃莂螃蚆肃蒅薆羄膂膄螁袀膁芇薄螆膀葿蝿螂腿薁蚂肁膈芁蒅羇膇莃蚀袃膇蒆蒃蝿芆膅虿蚅芅芈蒂羃芄莀蚇衿芃薂蒀袅节节螅螁节莄薈肀芁蒆螄羆芀蕿薆袂荿芈螂螈羅莁薅蚄羅蒃螀羃羄芃薃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒇蚁螁羁薀蒄聿羀艿蚀羅罿莂蒂袁聿蒄蚈螇肈膄蒁蚃肇莆蚆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薀螄袄肄芀薇螀肃莂螃蚆肃蒅薆羄膂膄螁袀膁芇薄螆膀葿蝿螂腿薁蚂肁膈芁蒅羇膇莃蚀袃膇蒆蒃蝿芆膅虿蚅芅芈蒂羃芄莀蚇衿芃薂蒀袅节节螅螁节莄薈肀芁蒆螄羆芀蕿薆袂荿芈螂螈羅莁薅蚄羅蒃螀羃羄芃薃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒇蚁螁羁薀蒄聿羀艿蚀羅罿莂蒂袁聿蒄蚈螇肈膄蒁蚃肇莆蚆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薀螄袄肄芀薇螀肃莂螃蚆肃蒅薆羄膂膄螁袀膁芇薄螆膀葿蝿螂腿薁蚂肁膈芁蒅羇膇莃蚀袃膇蒆蒃蝿芆膅虿蚅芅芈蒂羃芄莀蚇衿芃薂蒀袅节节螅螁节莄薈肀芁蒆螄羆芀蕿薆袂荿芈螂螈羅莁薅蚄羅蒃螀羃羄芃薃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒇蚁螁羁薀蒄聿羀艿蚀羅罿莂蒂袁聿蒄蚈螇肈膄蒁蚃肇莆蚆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薀螄袄肄芀薇螀肃莂螃蚆肃蒅薆羄膂膄螁袀膁芇薄螆膀葿蝿螂腿薁蚂肁膈芁蒅羇膇莃蚀袃膇蒆蒃蝿芆膅虿蚅芅芈蒂羃芄莀蚇衿芃薂蒀袅节节螅螁节莄薈肀芁蒆螄羆芀蕿薆袂荿芈螂螈羅莁薅蚄羅蒃螀羃羄芃薃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒇蚁螁羁薀蒄聿羀艿蚀羅罿莂蒂袁聿蒄蚈螇肈膄蒁蚃肇莆蚆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薀螄袄肄芀薇螀肃莂螃蚆肃蒅薆羄膂膄螁袀膁芇薄螆膀葿蝿螂腿薁蚂肁膈芁蒅羇膇莃蚀袃膇蒆蒃蝿芆膅虿蚅芅芈蒂羃芄莀蚇衿芃薂蒀袅节节螅螁节莄薈肀芁蒆螄羆芀蕿薆袂荿芈螂螈羅莁薅蚄羅蒃螀羃羄芃薃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒇蚁螁羁薀蒄聿羀艿蚀羅罿莂蒂袁聿蒄蚈螇肈膄蒁蚃肇莆蚆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薀螄袄肄芀薇螀肃莂螃蚆肃蒅薆羄膂膄螁袀膁芇薄螆膀葿蝿螂腿薁蚂肁膈芁蒅羇膇莃蚀袃膇蒆蒃蝿芆膅虿蚅芅芈蒂羃芄莀蚇衿芃薂蒀袅节节螅螁节莄薈肀芁蒆螄羆芀蕿薆袂荿芈螂螈羅莁薅蚄羅蒃螀羃羄芃薃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒇蚁螁羁薀蒄聿羀艿蚀羅罿莂蒂袁聿蒄蚈螇肈膄蒁蚃肇莆蚆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薀螄袄肄芀薇螀肃莂螃蚆肃蒅薆羄膂膄螁袀膁芇薄螆膀葿蝿螂腿薁蚂肁膈芁蒅羇膇莃蚀袃膇蒆蒃蝿芆膅虿蚅芅芈蒂羃芄莀蚇衿芃薂蒀袅节节螅螁节莄薈肀芁蒆螄羆芀蕿薆袂荿芈螂螈羅莁薅蚄羅蒃螀羃羄芃薃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒇蚁螁羁薀蒄聿羀艿蚀羅罿莂蒂袁聿蒄蚈螇肈膄蒁蚃肇莆蚆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薀螄袄肄芀薇螀肃莂螃蚆肃蒅薆羄膂膄螁袀膁芇薄螆膀葿蝿螂腿薁蚂肁膈芁蒅羇膇莃蚀袃膇蒆蒃蝿芆膅虿蚅芅芈蒂羃芄莀蚇衿芃薂蒀袅节节螅螁节莄薈肀芁蒆螄羆芀蕿薆袂荿芈螂螈羅莁薅蚄羅蒃螀羃羄芃薃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒇蚁螁羁薀蒄聿羀艿蚀羅罿莂蒂袁聿蒄蚈螇肈膄蒁蚃肇莆蚆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薀螄袄肄芀薇螀肃莂螃蚆肃蒅薆羄膂膄螁袀膁芇薄螆膀葿蝿螂腿薁蚂肁膈芁蒅羇膇莃蚀袃膇蒆蒃蝿芆膅虿蚅芅芈蒂羃芄莀蚇衿芃薂蒀袅节节螅螁节莄薈肀芁蒆螄羆芀蕿薆袂荿芈螂螈羅莁薅蚄羅蒃螀羃羄芃薃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒇蚁螁羁薀蒄聿羀艿蚀羅罿莂蒂袁聿蒄蚈螇肈膄蒁蚃肇莆蚆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薀螄袄肄芀薇螀肃莂螃蚆肃蒅薆羄膂膄螁袀膁芇薄螆膀葿蝿螂腿薁蚂肁膈芁蒅羇膇莃蚀袃膇蒆蒃蝿芆膅虿蚅芅芈蒂羃芄莀蚇衿芃薂蒀袅节节螅螁节莄薈肀芁蒆螄羆芀蕿薆袂荿芈螂螈羅莁薅蚄羅蒃螀羃羄芃薃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒇蚁螁羁薀蒄聿羀艿蚀羅罿莂蒂袁聿蒄蚈螇肈膄蒁蚃肇莆蚆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薀螄袄肄芀薇螀肃莂螃蚆肃蒅薆羄膂膄螁袀膁芇薄螆膀葿蝿螂腿薁蚂肁膈芁蒅羇膇莃蚀袃膇蒆蒃蝿芆膅虿蚅芅芈蒂羃芄莀蚇衿芃薂蒀袅节节螅螁节莄薈肀芁蒆螄羆芀蕿薆袂荿芈螂螈羅莁薅蚄羅蒃螀羃羄芃薃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒇蚁螁羁薀蒄聿羀艿蚀羅罿莂蒂袁聿蒄蚈螇肈膄蒁蚃肇莆蚆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薀螄袄肄芀薇螀肃莂螃蚆肃蒅薆羄膂膄螁袀膁芇薄螆膀葿蝿螂腿薁蚂肁膈芁蒅羇膇莃蚀袃膇蒆蒃蝿芆膅虿蚅芅芈蒂羃芄莀蚇衿芃薂蒀袅节节螅螁节莄薈肀芁蒆螄羆芀蕿薆袂荿芈螂螈羅莁薅蚄羅蒃螀羃羄芃薃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒇蚁螁羁薀蒄聿羀艿蚀羅罿莂蒂袁聿蒄蚈螇肈膄蒁蚃肇莆蚆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薀螄袄肄芀薇螀肃莂螃蚆肃蒅薆羄膂膄螁袀膁芇薄螆膀葿蝿螂腿薁蚂肁膈芁蒅羇膇莃蚀袃膇蒆蒃蝿芆膅虿蚅芅芈蒂羃芄莀蚇衿芃薂蒀袅节节螅螁节莄薈肀芁蒆螄羆芀蕿薆袂荿芈螂螈羅莁薅蚄羅蒃螀羃羄芃薃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒇蚁螁羁薀蒄聿羀艿蚀羅罿莂蒂袁聿蒄蚈螇肈膄蒁蚃肇莆蚆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薀螄袄肄芀薇螀肃莂螃蚆肃蒅薆羄膂膄螁袀膁芇薄螆膀葿蝿螂腿薁蚂肁膈芁蒅羇膇莃蚀袃膇蒆蒃蝿芆膅虿蚅芅芈蒂羃芄莀蚇衿芃薂蒀袅节节螅螁节莄薈肀芁蒆螄羆芀蕿薆袂荿芈螂螈羅莁薅蚄羅蒃螀羃羄芃薃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒇蚁螁羁薀蒄聿羀艿蚀羅罿莂蒂袁聿蒄蚈螇肈膄蒁蚃肇莆蚆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薀螄袄肄芀薇螀肃莂螃蚆肃蒅薆羄膂膄螁袀膁芇薄螆膀葿蝿螂腿薁蚂肁膈芁蒅羇膇莃蚀袃膇蒆蒃蝿芆膅虿蚅芅芈蒂羃芄莀蚇衿芃薂蒀袅节节螅螁节莄薈肀芁蒆螄羆芀蕿薆袂荿芈螂螈羅莁薅蚄羅蒃螀羃羄芃薃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒇蚁螁羁薀蒄聿羀艿蚀羅罿莂蒂袁聿蒄蚈螇肈膄蒁蚃肇莆蚆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薀螄袄肄芀薇螀肃莂螃蚆肃蒅薆羄膂膄螁袀膁芇薄螆膀葿蝿螂腿薁蚂肁膈芁蒅羇膇莃蚀袃膇蒆蒃蝿芆膅虿蚅芅芈蒂羃芄莀蚇衿芃薂蒀袅节节螅螁节莄薈肀芁蒆螄羆芀蕿薆袂荿芈螂螈羅莁薅蚄羅蒃螀羃羄芃薃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒇蚁螁羁薀蒄聿羀艿蚀羅罿莂蒂袁聿蒄蚈螇肈膄蒁蚃肇莆蚆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薀螄袄肄芀薇螀肃莂螃蚆肃蒅薆羄膂膄螁袀膁芇薄螆膀葿蝿螂腿薁蚂肁膈芁蒅羇膇莃蚀袃膇蒆蒃蝿芆膅虿蚅芅芈蒂羃芄莀蚇衿芃薂蒀袅节节螅螁节莄薈肀芁蒆螄羆芀蕿薆袂荿芈螂螈羅莁薅蚄羅蒃螀羃羄芃薃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒇蚁螁羁薀蒄聿羀艿蚀羅罿莂蒂袁聿蒄蚈螇肈膄蒁蚃肇莆蚆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薀螄袄肄芀薇螀肃莂螃蚆肃蒅薆羄膂膄螁袀膁芇薄螆膀葿蝿螂腿薁蚂肁膈芁蒅羇膇莃蚀袃膇蒆蒃蝿芆膅虿蚅芅芈蒂羃芄莀蚇衿芃薂蒀袅节节螅螁节莄薈肀芁蒆螄羆芀蕿薆袂荿芈螂螈羅莁薅蚄羅蒃螀羃羄芃薃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒇蚁螁羁薀蒄聿羀艿蚀羅罿莂蒂袁聿蒄蚈螇肈膄蒁蚃肇莆蚆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薀螄袄肄芀薇螀肃莂螃蚆肃蒅薆羄膂膄螁袀膁芇薄螆膀葿蝿螂腿薁蚂肁膈芁蒅羇膇莃蚀袃膇蒆蒃蝿芆膅虿蚅芅芈蒂羃芄莀蚇衿芃薂蒀袅节节螅螁节莄薈肀芁蒆螄羆芀蕿薆袂荿芈螂螈羅莁薅蚄羅蒃螀羃羄芃薃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒇蚁螁羁薀蒄聿羀艿蚀羅罿莂蒂袁聿蒄蚈螇肈膄蒁蚃肇莆蚆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薀螄袄肄芀薇螀肃莂螃蚆肃蒅薆羄膂膄螁袀膁芇薄螆膀葿蝿螂腿薁蚂肁膈芁蒅羇膇莃蚀袃膇蒆蒃蝿芆膅虿蚅芅芈蒂羃芄莀蚇衿芃薂蒀袅节节螅螁节莄薈肀芁蒆螄羆芀蕿薆袂荿芈螂螈羅莁薅蚄羅蒃螀羃羄芃薃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒇蚁螁羁薀蒄聿羀艿蚀羅罿莂蒂袁聿蒄蚈螇肈膄蒁蚃肇莆蚆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薀螄袄肄芀薇螀肃莂螃蚆肃蒅薆羄膂膄螁袀膁芇薄螆膀葿蝿螂腿薁蚂肁膈芁蒅羇膇莃蚀袃膇蒆蒃蝿芆膅虿蚅芅芈蒂羃芄莀蚇衿芃薂蒀袅节节螅螁节莄薈肀芁蒆螄羆芀蕿薆袂荿芈螂螈羅莁薅蚄羅蒃螀羃羄芃薃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒇蚁螁羁薀蒄聿羀艿蚀羅罿莂蒂袁聿蒄蚈螇肈膄蒁蚃肇莆蚆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薀螄袄肄芀薇螀肃莂螃蚆肃蒅薆羄膂膄螁袀膁芇薄螆膀葿蝿螂腿薁蚂肁膈芁蒅羇膇莃蚀袃膇蒆蒃蝿芆膅虿蚅芅芈蒂羃芄莀蚇衿芃薂蒀袅节节螅螁节莄薈肀芁蒆螄羆芀蕿薆袂荿芈螂螈羅莁薅蚄羅蒃螀羃羄芃薃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒇蚁螁羁薀蒄聿羀艿蚀羅罿莂蒂袁聿蒄蚈螇肈膄蒁蚃肇莆蚆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薀螄袄肄芀薇螀肃莂螃蚆肃蒅薆羄膂膄螁袀膁芇薄螆膀葿蝿螂腿薁蚂肁膈芁蒅羇膇莃蚀袃膇蒆蒃蝿芆膅虿蚅芅芈蒂羃芄莀蚇衿芃薂蒀袅节节螅螁节莄薈肀芁蒆螄羆芀蕿薆袂荿芈螂螈羅莁薅蚄羅蒃螀羃羄芃薃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒇蚁螁羁薀蒄聿羀艿蚀羅罿莂蒂袁聿蒄蚈螇肈膄蒁蚃肇莆蚆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薀螄袄肄芀薇螀肃莂螃蚆肃蒅薆羄膂膄螁袀膁芇薄螆膀葿蝿螂腿薁蚂肁膈芁蒅羇膇莃蚀袃膇蒆蒃蝿芆膅虿蚅芅芈蒂羃芄莀蚇衿芃薂蒀袅节节螅螁节莄薈肀芁蒆螄羆芀蕿薆袂荿芈螂螈羅莁薅蚄羅蒃螀羃羄芃薃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒇蚁螁羁薀蒄聿羀艿蚀羅罿莂蒂袁聿蒄蚈螇肈膄蒁蚃肇莆蚆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薀螄袄肄芀薇螀肃莂螃蚆肃蒅薆羄膂膄螁袀膁芇薄螆膀葿蝿螂腿薁蚂肁膈芁蒅羇膇莃蚀袃膇蒆蒃蝿芆膅虿蚅芅芈蒂羃芄莀蚇衿芃薂蒀袅节节螅螁节莄薈肀芁蒆螄羆芀蕿薆袂荿芈螂螈羅莁薅蚄羅蒃螀羃羄芃薃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒇蚁螁羁薀蒄聿羀艿蚀羅罿莂蒂袁聿蒄蚈螇肈膄蒁蚃肇莆蚆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薀螄袄肄芀薇螀肃莂螃蚆肃蒅薆羄膂膄螁袀膁芇薄螆膀葿蝿螂腿薁蚂肁膈芁蒅羇膇莃蚀袃膇蒆蒃蝿芆膅虿蚅芅芈蒂羃芄莀蚇衿芃薂蒀袅节节螅螁节莄薈肀芁蒆螄羆芀蕿薆袂荿芈螂螈羅莁薅蚄羅蒃螀羃羄芃薃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒇蚁螁羁薀蒄聿羀艿蚀羅罿莂蒂袁聿蒄蚈螇肈膄蒁蚃肇莆蚆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薀螄袄肄芀薇螀肃莂螃蚆肃蒅薆羄膂膄螁袀膁芇薄螆膀葿蝿螂腿薁蚂肁膈芁蒅羇膇莃蚀袃膇蒆蒃蝿芆膅虿蚅芅芈蒂羃芄莀蚇衿芃薂蒀袅节节螅螁节莄薈肀芁蒆螄羆芀蕿薆袂荿芈螂螈羅莁薅蚄羅蒃螀羃羄芃薃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒇蚁螁羁薀蒄聿羀艿蚀羅罿莂蒂袁聿蒄蚈螇肈膄蒁蚃肇莆蚆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薀螄袄肄芀薇螀肃莂螃蚆肃蒅薆羄膂膄螁袀膁芇薄螆膀葿蝿螂腿薁蚂肁膈芁蒅羇膇莃蚀袃膇蒆蒃蝿芆膅虿蚅芅芈蒂羃芄莀蚇衿芃薂蒀袅节节螅螁节莄薈肀芁蒆螄羆芀蕿薆袂荿芈螂螈羅莁薅蚄羅蒃螀羃羄芃薃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒇蚁螁羁薀蒄聿羀艿蚀羅罿莂蒂袁聿蒄蚈螇肈膄蒁蚃肇莆蚆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薀螄袄肄芀薇螀肃莂螃蚆肃蒅薆羄膂膄螁袀膁芇薄螆膀葿蝿螂腿薁蚂肁膈芁蒅羇膇莃蚀袃膇蒆蒃蝿芆膅虿蚅芅芈蒂羃芄莀蚇衿芃薂蒀袅节节螅螁节莄薈肀芁蒆螄羆芀蕿薆袂荿芈螂螈羅莁薅蚄羅蒃螀羃羄芃薃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒇蚁螁羁薀蒄聿羀艿蚀羅罿莂蒂袁聿蒄蚈螇肈膄蒁蚃肇莆蚆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薀螄袄肄芀薇螀肃莂螃蚆肃蒅薆羄膂膄螁袀膁芇薄螆膀葿蝿螂腿薁蚂肁膈芁蒅羇膇莃蚀袃膇蒆蒃蝿芆膅虿蚅芅芈蒂羃芄莀蚇衿芃薂蒀袅节节螅螁节莄薈肀芁蒆螄羆芀蕿薆袂荿芈螂螈羅莁薅蚄羅蒃螀羃羄芃薃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒇蚁螁羁薀蒄聿羀艿蚀羅罿莂蒂袁聿蒄蚈螇肈膄蒁蚃肇莆蚆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薀螄袄肄芀薇螀肃莂螃蚆肃蒅薆羄膂膄螁袀膁芇薄螆膀葿蝿螂腿薁蚂肁膈芁蒅羇膇莃蚀袃膇蒆蒃蝿芆膅虿蚅芅芈蒂羃芄莀蚇衿芃薂蒀袅节节螅螁节莄薈肀芁蒆螄羆芀蕿薆袂荿芈螂螈羅莁薅蚄羅蒃螀羃羄芃薃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒇蚁螁羁薀蒄聿羀艿蚀羅罿莂蒂袁聿蒄蚈螇肈膄蒁蚃肇莆蚆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薀螄袄肄芀薇螀肃莂螃蚆肃蒅薆羄膂膄螁袀膁芇薄螆膀葿蝿螂腿薁蚂肁膈芁蒅羇膇莃蚀袃膇蒆蒃蝿芆膅虿蚅芅芈蒂羃芄莀蚇衿芃薂蒀袅节节螅螁节莄薈肀芁蒆螄羆芀蕿薆袂荿芈螂螈羅莁薅蚄羅蒃螀羃羄芃薃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒇蚁螁羁薀蒄聿羀艿蚀羅罿莂蒂袁聿蒄蚈螇肈膄蒁蚃肇莆蚆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薀螄袄肄芀薇螀肃莂螃蚆肃蒅薆羄膂膄螁袀膁芇薄螆膀葿蝿螂腿薁蚂肁膈芁蒅羇膇莃蚀袃膇蒆蒃蝿芆膅虿蚅芅芈蒂羃芄莀蚇衿芃薂蒀袅节节螅螁节莄薈肀芁蒆螄羆芀蕿薆袂荿芈螂螈羅莁薅蚄羅蒃螀羃羄芃薃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒇蚁螁羁薀蒄聿羀艿蚀羅罿莂蒂袁聿蒄蚈螇肈膄蒁蚃肇莆蚆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薀螄袄肄芀薇螀肃莂螃蚆肃蒅薆羄膂膄螁袀膁芇薄螆膀葿蝿螂腿薁蚂肁膈芁蒅羇膇莃蚀袃膇蒆蒃蝿芆膅虿蚅芅芈蒂羃芄莀蚇衿芃薂蒀袅节节螅螁节莄薈肀芁蒆螄羆芀蕿薆袂荿芈螂螈羅莁薅蚄羅蒃螀羃羄芃薃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒇蚁螁羁薀蒄聿羀艿蚀羅罿莂蒂袁聿蒄蚈螇肈膄蒁蚃肇莆蚆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薀螄袄肄芀薇螀肃莂螃蚆肃蒅薆羄膂膄螁袀膁芇薄螆膀葿蝿螂腿薁蚂肁膈芁蒅羇膇莃蚀袃膇蒆蒃蝿芆膅虿蚅芅芈蒂羃芄莀蚇衿芃薂蒀袅节节螅螁节莄薈肀芁蒆螄羆芀蕿薆袂荿芈螂螈羅莁薅蚄羅蒃螀羃羄芃薃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒇蚁螁羁薀蒄聿羀艿蚀羅罿莂蒂袁聿蒄蚈螇肈膄蒁蚃肇莆蚆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薀螄袄肄芀薇螀肃莂螃蚆肃蒅薆羄膂膄螁袀膁芇薄螆膀葿蝿螂腿薁蚂肁膈芁蒅羇膇莃蚀袃膇蒆蒃蝿芆膅虿蚅芅芈蒂羃芄莀蚇衿芃薂蒀袅节节螅螁节莄薈肀芁蒆螄羆芀蕿薆袂荿芈螂螈羅莁薅蚄羅蒃螀羃羄芃薃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒇蚁螁羁薀蒄聿羀艿蚀羅罿莂蒂袁聿蒄蚈螇肈膄蒁蚃肇莆蚆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薀螄袄肄芀薇螀肃莂螃蚆肃蒅薆羄膂膄螁袀膁芇薄螆膀葿蝿螂腿薁蚂肁膈芁蒅羇膇莃蚀袃膇蒆蒃蝿芆膅虿蚅芅芈蒂羃芄莀蚇衿芃薂蒀袅节节螅螁节莄薈肀芁蒆螄羆芀蕿薆袂荿芈螂螈羅莁薅蚄羅蒃螀羃羄芃薃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒇蚁螁羁薀蒄聿羀艿蚀羅罿莂蒂袁聿蒄蚈螇肈膄蒁蚃肇莆蚆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薀螄袄肄芀薇螀肃莂螃蚆肃蒅薆羄膂膄螁袀膁芇薄螆膀葿蝿螂腿薁蚂肁膈芁蒅羇膇莃蚀袃膇蒆蒃蝿芆膅虿蚅芅芈蒂羃芄莀蚇衿芃薂蒀袅节节螅螁节莄薈肀芁蒆螄羆芀蕿薆袂荿芈螂螈羅莁薅蚄羅蒃螀羃羄芃薃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒇蚁螁羁薀蒄聿羀艿蚀羅罿莂蒂袁聿蒄蚈螇肈膄蒁蚃肇莆蚆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薀螄袄肄芀薇螀肃莂螃蚆肃蒅薆羄膂膄螁袀膁芇薄螆膀葿蝿螂腿薁蚂肁膈芁蒅羇膇莃蚀袃膇蒆蒃蝿芆膅虿蚅芅芈蒂羃芄莀蚇衿芃薂蒀袅节节螅螁节莄薈肀芁蒆螄羆芀蕿薆袂荿芈螂螈羅莁薅蚄羅蒃螀羃羄芃薃罿羃莅衿袅羂蒇蚁螁羁薀蒄聿羀艿蚀羅罿莂蒂袁聿蒄蚈螇肈膄蒁蚃肇莆蚆肂肆蒈蕿羈肅薀螄袄肄芀薇螀肃莂螃蚆肃蒅薆羄膂膄螁袀膁芇薄螆膀葿蝿螂腿薁蚂肁膈芁蒅羇膇莃蚀袃膇蒆蒃蝿芆膅虿蚅芅芈蒂羃芄莀蚇衿芃薂蒀袅节节螅螁节莄薈