中学英语语法网络图 名词 6页

中学英语语法网络图名词I.名词的种类：专有名词普通名词国名.地名.人名，团体.机构名称可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词II.名词的数：1.规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下：规则例词1一般情况在词尾加-smap-maps,sea-seas,girl-girls,day-days2以s,x,ch,sh结尾的名词后加-esclass-classes,box-boxes,watch-watches,dish-dishes3以-f或-fe结尾的词变-f和-fe为v再加-esleaf-leaves,thief-thieves,knife-knives,loaf-loaves,wife-wiveshalf-halveswolf-wolvesself-selvesshelf-shelvesself-selves加-sbelief-beliefs,chief-chiefs,proof-proofs,roof-roofs,gulf-gulfs4以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-esparty-parties,family-families,story-stories,city-cities5以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，加-stoy-toys,boy-boys,day-days,ray-rays,Henry-Henrys6以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词有生命的名词加eshero-heroes,Negro-Negroes,potato-potatoes,tomato-tomatoes无生命的名词加-spiano-pianos,photo-photos,auto-autos,kilo-kilos,solo-solos两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes,volcano-volcanoes/volcanos7以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-sradio-radios,bamboo-bamboos,zoo-zoos8以-th结尾的名词加-struth-truths,mouth-mouths,month-months,path-paths,2.不规则名词复数：英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下：规则例词1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,goose-geese,mouse-mice2单复数相同sheep,deer,series,means,works,fish,speciesli,yuan,jin,3只有复数形式trousers,clothes,thanks,goods,glasses,compasses,contents4一些集体名词总是用作复数people,police,cattle,staff5部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）audience,class,family,crowd,couple,group,committee,government,population,crew,team,public,enemy,party6复数形式表示特别含义customs(海关),forces(军队),times(时代),spirits(情绪),drinks(饮料),sands(沙滩),papers(文件报纸),manners(礼貌),looks(外表),brains(头脑智力),greens(青菜),ruins(废墟)7表示“某国人”加-sAmericans,Australians,Germans,Greeks,Swedes,Europeans单复数同形Swiss,Portuguese,Chinese,Japanese以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-womenEnglishmen,Frenchwomen 8合成名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law,lookers-on,passers-by,story-tellers,boyfriends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups,housewives,stopwatches将两部分变为复数womensingers,menservants注：“中日不变英法变，其余s加后边”。III.名词的所有格：名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加’s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。1.’s所有格的构成：单数名词在末尾加’stheboy’sfather,Jack’sbook,herson-in-law’sphoto,复数名词以s结尾的复数名词加’theteachers’room,thetwins’mother,不规则复数名词后加’sthechildren’stoys,women’srights,以s结尾的人名所有格加’s或者’Dickens’novels,Charles’sjob,theSmiths’house表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加’sJapan’sandAmerica’sproblems,Jane’sandMary’sbikes表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加’sJapanandAmerica’sproblems,JaneandMary’sfather表示＂某人家＂＂店铺＂，所有格后名词省略thedoctor’s,thebarber’s,thetailor’s,myuncle’s2.’s所有格的用法：１表示时间today’snewspaper,fiveweeks’holiday2表示自然现象theearth’satmosphere,thetree’sbranches3表示国家城市等地方的名词thecountry’splan,theworld’spopulation,China’sindustry4表示工作群体theship’screw,majority’sview,theteam’svictory5表示度量衡及价值amile’sjourney,fivedollars’worthofapples6与人类活动有特殊关系的名词thelife’stime,theplay’splot7某些固定词组abird’seyeview,astone’sthrow,atone’swit’send(不知所措)3.of所有格的用法：用于无生命的东西：thelegsofthechair,thecoverofthebook用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：theclassroomsofthefirst-yearstudents用于名词化的词：thestruggleoftheoppressed注：特殊的名词所有格由to构成：thekeytothedoor4.名词的双重所有格：“of+名词所有格/名词性物主代词”,称为双重所有格,如：afriendofmyfather’s(我父亲的一位朋友),afriendofmine(我的一位朋友)5.名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题：1、谓语和谓语基本保持单复数的一致,即：主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式：如：Thecomputerwasagreatinvention.(计算机是个了不起的发明)Thewaterintheglassisverycold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷)2、集体名词(如family,class,team,group,row,police,school等)做句子主语时,①如果表示整体概念,则谓语用单数形式,如：ClassThreeisaverygoodclass.(三班是好班)②如果表示其中的所有成员时,则谓语用复数形式,如：ClassThreehaveamapofChina.(三 班有张中国地图)3、Chinese,Japanese,fish,sheep,people等表示单个时谓语用单数,表示许多时,谓语用复数。如：Thereisasheepintheyard.(院子里有只绵羊)/Therearesomesheepintheyard.(院子里有一些绵羊)4、maths,news等虽然有s结尾,但不是复数,因此谓语仍用单数：Thenewsisveryexciting.(这个消息令人兴奋)5、glasses,shoes,socks,trousers,gloves等名词往往用复数形式,故谓语用复数。如：ThetrousersareverycheapandIwanttotakethem.(裤子很便宜,我想买)6、alotof后跟名词复数时谓语用复数形式,跟不可数名词时谓语用单数形式。如：Alotofstudentsareplayingbaseballnow.(现在有许多学生在打垒球)Alotoftimewaswastedonthatwork.(大量的时间花在了那个工作上)(被动句)7、and连接两个名词做主语时,谓语原则上用复数,但是两个名词若构成一个整体事物时,谓语则用单数。如：Theteacherandhissonarepickingapplesnow.(老师和他的儿子在摘苹果)/Fishandchipsisveryfamousfood.(鱼和薯条是一种出名的食品)8、therebe句型中be的单复数一般由靠近的名词决定。如：Thereisatableandfourchairsintheroom.(房间里有一张桌子和四张椅子)9、用both…and…连接两个事物做主语时,谓语一般用复数。如：BothyouandIarerequiredtobeheretomorrow.(你和我明天要求都来)10、主语中含有with的短语时,谓语单复数由with之前的人物决定。如：Awomanwitha7-year-oldchildwasstandingatthesideoftheroad.(一名妇女带着一个七岁的孩子(当时)就站在路边)11、either…or…或者neither…nor…连接两个人物做句子主语时,谓语采用就近原则。如：Eitheryouorheisright.(要么是你对,要么是他对。/你和他有一个人是对的)/NeitheryounorIamgoingthere.(你和我都不打算去那里)12、表示一段时间或长度概念的复数名词做主语时,谓语一般用单数。如：Twomonthsisnotashorttime.(两个月不是个短时间)Twothousandkilometersisquitealongdistance(距离).(两千千米是相当长的一段距离)13、主语中含有halfof…/(threequarters)of…/all(of)the….等词语时,谓语的单复数由名词确定,如：OverthreequartersoftheinformationontheInternetisinEnglish.(因特网上四分之三以上的信息是用英语写的)/Athirdofthestudentswereplayingnearthelake.(学生的三分之一(当时)正在湖边玩耍)/Allofthewaterintheserivershasbeenpolluted.(这些河流中的水已经被污染了)(被动句)但是,population一词又有特殊情况：What’sthepopulationofChina?(中国人口是多少？)(句子用单数)/ThreequartersofthepopulationinthiscityareArabs(阿拉伯人).(这个城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用复数)6、部分名词用法辨析：1、sport、game、match、race的区别：sport通常指“户外运动”,以锻炼为主,概念较大；game意思是“运动、比赛”,不管户内户外还是脑力体力,指以胜负为主的运动；match意为“竞赛、比赛”,多指正式比赛；race主要表示“赛跑、赛马、赛车”。如：Peopleallaroundtheworldenjoysports.(全世界的人都喜爱运动)/The2008OlympicGameswillbeheldinBeijing.(2008奥运会将在北京举行)(被动句)/Ourschoolfootballteamwontheleaguematch(联赛).(我们学校足球队取得了联赛冠军)/Theywerestrongandwontheboatrace.(汤他们很棒,赢得了划艇比赛)2、festival、holiday、vacation的区别：festival“节日”,指喜庆的日子或持续一段时间的文娱活动；holiday(假日、休息日),指法定假日或风俗习惯,复数可以表示一个较长的假期；vacation“假期”,指学习或工作中一段长时间的休息。如：TheShanghaiTelevisionFestivalwillbeheldnextmonth.(上海电视节将在下个月举行)/Sundayisaholidayandmostpeople donotwork.(星期天是个假日,多数人不工作)/Whatareyougoingtododuringthesummervacation/holidays?(在暑期你打算做什么事情？)3、journey、tour、trip、travel的区别：journey指在陆地上(或海上或空中)进行的长途旅行,不知终点,含有辛苦的意思；tour指途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行,强调游览多处,常用来指观光等；trip通常指往返定时的短途旅行,如出差度假等；travel多指长期或长途的观光旅行,尤其指到国外,没有明确目的地,也作不可数名词,指旅行这一行为。如：HemadeuphismindtomakethejourneytoDunhuang.(他拿定主意要去敦煌旅行)/Hehasgoneonawalkingtour.(他步行观光去了)/HetookseveraltripstoShanghailastyeaar.(去年他去了上海好几次)/DidyougotoSantiago(圣地亚哥)duringyourtravels?(旅行期间你去圣地亚哥了吗？)/Travellingthroughthickforestsisdangerous.(在密林里边穿行是很危险的)4、sound、noise、voice的区别：sound指各种声音；noise主要指“噪音”；voice指人的“嗓音”。如：Thenoiseofthestreetkeptmeawakeinthenight.(街上的喧嚣声让我彻夜难眠)/Allofasuddentherewasthesoundofshotsandacry.(突然间传来几声枪响和一声尖叫)/Thesingerhaslostherringingvoiceasaresultofabadcold.(因为感冒的缘故,这个歌唱家失去了她银铃般的嗓音)5、fish的问题：指许多条鱼且不管种类时,用fish,单复数相同；fishes指许多种类的鱼；fish指“鱼肉”时是不可数名词。如：Therearemanykindsoffishesinthepool.(池子里有很多种类的鱼)/Ipreferfishtomeat.(与肉相比我更喜欢鱼)附：人教版七至九年级英语单词归类:[常用词按类别分]交通工具类（13）：bus，car，boat，ship，taxi，plane，train，streamer，jeep，motorcar，bicycle，runcar，airplane 国家类（29）：China，America，Egypt，Brazil，SouthKorea，NorthKorea，Poland，NewZealand，Japan，France，England，Canada，Australia，Argentina，Holland，Vietnam，India，Italy，Greece，Mexico，Russia，Sweden，Norway，Spain，German，Switzerland，Thailand，Greece，SouthAfrica身体部位（23）：Head，foot，leg，tooth，hand，ear，eye，nose，mouth，face，arm，back，neck，stomach，throat，heart，knee，finger，toe，body，hair，beard，elbow服饰类（28）：scarf，belt，sneakers，wallet，earring，hat，jeans，watch，strawhat，ring，skateshoes，backpack，tie，bag，pants，socks，dress，coat，shirt，T-shirt，skirt，shorts，sweater，shoes，uniform，jacket，earring，hairclip场所类（38）：club，restaurant，store，supermarket，museum，school，library，hotel，auditorium，pool，postoffice，bank，park, zoo, market, garden, hospital, TVStation, Policestation，beach，cinema，church, factory, farm, shop, theater, aquarium, college, diningroom, barbershop,gymnasium, gallery,drugstore,laboratory,mall,plaza,store,videoarcade颜色类（12）：red, black, green, white, yellow, orange, brown, grey, pink,blond, blue, purple,学习用品类（14）：pen, pencil, ruler, eraser, paper, pencil-box, ink, notebook, dictionary, sharpener，schoolbag, backpack,textbook,flashcard动物类（40）：sheep,horse,monkey,dolphin,panda,tiger,fox,snake,rabbit,lion,shark,goat,dog,cock,hen,chicken,duck,elephant,camel,bird,wolf,polarbear，giraffe，koala，penguin,camel,seal,rabbit,octopus，kangaroo，parrot，turtle，ant，mouse，spider，hamster，manatee,goldfish, chimpanzee,cheetah,时间类（36）：月份：January,February,March,April,May,June,July,August,September,October,November,December，季节：spring, summer, autumn, winter星期：Sunday,Monday,Tuesday,Wednesday,Thursday,Friday,Saturday其它：Morning,afternoon,noon,evening,night,second,minute,hour,day,week,month,year,Century职业类（52）：doctor, nurse, vet, policeman, policewoman, engineer, worker，farmer，reporter，teacher，inventor, scientist, driver, headmaster, player,singer，dancer，actor，actress，guide，waiter，waitress, assistant,boss，businessman，psychologist，author，writer，photographer，musician，guide, violinist, pianist, coach, clerk,  salesassistant，cook，dentist, director，optometrist，translator, vegetarian, sportspeople, headteacher，master，pilot，chef，fisherman，lawyer, sailor, tutor, collector, 球类（10）：basketball, volleyball, football, soccer,  ping-pong, tennis, baseball,badminton, icehockey,  golf,  蔬菜类（11）：carrot,tomato,cabbage,onion,potato,greenpepper,mushroom,broccoli,pumpkin,lettuce,水果类（20）：apple,orange,banana,pear,peach,pumpkin,melon,grape,lemon, watermelon,strawberry,lychee,papaya,mango,olive,plum,peach,loquat,apricot,cherry,食物类（33）：beef,noodle,dumpling,rice,chip,bread,sandwich,wheat,egg,Salad,hamburger,Frenchfries,,porridge,cheese,hotdog,biscuit,greenpepper,pancake,chip,fish,chicken,meat,tofu,pizza,candy,gum,barbecuedmeat,popcorn,brown bread,chocolate,shrimp,dessert,乐器类（7）: guitar, piano, drum, trumpet, violin, accordion, erhu, 电器类（13）:telephone, phone, computer, television, radio, fridge, refrigeratoroven，microwaveoven, blender,airconditioner, typewriter, recorder,lamp,  天气类（13）:fine, rainy, cloudy, windy, stormy, foggy, sunny, snowy, cold, cool, hot, warm，humid, 学科类（15）：Chinese,math,English,P.E,music,history,Physics,biology,geography,chemistry,politics,computer,science,art,algebra,家庭成员类：（14）：grandfather,grandmother,father,mother,uncle,aunt,sister,brother,son,daughter,cousin,husband,wife,parent,厨具类（9）：bowl,plate,table,dish,spoon,chopsticks,cupboard,fork,knife,人物性格（31）：funny,smart,cute,intelligent,friendly,shy,lazy,serious,unfriendly,quiet,easygoing,outgoing,generous,moody,lovely,lively,talented,upset,nervous,loving,unusual,creative,hard-working,warm-hearted,gentle,polite,confident,energetic,realistic,anxious,brave,饮料（12）:soda,coffee,milk,water,pop,beer,lemonade,juice,orange,icedtea,beverage,cola,音乐（6）：jazz,dancemusic,countrymusic,classicalmusic,nationalmusic,popmusic