河南省专升本英语语法解析 23页

河南省专升本英语语法解析非谓语动词非谓语动词:不能作谓语的动词形式，可以作除谓语动词外的任何成分，即主谓宾表定状补。三种基本形式：doing,done,todoDoing:一、作主语1.doing作主语,位于句首，谓语动词用单数形式。doing表示经常性、习惯性的动作。Climbingmountainsisagoodwaytokeepfit.(保持健康)主系Walkingdogishishobby.主系2.当doing作主语太长时，用it作形式主语代替doing放在句首，doing放在句尾。（避免头重脚轻）Cryingoverthespiltmilkisnouse.主→Itisnousecryingoverthespiltmilk.形式主语真正主语固定句型：1.Itisnouse/nogood/useless/senselessdoing…2.Itisworthdoingsth…3.Itisawasteoftimedoing…4.Itisfun/enjoyable/pleasant/agoodpleasuredoing…例：It’snouse_____withhimsincehehasmadeuphismind.(2010)A.toargueB.arguingC.tobearguedD.argued二、作宾语1.动词+doingconsider(考虑),suggest(建议),lookforwardto(盼),excuse(原谅),admit(承认),delay/putoff(推迟),得,fancy(想象)，avoid(避免),miss(错过),keep(继续),practice(练),deny(否认),finish(完成),就,enjoy/appreciate(欣赏),forbid(禁止),imagine(想象),才,risk(冒险),stand(忍受),mind(介意),allow/permit(准),escape(逃亡).固定搭配：1.advise/forbid/allow,permit+doingsth建议禁止两允许sbtodosth2.need/want/require+doing需要tobedone例：⑴Heenjoys_____popmusicwhileIpreferclassicalmusic.(2010)A.tolistentoB.tolistenC.listeningD.listeningto ⑵Thegardenrequires_____.(2009)A.wateringB.beingwateredC.towaterD.havingwatered⑶Iappreciate____toyourbirthdayparty.(2003)A.tobeinvitedB.tohaveinvitedC.havinginvitedD.beinginvited⑷Idon’tmind____outforawalkinsuchabadweather.(2006)A.goB.togoC.goingD.gone⑸Idon’tmind____intheoffice.A.tosmokeB.smokedC.hissmokingD.smokes注：1.doing的被动形式：beingdone(第3题只有被动的含义)2.doing的复合结构：在doing前面加形容词性物主代词：hissmoking名词所有格：Tom’ssmoking代词的宾格形式(口语)：himsmoking(doing动作的发出者)如果hissmoking与himsmoking同时出现，选择更加正式的hissmoking.3.doing的否定形式：紧挨着doing前加not:notdoing例1：I’msorryfornotbeingthere.例2：⑴Noonecanavoid____byadvertisements.(2008)A.influencedB.influencingC.toinfluenceD.beinginfluenced⑵Whatisthereasonfor____ontime?(2012)A.notyourcomingB.younotcomeC.yournotcomingD.younottocome2.作介词宾语（所有的介词后跟动词的-ing形式）介词：at,for,against,on,by,to,(in)…⑴to为介词的短语：（～todoing）be/getusedto=beaccustomedto习惯于getdownto开始做…payattentionto关注contributeto有助于devoteoneselfto投身于beaddictedto沉溺于lookforwardto盼望objectto反对stickto坚持leadto导致thekeyto…的关键confessto坦白☆prefer的用法：prefer+doing(长期的动作)todo(一次性的动作)prefertodoAratherthandoB=preferdoingAtodoingB宁愿做A而不愿做B例：Ipreferwalking______.(2007)A.todriveB.todrivingC.thandriveD.thandriving⑵省略介词in的短语：sbspend时间(in)doingsth花（时间）做…sbbebusy(in)doingsth忙于sbhavetrouble/difficulty/aproblem/ahardtime(in)doingsth做…有困难Thereisnopoint(in)doing…做…是没有用的。sblosenotime(in)doingsth不失时机做… succeedindoing成功做…(in不可省略)例：⑴Asalawyerhespentalotoftime_____investigations.(2006)A.conductedB.toconductC.conductD.conducting⑵Thereisno____arguingaboutit,justdoasyouaretold.(2005)A.reasonB.wayC.pointD.meaning3.既跟doing又跟todo的词：⑴用法相同：start/begindoingtodo⑵用法不同：a.love/like/hate+doing(长期的动作)todo(一次性的动作)b.forgetdoing忘记已经做过某事(失忆)todo忘记去做某事(健忘)rememberdoing记得曾经做过某事todo记住要做某事regretdoing后悔做过某事todo遗憾要去做某事c.stopdoing停止正在做的事todo停下来做另一件事goondoing继续做同一件事todo接着做另一件事d.trydoing尝试着做某事todo努力做某事meandoing意味着做某事todo打算做某事can’thelpdoing情不自禁做某事(to)do不能帮助做某事e.feellikedoing想做某事wouldliketodo想做某事三、作表语doing作表语，对主语进行解释说明或表示主语的特征。例：Myaunt’sjobislayingeggs.(主语等于表语)Themusicsoundsexciting.(doing表主语的特征，译为“令人…的”)四、作定语1.doing作定语，放在名词前，表示该名词的用途，或doing的动作由该名词发出。diningroom(餐厅)readingroom(阅览室)walkingstick(手杖)boilingwater(正沸腾的水)sleepingbaby(正在睡觉的婴儿)developingcountry(发展中国家)2.doing作定语，放在名词前，表示该名词的一种客观状态，译为：“令人…的”exciting,boring,tiring,puzzling,confusing,moving…例：anexcitingvoice一个令人兴奋的声音apuzzlingexpression一个令人困惑的表情囧 amovingmovie一部令人感动的电影doing作表语→Themovieismoving.3.doing短语作定语，放在名词后，表示该名词与doing构成主动进行的关系。⑴Thegirlismyex.↘Thegirlwearsapinkhat.↗Thegirlwearingapinkhatismyex.⑵Theyliveinamansion.(豪宅)↘Themansionfacesnorth.↗Theyliveinamansionfacingnorth.⑶ThemanisBaldheadStrong.↘Themanisbeingbeaten.↗ThemanbeingbeatenisBaldheadStrong.注：beingdone作定语时：表示“正在被…”五、作状语1.doing作状语，句子中有“，”表示主句主语与非谓语动词构成主动进行的关系。考题形式：⑴非ⅹⅹ，SVO.SVO,非ⅹⅹ.主语S与非谓doing构成主动进行的关系。S,非ⅹⅹ,VO.⑵(With)+名词非，SVO.名词与非谓doing构成主动进行的关系。注：形式⑵被称为独立主格结构。例1：Weatherpermitting(允许),wewillvisityoutomorrow.例2：⑴_____inBeijing,hewasmetbyhisgoodfriend.A.HearrivedB.ArrivingC.BeingarrivedD.Arrived⑵HelivedinBeijing,____asawriter.A.workedB.beingworkedC.workingD.work⑶Myuncle,____inBeijing,isadoctor.A.helivesB.livingC.beinglivedD.lived⑷Theday____hot,wedecidedtogoswimming.A.wasB.beingC.beenD.be2.doing与havingdone的区别：两者都表示主动，但是havingdone强调非谓语动作明显先于主句谓语动词动作发生。例：⑴____dinner,hewenttotherestroom.A.HadB.HavingC.HavinghadD.Tohave⑵____severaltimes,thedogdiedatlast.A.DesertingB.TodesertC.HavingdesertedD.Havingbeendeserted注：doing的被动形式为beingdone,作状语时表示：“正在被…”doing的完成形式：havingdone(主动)doing的被动完成形式：havingbeendone六、作补足语（见非谓语总结）Done：过去分词（done不作主语，宾语）一、作表语done作表语，主语通常是人，done表达一种主观感受，译为：“感到…的”，此时done相当于adj.excited,bored,tired,confused,annoyed… 例：Themovieisboring,soIfeelbored.(bore)Iamtiredofthetiringwork.(tire)二、作定语1.单个过去分词作定语时，位于名词前，表示已经完成的动作或状态。boiledwater开好的水fallenleaves已经落下的叶子boilingwater正沸腾的水fallingleaves正在落下的叶子developedcountry发达国家developingcountry发展中国家2.done的短语作定语时，位于名词后，表示该名词与非谓语动词之间构成被动完成的关系。考题形式：名词非ⅹⅹVO.或SVO非ⅹⅹ.例：⑴Thefirsttextbook____forteachingEnglishasaforeignlanguagecameoutinthe16thcentury.(2013)A.havingwrittenB.tobewrittenC.beingwrittenD.written⑵I’veneverseentheyoungman____nexttothedirector.(2006)A.sitsB.satC.sittingD.tosit⑶Davidsenthisgirlfriendaring____byhisgrandmotherforallherlife.A.havekeptB.keptC.haskeptD.hasbeenkept(2013)三、作状语1.done作状语，句子中有“，”表示主句主语与非谓语动词构成被动完成的关系。考题形式：⑴非ⅹⅹ，SVO.SVO,非ⅹⅹ.主语S与非谓doing构成被动完成的关系。S,非ⅹⅹ,VO.⑵(With)+名词非，SVO.名词与非谓doing构成被动完成的关系。例：⑴_____thepark,wefounditbeautiful.A.SeeB.SeeingC.SeenD.Saw⑵Theteachercameintothelab,____bysomestudents.A.followingB.followedC.followD.havingfollowed⑶Thepark,____fromthebuilding,isverybeautiful.A.SeeB.SeeingC.SeenD.Saw⑷Withthehardwork____,hewenttobed.A.finishingB.havingfinishedC.finishedD.finishes2.done与havingbeendone的区别：两者都表示被动，但是havingbeendone强调非谓语动作明显先于主句谓语动词动作发生。例：⑴Anewtechnique____,theoutputasawholeincreasedby20percent.(2012)A.workingoutB.havingworkedoutC.tohavebeenworkedoutD.havingbeenworkedout⑵____manytimes,hestillrepeatedthesamemistake.A.ToldB.BeingtoldC.HavingbeentoldD.Havingtold☆一个知识点： compareAwithB变被动→AiscomparedwithB所以A与compare为被动关系。ComparedwithB,A…同理的还有：CoveredwithB,A…四、作补足语（见非谓语的总结）Todo:不定式一、作主语1.todo作主语，位于句首，谓语动词用单数，表示一次性具体的动作。例：Tofinishsomuchworkinashorttimeisimpossible.2.当todo作主语太长时，用it作形式主语代替todo放句首，真正的主语todo放句尾。（避免头重脚轻）例：Itisimpossibletofinishsomuchworkinashorttime.[固定句型]1.Ittakessb+时间+todosth.“花费某人多长时间做某事”例：IttookhimtenyearstolearnEnglish.2.Itis+adj.+forsbtodosth.“对于某人来说，做…是…的”此类adj.有：important,possible,difficult(hard),necessary,interesting,easy…其中adj.是形容todosth.的。例：ItiseasyformetolearnEnglish.3.Itis+adj.+ofsbtodosth.“某人做某事是…的”此类adj.有：wise,polite,kind,clever,honest…其中adj.是形容sb的。例：ItisverykindofyoutoteachmehowtoplayPlantsVSZombies.二、作宾语1.动词+tododecide/determine(决心),learn(学会),want(想),expect/hope/wish(希望),refuse(拒绝),manage(设法),demand(要),pretend(假装),promise(答应),offer(提供),choose(选),plan(计划),agree(同意),ask/beg(请求),help(帮一帮).注：help(to)dowishtodohopetodohelpsb(to)dowishsbtodohopesbtodo(ⅹ)例：⑴Icouldn’tunderstandwhyhepretended_____inthegarden.(2006)A.nottoseemeB.notseemeC.toseemenotD.toseenotme⑵Whenhismothercameintotheroom,theboypretended____books.A.toreadB.readingC.beingreadD.tobereading注：⑴todo的否定形式：nottodo⑵todo的进行式：tobedoing,表示谓语动作发生时,不定式的动作正在进行。2.it作形式宾语，把真正的宾语todo放在句尾。（在英语中，有且只有it可以充当形式宾语/形式主语）结构：主+谓+宾+宾补主+谓+it+宾补+todo例:Iconsidertoobeythelawsimportant. Iconsideritimportanttoobeythelaws.注：此类常见的动词有：believe,consider,find,regard…3.作介词宾语“do巴do”原则当介词but,except,besides前有实义动词do(译为“做”)，后无to；前无do,后有to.以but为例：有do+butdo无do+buttodo例：⑴Thedeparturetimeoftheplanehasbeenpostponed,sowehavenothingtodonowbut_____.(2006)A.waitB.tobewaitingC.towaitD.waiting⑵ThatwassoseriousamatterthatIhadnochoicebut____thepolice.(2010)A.calledinB.callinginC.callinD.tocallin4.固定句型：⑴hadbetter(not)dosth.最好（不）干…⑵Whynot+do(动原)为什么不…？⑶sbhappentodo某人碰巧…⑷wouldrather(not)do宁愿做…⑸wouldratherdoAthandoB=woulddoAratherthandoB⑹平行结构ratherthan:todoratherthan(to)do例：Idecidedtowriteratherthanmakeaphonecall.5.疑问词+todo也可作宾语疑问代词：what,which,whom疑问副词：how,where,when,why例：Idon’tknowwhattodo.注：疑问代词中todo的do为vt./vi.+介词疑问副词中todo的do为vi.例：Idon’tknowwhom____.A.workB.toworkC.workingD.toworkwithIdon’tknowwhattodo.what与todo为动宾关系，即：todowhatIdon’tknowwhomtoworkwith.whom与toworkwith为动宾关系，即：toworkwithwhom三、作表语todo作表语，表示一次性具体的动作。doing作表语，表示经常性抽象的动作。Hisjobistopaintthewalls.他这次的工作是刷这些墙。Hisjobispaintingwalls.他平时的工作是刷墙。四、作定语1.todo与todo前所修饰的名词构成动宾关系。例：⑴Ihavealotofworktodo.alotofwork与todo为动宾关系，即：todoalotofwork⑵TheBrownshaveahousetolivein.ahouse与tolivein为动宾关系，即：toliveinahouse 2.todo表将来，与所修饰名词构成将来被动的关系。形式为：tobedone例：⑴Themeeting____tomorrowisveryimportant.A.toholdB.heldC.holdingD.tobeheld⑵Ifthebuildingproject____bytheendofthismonthisdelayed,theconstructioncompanywillbefined.(2007)A.beingcompletedB.iscompletedC.tobecompletedD.completed3.由thefirst/second…thelast,thebest,theonly,thenext修饰的名词，后跟不定式作定语。例：Hewasthefirstonetocomeandthelastonetoleave.五、作状语1.todo不定式作状语，有将来意味，表目的或结果。例：⑴____aseat,hegotupearly.A.GrabbingB.TograbC.TobegrabbedD.Havinggrabbed⑵Hehurriedtothehospital,only_____hisfatherhadjustdied.(2010)A.totellB.tobetoldC.tellingD.told注：onlytodo表示出乎意料的结果。类似的有：onlytofind/noticeonlytobetold/informed2.固定搭配⑴主+谓+too+adj./adv.(原形)+todo…“太…而不能…”例：I’mtootiredtostayuplonger.⑵主+谓+adj./adv.(原级)+enoughtodo“足够…可以…”例1：Heisoldenoughtogotoschool.例2：Heis_____jointhearmy.(2010)A.tooyoungtoB.enoughyoungtoC.veryyoungtoD.youngenoughto⑶inordertodo=soastodo(句中，句首)(句中)例：Bobtookdownmytelephonenumberinordernottoforgetit.六、作补足语（见非谓语的总结）非谓语的总结一作状语doing(主动进行)havingdone(主动，该动作明显先于谓语动词)done(被动完成)havingbeendone(被动，该动作明显先于谓语动词)考题形式：(有“，”出现)⑴非ⅹⅹ，SVO.SVO,非ⅹⅹ.主语S与非谓doing的主被动关系S,非ⅹⅹ,VO.或doing与谓语动词的动作先后⑵(With)+名词非，SVO.名词与非谓doing的主被动关系。 2.todo⑴todo不定式作状语，有将来意味，表目的或结果。⑵onlytofind/noticeonlytobetold/informed固搭：too…to…enoughtodoinordertodo=soastodo3.补：插入语作状语Generallyspeaking(一般来说),Franklyspeaking=Tobefrank(坦白地说),Tobehonest=Totell(you)thetruth(说实话),Believeitornot(信不信由你),Judgingfrom/by(根据…来判断),Given…(考虑到，鉴于),Provided(that)…=Providing(that)…(如果，假如)Comparedto/with…(与…相比)4.补：Therebe句型的非谓语形式为Therebeing例：_____nothingtotalkabout,hesaidgood-byeandwentoutoftheroom.A.TherewasB.TherebeingC.BeingD.Therebeen(2005)二、作补足语1.作主语补足语主动：todo主动将来sb/sthbesaid/reported/believed/known/consideredtohavedone已发生被动：tobedone被动将来behavebeendone已发生的被动此句型相当于：Itissaid/reported/believed/known/consideredthat+句子(主语从句)例：⑴Heissaid____twotripstoChinainthelasttwoyears.(2002)A.tobemakingB.tomakeC.tohavemadeD.tohavebeenmaking⑵Manyofhisnovelsarereported_____intoseveralforeignlanguageslastyear.(2006)A.tobetranslatedB.totranslateC.beingtranslatedD.tohavebeentranslated2.作宾语补足语⑴感官动词see,watch,observe,notice,hear的宾补：以see为例：doingsth看见…正在做…see+宾语+dosth看见…做了…(动作的全过程)done看见…被做注：see+宾语+do结构为主动，变被动时，要将do变为todo:例：Weheardhimsingthissonginthatroom.→Hewasheardtosingthissonginthatroom.⑵使役动词make,let,have,getmake+宾+do让…做done让…被做let+宾+do让…做bedone让…被做have+宾+do让…做done让…被做 doing让…一直做get+宾+todo让…做done让…被做doing让…开始做注：find+宾+doing发现…正在做done发现…被keep+宾+doing让…一直做done让…被leave+宾+todo留下…去做doing留下…一直做catchsbdoingsth撞见某人正在做某事例：⑴HisEnglishwassopoorthathefounditdifficulttomakehimself_____.(2006)A.understoodB.understandC.beunderstoodD.tounderstand⑵Areyougoingdowntownthisafternoon?Iamgoingtohavetheseletters____.A.mailedB.mailC.tomailD.mailing(2009)⑶Whenthelittlegirlawoke,shefoundherself_____byagroupofsoldiers.(2010)A.surroundB.besurroundedC.beingsurroundedD.beingsurrounding⑷Ihadalotoftrouble_____thecar_____thismorning.(2002)A.toget,startedB.toget,startingC.getting,startedD.getting,starting固定句型：⑴主+find+n.+adj.+todo→为vt./vi.+介词IfindEnglishhardtolearn.⑵主+be+adj.+todoEnglishiseasytolearn.例：Theyfoundthelecturehard_____.(2009)A.tounderstandB.tobeunderstoodC.beingunderstoodD.understood定语从句定语的位置：1.形容词作定语前置：形容词+名词2.短语或句子作定语后置：名词+短语/句子（定语从句）Sheisthegirl.╲Thegirllivesnextdoor.╱Sheisthegirllivingnextdoor.wholivesnextdoor.关系词一、定义：在英语句子中，用于限定名词或代词的句子，叫做定语从句。二、构成：先行词+关系词+定语从句（一般情况下，三者紧挨着，顺序不可变）例：Sheisthegirlwholivesnextdoor.先行词关系词定语从句注：1.被定语从句修饰的词叫做先行词。2.关系词指代先行词，两者为同一事物。三、关系词主宾定语 关系代词：指人who/thatwhom/thatwhose指物which/thatwhich/thatwhose关系副词：作状语，先行词为时间when地点where原因why(reason)☆注：关系词的选择当从句缺少成分（主、宾、表）时，用关系代词。当从句不缺少成分时，用关系副词。判断缺不缺成分以“五大基本句型”为标准。例：⑴IsthisthefactoryBheworkedlastyear?⑵IliketheplaceCEIvisitedthreeyearsago.⑶HeisthestarDEwelove.A.whenB.whereC.whichD.whomE.that四、如何找定语从句：从____后开始找，如果有一个谓语动词，____后都是从句。如果有两个谓语动词，____与第二个谓语动词之间的为从句。例：⑴ThegirlBEmyfatheristalkingtoismygirlfriend.⑵TheworkAEhasjustbeenfinishedisveryimportant.⑶I’llneverforgetthedayCwefirstmeteachother.AEwespenttogether.A.whichB.whomC.whenD.whoE.thatF.where注：若____前有名词，通常考定语从句。五、whose的使用：1.从句不缺成分2.先行词与从句主语构成从属关系3.从句的主语前没有the例：⑴ThisisthescientistCachievements(成就)arewellknown.A.whoB.whomC.whoseD.ofwhom⑵Thisisthehouse,Dthewindowwasbrokenlastnight.A.whichB.whoseC.thatD.ofwhich注：whose+n.=ofwhich/whom+the+n.=the+n.+ofwhich/whom例：Thisisthehouse,thewindowofwhichwasbrokenlastnight.Thisisthehousewhosewindowwasbrokenlastnight.六、关系代词which与that的使用：a.只用that不用which的情况：1.当先行词是something,everything,anything,nothing,some,all,alittle,little,afew,few等不定代词或被这些词修饰时，用that,不用which.2.当先行词前有形容词最高级、序数词或有theonly,thevery(正好,正是),thelast,just修饰时，用that,不用which.3.当先行词既有人又有物时，用that,不用which.4.当主句主语是Who或Which的疑问句时，用that,不用which.例:⑴Doyouhaveanythingthatyouwanttosay. ⑵ThisisthebestmoviethatI’veeverseen.⑶Doyouknowthethingsandpersonsthattheyaretalkingabout?⑷Whoistheboythatwonthegoldmedal(金牌)?b.只用which不用that的情况：1.当关系词前有介词时，用which,不用that例：ThisisahouseinwhichLuXunoncelived.注：此时，介词+关系代词相当于关系副词，且介词要与先行词或从句动词构成搭配。如上句：ThisisahousewhereLuXunoncelived.例：⑴Thisisthefactory_____heworkedlastyear.A.whichB.inthatC.inwhichD.ofwhich⑵Johnistheboy____hetalkedyesterday.A.whomB.withwhomC.ofwhichD.ofwho2.在非限制性定语从句中，用which,不用that定语从句的分类：限制性定语从句：Thisisthebookthat/whichIwanttoread.非限制性定语从句：ThisisNewYork,whichIhavevisitedforseveraltimes.注：1.限制性定语从句中无“，”且从句不可去掉，否则语义不完整。非限制性定语从句中有“，”从句去掉，语义也完整，从句只起补充说明作用。2.在限制性定语从句中，当关系词作宾语时，可以省略。例：Thisisthebook(that/which)Iwanttoread.3.在非限定性定语从句中，只是不用that,其他关系词可以用：例：⑴ShehasfalleninlovewithJack,_____Ifindhardtoimagine.(2009)A.whoB.thatC.whomD.which⑵Mr.Zhang,____cametoseemeyesterday,isanoldfriendofmyfather’s.A.whichB.thatC.whoD.whom(2006)七、当先行词为theway（方式，方法）时，且当从句不缺成分时，关系词有三种情况：that/inwhich/不填例1：⑴Thewaythat/inwhich/不填heexplainedthesentencetouswassimple.⑵Thewaythat/whichheexplainedtouswassimple.例2：Idon’tlike_____youspeaktoher.(2013)A.thewayB.thewayinthatC.thewaywhichD.thewayofwhich八、关系代词as,which的区别：以下固定搭配用as:1.such…as…“像…一样的”thesame…as…“和…一样的”例：Wehavefoundsuchmaterialsasareusedintheirfactory.Theresultisnotthesameastheyhadexpected.2.在非限定性定语从句中，as和which都可以代表前面一整句话的内容。as引导的从句可位于主句前，主句中，主句后。但which引导的从句只能位于主句后。此外，as用于以下固定搭配：asweknow(正如我们所知)asisoftenthecase(像通常那样) ashasbeensaidbefore(如上所述)asisreported(正如报道的那样)asiswellknown(众所周知)aswasexpected(正如预料的那样)asisknowntoeverybody(众所周知)例：⑴Asweknow,smokingisharmfultoone’shealth.⑵Smoking,asweknow,isharmfultoone’shealth.⑶Smokingisharmfultoone’shealth,asweknow.⑷Shemarriedhim,whichwasnatural.九、其他要点（一）1.oneof+复数名词+关系代词+动词复数theonlyoneof+复数名词+关系代词+动词单数例：Heisoneoftheboyswhoarehandsome.(be)先行词Heistheonlyoneoftheboyswhoishandsome.(be)先行词2.数词/代词+ofwhich/whom表示先行词的数量。此类词有：all,none,both,neither,either,some,most…例：⑴Shehastenfriends,____isagirl.A.noneofwhichB.noneofwhomC.whoD.someofwhom⑵Ihavetwopens,____writeswell.A.noneofthemB.noneofwhichC.neitherofwhichD.eitherofthem十、其他要点（二）非地点意义的词，表“抽象地点”，如situation(局面),point(境界),case(事例),position(境地),stage(阶段),condition(条件),circumstance(境况)…意思是“到了某种地步，在某种境况中”，关系词用where.例：Theyhavereachedthepoint____theyhavetosaygoodbyetoeachother.A.thatB.whichC.whereD.when十一、其他要点（三）插入语Ithink,Ibelieve,Iguess,Isuppose,Iimagine,inmyopinion通常放在关系词与从句谓语动词之间。做题时，不考虑插入语。例：Hemadeanotherwonderfuldiscovery,_____ofgreatimportancetoscience.A.whichIthinkisB.whichIthinkitis(2012)C.whichIthinkitD.Ithinkis十二、其他要点（四）在先行词和关系词之间插入较短的成分，如时间状语，地点状语等时，从句叫做分割定语从句。对于这种题，找先行词是关键。例：Iwastheonlypersoninmyofficewhowasinvited.名词性从句（充当名词的句子）一、定义：具有名词作用的句子，叫做名词性从句。注：在名词性从句中，若_____在句首，从_____开始往后找，第二个谓语动词之前为从句。 若_____在句中，从_____开始往后画，画完即为从句。二、分类1.主语从句：一个句子放在主语的位置。（句子作主语时，谓语动词用单数。）Thebook╲WhatIamreading╱isinteresting.2.宾语从句：一个句子放在宾语的位置。a.作动词的宾语：Idon’tunderstandherwords.Theboytoldmethereason.whatshesaid.whyshehurtme.b.作介词宾语：MyteacherwassatisfiedwithwhatIdid.注：介词后面不能跟that引导的宾语从句，除了以下固定搭配：inthat(在于),butthat(除了),exceptthat(除了)例：WeknownothingexceptthatJoeisfromAmerica.IcouldsaynothingbutthatIwassorry.☆区别：HeofferedmewhatIwanted.(名从)Heofferedmethebookthat/which/不填Iwanted.(定从)3.表语从句：一个句子放在表语的位置。Thereasonisamatterofmoney.thatIdon’thaveenoughmoney.4.同位语从句Thenewsthattheywonthematchistrue.(同位语从句)Thenewsthatyoutoldusyesterdayistrue.(定从)注：Thenews=theywonthematch两者为同一事物，叫同位语。☆区分：若_____前无名词，且句中无“，”为名词性从句。若_____前有名词，有可能为定从或同位语从句。当为同位语从句时，从句一定不缺成分，且前面的名词通常为抽象名词：news,fact,idea,thought,hope,order(命令),information,truth,belief,theory(理论),evidence/proof(证据),promise(承诺),faith(信念),conclusion(结论).例：Theideathatweinvitedheryesterdayisquitegood.(同位语从句)Theideathatyougavemeisquitegood.(定从)Theideaisthatweshouldinviteher.(表从)注：1.固定句型：Idon’tthink/imagine/believe/suppose…否定形式在主句，否定的焦点却在从句，译为“我认为…不…”2.固定句型：Thereason(why…)isthat…“理由是…”It/This/Thatisthereasonwhy…“这就是的…原因”It/This/Thatisbecause…“这是因为…”It/This/Thatiswhy…“这就是…的原因”例1：Thereasonwasthathewasill.Thatwasthereasonwhyhefellill.Thatwasbecausehefellill. Thatwaswhyhefellill.例2：⑴Thereasonis_____heisunabletooperatethemachine.(2013)A.becauseB.whyC.thatD.whether⑵Wemustgettherebefore7o’clock.That’s_____wehavetostartsoearly.A.thereasonthatB.thereasonforwhy(2012)C.whythatD.why考点一：引导词的选择1.that在从句中不作成分，只起连接作用，无词意。（在宾语从句中才能省略。）2.whether/if在从句中不作成分，但具有“是否”的含义。区别：whether能引导所有的名词性从句，而且能和ornot连用。If只能引导宾语从句，而且不能和ornot连用。3.特殊疑问词：连接代词：what(物/主、宾)“…的事情/东西”who(人/主、表)whom(人/宾)“谁”(有疑问语气)which(物/主、宾、定语)“哪一个、哪一些”连接副词：when“什么时候”where“哪里，…的地方”why“为什么”how“如何”☆连接词的选择原则：在名从中，若从句缺少成分，用连接代词，连接代词的选择看句意。若从句不缺成分，用连接副词/whether/if/that,选择看句意。（若句中没有疑问语气用that）例：⑴_____yououghttodoistoseeadoctor.(2007)A.HowB.WhatC.WhichD.That⑵Therecanbenodoubt_____someonehadvisitedthehousebeforetheyarrived.(2007)A.whyB.whetherC.howD.that⑶Hekeptsilent,soIcouldn’tknow_____heagreed____not.(2012)A.if;orB.whether;orC.either;orD.neither;nor⑷_____hisdreamofgoingtocollegewillcometrueisuncertain.(2008)A.ThatB.WhetherC.IfD.Evenif注：1.当表示强调时，用who,whom,what,which,when,where,how+ever,译为“无论…”例：_____hasfinishedtheworkaheadoftimewillberewardedthoughwedon’tknowwhoitwillbe.(2013)A.ThosewhoB.AnyoneC.WhoeverD.Nomatterwho2.which必须译为“哪一个，哪一些”：作从句的主语/宾语放在名词前作定语，译为“哪个…”例：⑴HeaskedmewhichIlikedbestamongallthesetoys.⑵Haveyoudecided____cellphoneyoushouldbuy,SAMSUNGorNOKIA?A.whatB.whichC.whenD.that3.名从中的插入语例：Iwillmakefriendswith____(Ithink)ishonest.A.thatB.whomC.whoD.why 考点二：所有英语从句的语序都用陈述语序。顺序为：连接词+主语+谓语动词+其他例1：Idon’tknowwhatishisname.(ⅹ)Idon’tknowwhathisnameis.(√)例2：⑴Ididn’thear____becausetherewastoomuchnoisewhereIwassitting.A.whatdidhesayB.whathesaid(2012)C.whatwashesayingD.whatforhimtosay⑵Doyouknow____withher?A.whatthematterisB.whatisthematterC.howthematterisD.howisthematter注：在宾从中，若从句为whatisthematter或whatiswrong,语序仍然为疑问语序。考点三：it作形式主语/形式宾语1.Thatlighttravelsinstraightlinesisknowntoall.↓主语换itItisknowntoallthatlighttravelsinstraightlines.形主真主2.Iconsiderthatyoushouldimproveyourpronunciation(发音)necessary.↓宾语换it宾补Iconsideritnecessarythatyoushouldimproveyourpronunciation.形宾真宾注：形式宾语常见的情况：1.Itissaid/reported/believedthat+句子2.Itisclear/obvious/apparent/evidentthat+句子“…是显而易见的”☆注：宾语从句的时态一致性：1.若主句为现在时，从句根据需要选择。2.若主句为过去时，从句必须使用过去的某种时态。例1：Iknowwhathedoes.Iknowwhathedid.Iknowwhathewilldo.例2：Iknewthathewaslying.虚拟语气一、在虚拟条件句中的运用IfIwereabird,Iwouldflyinthesky.(虚拟，不能实现)Ifitisfinenextweek,I’llgotraveling.(真实条件句，可能实现，使用主将从现)从句主句对现在的虚拟：If+主+did/were主+would/should/could/might+do(与现在事实相反)对过去的虚拟：If+主+haddone主+would/should/could/might+havedone(与过去事实相反)对将来事实相反：If+主+did主+would/should/could/might+do (与将来事实相反)weretodoshoulddo例：⑴IfI____you,I____thechancetogoabroad.A.were;wouldhaveseizedB.were;wouldseizeC.hadbeen;wouldseizedD.hadbeen;weretoseize⑵Ifhehadbeeninbetterhealth,he_____morebooks.(2007)A.canwriteB.couldhavewrittenC.couldwriteD.havewritten⑶Ifthey____severalchildreninthefuture,they____ahappyfamily.A.had;wouldhavebeenB.hadhad;wouldhavebeenC.had;wouldbeD.have;wouldbe注：1.在虚拟条件句中可省略if,把从句中的were,should,had提到句首，变为倒装句式。例：_____tomorrow,hewouldbeabletoseetheopeningceremony.(2010)A.WouldhecomeB.IfhecomesC.WashecomingD.Werehetocome但是，否定词not不可提前：Weren’titfortheexpense,Iwouldgoabroadnow.(ⅹ)Wereitnotfortheexpense,Iwouldgoabroadnow.(√)2.if=provided(that)=providing(that)=supposing(that)=suppose(that)译为“假如”，用法与if相同。3.错综虚拟条件句（从句和主句虚拟的时间不一致，此时需看从句或主句的时间状语。）例：⑴Ifyouhadjustfollowedmyadvice,youwouldbebetternow.(be)⑵Ifyouhadstudiedhardbefore,youwouldbeacollegestudentnow.(study)4.含蓄条件句用以下词代替if引导的虚拟条件句：with,without,butfor(没有),butthat(要不是),or/otherwise(否则)+主句现，将：情v.+do过去：情v.+havedone例1：⑴Butforyourhelp,Iwouldn’thavepassedtheexamyesterday.(notpass)⑵Butthatitrainedyesterday,Iwouldhavefinishedthework.(finish)例2：⑴Ipassedthetest.I_____itwithoutyourhelp.(2010)A.wouldnotpassB.wouldn’thavepassedC.didn’tpassD.hadnotpassed二、在名词性从句中的运用1.用在宾语从句中⑴wish引导的宾语从句表示一种不可能实现的愿望。主+wish+(that)+现在：did/were过去：haddone/couldhavedone将来：would/could/mightdo例：⑴IwishthatIwereamillionaire.(be)⑵IwishIhadmet/couldhavemetthemoviestaryesterday.(meet) ⑶Iwishthatmysonwouldbecomeapersonwhohasastrongsenseofresponsibility(责任)whenhegrowsup.(become)例：Iwishyou_____herelastnight.Allofuswerewaitingforyourarrival.(2006)A.cameB.hadcomeC.comeD.willcome注：ifonly(要是…就好了)的用法：Ifonly+句子=HowIwish+(that)+句子例：IfonlyIhadseenthefilm!=HowIwishIhadseenthefilm!⑵用于表示建议、愿望、命令等动词后加宾语从句，句中为(should)do.此类动词有：一坚持：insist二命令：order,command四建议：advise,suggest,propose,recommend五要求：require,request,demand,desire,ask宾从的结构为：主+v.(以上词)+that+主+(should)+do(主动)bedone(被动)例：⑴Heaskedthathe____anopportunitytoexplainwhyhe’srefusedtogothere.A.isgivenB.mustgiveC.shouldgiveD.begiven(2013)⑵Experiments____thataccuratemeasurementsbemade.(2003)A.showB.proveC.demandD.head注：以上词的名词和形容词的形式后面的that从句中，谓语动词还是(should)do.例：⑴Myadviceisthatshe_____toapologizetohim.(2013)A.goB.whereC.whichD.when⑵Oneoftherequirementsforafireisthatthematerial_____toitsburningtemperature.(2007)A.isheatedB.willbeheatedC.beheatedD.wouldbeheated⑶Weareallforyourproposalthatthediscussion______.(2005)A.beputoffB.wasputoffC.willbeputoffD.shouldputoff⑷Itisrequestedthattherentforthehouse_____inadvance.(2002)A.willhavetobepaidB.hastobepaidC.shouldhavetobepaidD.shouldbepaid⑶insist①坚持要求（虚拟）suggest①建议（虚拟）②坚持认为（不用虚拟）②暗示（不用虚拟）例1：⑴Heinsistedthathewasrightabouthisdecision.(be)⑵Heinsistedthatwe(should)setoffatonce.(setoff)⑶Theteachersuggestedthatwe(should)learnEnglishwell.(learn)⑷Thesmileonhisfacesuggestedthathewassatisfiedwithourwork.(be)例2：Theteacherinsistedthatwe____ourhomeworkbefore9:00o’clock.(2010)A.finishedB.hadfinishedC.finishD.wasfinishing⑷wouldrather/wouldprefer/wouldsooner/wouldjustassoon+(that)+宾语从句对现/将虚拟：did/were对过去的虚拟：haddone例：⑴Iwouldratheryou_____tothepartywithher.(2006)A.goB.wentC.willgoD.hasgone⑵Mr.Smithwouldjustratherwe____now,butwemustgotowork.(2005)A.notleaveB.didn’tleaveC.arenottoleaveD.won’tleave ⑶I’djustassoon_____thoseimportantpaperswithyou.(2002)A.thatyouwon’ttakeB.yournottakingC.pleasedon’tyoutakeD.youdidn’ttake2.用在主语从句中Itisnecessary/important/strange/natural/essential/vital/imperative(迫切的)/apity+that从句，句中为(should)do.例：⑴Itisnecessarythathe_____thetaskbytheendofnextweek.(2010)A.fulfillB.willfulfillC.willhavefulfilledD.fulfills⑵It’snecessarythattheproblem_____insomewayorother.(2006)A.issettledB.hasbeensettledC.besettledD.wassettled3.用在定语从句中Itis(high)time+(that)+V-edshoulddo(should不可省略)译为“（现在）是时候该……”例：⑴It’shightime_____aboutthetrafficproblem.(2008)A.somethingwasdoneB.somethingisdoneC.anythingwillbedoneD.nothingtobedone⑵It’stimethedog_____howtobehaveproperly.(2002)A.islearningB.learnsC.learnedD.tolearn4.在目的状语从句中在incase(以防),lest(以免),forfearthat(以免)后的状从中，动词用(should)do.例：TheSimpsonsgotupearlylestthey(should)missthetrain.(miss)5.在原因状语从句中sorry现/将：shoulddo主+be+surprised+that+disappointed过去：shouldhavedone此句型用于表达失望、难过、惊奇等情感，句中的should译为“竟然，居然”例：Iamsorrythathe_____insuchpoorhealth.(2013)A.areB.shallbeC.wereD.shouldbe6.在方式状语从句中现在：did/were主句+asif/asthough+从句过去：haddone将来：would/coulddo例：⑴HespeaksEnglishasifhewereanAmerican.(be)⑵Hetalkedaboutthegirlasthoughhehadmetherbefore.(meet)情态动词+havedone的用法：1.musthavedone“过去肯定做了”can’t/couldn’thavedone“过去不可能做了” 注：没有mustn’thavedone；mustn’tdo表示“禁止”“决不能”2.can/couldhavedone表推测，译为“过去可能做了”couldhavedone(不能用can)表能力，译为“过去本能够做但没做”3.may/mighthavedone“过去或许已经做了”may/mightnothavedone“过去可能还没有做”4.should/oughttohavedone“过去本应该做而实际上没做”shouldnot/oughtnottohavedone“过去本不应该做但做了”5.needhavedone“过去需要做某事可是没做”needn’thavedone“过去没有必要做某事可是做了”例：⑴I’mnotsurprisedyoufailedtheexam.You_____haveworkedharder.A.shouldB.mustC.wouldD.ought(2008)⑵I_____alittleearlier,butImetafriendofmineontheway.(2006)A.shouldarriveB.wouldbearrivingC.couldhavearrivedD.arrived⑶You_____mebecauseIdidn’tsaythat.(2007)A.mustmisunderstandB.mustbemisunderstandingC.musthavemisunderstoodD.hadtomisunderstand⑷You_____nothaveseenheryesterday,forshewasabroad.(2009)A.mustB.shouldC.couldD.would⑸You_____herinherofficelastFriday,she’sbeenoutoftownfortwoweeks.A.needn’thaveseenB.musthaveseen(2001)C.mustn’thaveseenD.can’thaveseen状语从句连词的位置：连词+句子，句子。句子+连词+句子。一、时间状语从句1.when+长动作/短动作while+长动作as：表示两个动作的同时性，译为“随着…”“一边…一边…”例：⑴WhenJohnarrived,Iwascookinglunch.⑵Astimegoeson,it’sgettingwarmerandwarmer.⑶When/While/AsIwaswaitingatthebusstop,Icameacrossher.注：1.当从句用延续性动词，主句用短暂性动词时，when,while,as可互换，都译为“当…时候”。2.while作为并列连词时，译为“然而”，表对比。例1：Helikespopmusic,whileIamfondoffolkmusic.例2：ThecostoflivinginGlasgowisamongthelowestinBritain,____thequalityofitisprobablyoneofthehighest.(2012)A.sinceB.whenC.asD.while2.assoonas,immediately,directly,instantly,themoment,theminute,theinstant,once…(可用主将从现)以及hardly/scarcely/rarely…(haddone)when…(did)nosooner…(haddone)than…(did),以上连词都译为“一…就…”例1：I’llgowithyouassoonasIfinishmywork.(finish)例2：⑴I’dliketoseehiminmyoffice_____hearrives.(2012)A.forthemomentB.themomentC.inamomentD.atanymoment⑵Hehadnosoonerfinishedhisspeech_____hewithdrew.(2004) A.thanB.thatC.whenD.an3.长动作+until/till…“直到…”短动作（与not连用）+until/till…“直到…才…”例：⑴Youmaystayhereuntil/tilltherainstops.⑵Hewon’tgotobeduntil/tillshereturns.4.everytime/eachtime(每次),nexttime(下次),thelasttime(上次)可引导时间状语从句。例：Johnputsuphishand_____theteacherasksaquestion.(2006)A.everytimeB.intimeC.sometimeD.attimes二、地点状语从句由where/wherever引导，从句可放在主句之前或之后。表抽象含义时，从句放在主句之前。例1：⑴WeshouldgowherethePartyneedsusmost.⑵Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.例2：Aftertheearthquake,anewschoolbuildingwasput_____therehadoncebeenatheatre.(2013)A.thatB.whereC.whichD.when三、原因状语从句1.because→since/nowthat→as→for∣∣∣∣⑴译为“因为”⑴译为“既然”⑴译为“由于”⑴译为“因为”⑵对方不知道的原因⑵双方都知道的原因⑵双方都知道的原因⑵表推测的原因⑶可用于回答why⑶位于句首⑶位于句首/句中⑶位于句中⑷位于句中或单独存在例：⑴IwasabsentfromthemeetingbecauseIwasill.⑵Asitisraining,weshallnotgotothepark.⑶Nowthat/Sinceeverybodyishere,let’sbeginourmeeting.⑷Itmusthaverainedlastnight,forthegroundiswetthismorning.2.seeingthat,consideringthat,giventhat也可表原因，译为“考虑到，由于”四、目的状语从句1.inorderthat与sothat译为“以便…”“为了…”(句首，句中)(句中)引导的从句用情态动词，如：can,could,may,might,will,would… 例：⑴_____wemightseethesunrise,westartedforthepeak(山顶)early.A.SothatB.InorderthatC.ForD.To⑵Hewasaskedtospeaklouder_____allthestudentsintheclassroomcouldhearhim.(2001)A.asB.soastoC.sothatD.than五、结果状语从句1.so…that…与such…that…“如此…以至于…”So+adj./adv.+that从句So+adj.+a/an+单数可数n.+that从句Such+a/an+adj.+单数可数n.+that从句Such+adj.+复数可数n./不可数n.+that从句例：Mikeissuchanhonestpersonthatweallbelieveinhim.=Mikeissohonestapersonthatweallbelieveinhim.2.sothat也可引导结果状语从句，译为“结果…”例：Itwasverycold,sothattheriverfroze.(结果状语从句)I’llspeakslowlysothatyoucanunderstandme.(目的状语从句)六、条件状语从句连词：if,unless,aslongas(只要),incase(万一),onconditionthat(条件是),suppose/supposing(that)(假如),providedthat=providingthat(如果)例：⑴YoucanonlyflytoLondonthisevening_____youdon’tmindchangingplanesinParis.(2012)A.exceptB.providedC.althoughD.where⑵Somecompaniesmightnotletyourentacar_____youhaveacreditcard.A.whereB.sinceC.becauseD.unless(2013)⑶----Ourholidaycostalotofmoney.----Didit?Well,thatdoesn’tmatter_____youenjoyedyourselves.(2012)A.unlessB.asfarasC.aslongasD.until七、方式状语从句连词：as(按照…),asif/asthough(好像)例：⑴WheninRome,doastheRomansdo.(入乡随俗。)⑵Iloveyouasifyouweremysister.(虚拟语气)⑶Itlooksasifit’sgoingtorain.(可能是真的，不是虚拟语气)八、让步状语从句 1.although/though(尽管，即使)，可与yet,still,nevertheless连用，但不能与but连用。例1：Although/Thoughitwasraininghard,yettheywentonplayingfootball.例2：⑴Ilikethatmeal,_____itwasalittleexpensive.A.thoughB.whetherC.asD.since⑵Tired_____hewas,hestillwentonwithhiswork.A.althoughB.thoughC.becauseD.so注：as/though引导让步状从时可倒装，although不可以。2.eventhough/evenif(即使)例：EvenifIwerebusy,Iwouldgo.(虚拟语气)Evenifitisraining,we’llgothere.(不虚拟)3.wh–ever=nomatterwh-译为“无论…”例1：Whatever(=Nomatterwhat)Isay,hewon’tbelieveme.(让步状从)Hewon’tbelievewhateverIsay.(名从)注：wh-ever可引导让步状从或名从，而nomatterwh-只引导让步状从。4.However/Nomatterhow+adj./adv.+主+谓Whatever/Nomatterwhat+n.+主+谓例1：Howeverhardhetried,shedidn’tgetthejob.Whateverproblemsshemet,shenevergaveup.例2：⑴_____difficultthetaskmaybe,wewilltryourbesttocompleteitintime.A.NomatterB.NowonderC.ThoughD.However(2013)⑵He’llneversucceedinpassingtheCET-6,_____hardhetries.(2009)A.howeverB.whateverC.despiteD.though⑶Wemustbegintestingthisinstrument,nomatter_____difficultitis.(2007)A.howeverB.howC.whateverD.What