、高中英语语法指津与能力训练(上)[讲义] 8页

Ok学习网www.okxuexi.com高考英语语法指津与能力训练一、高考英语语法题命题思想解析上海高考英语语法题总量16题，旨在考查学生的英语基础知识，注重测试考生在具体语境中的正确理解和灵活运用语法基础知识的能力。因此考生在复习中要注意以下两点：1.复习、掌握中学英语语法中最基本的结构。高考英语“语法”测试呈现出两大特点：一是基础性，基础知识测试面广，覆盖了词法、句法的基本知识点；二是语法测试题更呈现语境化，选用的题干语句上下文情景清晰，学生易于理解。如果仔细分析2007年和2008年高考语法部分，不难发现测试内容均是最基础的知识，如词法中的动词时态和语态、非谓语动词、情态动词、介词、代词、比较结构等，以及句法中的简单句、主从复合句、倒装结构等，而且题目难度也不高，一道试题一般测试一个语法点。可以说高考英语语法测试是集中在中学英语语法最核心的部分，不会有超出中学英语语法范围的偏题、怪题或过难、过深的题目。例如：（1）对介词的考查：(2007上海)Leavesarefoundonallkindsoftrees,buttheydiffergreatly______sizeandshape.A.onB.fromC.byD.in答案为D。(2008上海)Thetwosportsmencongratulatedeachother______winningthematchbyshakinghands.A.withB.onC.inD.to答案为B。（2）对形容词、副词的比较级和最高级的考查：(2007上海)Alanisacarefuldriver,buthedrives______ofmyfriends.A.morecarefullyB.themostcarefullyC.lesscarefullyD.theleastcarefully答案为D。(2008上海)Inmyview,London’snotasexpensiveinpriceasTokyobutTokyois______intraffic.A.themostorganizedB.moreorganizedC.soorganizedasD.asorganizedas答案为B。(3)对动词时态和语态的考查：(2007上海)—Didyoutidyyourroom?—No,IwasgoingtotidymyroombutI______visitors.A.hadB.haveC.havehadD.willhave答案为A。(2008上海)Inrecentyearsmanyfootballclubs______asbusinesstomakeaprofit.A.haverunB.havebeenrunC.hadbeenrunD.willrun答案为B。2.学会分析题干句意。考生应该注意到近几年语法知识单项选择题命题的趋向：突出语言意义，要求考生不仅能从语言形式上辨认语法结构，更能从语意上领悟、把握题干所表达的语言情景，从而判断、选择在所给的特定的语言情景中须用的语法结构。例如：(2007上海)—Guesswhat!IhavegotAformytempaper.—Great!You______readwidelyandputalotofworkintoit.A.mustB.shouldC.musthaveD.shouldhave第8页 Ok学习网www.okxuexi.com答案为C。分析：本对话表示乙方说话人推测的口气，甲方得了A，乙方推测甲方一定广泛阅读，花了很多的功夫。选项C“musthave+过去分词”表示了这种语气，因而是最佳答案。(2007上海)—It’stopsecret.—Yes,Isee.Iwillkeepthesecret______youandme.A.withB.aroundC.amongD.between答案为D。分析：本句情景是两人在谈论互相保守秘密，因此D，between是正确答案。(2008上海)—DoyouknowifTerrywillgocampingthisweekend?—Terry?Never!She______tentsandfreshair!A.hashatedB.hatedC.willhateD.hates答案为D。分析：本对话情景表示Terry一向不喜欢户外露营，所以用hates表示她的喜好。总结：正确理解题干情景是解题的关键，如果看不懂题干句子的意思，就很难作出正确的判断。可见，阅读理解能力度语法的答题是十分重要的。3.2007年和2008年语法考点比较：词法和句法考点2007年2008年介词11代词11副词最高级1/形容词比较级/1时态11语态11情态动词11倒装11感叹句1/非谓语动词todo11非谓语动词doing12（现在分词和动名词各1题）非谓语动词done11状语从句22定语从句11主语从句11表语从句1/宾语从句/1注意：近两年没考的有：冠词、反义疑问句、独立主格、虚拟语气。二、高考英语语法考点指津1.名词、数词和形容词复习要点l常考的不可数名词：advice,baggage,equipment,information,luggage,furniture,fun,weather,knowledge,jewelry,progressl名词前的修饰词：第8页 Ok学习网www.okxuexi.com1）只能修饰可数名词的有：few,afew,many,agreat/goodmany,alargenumberof2）只能修饰不可数名词的有：little,alittle,much,alargeamountof,agreat/gooddealof3）可数不可数都可修饰的有：alotof,lotsof,plentyof,alargequantityof,largequantitiesofl数词使用中的问题：1）大于:morethan20years,overthirty,abovetwentydegrees2）小于:lessthantendays,fewerthan50people,childrenunder73）至少:atleast10dollars,nolessthan100people4）大约:aboutthreedays,around2o"clock,twomilesorso5）至多:notmorethan5rooms,atmosttendays6）仅有:nomorethan1year,only2years7）倍数:Thisruleristwice/threetimeslongerthanthatone.　　Thisruleristwice/threetimesaslongasthatone.　　Thisruleristwice/threetimesthelengthofthatone.l形容词复习要点1）只能做定语的形容词有：live,main,chief2）只能做表语的形容词有：alone,alike,awake,asleep3）多个形容词修饰名词的顺序依次是：冠词（所有格；指示词；数词）；品质；大小长短；形状；新旧；颜色；产地；材料；用途。例如：abeautifullittleroundredChinesewoodenpublicreadingroom4）修饰形容词比较级的有：much,rather,even,still,far,any,no,alittle,abit,alot,agreatdeal,yet等；5）修饰形容词最高级的有：byfar,very,much2.时态和语态复习要点l“主将从现”符合的原则：if条件句，时间状语从句，方式状语从句和让步状语从句。如：　　Ifhecomes,I"llletyouknow.　　HewillbehappywhenItellhim.　　NexttimeI"lldoasyousay.　　Evenifitrainstomorrow,thesportsmeetwilltakeplace.l过去完成时注意点:1）没有一般过去时，就不存在过去完成时。2）过去完成时用在nosooner…than,scarcely…when,hardly…when,hadintended,hadhoped,hadplanned等短语中。l“主动表被动”的适用范围:1）表衡量的动词:Theroommeasures5by6.2）sell,write,wash,read,wear,keep,drink等表状态的情况:Thepenwriteswell.3）在动词不定式中主语发出的动作:Ihavealotofworktodo.4）动词不定式前面的词为形容词时:Thequestioniseasytoanswer.5）在need,want,require,beworth后面doing主动表被动:Thebikewantsrepairing.3.情态动词复习要点lcan1）在疑问句中表示怀疑:Canitbetrue?2）在否定句中，表示判断或推断:Youcan"tbehungrysosoon.You"vejusthadlunch.lshall第8页 Ok学习网www.okxuexi.com1）用于二、三人称表允许、命令、警告:YoushallleavethedoororI"llcallthepolice.2）征求对方意见或向对方请示（用于一、三人称）:ShallIopenthewindow?lwill1）愿意、意愿、意志、决心（用于各人称）:Ifyouwillwait,I"llcomeback.2）will=probably表一种猜想:YouwillrememberthestoryItoldyoulasttime.3）征求意见，用于第二人称:Willyougivemeapieceofpaper?4）表某种倾向或习惯性动作:Fishwilldieoutofwater.l情态动词+havedoneoughttohavedone和shouldhavedone应该做某事而未做couldhavedone本可以做某事而未做needn"thavedone不需要做某事而做了musthavedone过去一定做了某事may/mighthavedone过去可能做过某事can’t/couldn’thavedone过去不可能做过某事l情态动词表推测的反意疑问句：Itmusthaverainedlastnight,didn"tit?　　Hemusthavewaitedforyouforalongtime,hasn"the?　　Hemustbewaitingforyououtside,isn"the?4.主谓一致复习要点1）Ateacherandwriteriswaitingforyououtside.2）Inourcountryeveryboyandeverygirlhastherighttoeducation.(类似的还有:eachboyandeachgirl,noboyandnogirl,manyaboyandmanyagirl)3）由以下几个连词连接两个主语谓语动词看前面的主语:aswellas,nolessthan,ratherthan,morethan,but,except,besides,with,alongwith,togetherwith,like,including,inadditionto…如：　　TomaswellashisclassmatesisgoingtovisittheForbiddenCitytomorrow.4）成双的名词前有apairof来修饰，谓语动词用单数;否则用复数。如：　　Mytrousersareonthechair.Apairoftrousersisonthechair.5）%，分数，half,therest后面的谓语动词符合就近一致原则:10%ofthestudentsarehard-working.6）表时间、距离、价格、度量衡等的复数名词或短语做主语时，谓语动词用单数:　　1milliondollarsisalargesumofmoney.7）加、减、乘、除运算做主语，谓语动词用单数:Tenplustenistwenty.8）集合名词如：family,team,crowd,class,audience,population,class等做主语，如果指整体，用单数；如果指整体中的每个人，用复数。9）oneandahalf后接复数名词，但是谓语动词用单数:Oneandahalforangesisonthetable.10）以下情况符合就近一致原则:therebe,either…or…,or,neither…nor…,whether…or…,notonly…butalso…,not…but…误：Nothisteacherbuthisparentsiswaitingoutside.　　正：Nothisteacherbuthisparentsarewaitingoutside.5.“it作形式主语和形式宾语”复习要点1）Itisnouse/useless/nogood/awasteoftimedoingsth.例如：Itisuselesscryingoverthespiltmilk.第8页 Ok学习网www.okxuexi.com2）某些表示“喜、怒、哀、乐”的动词，如like,enjoy,love,hate,appreciate等，往往不能直接接宾语从句:如：Idon’tlikeitthathe’ssolazy.Ihateitwhenmymotherasksmetoeateggs.3）that引导的宾语从句不能直接作介词的宾语:如：Youmaydependonitthatweshallalwayshelpyou.Wouldyouseetoitthatshegetshomeearly?Heinsistedonitthathewasinnocent.6.倒装复习要点1）完全倒装：做状语的副词置于句首：in,out,down,up,back,over,away,off以及here,there,now,then等。但是主语为人称代词时不倒装。如：Herecomesthebus.Herehecomes.2）部分倒装:　　A.否定词放在句首:neither,nor,never,hardly,scarcely,notonly,seldom,little,rarely,nowhere,bynomeans,notuntil…　　B.频率状语放在句首:often,always,once,manyatime,nowandagain,everyotherday,everytwodays…C.only+状语放在句首:OnlyinthiswaycanyoulearnEnglishwell.注意：only接名词或代词不用倒装：Onlyyoucandoit.D.as/though引导的让步从句必须将句中的名词、形容词,副词,分词,实义动词提前。注意：句首名词不能带任何冠词。句首是实义动词,其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语,　随实义动词一起放在主语之前。如：Studentasheis,hedoesnotstudyhard.MuchasIadmirehiscourage,Idon’tthinkheactedwisely.Tryhardashewill,heneverseemsabletodotheworksatisfactorily.7.定语从句复习要点1)在定语从句中，先行词为物的情况下，以下几种情况只能用that不能用which。　　A.有序数词或最高级修饰：It"sthefirsttimethatIhavebeenhere.　　B.先行词为不定代词：ThatisallthatIwanttoknow.　　C.先行词由不定代词修饰：Hementionedallthebooksthatwerelaidonthetable.　　D.先行词有theonly,thevery,thelast修饰：ItistheverydictionarythatIneed.　　E.先行词既有人又有物：Hetalkedabouttheteachersandschoolsthathehadvisited.2)只能用which的情况有：　　A.介词后面：Thisisthefactoryinwhichmyfatherworks.　　B.“，”后面：Ihaveabook,whichisveryinteresting.3)as和which的用法：A.在such,as,thesame后只能用as。如：　　Ineverheardsuchstoriesashetells.　　B.引导非限制性定语从句时，有时两者可互换。如：Ilivealongwayfromwork,as/whichyouknow.　　C.当从句位于主句前面时，只用as。如：Asisknowntoeverybody,themoontravelsroundtheearthonceeverymonth.第8页 Ok学习网www.okxuexi.com　　D.as引导的非限制性定语从句应与主句在意义上和谐一致，which无此限制：　　Hewentabroad,as[which]wasexpected.　　Hewentabroad,whichwasunexpected.(不用as)　　E.当as引导非限制性定语从句作主语时，其谓语通常应是连系动词，而which则无此限制：　　Shehasmarriedagain,as/whichseemednatural.Shehasmarriedagain,whichdelightedus.(不用as)4)but和than引导的定语从句：A.but在句子中可用作关系代词，引导定语从句,但but形式上是肯定的，意义上却是否定的。这正是but和其它关系代词(who,that,which等)不同之处。例如：ThereisnoruleinEnglishbuthasexceptions.英语中没有无例外的规则。=ThereisnoruleinEnglishthathasnoexceptions/thathasnotanyexceptions.B.than也可以用作关系代词，引导定语从句，但主句中必须有比较级和than前后呼应。例如：Weoftenadvisehimnottodrinkmorewinethanisgoodforhishealth.我们经常劝他为了身体健康不要喝过量的酒。5)例题分析：Onlythose______knewwellwereinvitedtohisbirthdaypartylastnight.A.whoB.thatC.heD.which8.非谓语复习要点1)分词作插入语，其结构是固定的，意思上的主语并不是句子的主语。　generallyspeaking　一般说来　talkingof/speakingof说道　strictlyspeaking严格的说　judgingfrom从…判断　allthingsconsidered从整体来看　takingallthingsintoconsideration　全面看来　Judgingfromhisface,hemustbeill.　从他的脸色看，他一定是病了。Generallyspeaking,dogscanrunfasterthanpigs.(speaking并不是dogs的动作)2)不定式to的省略问题：A.在表示感觉意义的动词，如see,feel,watch,notice,smell,hear,observe等后，或是表示“致使”意义的动词，如have,let,make等后，动词不定式不带to。但是当这类结构转移为被动语态时，后面的不带to不定式一般转换为带to不定式。例如：Ioftenheardhimsaythathewouldstudyhard.Hewasoftenheardtosaythatbewouldstudyhard.B.在hadbetter,wouldrather,may/mightaswell,ratherthan,cannotbut等搭配之后，动词不定式也不带to。例如：Shecouldnotbutcriticizehisfoolishbehavior.C.在介词but,except之后，如果其前有动词do的某种形式，其后不定式一般不带to，反之则必须带to，表示“不得不，只能”。例如：Hewilldoanythingexceptworkonthefarm.Ihadnochoicebuttowaittillitstoppedraining.下面一些短语是固定搭配，不带to：cannothelpbut,cannotchoosebut,cannotbut,donothingbut,havenothingtodobut第8页 Ok学习网www.okxuexi.comD.紧跟在why或whynot之后的动词不定式总是不带to。但是，紧跟who,what,which,whether等连接词后的不定式带to。例如：Whystandupifyoucansitdown?Whynotaskyourteacherwhenyoudon"tunderstandthemeaning?Youneedn’tdecideyetwhethertostudyartsorscience.三、语法能力自测题Directions:BeneatheachofthefollowingsentencestherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,C,andD.Choosetheanswerthatbestcompletesthesentence.25.Inordertochangetheattitude________employingwomen,thegovernmentisbringinginnewlaws.A.inB.withC.towardsD.for26.Iagreewithmostofwhatyouhavesaidaboutthisimportantproject,butIdon’tagreewith________.A.anythingB.everythingC.somethingD.nothing27.Themagnificentmuseum,standinginthemiddleofthecity,issaid_______aboutahundredyearsago.A.tobuildB.tobebuiltC.tohavebuiltD.tohavebeenbuilt28.Thelifethebusinessmanhadlongbeenusedto_______soonafterthebigfailureofhisbusiness.A.changingB.changedC.changeD.changes29．JackThompsonhaswrittenanumberofinterestingshortstories,butheis_____knownforhisplays.A.moreB.themostC.betterD.thebest30.Asheneverlistenedtoothers,Iwassurprisedathis_______yoursuggestionwithoutanyhesitation.A.acceptingB.toacceptC.beingacceptedD.tobeaccepted31.Theinterviewershouldtakedownsomenoteswhiletheperson________isansweringquestions.A.tobeinterviewedB.havingbeeninterviewedC.beinginterviewedD.interviewed32.WhatIdon’tbelieveis________Chineseherbmedicinedoesn’thaveanysideeffectonthepatientswhohavetakenit.A.thatB.whichC.whetherD.if33.Insomecountrieswheredemocraticsystemisadopted,________iscalled“equality”doesnotreallymeanequalrightsforallthepeoplethere.A.whichB.thatC.whereD.what34.Youmayborrowthisdictionary________youkeepitcleanandreturnitintwoweeks.A.sofarasB.aslongasC.incaseD.evenif35.-----IwassurprisedthatKatewasn’tatthemeetingyesterday.------Iguessthatshe________aboutit.A.mightnotknowB.shouldnotknowC.shouldn’thaveknownD.mightnothaveknown36.________mostwolvesrelyontheirgroupsforfoodandcompanionship,theyhavedevelopedasystemofsignalstokeepthegroupstogether.A.BecauseB.AlthoughC.UnlessD.Where第8页 Ok学习网www.okxuexi.com37.Bungeejumpingisanadventuroussport,popularwithyoungadults,________couragemattersmorethanstrength.A.whoseB.thatC.whichD.where38.What________Mrs.Miller,togetherwithherfamily,boughtintheshoppingcentertheotherday?A.itwasthatB.wasitC.wasitthatD.itwas39.Thenewscame,asexpected,________mycousinwaschosentobeaforeignaiddoctortogotoAfricawherepeoplearesufferingalotfromAIDS.A.itB.thatC.whatD.which40.Peterhasbeenbusythesedaysandseldom_______timetocomeovertohaveachatwithme.A.doeshehaveB.doesn’thehaveC.hehasD.hasn’the（答案：25-29CBDBC30-34ACADB35-40DADCBA）祝同学们在高考中取得优异成绩！第8页