英语语法知识难点2 11页

英语语法知识难点（二）（四）动词时态、语态I．要点　1、一般现在时　（1）表示经常发生的动作或现在存在的状态，常与sometimes,always,often,everyday等时间状语连用。如：　Sometimes,wegoswimmingafterschool.　（2）表示客观真理、科学事实等。如：　Theearthgoesroundthesun.　2、现在进行时　(1)表示说话时或现阶段正在进行的动作，常与now,atpresent等时间状语连用。如：　Whatareyoudoingnow?　(2)和always,continually等连用，表一种经常反复的动作，常含有某种情感。如：　Heisalwaysdoinggooddeeds.　3、现在完成时　主要表示动作发生在过去，对现在仍有影响，或动作一直延续到现在，或可能还要继续下去，常与just,already,sofar,once,never等词连用。如:　HaveyoueverbeentoBeijing?　4、一般将来时　表示将来某一时间要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与tomorrow,nextyear等连用。如：　I"llmeetyouattheschoolgatetomorrowmorning.　We"regoingtoseeafilmnextMonday.　5、一般过去时　表示在过去某一时间或某一阶段内发生的动作或存在的状态，常与yesterday,lastyear,in1998,amomentago等词连用。如：　Ithappenedmanyyearsago.　6、过去进行时　表示过去某一时刻或某一时期正在发生的动作。如：　Whatwereyoudoingthistimeyesterday?　7、过去完成时　表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作。如：　Thetrainhadalreadyleftbeforewearrived. 　８、一般过去将来时　表示说话人从过去的角度来看将来发生的动作。如：　Hesaidhewouldcome,buthedidn"t.　９、被动语态　被动语态的时态，以give为例。时／式一般进行完成现在amis      　givenareamis    　beingarehas  　　　beengivenhave  过去was       　　　givenwerewas 　　beinggivenwere  hadbeengiven将来shall       　　　begivenwill  shall     　　　havebeengivenwill过去将来should       　　　begivenwould should      　　　havebeengivenwouldII．例题　例１Ilearnedthatherfather____in1950.　AhaddiedBdiedCdeadDisdead　解析：该题正确答案为Ｂ。从句中的谓语动词动作虽然发生在主句谓语动词的动作之前，但因从句中有明确的过去时间状语in1950,所以不用过去完成时态，而用一般过去时态。　例２Thefive-year-oldgirl____byherparents.　AislookedBhaslookedfor　CisbeinglookedforDhasbeenlooked　解析：该题正确答案为Ｃ。在带有介词的动词短语用于被动语态句中，介词不能省，否则就变成了不及物动词短语，而不能用于被动语态的句子中。（五）动词虚拟语气I．要点　表示说的话不是事实，或者是不可能发生的情况，而是一种愿望、建议或与事实相反的假设等。一般常用于正式的书面语中。　１、虚拟语气的构成 情景条件从句的谓语动词主句的谓语动词与现在事实相反动词过去式（be要用were）should        　　　　+动词原形would与过去事实相反had+过去分词should        　　　　+have+过去分词would与将来事实相反１、动词过去时２、should+动词原形３、wereto+动词原形should        　　　　＋动词原形would　注：如果条件从句谓语动词包含有were或had,should,could有时可将if省去,但要倒装。如：　Hadyou(Ifyouhad)invitedus,wewouldhavecometoyourparty.　２、虚拟语气在各种从句的应用　（１）在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、惋惜、理应如此等，其谓语形式是"should(可省)＋动词原形"，常用于以下三种句型中。　句型一：Itisnecessary(important,natural,strange,etc)that…　句型二：Itisapity(ashame,nowonder,etc)that…　句型三：Itissuggested(requested,proposed,desired,etc)that…　如：Itisstrangethathe(should)havedonethat.　　　Itisapitythathe(should)besocareless.　　　Itisrequestedthatwe(should)besocareless.　（２）在宾语从句中用于suggest,propose,move,insist,desire,demand,request,order,command等动词后的宾语从句中，表间接的命令和建议。其谓语形式是"(should)+动词原形"。如：Isuggestthatwe(should)goswimming.　（３）在表语从句中，表示间接的命令，要求、请求、建议、决定等，主句中的主语通常是suggestion,proposal,request,orders,idea等。从句谓语形式是"(should)＋动词原形"。如：Hissuggestionisthatwe(should)leaveatonce.　（４）在同位语从句中，谓语形式是"(should)＋动词原形"。如：Wereceivedorderthattheworkbedoneatonce.　（５）在Itistimethat…句型中，其谓语动词形式是"动词的过去式"或　"should＋动词原形",should不可省。如：　It"stimethatwewent(should）gotoschool. II．例题　例１Wehadhopedthathe____longer.　AstaysBhavestayedCstayedDwouldstay　解析：该题正确答案为Ｄ。hadhoped表示"本希望"，同样用法的动词还有think,expect等，后面的句子需用虚拟语气　例２"Marywantstoseeyoutoday".　"Iwouldrathershe____tomorrowthantoday."　AcomesBcameCshouldcomeDwillcome　解析：该题正确答案为Ｂ。wouldrather后面的从句需用虚拟语气，用动词过去时表示。　例３Hadshebeenolder,she____itbetter.　AhaddoneBmighthavedone　CmightdoDwoulddo　解析：Hadshebeenolder=Ifshehadbeenold.故该题正确答案为Ｂ。（六）短语动词I．要点　英语中有许多短语动词在意义上是一个整体，其用法有的相当于及物动词，有的相当于不及物动词，有的兼有及物动词和不及物动词的特征。英语短语动词的构成主要有以下六种：　（１）动词＋介词　常见的有lookfor,lookafter,sendfor,careabout,askfor,laughat,hearof(from),addto,leadto等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后。如：　Don"tlaughatothers.　Ididn"tcareaboutit.　（２）动词＋副词　常见的有giveup,pickup,thinkover,findout,handin,pointout等。这类短语动词的宾语如果是名词，既可放在副词前边，又可放在副词后边；宾语如果是人称代词或反身代词，则要放在副词前边。如：　You"llhandinyourhomeworktomorrow.　Pleasedon"tforgettohanditin.　（３）动词＋副词＋介词　常见的有lookdownupon,goonwith,breakawayfrom,addupto,catchup with等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后边。如：　Allhismoneyaddeduptonomorethan$100.　Afterashortrest,hewentonwithhisresearchwork.　（４）动词＋名词＋介词　常见的有takecareof,makeuseof,payattentionto,makefunof等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后边。如：　Youshouldpayattentiontoyourhandwriting.　Weshouldmakefulluseofourtime.　（５）动词＋形容词　常见的有leaveopen,setfree,cutopen等。这类短语动词的宾语如果是名词，则宾语可放在形容词的前边，也可放在后边；宾语如果是人称代词或反身代词，则必须放在形容词前边。如：　Theprisonersweresetfree.　Hecutitopen.　（６）动词＋名词　常见的有takeplace,makefriends等。这类短语动词用作不及物动词。如：　Thisstorytookplacethreeyearsago.　Imakefriendswithalotofpeople.　（7）辨析　giveaway(让给，暴露)和giveup（放弃，停止）　putaway（放起，收起）和putout（扑灭）　turnup（出席，放大）和turnon（打开）　keepout（阻止）和keepoff（不让靠近）　makeup（编造，补上）和makeout（辨认）　takeoff（脱，起飞）和takeout（拿出）II．例题　例１Itiswisetohavesomemoney____foroldage.　AputawayBkeptupCgivenawayDlaidup　解析：该题正确答案为Ａ。意为"存"；keepup意为"继续"；giveaway意为"分发"；layup"贮藏"。　例２Here"smycard.Let"skeepin____.　AtouchBrelationCconnectionDfriendship　解析：该题正确答案为A.keepintouch为短语动词，意为"保持联系"。　例３____!There"satraincoming.　ALookoutBLookaroundCLookforwardDLook on　解析：该题选A.lookout意为"小心"。（七）动词不定式I．要点　１、不定式的形式。以动词write为例。式｜语态主动语态被动语态一般式towritetobewritten完成式tohavewrittentohavebeenwritten进行式tobewriting 完成进行式tohavebeenwriting 　２、不定式的句法功能　（１）作主语　Tohearfromyouisnice.　Tobeagoodteacherisnoteasy.　不定式作主语时，为了保持句子的平衡，往往以it作形式主语，而不定式置于谓语动词后。如：　It"snicetohearfromyou.　It"snoteasytobeagoodteacher.　（２）作宾语　通常用于want,hope,wish,like,need,hate,begin,start,remember,agree,learn,pretend,refuse,manage,help等词后。如：　Iforgottolockthedoor.　Pleaseremembertowritetome.　（３）作表语　Myjobistopickupletters.　Heseemedtohaveheardnothing.　（４）作定语　不定式作定语时，须放在它所修饰的名词或代词后。如：　Ihavetwoletterstowrite.　Ihavealotofworktodo.　（５）作宾补　通常用于want,wish,ask,order,tell,know,help,advise,allow,cause,force等词后。如：　Heorderedhertoleaveat once.　Hewasforcedtoobeyhisorder.　（６）作状语　Hegotupearlytocatchthefirstbus.　Heworkedhardtocatchupwiththeotherstudents.　（７）作独立成分　Totellyouthetruth,Itoldalie.　（８）"疑问词＋不定式"结构。如：　Idon"tknowhowtochoosethem.　Icannotdecidewheretogo.　（9）不定式的否定式。如：　Idecidednottogo.　（10）不定式的完成式。如：　HeseemedtohavecleanedtheroombeforeIcamein.　Theboyissaidtohavebeensenttothehospitallastweek.　（11）too…to结构。如：　Hewastooexcitedtogotosleep.　Hewasonlytoogladtogo.(他太高兴了，乐意去)　（12）主动表被动。如：　Thebookiseasytoread.　Ihaveabooktoread.II．例题　例１Ihaven"tgotachair____.　AtositBfortositonCtositonDforsitting　解析：该题选C。不定式tositon在句中作定语，修饰名词chair.因为不定式和它所修饰的名词间是"动宾关系"，所以不定式必须是及物动词，故此处on不能省略。　例2Hewasmade____.　AgoBgoneCgoingDtogo　解析：该题选D。makesb.dosth.如果是被动形式，不定式do前的to不能省略。　例3Anewfactoryis____verysoon.　AtobebuiltBbuilt　CtobuildDtobuilding　解析：该题选A。istobebuilt意为"将要被建"。 （八）动名词I．要点　动名词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法功能。　１、动名词的形式，以write为例。式|语态主动语态被动语态一般式writingbeingwritten完成式havingwrittenhavingbeenwritten　否定式not+动名词　２、动名词的用法　（１）作主语　Playingfootballismyfavoritesport.　Travellingwithfriendsatweekendisfun.　作主语的动名词结构复杂且长时，可用it作形式主语。如：　Itisfuntravellingwithfriendsatweekend.　（２）作宾语　IenjoyplayingPCgame.　Hegaveupwritingfiveyearsago.　（３）作表语　Whathehatedmostwasdoingnothing.　Seeingisbelieving.　动名词作表语时，句子的主语常是无生命名词或what引导的名词性从句。　（４）作定语　There"sadiningroominmyschool.　Allthepeoplewatchinglaughed.　（５）动名词的复合结构"物主代词（或名词的所有格）+动名词"。如：　Tom"sgoinghomelatemadehermotherangry.　Wouldyoumindmyopeningthewindow?　不过，动名词的逻辑主语在遇到以下情况时，必须用名词的普通格（或人称代词的宾格）。　①无生命名词　Thegirlswereafraidofthedoorsuddenlyclosing.　Fireburnsbetterbyoxygenbeingat work.　②有生命名词，但表泛指。　Haveyoueverheardofgirlssmoking?　③两个以上的有生命的名词并列。　Doyoustillremembermyparentsandmecomingtoseeyouthatday?　3．后面常接动名词的动词和短语　mind,enjoy,finish,consider,practise,imagine,　keep,suggest,advise,allow,permit,　beworthdoing,beusedtodoing,bebusydoing,　can"thelpdoing,itisnogooddoing,itisnousedoing,　lookforwardtodoing,sticktodoing,payattentiontodoing,　devotetodoing,leadtodoingII．例题　例１Shesaysshedoesn"tfeellike____outwithyou.　AgoingBtogoCforgoingDwent　解析：该题正确答案为A。feellike=want,此处like为介词，后面要接名词或动名词作宾语　例２Thegardenneeds____.　AwaterBwateringCtowaterDwatered　解析：该题正确答案为B。need=want=require.如果物作主语，此三者后要接动名词或tobedone这一结构作宾语。　例３Excuseme____you.　AinterruptingBtointerrupt　CinterruptedDtohaveinterrupted　解析：该题正确答案为A。excuse后接动名词作宾语，此句中的me为动名词的逻辑主语（常用于口语中）。（九）分词I．要点　分词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有形容和副词的句法功能。它分为现在分词和过去分词两类。现在分词和过去分词的主要差别在于现在分词有一般式和完成式，过去分词则只有一般式。现在分词表动作正在进行，表主动。过去分词及物动词表动作已经完成，表被动。过去分词不及物动词表动作已经完成，表主动。过去分词的句法功能：　１、作定语　IliketoreadthenovelwrittenbyLuXun.　Thewomansittingbesidethebrokenwindowwasafriendof mine.　２、作表语　WhenIcameintotheroom,Ifoundthewindowwasbroken.　I"minterestedinthisbook.　３、作宾语补足语　I"mgoingtohavemybikerepaired.　WhenIwalkedhome,Isawthethiefcaughtbythepolice.　4、作状语　Seenfromthetopofthemountain,thecitylookssmall.　Theteachercameintotheclassroom,followedbyhisstudents.　现在分词的句法功能。　1、作状语　Seeingfromthetopofthemountain,Ifoundthecitywasbeautiful.　Walkingalongthestreet,theysuddenlysawhim.　2、作宾语　Ihatebeingspokenillof.　HeconsideredvisitingJapanduringthewintervocation.　3、作表语　Seeingisbelieving.　Thebookisinteresting.　4、作宾语补足语　Inoticedhimcrossingthestreet.　Mothercaughthimsmokinginthekitchen.　5、作定语　Doyouknowthemanwritingaletter?　Theworkerrunningamachineismybrother.　分词使用中的几个问题　1、现在分词的完成式　Havingcleanedtheroom,Iwentout.　2、现在分词的否定式　Nothavingreceivedanyletter,hefeltalittle worried.　3、现在分词与过去分词的不同　现在分词表示主动、正在，过去分词表示被动、完成　Ifoundthemankilledthere.　Ifoundthemanstandingthere.　4、have结构　Wehavethecarrepaired.　Wehaverepairedthecar.　WehaveTomrepairthecar.　WehaveTomrepairingthecarthewholemorning.　5、分词作表语　Wewereexcitedatthenews.　Thefootballgameisexciting.　6、独立主格结构　Itbeingafineday,wewentouttovisitthepark.II．例题　例1、Time_______，I"llgoonapicnicwithyou.　A.permitB.topermitC.permittedD.permitting　解析：该题答案为D。Timepermitting…是独立主格结构，意为"如果时间允许的话…"　例2、_______ifhehadanybadhabit,sherepliedthathewasaheavysmoker.　A.AskB.ToaskC.AskedD.Asking　解析：该题答案为C。主语she是被问