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又扩r:‘.号;10422;单位代码.分类密级:公开学号:201211032H、ft儀SHANDONGUNIVERSITY.硕±学位论文ThesisfbrMas化rDegree论文题目;AStudyofEnlishGrammarTeachintoggHihSchoolTeachersandStudents:gPercetionsandAttitudesp髙中师生英语语法教学研究一观点与态度作者姓名路躲琳培养单位外国语学院二;扣专业名称英语语言文学;,占记心:'^指导教师王俊菊教授'爲-■-."合作导师;>巧:T,.VV己:f'':.a..—.护皆私."...'—"增T苗.20巧年4月4日
分类号!单位代码:10422密级。/:么^学号:>/^/化2撫jAi、tSHANDONGUNIVERSITY硕±学位论文ThesisforMasterDereeg沛Erv^-itLlshGfmctTeaf^论文题目A4呼^ck/ho:^hSckooSSfcuk/;啊l7也ck化HSP肿化>U〇化化.f一為和)中生芙语语冷叛祭巧灾带点与念慶作者姓名恣淋孤培养单位冰固诱受除.专业名務#億巧i文營指导教师王娘成教授合作导师2〇/r年年丹4日
AStudyofEnglishGrammarTeaching化HighS化oolTeachersandStudents:PerceptionsandAttitudes髙中师生英语语法教学研究一观点与态度ByLuLinlinSuervisor:ProfessorWanJunupgjSubmittedtotheSchoolofForeinLanuaesandLiteratureggginPartialFulfillmentof化eReuirementsqfor化eDereeofMasterofArtsgShandonUniversitgyJinanChina,Aiil20巧p,
原创性声明,独立本人郑重声明:所呈交的学位论文,是本人在导师的指导下进行研究所取得的成果,本论文不包含。除文中已经注明引用的内容外任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写过的科研成果。对本文的硏究作出。本声重要贡献的个人和集体,均己在文中W明确方式标明明的法律责任由本人承担。论文作者签名:驗碱献日期:>/的巧关于学位论文使用授权的声明,本人完全了解山东大学有关保留、使用学位论文的规定同意学校保留或向国家有关部口或机构送交论文的复印件和电子版,允许论文被查阅和借阅;本人授权山东大学可将本学位论文的全部或部分内容编、入有关数据库进行检索,可W采用影印缩印或其他复制手段保存论文和汇编本学位论文。一保密论文在解密后应遵守此规定-)(r)论文作者签名;恣导师签名夺.祖-
山东大学硕女学位论文ContentsAbstractinEnglishiAbstractinChineseiiiLiofivstAbbreviationsListofTablesvChater1Introduction1p1.1BackgroundoftheStudy11.2StatementofProblem21.3RationalefortheStudy31.4PurposeandMethodoftheStudy31.5SignificanceoftheStudy41.6OrganizationoftheThesis4Chapter2LiteratureReview62.1Introduction622DebaverrammarTeachin?????6.tesoGg2.2.1OpinionsAgainstGrammarTeaching62.2.2OpinionsinFavorofGrammarTeaching82.3DifferentApproachesofGrammarTeaching92.3.1Deductivevs.InductiveAroach10pp2.3.2Focuso打ormvs.FocusonForm1Fs1r2.3.3LIvs.L2asMediumofGammarTeaching12t2.4ResearchonPercepionsofTeachersandStudentsonLanguageTeaching132.5PerceptionsofTeachersandStudentsonGrammarTeaching152.6ResearchGasandResearchuestions19pQ2.7ChapterSummary20Chapter3ResearchMethodology213.1Introduction21
山东大学硕±学位论文3.2Participants213.3Instruments223.3.1QuestionnaireforStudents22eonnaireorhers3.3.2ustifTeac23Q3-.3.3SemistructuredInterview23.3.4DataCollection233.5DataAnalysis243.6ChaterSummar25pyChater4Results25p4.1Introduction26^4.2StudentsPercetionsofEnlishGrammarTeachin26pgg.4.2.1TheRoleofGrammarTeaching264.2.2TheEffortTakeninGrammarTeachinandLearnin29gg4.2.3TheTimeofGrammarStudyinCourses304.2.4UnderstandingandUseofGrammaticalRules314.2.5TheDifficultyinLearningGrammar324.2.6TheGeneralAttitudeTowardstheStudyofGrammar...334.2.7DifferentTeachinAroaches34gpp4.2.8LIvs.L2asMediumofGrammarTeaching354.2.9TheCurrentSituationofGrammarTeaching364,.3TeachersPerceptionsofEnglishGr她imarTeaching374.3.1TheRoleofGrammarTeaching374.3.2TheGeneralAttitudeTowardstheStudyofGrammar394.3heEffortTakeninGrammarTeachinandLearnin39.3Tgg4.3.4TheTimeofGrammarStudinCourses40y4.3.5UnderstandingandUseofGrammaticalRules404.3.6TheDifficultinLearningGrammar42y4.3.7DifferentTeachingApproaches424.3.8LIvs,L2asMediumofGrammarTeaching434.3.9TheCiirrentSituationofGrammarTeaching44
山东大学硕±学位论文tT44.4Similaritiesi打Percepio打SofGrammareaching...54.4.1TheRoleofGrammarTeachin45g4.4.2TheGeneralAttitudeTowardstheStudyofGrammar454.4.3TheEfortTake打inGrammarTeachingandLearning45t4.4.4UndersandingandUseofGrammaticalRules464.4.5PreferenceforTeachingApproaches464.4.6LIvs.L2asMediumofGrammarTeaching;47enamma4.4.7EfectsofCurrtGrrTeaching474.5Disparitiesi打Perceptio打sofGrammarTeaching484.5.1TheGeneralAttitudeTowardstheStudyofGrammar484.5.2TheTimeofGrammarStudinCourses48y4.5.3EffectsofGrammarTeachinonGrammarAccuracy49g4cal.5.4KeepingGrammatiRulesi打Mind504.5.5TheDifficultyinLearningGrammar504.5.6Deductivevs.InductiveAroach51pp4.5.7AttitudeTowardsCurrentGrammarActivities524.6InfluentialFactorsBehindthePerceptions534.7ChapterSummary55Chapter5Discussion575.1Introduction57S5.2StudentsPerceptionsofGrammarTeaching57^5.3TeachersorammarPercetionsfGTeaching58p5.4SimilaritiesinPerceptionsofGrammarTeaching595.5DifferencesinPerceptionsofGrammarTeaching595.6InfluentialFactorsBehindthePerceptions605.7ChapterSummary61Chapter6Conclusion626.1SummaryoftheStudy626.2PedagogicalImplications626.3LimitationsoftheStudy64
山东大学硕±学位论文6.4SuggestionsforFutureStudies64eferencesR66Appendix171Appendixn73Appendix面75Acknowledgements76
山东火学硕±学化论文AbstractI打rece打tearstheercetio打Softeachersandstudents〇打rammarteachi打iny,ppggsecond/foreignlanguage1;eachinga打dlearninghavebecomeanareaofresearchinterest.Alare打umberofstudieshavebeencarriedouttoinvestigatethesituationsofEnglishgrammarCachtworldwide.Hinaswellasrosecionoframmar化achinoweverfewggppgg,sl;udieshavefbcusedon化ecomparisonoftheperceptionsofl;eachersandstudents,letalonediscussingthesimilaritiesanddiscrepa打cies.Thissl:udy,therefore,aimstoi打vestigatetheperceptionsandattitudesofstudentsandteachersonE打glishgrammar化achingfromacomparativeperspective.Tofindoutthesimilaritiesanddiferencesintheirercetionsa打dtheossiblei打fluentialfactors23l;eachersand205students托omappp,seniorhihschoolinacitofShando打gProvinceweresekc化dtoarticiatein化estudgyppybyresponding化thequestionsinuestionnairesandinterviews.qTheresultsindicatedthatgenerallystudentsandteachersheldpositiveattitudetowardsgrammarCachingand化eybelieved化站thestudyofgrammarwasessentialtoforeignlanguage化achingandlearning.Whereas化ey化oughtgrammar化achingwashelfulanddeservedreatattentionfrombothteachersandstudentsthehadsharedpg,y-erce-pptionsabouttheuseoframmaticalrulesandsimilarp:referencetoFocusonFormg--thanFocusonForms.Meanwhilesateswereantheir1ttslsofoundercetionsofman:oics.Suden,dipriiippyp化ndedtoregardgrammarlearningasthemostdificultpartoflanguagelearningandlessAlthouamatlikelyholdpositiveatitudetowardsgrammarSachin呂thanteachers.ghjoriyofstudentsand1:eachersthoughtthattheuseofgrammaticalruleshadbecomemoreaccuratethrouhrammarteachinstudentslesslikelbelievedin化eefectsoframmarggg,y呂teachino打rammaticalaccurac.Inadditio打hholdmoiil:eacerstendedtoreostveggy,po打o打s〇打ettste打edtoreneativeatttuepiithi打duciveapproachwhilestude打dholdmogid化wardthecurrentgrammaractivities.Fourposs化lereaso打sfbrthesimilaritiesanddifere打ceswerediscussedincludinsimilarmethodsoframmarKachi打studentsand,gggi
山东大学硕±学位论文,teachersreceived,thelanguageteachingcontextinChina,1:eacherstheoreticalknowledge,,andstudentsdificultiesinlanguaeleamin.ggThefindingsofthisstudyaresummarizedasfollows.Studentsandteachersheldpositiveattitudetowardsgrammarteachingandmuchattentionhadbeenaidtogrammarp,"teaching.But1:eacheis1:endedtoholdmoreositiveoinionsonstudentsatitudetowardsppgrammarteachingtheefectsoframmarCachinonrammaticalaccuracandthe,gggycurrentrammaractivities.Thedisaritiesintheirercetionsindicatedthattheeffectsofgpppsometeachingapproachesand化chniqueswereunsatisfactoryandstude打tsheldless,positiveopinionsontheinductiveapproach,groupactivitiesandtheuseofforeign^languaeinrammeteachinthanteachers.StrentheninstudentsbasicknowledeofggggggEnglishandgettingtoknowtheirdificultiesingrammelearningaresuggestedforteacherstobuildmutualunderstandingwithstudentsandimprovecurrentgrammarteachi打.Intheendedaoicalimlicationsareroosedincludininteratinrammarg,pggppp,ggggteachingintomeaningfulcommunicativeactivities,moreuseofforeignlanguage,,imrovinteachertrainingrogramsanddeveloinstudentsnewersectives.pgppgppKeywords:rammarteachingstudentsandteachersercetionsandattitudessimilaritiesg;;pp;anddifferences
山东乂学顿上'学位论文摘要一近年来,教师与学生对外语教学的观点和看法逐渐成为些学者的研究兴趣所在,。有许多学者研究语法教学的现状和对未来语法教学的展望然而很少有研究从对比角度出发究空白,,探究师生观点的相同与不同之处。因此这,针对目前存在的研项研究旨在探索高中英语教师与学生对语法教学的观点和态度有何相同和不同么处,并试图发现造成这些相同和不同之处的可能原因。送项研究的参与者包括23名英语一教师和205名学生,他们來自山东某城市的所商级中学。研究数据来自于问卷调查和半结构化访谈。,师生观点的相同之处主要包括,大部分教师与学生均对语法教学持积极态度他们认为语法学习对语言教学是十分重要且有效的,因此他们也对语法教学给予了足够"重的重视。大部分师生在语法规则的理解和使用问题上也持有相同的观点。而对于"""在形式和重在形式多样两种教学方式,大部分师生倾向于前者。他们在其他方面也存在看法不同之处:学生认为语法学习是语言学习中最难的部分;教师比学生对语法学习持更加乐观的态度;尽管大部分师生都认同语法学习能够提高语言使用的准确率,,但学生的认同率较低相比较于教师学生对演绎推理型语法教学和课堂上的;语法教学活动的认同率较低。造成这些相同和不同之处的原因包括W下四点:师生受到的教学方法相同,,中国的语言教学环境教师的专业理论知识W及学生在语法学习中遇到大量困难。基于这些研究结果讨论得出,总体来说教师与学生均对语法教学持积极态度,且当前的语法教学也得到了足够的重视。但教师较学生对下几个方面持,更加积极的观点:学生对语法教学的态度,语法教学对提高语法准确性的作用当前语法教学活动的效果。从师生观点的不同之处可W发现当前的教学方法效果并不理。想,学生对于演义推理型语法教学,小组练习和英语作为教学语言的认同率都较低教师应当提高学生的相关基础英语知识并了解学生在语法学中遇到的困难,W此增强一一语法教学效果,作者还给出了:师生间的致看法,改善。另外些教学建议将语法一,教学与交流性语言活动结合在起,多使用目标语进行语法教学改善教师培训课程W及培养学生新的学习思想。关键词:语法教学,学生与教师,观点与态度,相同与不同之处iii
山东大学硕vL学位论文ListofAbbreviationsLIFirstLanguageL2Seco打dLanuaeggSLASecondLanguageAcquisitionvi
山东大学硕±学位论文ListofTablesT*able4.1StudentsPerceptionsandAttitudes27Tab,le4.2StudentsPerceptio打sandAttitudesinResponseFrequency27Table4.3Teache政PerceptionsandAtitudes37^Table4.4TeachersPerceptionsandAttitudesinResponseFrequency38Table4.5TheGeneralAttitudeTowardstheStudyofGrammar48Table4.6TheTimeofGrammarStudyinCourses49Table4.7TheEffortaeninrammareachinandLearninTkGTgg50Table4.8KeepingGrammaticalRulesinMind50Table4.9TheDificultinLearninGramme51ygTable4.10Deductivevs.InductiveApproach52Table4.11AttitudeTowardsCurrentGrammarActivities52V
山东乂学顿丄-学位论义Chapter1Introduction1.1Backgroundof化eStudyInsecondandforeignlanguageCaching,grammarCachinghasbeenacontroversialtoicestatusofastcateastfewdecadesenp.Thgrammarhshifteddramaillyin:hl.Whrammar-thodwtixanslaionmetasoularrammaticalruleswerereardedashemostgpp,ggtttt.Hthe19tttimoranaroflanuaeeachinandlearninoweverin70shesausofppgggg,,rammarwaschaenedttttonofommuncatveLanuaeTeachin.TgllgwihheinroduciCiiggghe,-1980swi化essedanantigrammarmovementinfluencedmainlbKrashe打s1982idea,yy()thatgrammarcanbeacquirednaturallyfrommeaningfulinputandopportunitiesofinteractionin化eclassroom.Since1990srammarinhasainedaclearerand,g化achggdeeperunderstandin.Graduallyitssignificanceinlanguage化achinghasbee打gacknowededbmoreandmoreresearcherssorecentearssee打aresurenceoflgyhave,yginterestin化eroleoframmarinEnlishlanuae化achin(Hede2002.,)ggggggtt-tHoweverheres1t1illhasbeenanonoindebaeoverwhe;hero;eachrammarand,gggthemostappropriatewayto化achgrammarinforeignlanguage化aching.Someresearchersbelievei打theimporta打ceoframmarteachininseco打da打dforei打la打uaelearningggggg-CelceMurcia1991Ellis1990whileo化ersholdthatthereisnoneedoframmar(,;,),gteaching(Krashen,1985;Truscott,1996).Asforgrammarteaching,variousteachingmethodshaveemerged.ThoseCachingmethodsalsohavediferentemhasis:t:hepdeductivewaoframmarteachinstressestheresentationoframmaticalruleswhileyggpg--theinductivewaaims化uidesUidentstoinductlanuaeointsFocusonFormsygggp;emhasesan--cmeannandommuncaonpizlguaefbrmswhileFocusonFormfbuseso打igciti.gBasedon化edifferentbachingme化ods,manystudiesaboutgrammar化achinghavebeencarriedouttofindoutthemostaropriatewayoframmarteachin.ppggWiththedevelopmentofcognitivepsychology,researchersbegantopayattentiontowhat1:eachersandstudentsthoughtandfeltaboutgrammarCaching.Theyrealized化at1
山东人学硕山学位论文rammarteachi打isalsoafectedbotherfactorsincludintheercetionsa打dattitudes呂gy,gppoft;eachersandstudents.Theercetionsofhachersa打dstudentshavereatimactsonpp呂p,,,teachersclassroompracticesaswellasstude打tsleamin呂behavior.Studiesonteachersperceptionsa打dercetionsarehelfulforresearcherstou打dersta打dclassroomracticespppp^andtofacilitatetheimprovementof1;eachereducation.Leamersperceptionsandattitudes化wardsgrammarteachingalsohavegreatinfluenceontheirlearningpracticesandachieveme打t.Iftheercetio打softeachersandstudentshavedisaritiesthewouldresultppp,y打neatveefectsonanuaeteachna打earnin.omereatedstudiesinvestiateigilggigdlgSlg!化^,AndachersandstudentsperceptionsandattitudesaboutgrammarCaching(rews,2003;-Burgess&E化eri打gton2002EisensteinEbsworth足Schweers1997Schulz1996.The,;,;,)studiesi打dicatethatstudentsandteacherssharesimUarviewso打someaspectsofgrammar.1:eachi打buttherearealsodisaritiesbetweentheiroinionsg,pp1.2StatmentofProbem:elGrammarteachinghasbeenamuchdisputedtopicintheresearchfieldofsecondandforeignlanguage1;eachi打g.Alargenumberofstudieshavebeencarriedouttoinvestigatethesituatio打sofEnglishgrammarCachingaswellasprospectionofgrammarbachingworldwide.Theercetionsofttudentsteachersandsonrammareachi打havealsobee打ppggnvestiatedresectvelrewsBuresserintonigpiy(And,2003;g&Ethg,2002;-EisensteinEbsworth足Schweers1997.Howeverfewstudieshavefocusedonthe,),comariso打oftheercetio打softeachersa打dstude打tsletalo打ediscussi打thesimilaritiesppp,g,anddiscrepancies.Theresearchmentio打edmostisSchulzs1996study.Heexaminedthe()perceptio打sofNorthAmericanstude打tsa打dteachersregardi打ggrammarteachinganderrorcorrectionandfoundoutthereweredisparitiesbetweentheviewsofstudentsandteachersinsomeasects.Duetothelackofrelatedresearchstudiesfocusingonthep,comarisonoffhi.ptheercetionso1:eacersandstudentsareofnecesstppyGrammarandgrammart:eachinghavealsobeenthehotl;opicinEnglishCachinginChina.Atheremosttrttmonlatedsurvesandstudiesof化emhaveconcenaedonhegy,importa打ceandthenecessityoframmarteachi打oro打thediscussionabouttheeffectivegg2
山东人学倾:b学位论义approachtoteach呂rammar.Butfewsig打ificantresearch0打grammarteachinginChinahavefocusedonthecomariso打of1:heercetio打soft;eachersandstude打tsZhan2005.ppp(g,)Therefbre,researchinvestigatingt;hesimilaritiesanddifferencesintheperceptio打sofstude打tsa打dteachersongrammarteachi打gisalsoofnecessityintheChi打esecontext.13Rationaleft)r化eStudyT’eachersimderstandi打呂ofhowalangua呂eislearnedandshouldbetaughthasa打,imortantimacton化achersactualCachtes1996.inracicor999;Fan1ppgp(巨g,g、)^StudentsperceptionhasalsoreceivedincreasingattentioninSLAresearch.Itisimportantnotonltoexloreeffectiverammarbachinmethodsbutalsotoexloretheypgg,pperceptionsofteachersandstudentsastheirperceptio打shaveimpactsupo打theirteachingracticesandlearninbehaviorsismatchesbetweentheercetionsofstudentandpg.Mppteacherongrammarlearninghaveneativeinfluencesonrammarteachinga打dlearnin.gggTherefore,itisimportanta打dhelpflilto仿cuson化istopicfbr化emutualimders化ndingofstudentsandteachersandtheimrovementoframmarteachin.pggPreviousstudiesmai打li打vestiatedthecurre打tsituationofgrammarteachi打andyggresearchabouttheperceptionsofstudentsa打d1:eachersfocusedprimarilyoneithertheteacherorstudentside.Butfewofthemfocusedonthesimilaritiesanddisparitiesoftheirperceptions,particularlyintheChinesehighschoolcontext.Duetothelackofrelatedresearchitis打ecessartoi打vestiateandcomaretheercetionsandatitudesof,ygpppstudentsandteachersi打Chi打esehighschoolsandbridgetheresearchas.gp1.4PuroseandMethodofdieStudpyThissUidyaimstoinvestigatethesimilaritiesanddiferencesinperceptio打sandattitudesofhscteacrsanstutsonrammarteacandtofindoutossibleighhoolheddenghingpreasonsunderlin化esimilaritiesandmismatcheseirercetio打s.Thestudaimstoygin化ppya打swerthreequestio打si打eludingtheperceptio打sa打dattitudesofstude打tsandteachers,similaritiesanddiferencesintheirerceptio打sandposs化lereasonsunderlyingthepsimilaritiesanddisparities.Theresearchadoptsbothquantitativeandqualitative3
山东火学硕±学位论文approaches.Theinstrumentsofdatacollectionarequestionnairesurveyand-sernistructuredinterviews.uestionnaire主susedtocollectuanttttQqiaivedaafrom205studentsand23teachersinahighschool.Theresultsofthishasearethenusedtodevelopp-ttttudent2tea.tualttttsemisrucuredirierviewsof3ssandchersThrouhheiaivedaahegq,researchercanexploretheirercetionsandattitudesinfurtherdetails.pp1.5Sig打ificanceof化eStudyFewstudieshavefocusedo打thesimilaritiesa打ddiferencesintheerceptio打sofpstudentsand1:eachersongrammarteaching.Thusthroughthisstudytheresearcheraimsto,bridgetheresearchasinthistoicandrovidearelativellessstudiedtoicforfuturegpppypresearchinthis打eld.八ccordi打化therevousstudesteeectsoframmarteacareimac1;edgpii,hfghi打gpby'theercetionsofstude打tsandRachelS.Thusthei打vestigatio打oftheperceptio打sofppstude打tsa打dteachersonrammarCachincanrovide化achersandolicmakerswithggppyusefuli打formationfor化edesignofclassactivitiesand化eimprovementofgrammarteaching化chniques.Thesimilaritiesa打ddisparitiesintheirperceptionscanprovidethebasisforl:eacherstobuildmutualunderstandingsbetweenstudentsandteachers.Pedaottttt.ggicalimplicaionscanalsoberoosedoimrovehecurrenrammareachinpppgg1.6Orga打izationoftheThesis了hethesisco打sistsofsixchapl:ers,includingintroduction,literaturereview,methodo.loresultsdiscussionandconclusiongy,,,Chapl;erO打eistheintroductionsection,includingtheresearchbackground,researchaandcurrentroblemsintheresearchfieldandrationaleforthestud.民esearchgpp,yestsresearcethodareasointroducedquionandhml.Chapl:erTworeviewsthepreviousstudiesontheperceptionsandatitudesofstudentsand1:eachersongrammarCaching.I打additionthedebatesoverrammarteachinand,ggdiferentrammarCachingmethodsarealsodiscussed.Basedo打thepreviousstudiestheg,researchasandresearchuestionsarediscussedattheendofChaterTwo.gpqp4
山东大学硕女学位论文InChapterThree,化eKsearchme化odologyisintroduced,C0打sistingofresearchmethods,participants,instruments,datacollectionanddataanalysis.Researchmethods-includequestionnairesurveyandsemistructuredinterviews.Theselectionofthearticiantsisdiscus化dandheroceduresfdaacollecio。aredescribedoreoverhepptott.Mtp,methodsusedfordataanalysisarealsointroduced.InChapterFour,化eiresultsandfin出ngsofthestudyarepresented.Thedatacollectedthroughuestionnairesisresentediniechartsandtablesand化edatafrominterviewsisqpp,presentedincitations.Theercetionsandatitudesofstudentsand化achersonrammarppg化achingareiresentedinseveraltoics,suchastheroleoframmarCachin,theeneralppgggatitude化wardsit,anddiferenUeachingpractices.The打thesimUarhiesanddisparitiesoftheirperceptionsandattitudesarepresented,followedbypossiblereasonsimderlyingthesimilaritiesanddifferences.ChapterFiveprovidesthediscussionofthemainfindingsofthepresentstudy.T,eachersreferenceforindividualrammarracticeisanal之edandthesharedreferencepgpypofstudentsand化achersforfir巧languageingrammar化achingisalsodiscussed.In>addition,reasonsforteachersmoreositiveatitudetowards化6inductivearoachareppp,,explored.Intheend,teachersprofessionalknowledgeandstudentsdificultiesingrammarlearningarediscussedasthemainfactorscausingthedisaritiesintheirpperceptions.ChapterSixistheconclusionart.Firsttheresultsandfindinsoftheresentstudpgpyaresummarizedandthenedaoicalimlicationsforstudentsandteachersarerovided.,pggppFinallythelimitationsofthisstudyare出scussedandtentativesuggestionsforfuturestudiesarerovided.p
山东大学顿i:学位论文Chater2Literat:ureReviewp2.1IntroductionGrammarteachinghasalwaysbeenahottopicintheresearch打eldofforeignlanuaeandmanresearchershaveexressedtheiroinions.Inrecentears1ggyp;hepy,perceptionsofs化dentsandteachersongrammarbachinghasbecomeanewresearchirUerestandresearchersfindout化atrammarbachincanbeafec1;edbtheirercetions.ggyppThusthischap1:erconsistsofdebatesaboutEnglishgrammarteachi打g,diferentteachingedaoiesandmethodsa打过reviousstudieso打theercetionsofstudentsanrspgg,pppdteacheongrammarCaching.Theresearchontheperceptionsofstudentsandteachersongrammarteachinisdiscussedindetails.g2.2DebatesoverGrammarTeachingOvertheast40earssecondlanuaeorforeinlanuaeleami打andCachinhaspy,gggggggwitnessedadebateregardingtheroleofgrammarCachinginlanguageteachi打gandlearnin.Asforei打lanuaeCachinhasalwasbeendevelointheercetionsofgggggypg,pprammarteachinvarwiththeemerenceofdifferentteachinmethodooesfromggygglgi,grammartranslationmethodandaudiolingualismtocommunicativelanguageteachingand-Ctaskbasedlanguageaching.SomeresearchersbelieveintheimportanceoftherolethatrammarlasintherocessofmasterinaforeinanaeEllis1tsomegpypgglgug(,990),bulinguistsaredoubtfulabouttheefective打essofgrammarl;eachi打gandleami打g(Krashen,-1985Terrell1977.民ecentearshavesee打ano打oi打debateovertheefecivenessof,t;)ygggrammarteachingandthemostaroriatewatoteachrammarinforeinlanuaepppyggggCaching.2.2.1OpinionsAgainstGrammarTeachingSomsresearcherscontendthatlanguageshouldbeacquiredthroughnaturalacuisitionbutnotlearnedbformalCachin.Krashen1985isamont:heresearchersq,yg()g6
山东乂学顿学位论义^ueaattteach.InKrashen19iththwhoarinsexlicirammarins85nuohesiseggpgg()pyp,、aruedthatcomrehensibleinutisthecausativei:actorofL2acuisitionashestated:gppq,"'humansacu-messairelanguageinonlyonewaybyunderstandinggeorbyreceivingq',,,Kcomrehensibleinutrashen1985.2.Healsoinsis1ttttwokindsof;edhaherearepp(,,p)rocessesll-liniptakingaceinsecondanuaeacuisitionconsciousearnandsubconscouspggqgacquisition.Theformerlaysemphasisongrammaticalrulesandlearnersshouldkeeptherulesinmind.B山acquisitionisaverydiferentrocess,inwhichtheacuisitionofrulespqoccursatasubconsciouslevel.Hearguedthatanappropriateenvironmentforlanguageeam打a打dsucentcomrehensibleinuthelanuaeacuisitionmoreefectvelligfiippplggqfiy^thanformalrammarCachin.TheefectivenessofformalrammarCachinislimitedtogggg"easillearnelate-acedrulessimlemorholoicalaydrdditionsKrashen1982.,qui,ppg(,,p112.AccordintoBrown2001iflearnersareunabletousetherulesforthefunctional)g(),uroseofconveinandtransmittinideasandthouhtsthelearninofwordsppyggg,g,rammaticalrulestherulesofdiscourseaswellastheothersixoranizationalabilitiesg,gwillendupinfutile.Exlicitrammarteachinhasalsobee打criticizedasbeinunhelfulpgggpPrabhu1987.Skehan1996CO打tendedthatthereisnotmuchcredibiliti打li打uisticsor(,)()ygpsychologythatarecisefocusonlanuageformsleadstolearnina打dautomatization.pggDulay1983alsoointedoutthatthearoriateenvironmentwherelearnerscan()ppppspeakthetargetla打guageplaysasig打i打cantrolei打theprocessofacquiringandmasl;eringaforeig打language.Therefore,teachersshoulddotheirbesttocreatesuchalanguageenvironmentinwhichthestudentscancommunicatewithothersfreelywithoutpayingmuchattentiono打thegrammaticalformsofthelanguage.HetookCarroirs(1967)andSaegerfs1974researchresultsasexamles.Carroll1967hadcarriedoutastudwith()p()y2784AmericanUniversitstudentswhowerelearnindifferentforeinlanuaes.The,yggggstude打tswere打otleami打thetaretla打gimgeinanaturalla打uaee打vironme打tandi打gggg,thestudthehadlowlevelsoflanuaeroficie打c.AtthesametimeCarroll1967yyggpy,()foundoutthatseverastutswbee打immersedinetaretanuaecountrhadldenhohadthglggyhiherIanuaeroficienclevelthanthosewhodidnot.AartfromCarroll1967g呂gpyp(),Saeert1974alsoconductedresearchon200universitstudentsinEt.Theresultofg()ygyp’'theKsearchshowedthesimilar打打dingasinCarrollsstudythatlearnerslanguage7
山东人学顿女学位论文tt-roficiencleveweretaulduatepylwaslowbecausehehtinheformcen;erelaneachinygggg^classroomDula1983.Stsimmerseditihetuillual;udenwhohadbeennnaaane(y,gg)e打vironmenthadcomparativelyhigherla打guageroficie打cylevel.pTruscott1996didnotbelieveinthevalueoframmarteachi打andaruedthatits()gggeffectsareshort-edandsusti打lnotstrthhtlivperficialarammareachao打emae打ge打wa呂呂y^^hecalledgenuineknowledgeoflanguage(P.120).Trusco打sugges化dthatifthestudieshaveshownthebenefitsofformalrammarCachinsuchresultsmahavebeenobtainedgg,y,fromstudiesthatindicateonlexlicitmetalinuisticknowledenotthestudentsabilitypgg,ytouselanguageinrea^lifecommu打icatio打andCO打versatio打(Nassaji足Fotos,2004).SomeresearchersarguedthatifUniversalGrammarisaccess化letoL2learners,thenL2learninoccursmainlthrouhtheinteractionofUGri打cileswithinutwhichisgygppp,similartoLIleammNassai&Fo1:os2004.TherefbreformalrammarCachinisg(j,),ggregardedasunnecessaryandunhelpful.2.2.2OpinionsinFavorofGrammarTeachingttAlthoughhereiscriticismmanresearchersarei打favorofformalrammareachin.,ygg,Ellis1990pointedoutthatitishardtorovethecredibilitofKrashens1985()py()comrehensibleinputhypothesis.Nunan2001contendedthataneffectivelanuaep()ggcommunicationisacomb打ationofmeaninexressio打andaroriatelanuaeformigppppgg.Furthermore,forma打dfunctio打shouldbeu打ifiedwiththecombinatio打ofli打gualCO打text-and打onlingualcoiUextlanguagebaching.Yalden1983)heldtheviewthatla打guage(competencereferstotheabilitytouselanuaestructureandrammaticalrules.Itwouldgggbehardtousetargetlanguagei打spontaneouscommunicatio打ifo打elackslanguagecompete打ce.Therefore,hebelievedthatgrammarteachi打gplaysaveryimportantrolein-tin.ShSmt1981littihlwthlanguageeachgarwoodihbeevedharammarteachncanei()ggp^theimprovementofcommunicativecompel;encebyraisinglearnersconsciousness.Hebetearnetae打r-lievedthalrscanracticeandusetherammaiclrulssubco打sciouslieallifepgy-Murccommunicatio打throughformalgrammarCaching.Celceia1991contendedthat()neglectinggrammaticalrulesmayresultinabroke打andungrammaticalformofthetaretgla打uae.Shealsov/amedthatwithoutformalrammarteachi打stude打tscannotaingggg,g8
山东乂学倾t;学化论义wh.sstematicrammaticalknowledgeichwouleadtotheirlateaureactionItmeanyg,ldpsthattheycannotmakefurtherdevelopmentafterreachingacertainlanguagelevelCe-(lceMurcia1991.,)Fathman990fbthatstudentswouldmemorizecertainIanuaeointseasil(1)und呂gpyaftertheteacherointsouttheerrorsintheirwritin.Iftheirerrorscannotbeointedoutpgp,theirgrammaticalaccuracyofthe化rgetlanuaewouldbeafec化d.Spada1997carriedgg()^outastudya打dheobservedandcomparedstudentslanguagelevelandaccuracyindiferentclasses.Hefoundthatstudentsfromtheclasswherethe化acheremphasizesrammatcarulescansettaretanuaemuchmoreaccuratethanotrstents.giluheglgglyheudYim1998alsoconduc化dresearchabouttherolethatrammarlasinseco打dlanuae()gpyggacuisitionSLAeresearchresultshowedthatformal化achinoframmari打cassq().Thgglcanfacitateteudentstouafirmrammaticafoundationforfurtherimrovementilhstbildglp'-化chninlanuaeroficiencEis2002roosedtheconsciousnessiaisiniuenggpy.ll()ppgqigrammarteaching,whichattemtstohellearnersobtainanundersta打dinofacertainppglanuageointandtodeveloexplicitknowledgeoframmar.Pachleretal2009claimedgppg()thatrammaticalCachincanrovideforeignlanguaelearnerswhoaretautthet:aretggpgghg-languagemainlyi打theclassroombasedenvironmentwithashortcutbecauseoftheu-limitedclasstimeandthelackofinpti打classroombasedenvironmentdoesnottendtoallowfornaturalacquisition.2.3Different乂pproachestoGrammarTeaching-Recentearshaveseenanongoingdebateoverthemosteffectivewayto化achygrammarinforeignlanguageteachinganddifere打tresearchershavediferi打gopinio打sonwhichwaysaremoreeffective.Broadlyspeaking,therearetwodichotomiesaboutrammarteachinaroaches:oneisdeductiveversusi打ductivearoachand化eo化erisggpp,ppFocus-on-Forms--versusFocusonForm.9
山东火学硕±学位论文2.3,1DeductiveApproachvs.InductiveApproachThedeductiveapproachandinductiveapproacharetwodistinctmethodsusedingrammarbaching.TheydiferfromeachotherintheCachingprocessandtherolesofstudentsandkachers.Thombury1999indicatedthatthedeductivearoachemhasizes()ppprammaticalrulesaimi打atthecorrectuseoflanuaeforms.Teachersexlai打andggggpanalzegrammaticalrulesfirstandthe打askstudentstocomeuwithsen化打cesusinthey,pgtaretrammaticalstructureAccordintoWidodo2006thedeductivearoachhasgg.g(),ppseveraladvantages:1Inthedeductivearoachteachersimartstudentsrammaticalknowlede()pp,pggexlicitlysothismethodcanreachtheaimofcorrectuseoflanuaeformsdirectlandp,ggyt-itisimesaving.2Lanuaeointscanbebe打erexlai打edwhentautdirectlthaninductedfrom()ggppghydifferentsentencesandthusitiseasierforstudentstounderstand.3Studentsarerovidedwithexamlesentencesandcorrectusaesforractice.()ppgp(4)Thedeductiveapproachtakesintoconsiderationtheanalyzingabilityandcognitiveintelligenceofadultlearners.>5Itconformstoman-leamersunderstandinthatclassroombasedlearninis()ygghelfultosomeextenteseciallforthosewhoareusedtoanalticalanddeductivep,pyylearning.Howeverthisaroachisalsocriticizedbmanscholarsduetoitsdistinct,ppyy’shortcomins.Firstitlas!1t:〇〇muchemasison;eachersleadinroleinclassbug,yphg,^nelectsleamersinitiativeandarticiation.Seconditasattentiontolanuaegpp,pyggstructuresbutnelectsthecommunicativeurose.I打additionsomestudentscannot,gpp,understandthegrammaticalrulesanddonothavee打oughtimetomasl;ertheappropriateuseofthetargetstructures.However,inthei打ductiveapproach,teachersprovidestudentswithdiferentexamplesenl:encesandthenaskstudentstoenerateandinductaeneralrulefromtheexamesggpl.Thei打ductiveapproachreferstothewaythatthestude打tsi打ductthegrammaticalrules,Thfromlangua呂ematerialswiththeteachersscafoldin呂ombur,1999.Brown2001(y)()"massertedthatinductiveapproachisoreappropriatethanthedeductiveapproachdueto10
山东大学硕:1;学位论文^itsmeritsinmostcorUexts.351.Firstitconformstotherocessofnaturallanuae(P,pgg)u''acisitionandinteranuaeeveoment.Seconditalowsearnerstoetaqlggdlp,llgcommuncatveasectsofeandeveosmorentnscmotvatoniifeelforsomeplanguagdlpiriiii’,throuhdiscoverlearninBrown200111Throuhtheinductivearoachgyg.7.(,,p)gpp,studentscandiscovergrammaticalrulesbythemselvesandtherammaticalknowledeggcanbebetterinternalizedthanthedeductiveapproach.Theinductivemethodmay占’facilitatethelearningprocessbyprovidingdatathroughwhichlearnersmayformand1:est"hothesisandattttknowyp,lsobyhelpi打glearnerslinkhenewwihwhaheyalreadyNunan1991.149Thutttt.shisaroachfacilitaeslearnersoimroveheiranalzin(,,p)pppygabilitiesi打rammaractvtesanencouraesnerstoartcateactventheirowngiiidglearpiipilyi>learningrocesses.LeamersmotivationandirUerestcanalsobeenhanced.Althouhthepginductivearoachissuortedbanumberofscholarsitstillhasseveraldemerits.Firstppppy,,i打ductivearoachcanonlbeeffectivewhenthereissufficienttaretlanuaeinutasppygggp,inthesimilarwaylearnersacuiretheirnativelanuae.Second,inductivearoachmaqggppyfrustratelearnerswhoarenotusedto化einductiveleami打gstyleandsometimesevenleadlearnerstoinduct出ewro打rammaticalrules.Inadditionmanteachersmaalso化inkgg,yyitastime乂onsuminasittakestimefor化emselves.glearnerstoinfer化erulesby2.3.2FocusonFormvs.FocusonFormsMorerecently,SLAresearchershavepaidate打tiontotheissueofhowgrammaticalknowledgecanbetaughtinacommunicativeway.ThedistinctionbetweenFocus-on-formsandFocus-on-Formmanearchehasaearedandbee打accet;edbresrspppyy-L-ntheticaon1991.Focuso打rmsrefersoasroachtolanuaeinwhichthe(g,)Fotyppgg,mainfocusofclassroomactivityis0打languageformsinsteadofthemeaningsandideas^Buress&EtherF--Fointon2002.ocuso打rmincontrastconsistsofanoccasional(gg,),,,,shiftof—attentio打toteatettoneooestudentsLonli打guisiccodefursbyhe;eacherorrmrg(--1998.23IFt&Robinson.nFocusonormhemainfocusisonmeaninand,,p),g^communicationandthelearnersattentionisdrawntogrammaticalfeaturesincidentallyand0打lywhe打therearedificultiesinunderstandingthemeaningduri打ginteraction(Long,1991.DouhtandWilliams1998heldthatthearoachavoidsthemainfocuson)gy()pp11
山东大学硕±学位论文>grammaticalformsandtheleamersattentionisdrawntoacertaingrammaticalstructureonlforthecommunicativeoseocu--rminur1;etestrammar1eachi打intypp.FsonFograheg;gothecommunicativeactivitiessoitcanmakeformalrammarteachinusefulforthe,gg,developmentofstudentscommunicativecompetence.2.3.3LIvs.L2asMediumofGrammarTeachingWhetherthefirstlanguageshouldbeusedinthetar呂etlanguageclassroomhasbee打acontroversialquestionfordecades(Sl:orch足Wigglesworth,2003).Scholarshelddiferentopinio打sonthisissue.Someof化em化inkthatLIhindersthelearnerfromlearningnewlanuaeswhereas0化ersreardLIasafacilitatinfacU)rA^nofaie2010.gg,gg(,)Tobeginwith化earumentforusin2soleli打theclassroomca打bedatedbackto,ggLy。,,-thelateninetee打thcenturi打ofaie2010?民esearchersatthattimeadvocated打aturaly(A,)methodsforlanguageCaching,whichwerebuiltonthetheorythatL2acquisitionwassimilartoLIacuisitionRichards&Roders2001.Thusthearuedthatthereisnoq(g,),ygneedtoi打volvethenative.la打guageintherocessoflearningasecondlanuaeThiswaspggcriticizedbyCook2001thatLIlearnersonlknowonelanuaedurintheirlearnin()ygggg,whileL2acquirersalreadyhavetheirnativelanguagesandtheyaremorematureandsociallydeveloped.Therefore,itisnotreliableandCO打vincingtouseLIacquisitio打asthereasonforexcludingI行omL2acuisition.AnotheroinionheldbresearchersisthatLqpyLIandL2havetwoseparatesystemsandL2shouldbedevelopedwithoutreferringtoLIA^no-toavoidtLI2000i打orderi打erferencecausedbfaie2010Larsenfreeman.y(,;,)However,Cook2001alsodisareedwiththis.HestatedthatL2andLIareinsearablein()gpma打yaspects.Thus,itisimpossibletoisolateL2meani打gsfromLImeaningsinL2,learnersminds.BesidesthesetwoargumentsaboutthecompleteexclusionofLI,Krashen1982was()infavorofthemaximumuseofL2.Httintheclassroomebelievedhalearnersneed;^suficie打tcomprehensibleL2inputforthesakeof寺eallanguageacquisition(Krashen,1982.29.Cook2001accetedtheartthatL2shouldbeusedasthetoolforreal,p)()pp^communicationl.iinthecassroomButhearguedthatusngL2asmuchasossibledoesntp,meanLIshouecom巧avoedandtoesntattroeaedteL2ldbplelyididffechelplybyLIinh12
山东大学硕1;学化论文acquisition.ManyresearchersareinfavoroftheviewthatLIshouldbeusedinL2classroomas'lonasitisaltt.leacheeookaruedl:ttgiedinroersiuaionsFor:rsusC2001haheusepppp,()gofLIprovidesashortcutforteacherstodelivermeaningsandhelpsthemexplainrammaticalrulesmoreeffectiveltostudents.Furthermorehementionedthatteachersgy,,prefertouseLIforexplaini打ggrammar.Thisisalsoshowni打PolioandDufs1994()researchI.inwhichallthesixteachersusedLtoteachrammarMoreoverCook2001,g,()alsostatedthat1:eachersuseLIforpersonalcommunicationwiththestudents,whichmakestheCO打versationmorenaturalandrelaxin.Similarl,Harbord(1992ointedoutgy)pthatoneoftheadvant:agesofusi打gLIisthatitfacilitatestherelationshipbetweentheteacherandthestudents.,u,〇Fors1:udentssetheresutoferss1studshowed1;hat86/〇students,lSchwe999y()believeLIshouldbeusedtoexlai打dificultgrammaticalrulesofL2.Thestude打tsalsop"’’feeltttttee1;hausi打Imakeshemfeelconfide打andcomforableSchwrs,999.7.IngL(,p)""W,,additionStorchandilesworth2003believedthatLIrovidesconitivesuort,gg()pgpp",,forL2learnersalttiherlevel..Itlowi打hemtoanalzelanuaea打dworkaah760,呂ygg呂(p)keepsstudentsi打terestedin化eclassroomactivitiesa打dmakes化ecomplextaskseasierforthemtounderstandandhandle.Thisisalsome打tionedbyCook2001,whostatedthatLI()scafoldsstudentstocommunicatewitheachoUieri打classroomactivities.ThereforeLI,couldbehelpfuli打theL2classroomwhenitisusedappropriately.2.4民esearchonPercetionsofTeachersandStudentsonLanuaepggTeachingTheercetnlanua1ppionsofteachersandstudentsonseco打d/foreiggge:eachi打gandearn*ttntearsnerlinghavegraduallybecomeanareaofiesearchineresinrecey.Oesearch,focusi打thefieldof1;eacherercetionsistheconnectio打between1;eachersercetionsofpppp,anuaebachttcractcesor2003asostt:lggingandeachersacualCahingpi.Bg()laed^teachersareact-ive化inkindecisionmakerswhomaketeachinalchoicesbdrawinon,ggygcom--lexracticallorientederso打alizedandcontext;sensitive打etworksofknowedeppy-l,,pg13
山东大学硕±学位论文,化ouhtsandercetions.81.g,ppXp)^Johnson1995aruedthattheinvestiationofteachersercetionsissinificant.()ggppgu'''Shearged,ifweunderstandthenatureofteacherstheoreticalperceptions,thenwe"."mightalsou打derstandthefilterthroughwhichtheymakedecisionswhileCachin.g(p33.Richardson1996suestedthatthreecateoriesofexeriencemahaveimacts0打)()gggpyp'thedevelomentofteachersercetionsincludinersonalexerience1;eachiialppp,,gppg^exerienceandrofessionalknowlede.Shealsoaruedthatresearchonteachersp,pggperceptionscanhelpscholarsunderstandclassroompracticesandimprove1:hedevelopmentofl:eachertraining.",WilliamsandBurde打1997claimed化atteachers化achi打racticesarein円uenced()gpnflu,,bytheirperceptionsandthattheirperceptionswilliencetheiractio打si打theclassroom^-.4849.Althouhsomestudiesindicatedthecorresondencebetweenteachers(pp)gpercetionsandtheirteachinracticesotherresearchshowedthatsometimesercetionsppgp,pp"are打otnecessariconsis1entwithcticeseacerseachinracticesare打otonlly;pra.ThM呂pyiinfluencedblttltt;eacherserceionsbualsoimac;edbdifferenfacorsforexamleypp,py,p,u,,sitationalfactors,studentfactors,andchangesi打beliefsystems(Williams&Burden,1997.49.Bel2005ttof457fo打lanuageteaheonlexloredheerceionsreicrs,p)()pppggforeignlanguageCachingandlearningandthefindingsshoweddiferentviewsinthe''teachers.Thussheclaimedthatastudythatwouldcompareandmatchteacherandstudentbeliefss1tttnlanty:emswouldbeanohersepinexplaini打gefeciveforeigguageeaching,,behaviors(p.267.)5wStudentsperceptionshavealaysbeenstudiedintermsofmotivation,learnerstrategiesandclassroomachievements.WilliamsandBurden(1997)maintainedthat,'ieamersperceptionsandinterpretations(oflanguagelearning)havebeenfoundtohave,,thegreatestinfluenceonachievement.98andthealsoointedoutthatsometimes(p)yp^5studentsperceptionsofteachingpracticesarenotconsistentwithteachersviews.Yang1999carriedoutastudo打505universitstude打tsi打Taiwa打abouttheirperceptionsof()yyfbreiuaelearn.Tgnlanggingandlearningstrategiesheresultsindicatedl:hecloseand^ositiveconnectonbetweenstudentsercetonsoflanuaelearninandtheiruseofpippiggg,t1tknowledteleami打gstraeies.Hua打dTia打202concludedhatlearnerseaboulanuagg()gg14
山东大学硕J;学位论文leami打gstrategiesthrouhwhichlearnersadatandimrovetheirlearninrocessis,gppgp,^regardedasanimportantpartofleamersperceptionsofforeignlanguagelearning.Horw1t巧itt-itz985useduesionnairetoinveaetheerceionsofreservice()q呂ppplanaeteachersande-binni打levella打uaestude打tso打aeteachi打em1guggggglangugg.IC995()alsoexploredtheperceptionsofstudentsandteachersonlanguaeleami打fromagg"-comparativeerspective.BothstudiesshowedthatbeginninglevelstudentsheldpunrealisticexpectationsandnarrowlydefinedperceptionsaboutL2learning,whichwere,,detrtttuaB2009.5.t5imenaloheirlaneleaminrown2Horwiz198alsoclaimedgg呂(,,p)(),*thatstudentswronercetonsoffoieinanuaelearninmaharmfulnfluencesgppiglgggyhaveiontheiropinionsaboutcurrentsituationoflanguageteachingaswellastheirattitudes,"towardstheteacher.Therefore1;eachersshouldnoti打orestudentsercetionsifthe,gppyexecttherstudentstotoarticularteachinmethodsandtorecevemaxmumpibeopenpgii,,benefitsfrom化em.338.(p)Basedon1;hecomparisonoftheperceptio打softeachersandsUidents,Horwitz(1990)concludedthatmismatchesi打theercetionsofbachersandstude打tscanhaveneativeppg,influe打cesonstudentsclassroomperformance.ICem1995maintai打edthatercetio打sof()ppteachersandstudentscanhell:eacherslearnersandolicmakerswi1:hbeterp,pyunderstandinsoflanuaelearninini打stitutionalse打ins.Furthermoreresearchonggggg,,"ttttlearnersercetonscanhelredictexecationalconflictshamaconributetoppipppystude打tfrustratio打,anxiety,lackofmotivation,and,insomecases,endingofforeign’,K1lanuaestudem1995.7.ggy(,,p)2.5PercetionsofSttsGripTeachersandudenonammarTeachngAlthoughtherearemanydiscussio打sfororagainstgrammarCachinginlanguagelearningandteachi打g打otmuchresearchhasexaminedandcomaredtheercetionsof,ppp-studentsa打dteacherso打thisissue.EisensteinEbsworthandSchweers1997investiated()g60universityachersabouttheiratitudetowardsexlicitrammarteachi打.目asedonthekpggdatacollectedfromquestionnairea打dinterviews,theyfoundthatmostl:eachersstillthinkhihlofttC.TttgyheefecsoframmarachineachersareeonhevalueofexlicirammargggpgId
山东大学硕J;学位论文Cachingasitplaysanimportantroleinlanguagelearning.Similarly,BurgessandEtherington(2002)alsoconducedresearchon48EnglishkachersinUKuniversitiesabouttheirperceptionsongrammarteaching.Thequestionnaireaimedatexploring^teachersercetionsoftheroleoframmaranddifferentmethodsoframmarteachinasppgggwel.Tlastheobstaclesl;eachersandstudentsencounterheresearchfindingsshowedthatmostbachersareinfavorofexplicitgrammarteachingasthethinkthatitishelfultoyp,improvestude打tslanguageproficie打cy.Theyalsobelievethatrammaticalknowledgeisgsignificantforappropriatelanguageuse.Andrews2003nvestatedsteacersseconrscsofHon()iig170EnglihhindayhoolgKongonl;heirperceptionsofgrammarCaching.Theresultsindicatedthat化achersi打thestudyareinfavorofboththetraditionalteachingmethodandthecommunicativeapproach.Furt,hermore,thestudyrevealedthatteachersperceptionsofgrammar化achi打gdo打otcorresondtoeithertheireducationalbackroundortheirCachinexeriencebutpggp,consis1:entwiththeirEnglishpro打ciency.TeacherswithhighEnglishproficiencytendtoreferFocus-on-FormaroachwhttpppilethosewithlowerproficiencylevelendoreferpFocus-on-Forms.h^BOTg199819992006iedtoexaminel;herelationshibetween1:eachers(,,)pperceptionsonrammarteachinandtheirCachinractices.Classroomobservationandgggpinterviewareusedintheresearchheresultsshowedcloserelationshisbetween.Tp,,whteachersperceptio打sand化eirteachingpractices.Teachersperceptionsofatgrammar^shouldbetaughtandhowtoteachithavesigniGcantimpactson1:eachersactualCaching,practices.BasturkmenLoewenandElliss2004researchexloredl;herelationshi,()ppStweent--Cachinbe:eachersperceptionsoftheFocusonFormapproachandtheiractualgpractices.ThearticiantsintheresearchwerethreemaleteachersfromarivatelanuaepppggschoolinNewZealand.Classroomobservatio打andinterviewwereusedasresearchmethods.Thestudyindicatedthatalthoughl;herearepositiverelationshipsbetween‘^teacherserceptionsandtheirCachingpractices1:eachersacUialracticesdonotp,pcorrespo打dtotheirercetionsi打someasects.pppB,arkhuize打1998conducedresearcho打stude打tsercetionsoframmarCachin()ppggactvtesouthrcatrouuestionnaresurveiUervewsandcassroomiiiinSAfihghqiyil,i,61
山东乂学硕七学位论义———Baobservatio打.TheStudyi打dicatedthatalthouhcommu打icativela打uaeteachi打hasbeenggggttinroducedinoSouthA行icaforsometimeteachinactivitiesi打classroomarestill,gconductedintraditio打algrammarteachingmethods.Studentsstillpaymuchatte打tiontogrammarlearningandprefer化aditio打alexercisesins1;eadofmorecommunicativeactivities,Schulz1996investiatedtheercetionsofNorth八mericanstudentsandt:eachers()gppon呂rammarCachinganderrorcorrection.Thefindi打gsrevealed1:hatmoststudentsand;;teachersareinfavorofexlicitrammarteachin.I打enerastudentsstrcmpgglhaveag,g^conviction1;hatgrammarisusefulinforeignlanguagelearning(Schulz,1996,p.348).Furthermore,therearealsodiferencesbetweentheerceptionsofstudentsandt;eachers.pStude打tsaremoreconfidentabouttheefectsa打dimportanceofgrammarteachi打呂than,teachers.Inadditionanumberofteachersdisareetocorrectstudentserrorsimmediatel,gynHowtsAmattsiclass.everstudenholdoosiboinions.oriofstudenamuch,pppjypyatentio打totheiria打guageaccuracyinseakinandtheyarguethattheirerrorsinoralpgd-Enltt.ugishshouldbecorreedimmediaelywhe打heyoccurHisfollowpstudy2001()investi呂ated也euestionwhetherstudentsand1:eachersinNorthAmericanandColombianqculturesholddifferentercetio打sonrammarteachi打.Schulz2001discoveredthatforppgg()bothethnicrousbo化化achersandstudentsareinfavoroffbrmalrammarCachin.gp,ggGrammarandgrammarteachinghasalwaysbeenamuchdisputedissueintheresearchfieldofforeignlanuaeteachinginChina.Howeveramonlarenumbersofgg,ggrelevantinvestiationsmostofthemhaverovideddiscussionsabouttheimortanceandg,ppnecessityofgrammarteachinginEnglishclassroom.OtherstudieshavefocusedontheexplorationofthemostappropriatewayofgrammarCaching.Fewimportantstudies0打thecomparisonbetweentheercetio打sof1;eachersandthoseofstudentsarecarriedoutinppChina.Z,hang(2005)investigatedChinesecollegeteachersperceptio打sofgrammarandrammarteachinheuestonnaresurveandntervewwereusedasresearchgg.Tqiiyiiinstruments.Thearticiantsincluded45EnlishteachersinuniversitiesandcolleesinppggZhP,eianrovince.Theuestionnaireaimedatexlorinteachersercetionsonthejgqpgppfbllowinaects----s:FocusonFormorFocuso打FormstCachtg,exliciorimlicitinhepppg,1
山东大学硕上?学位论文roleoframmart.I打additit51inlanuaelearninandeachinorexosureonhe;eachers,,gggggpparticipatedintheinterviews.Thefindi打gsshowedthatalargenumberoftheparticipating--teachersprefertheFocuso打Formapproachtogrammarteachi打g.Theyte打dtointegraterammarCachinintothecommuntThFo--ggicativeacivities.ecuso打Formapproachcan,facilitatetheimrovementofttst1.psudencommunicaivecompe;enceGao2007inhisDoctoraldissertationalsoexaminedtheercetionsof1;eachersand()ppstudentso打rammarteachinThestudinvestiated392Enlishteachersand884gg.yggnon-Engsoressteslihmafreshmenandsohomorfrom14colleesanduniveriiinjpgProvince.Theresultsshowedthati打drtttsShandongividualdifere打ceshaveimpoanimacp,on化achersperceptionsofgrammarteaching.Inaddition,theresultsindicatedsome^tttinconsisenciesbetweenteacherspercepionsofgrammarCachingandheiracUialC>achinracticesFurthermoreteacersercetonsoframmarCacandbachngp.hihingi,ppgg,*racticesarediferent仔omtheirstudentsercetionsinsomeasectspppp.LongandLiu(2007)examined80freshme打fromtwodiferentbutrepresentativeu打iversitiesinGuangdong0打theirercetionsoframmarCachinthrouhquestionnaireppgggsurve.Theuestionnairemai打laimedtoexlorethreeresearchissuesincludi打化eyqyp,gmostappropriateapproachtogrammarteachinmeritsanddemeritsofthecurrentg,CachinmethodandthecurrentsituationoframmarCachin.Basedonthedataanalsisg,ggytheresultsshowedthatthemaorityofthestudentsagreeo打theimportanceandositivejpefectsofexplicitgrammarCachin.I打additiontheresultsrevealedthatmorestudentsg,,refertheinductivearoachtorammarteachinwUh1;eachershel.Furthermorepppggp,almostallstudentsholdtheviewthatthecontextualrammar化achinismoreefectiveggthandecontextualizedgrammar1:eachi打.Finalltheresearcherconcludedthattheurosegy,ppofgrammarteachingistohelpstudentsunderstandthemeaningsconveyedincommu打icatio打anddeveloptheircommunicativecomel打ce.pHuang(2007)investigatedthecurrentgrammar1:eachingbasedo打thetheoryofconstructivism.Inherstudy,711teachersandstudentsfromtwouniversitiesinShanghaiandonecolttuestllleeinJianxiwereselec;edasaricians.ionnairesin;erviewsandggppQ,'studentswritingwereusedasresearchmethodsi打thestudy?良asedo打thedatafromquestionnairesandirUerviewsandthedificultiesteachersandstudentsencounterin18
山东火学硕±学位论文*rammar(Ihlearnin6iammarCachinrincilesaresues1:einadditionsegg,ggppgg,constructedarammar化achingmodelbasedontheconstructivismtheor.gy,1statedttammaandmmartandQin(200inveieacherserceionsofgrrraeachi打g)gppgtheirpreferencefordiferentCachinapproaches.Theuestionnairedesig打edbyBurgessgqandEthert2002tsThrt-ihtingo打andinterviewswereusedasresearchinstrumen.ie()ygEnglishteachersansweredthequestionnairesand6ofthemparticipatedintheinterviews.Th>einterviewhadnineustionsanstofthemaimedtoexlore1:eachersguidingqedmopperceptionsofdiferent化achingaroachesandthecurrentsituationoframmarteachinppggandsoon.Basedonthedataobt;ainedfromquestionnaireandin1:erviews,theresearchresultsmdicakdthatmostparticipating把achersagreeon化esig打ificanceofgrammarCachinginforeignlanguage化aching.Grammarl:eachingcanalsofacilitatestudentstodevelohighlevelsof.Tttctechaplanuaeroficienchearticiain;eahersinhresearlsoggpyppgshowtheirpreferenceforthecontextualizedgrammarpresentationandteaching.Inaddition,theytendtoshifttheirfocus0打grammaticalruleso打lyiftheunderstandingofmeaningsisaffected.Infactitmeans化atteachersindicatetheirrefere打cefor化e,p,Focus-o打-Formapproachwhichisconsis1:entwiththefmdi打sofZhangs2005stud.,g()y2.6ResearchGasandsearcuestonspRehQiThepreviousstudiesongrammarl;eachi打呂andtheperceptio打sofstudentsandteachershavebeenreviewedabove.Afewresearchasareidentified.gpAlargenumberofstudieshavebeencarriedouttoinvestigatethesituationsofEnglishgrammarteachingandtheperceptionsofteachersandstudentsongrammarteachi打havealsobeenexaminedresectiveloweverfewstudieshavefocusedonthegpy.H,comarsonoftettanttstssntsmartespihpercepio打sofeachersdsuden,lealonediscuigheiiliianddiscrepancies.Duetothelackofrelatedresearchstudiesfocusinonthecomparison,goftheercetionsofleachettsarecesst.pp:rsandsudenofneiyAmontherelatedstudiesmChinamostoft:hemhaveco打centratedontheg,importancea打dthenecessityoframmarteachinoronthediscussio打abouttheeffectiveggapproachtoteachrammar.ButfewsinificantstudiesonrammarteachininChinahavegggg19
山东人学硕J;学位论义focusedonthecomarisonbetweentheercetionsof1;eachersandstude打ts.Inadditionppp,mans化dieswerecarriedoutincoeeandfewoftcomaredetnofhiyllghemppercpiosghschools化dentsand化achers.Therefore,researchinvestiatin化esimilaritiesandggdifere打cesintheercetionsofhihschoolstude打tsandteacherso打rammarteachinisppgggalso打cededintheGhineseCO打text.Giventheabovelimitationsofpreviousstudies,thisstudyintendstoexloretheperceto打sofeandstude打tsnameschooonEnsteach.ppiteachrsiiddllglihrammaringgMorespecificallyittries化answer化efollowi打uestions:,gq1Howdo1:eachersandstudentserceiveE打lishrammarCachininChi打esehih()pggggschools?Fori打stancewhataretheirercetio打softheroleoframmarteachi打,pg,p呂'diftere打tteachingpractices,andtheirge打eralatitudes化wardsgrammarteaching?2Whatarethesimilaritiesanddifere打cesbetweentheercetionsofteachersand()ppstude打tsonEnlishrammarachi打i打Ghi打esehihschools?gteggg3oss化lereasonsunderlin化osesharedercet1Whataretheionsand:he()pygppdisarities?p2.7ChaterSummarpyThischapterismainlyaboutrelatedtheoriesandpreviousstudiesaboutgrammarteachi打g,andtheercetionsandatitudesofstude打tsa打dteacherso打rammarteachin.ppggThedebatesoverthenecessityofgrammarCachinginclassarediscussed.Thendifferentaoaches--rtorammarbachinareintroducedincludingFocuso打Formversusppgg,--FocusonFormsandthedeductivearoachversustheinductivearoach.Theresective,pppppmeritsanddemeritsofthesearoachesarealsodiscussed.Inadditionreviousresearchpp,pabo山化ee*rcetio打sofstudentsa打dteachersonrammar化achi打isieviewed.Basedonppggthereviousstudiesresearchasaresummarized.I打orderto打ttp,gp11heresearchgaps,hreeresearchquestio打sareraisedbytheresearcher,includingtheperceptionsandatitudesofstudentsandteachers0打rammarteachintheirsimilaritiesanddiffere打ces.andthegg,underlyingreason.20
山东火学硕上学位论文—————————an—Chapter3Methodology3.1IntroductionChap1;erThreeisaboutresearchmethod,a打dwilldescr化ei打formationaboutparticipants,sourcesofdata,datacollection,anddataanalysis.Theselectionoftheparticipantswillbedescribed.Thei打strume打tsofthestudywillbein化oducedaswellasthewatheinstrumentsaredesinedandmodified.Thentheroceduresofdatacolectonygplianddataanalsillitthyiswbedescrbedaeend,3.2化rtlciantspAtotalof205studentswereselectedtoparticipateinthestudyandanswerthequestionnaire.Thesestudentsarefromaseniorhighschoolwithabout2000studentsinasmallcitofShandonrovncennaThesameforuestionnairesurveincudes50ygpiiChi.plqyls1:udentsinthefirstrade,103studentsinthesecondradeand52studentsinthethirdgggrade.Theiragerangesfrom15to18and98ofthemareirlsand107arebos.ThegyEnlishroficiencof-thearticiatnstu过entsi打thestudisthereintermediateevegpyppigypll.Twen**化tythreeEnlish1:eacheisin化eschoolweiei打vitedarticiatein化estudgppyandanswer1:hequestionnaire.Amongthearticiatint:eachers,sixofthemteachstudentsppgin1;hefirstradeandseve打1:eachersareresonsiblefbrstudentsinthesecondrade.Thegpgother1enkachertttstt.;seachsudeninhehirdgradet-iihhEmaAfterheadministratonoftheue巧ionnaresteresearcerreceivedilsfrom5q,stude打tsand2t:eachersandtheywerewillin呂totakepartintheinterview.TheresearchercontacbdthevohE-ilt5thelunteersthrougmaandaskedhestude打tsaboutiraverageEnlishscoresandeneralatitudestowardsrammarCachinandthe打chose3ofthem.gggg-ThenthreestudentsandtwoPackersparticipatedinthesemistructuredinterviews.Theyarereresentativei打ltitud.tudent1p:ermsofpro巧ciencylevelandgeneralaeShasahighlevelofE打Ushrocencandhoveattitudetowardsgfiildsositirammarteachin.Studentpypgg2hasamoderatelevelofEnglishroficiencan过hasaneativeattitudewhileStudent3pyg21
山东人学硕;t;学位论文erformsbadlEntT1holdpyinglishexaminaionsandhatesgrammarstudy.eachersnegativeattitudetowardsgrammarteachingwhileTeacher2thinkshighlyofthevalueofgrammarCachin.g3.3InstrumentsTheresearchadoptsmixedmethods,includingbothquantitativeandqualitativeues-approach.Thei打stmmentsofdatacoliectio打aretionnairesurveandsemistructuredqyinterviews.Questionnaireisusedtocollectquantitativedatafortheeneralercetionsgppandattitudesofstudentsandkachers.Int;erviewisusedtocollectqua化ativedatafortheperceptionsandattitudesi打furtherdetaila打dpossiblereasonsunderlyingsharedopinionsanddiferences.3.3.1uestionnaireforStudentsQTwoversio打sofuestionnaireswereusedinthisresearch:oneforstudentsandtheqotherforE打glishteachers.Thequestionnaireforstude打tswasadaptedonthebasisofthestudenfsuestionnaireusedi打Schulz19962001andthemodifiedversionbHuanq(,)yg2007.Ithasbee打furtheradatedbtheresearcheri打ordertocatertotheresearch()pytionsa打da.Tht曰化1ithuest.Thtiiiquesimsereare23UemsinneionnaireeuesonnarenqqSchu1200-Ltlz9961isconstructedonafiveoi打tikertscalebu化6researchermodified(,)p,teresentonafour-ohpuestionnairepintL化ertscaleraninfromstronlaree1q,gggyg(),2dia3-areesreeandsiTonldisaree4Tthits).heresearcherchoseefouroncaleg(,g(),gyg()paimin化jforce化earticiants!:〇exress化droinionsand!;〇avoidthekndencofgppppyn,eutraccesoarttsercetonscanbebetteentedandescelhoiicianirresdribed.Th,ppppp5Uemsintheuestionnaireaimtoinvestiatestudentsercetionsandattitudesoframmarqgppgof*teachingincludinercetionstheroleoframmarCachindiferentCachin,gppgg,gpracticesandothertopicsrelatedtorammarteachin.TheitemsintheuestionnairewereggqtranslatedintoChinesetoavoidanymisunderstandinbthearticia打ts.Theadal;edgypppquestionnairewereilol;edb10colleauesoftheresearcherandactualwordi打sandthepyggorderof化equestio打swerefurtheradaptedbasedon化eirfeedbacks.2
山东人学硕;l;学位论文3.3.2uestionnaireforTeachersQTh'eque巧ionnaireforkacherswasadapt;edonthebasisofthet;eachersquestionnaireusedinSchulz19962001and化emodifiedversionbHuan2007.Itconsistsof(,)yg()similaritemswiththesttiobutthestioireforstudentswaswrttudenversnuennaienfrom,qt,studensersectivewhile化eoneforteacherswasdesinedfromteachersersectivepp呂pp.Thusthehemsinthetwoversionsofuestionnairesaresimilarinmeaninwithslihtlqggydifferencesinactualwordinsotermtsatercomarsonoftecoectedat过?Atotalofg,ipilpihlld23i1:emsareincludedinthequestionnaire.Theitemsinthequestionnaireaimto^investiateteachersercetionsandattitudesoframmarCachinincludinercetonsgppggi,gppoftheroleofgrammarCaching,diferentl;eachi打gpracticesandothertopicsrelatedtogrammarteaching.Thequestionnairefort:eacherswerealsopilotedandadapbdinthesimilarwaywUh化estudentversion.Thequestionnairewasustslihtladal;edfromjgypHuang(2007)andthevaliditya打dreliabilityoftheoriginalquestionnaireweretestedinHuang(2007).3-.3i.3SemistructuredIntervewsSem-istructuredinterviewsweregui过edwithque巧ionsaiming!;〇investigatetheperceptio打sandattitudeofstudentsandl;eachersi打detailsandtoidentifypossiblereasonsthatunderlietheirsharedperceptio打sanddisarities.Intervieweescouldexplaintheirpviewsinfiirtherdetails,soitcouldaddtothedatacollect;edthroughthequestionnaire.Thequestio打si打eludeseveraltopicsrelatedtogrammarCaching,suchasthegeneralattitudetowardsrammarteachi打thetimeoframmarstudi打coursesa打ddiferentteachingg,gygracticeshemattp.Tinuidinuesionsareresentedinheaendices.ggqppp3.4DataCollectionThetionnairedatawascol.tueslecKdinNovember2014TwoEnlishkachersinheq,ghighschoolwerecontact;edbytheresearcherandtheyhelpedtodistributetheuestionnairestostudentsThetwoteachersandtheresearcherdistributteq.edh■23
山东大学颇j;学位论文question打airetofourclassesofstude打tstheyteach.I打ordertoi打creasetherespo打serateofthequestionnaire,allthestudentscompliedthequestionnairesinclassunder1;hesupervisio打oftheteachers.Studentsweregiven15minutestofinishthequestionnaire.Thenalltheuesttt化tt.ionnaireswerecollec;edbheirachersandheresearcherdireclqyyAll23E打glishl;eacherswereinvitedtoarticiateintheuestionnairetoobtainasppqmanyuestionnairesasossible.Theresearchermadeanaoi打tmentwiththe1:eachersinqpppiadvanceanddistributedthequestionnairesto&eteachersin化6teachersoficeat化6.T15mtuestionnaireagreedtimeeachersarealsogive打inutestofinishheq.了he打allthequestionnaireswerecollecbdbytheresearcher.*-Semisttuiedinterviewswereconduc化dfacetofacewith2t.mc:eachersand3studentsTheintervieweesparticipatedintheinterviewsvoluntarily,andtheywerei打formedthatthenterviewswouldeaudio-taedoeachosesThenterviewswerecondutedinibpfrresrpurp.icChi打eseandtheywereconducedi打aninformalwayinordertohelptheparticipantsexpresstheirideasfreely.Eachint:erviewlastfor40to60minutes.Theinterviewswere-audiotapedandrecordedfordataanalysis.3.5DataAnalysisThevalidrateoftheuestionnairesishihforbothteachersandstudents.23teachersqgcomle1tuestionnairesandtttuestAttp;edhehedaaofallheionnairesarevalid.oalof205qqquestionnairesweredistributedtothestudentsand197ofthemarevalid.Forthe8invaliduestionnaires3areblankandtheother5havethesameanswersforall23uestions.q,q",,",,",,^Thefouro-tio打sforeachitenstro打lareeareedisareeandstro打lpgyg,,g,ggy,,dsaewererest124PSS1..Tentevaataigreecivelcodedas3andinS90hhliddfrompy,,197questionnaireswereenteredintoSPSS19.0.Descritivestatisticswereanalyzedp,throughfrequencyanalsisofarticiantsreso打sestothefourotions.Themeanvalueyppppandstandarddeviationwerealsocalculated.Inferentialstatisticswaspresentedthrouhg-IndeendenceSamlestl:est.Throuhl;hedataanalsisbSPSS19.0theoverallppgyy,perceptionsandattitudesofstudentsandteachersongrammarCachingco山dbei打vestigatedand化esimilaritiesanddiferencesintheirercetionscouldalsobefoundpp24
山东大学硕±学位论义0山.Recordedinterviewswerel:ra打scribedverbatim.Throughcarefulreadingofthetranscribeddatatheresearcheridentifiedthemesandfeaturescharac1t;erizi打he,gperceptionsofstudentsandteacherso打grammarteaching.Keywords,similarideas,andrecurringthemeswereide打tifiedi打thetranscript.Thusthesimilaritiesanddiferencesbetweentheercetionsofstude打tsandteacherscouldbei打vestiatedindetailaswellasppg,osseundepiblrlyingreasons.3.6ChapterSummaryInthischap1;erarticiantssourcesofdatadatacollectio打anddataanalsisare,pp,,yintroduced.Asfortheparticipants,205studentsand23English1;eachersparticipatedi打thequestionnairesurveyand3studentsand2teachersarticiateintheinterviews.Thentheppt-i打srumentsofdatacollectio打areintroduced:questionnairesurveyandsemistructuredinterviews.After过atacollection,thedatafromuestionnaireswerecodedandenteredintoqSPSS19.0.Descriptiveandinferentialstatisticswereanalyzed.Asfortheinterviewdata.Recordedinterviewsweretranscribedverbatimandthemesandfeatureswereidentified.25
山东乂学硕!:学位论文Chater4ResultsandFindinspg4.1IntroductionThedatacollecl:edthroughquestionnairesontheperceptionsandatitudesofstudentsand1tttttt:eacherswillbediscussedi打hissecionandheinerviewdaawillbeusedoexplore*theirperceptionsinfurtherdetailandide打tifyposs化leieaso打sfbrthesimilaritiesanddifferences.Thefrequenciesoftheresponsesofstudentsandteacherstothe23questionsinthequestionnaireispresenteda打dcompared,followedwithinterviewtranscriptforfurtherdevils.Thusperceptionsandattitudesofstude打tsandteacherso打grammarteachintheirsimilaritiesanddisaritiesandoss化lereaso打sarediscussedthrouhtheg,ppgquestionnaireandinterviewdata.>4.2StudentsPercetionsofEnlishGrammarTeachinpgg4,2.1TheRoleofThinGrammareacgThedatacollectedthrouhtheuestionnairesurvewereresentedandsummarizedgqypi打Table41The23Uemsintheuestionnaireweredividedinto9artsbasedontheir..qp,化ernesandcontents.Thusstudentsperceptionsandattitudeongrammarteachingweresummarizedin9themesandthemeanvalueandstandarddeviationofthedataforeachthemewereresentedThehiherthemeanvaluewasthelarerthenumberofp.g,gartcantschoosnteneatveotonswasAsforthest;andarddeviatontehpiipighgipi.i,highsvalueindicatedAatparticipantsperceptionsweremuchdiversifiedandmanyof化6111haddiferentoinionsp.26
山东大学硕±学位论文T,able4.1Stude凸ts化rceptionsandA谢化desMSDRo-leofGrammarTeachin131.6320.572g(Q)General.7Atitude化wardsGrammarLearning42.178088(Q)EffortTakeninGrammarTeachinQ51.6550.631g()TimeofGrammarStudy6,7,141.9780.673(Q)ded-UnrstaninandUseofGrammaticalRules8122.0260.744g(Q)Di巧cultyinLearningGrammar(Q13)2.0620.583D-ifferentTeachinAroaches15182.2210.756gpp(Q)LIvs.L2192.1790.815(Q)Cu-rre打tSituationofGrammarTeachin(Q202:32.5840.682g)T,Fable4.2StudentsPerceptionsandAttitudesinRespon化requency=ItemNumberFrequencyofResonsesPercentaes%)lstronlpg((gy=n==(Istroglyree4stronaree4stronl出sareeag,gtyg,gyg)disagree)123412341107788454.339.64.12.0"2719129636.046..21473,63101923151.346.71.50.544586521422.843.726.47.1590852204574311120...6669630533..548715.22.5763904133245..720.81584685521423.343.126.47.29918317646.242.18.63.0109164321046.232.516.25.11158449927..5.942.62494912巧84662013.742733.510.1.13.3714990441424.945.722.27
山东大学硕±学位论文14;3612032918.360.916.24.6154586521422843.72647.1..1618饥80399.130.540.619.81710566233533.11..335.715183385饥2916.8431254147...195670512028435.5259102...207580就638140.718329...21135480506.627.440.6巧.42293270864.6162355437...2330巧602915.2396305147...BasedonthemeanvaluesinTable4.1,itcouldbe仿undoutthatineneralstudentsgheldositiveercetionsonthefollowintoics:theroleoframm肚化achinthereatpppgpgg,geforttakeningrammarteaching,moKtimeofgrammarstudyinclass,theunderstandinganduseofgrammaticalrulesanddifficultiesinlearninrammar.ggseduencue-moonhefredaaofionsinable42studenbelievedthatBattst13T.isttsqyQ,theformalstudyoframmarwashelful化foreinlanuaelearninandamaoritofgpggggjythemthoughtrammarlearninWasessential化foreinlanuaelearnin.Besidesthegggggg,yalsobelievedthatgrammarlearninghelpedimprovingtheoverallabilityoffo巧ignlanuae虹msofueis-939studenseegg.terQston13.182.2%and8%oftchosth,%afimativeotionsrespectivelindicatinthatmo巧studentssharedositiveercetionspy,gpppontheroleoframmarteaching.Furthermoreinuestion1morestudentschowg,Q,""""stro凸laree出anareeshowinthatstudentsreardedrammarstudsuitegygg,gggyaqsignificantinlanguagelearning.Accordingtothequestionnairedatamoststudentsbelievedthatrammarlearnin,ggwasessentialtothemasteryofaforeignlanguageandintheinterview,theyalsoexpr的sedtheiropinions.Forinstance,Student1whodidwellinlearningEnlishbelievedrammargg'^"learningwasquiteimportant.Shesaid.Grammaris化ebasisofexressinmemi打andcommunication.thereispgg巧28
山东火学硕j;学位论文nogrammarlearning,thestuden化cannotuseEnglishappropfia化lyandtherewUtammatcalerrorsSIiheroblemsofcomrehensibilicausedbri.)ppyyg(However化erewerealsodifferentoinio打s.ForexamleStudent2held出atformal,pp.studyoframmarwasnotasimortantasmanstudentsand1;eachersemhasized.Shegpypreported,IbeganlearningomanearlyageandIhadaforeignEnglishtutorbeforeIfrwenttouniorhighschool.IstagedwithspokenEnglish,hutnotrammar.ThejgmainoalolearrdnaoreignlanguagetouseJocommunica化withothergfgfeolethus1thinksokenEnglishミsmorethanrammar.S2pp,pg()""Int;ermsofthequestio打whetherthestudyofgrammarhelpsor打ot,allstudentsinterviewedthoughtthestudyofgrammardidhelpinlearningaforeignlanguage.AUhoughStude打t2did打otthinkgrammarleami打gwasveryimportant,sheadmitedthat‘‘"^’’stucfyhiggrammarcanhelpwiththeoccur幻cyoftheforeignlanguage,avoiding"""ramm如icederrorswritinandspeakingsisweUSiSmakingourwritinmoregg,yg"'"idiomeuie.Student3saidForbeinnersthestudorammaristhebasiso,g,yfgfcomrehensionandormoreadvancedlearnersitcanimrovetheiroveralllanguagep,pf。ability.4.2.2TheEffortTakeninGrammarTeachingandLearningAsfortheefforttake打i打grammarteachi打gandlearning,moststudentsthoughtteacherspaidmuchattentionto化erammarteachingin化eclass.Accordi打to化edat过ofgg〇uestion5almost90/〇ofstudentsthouhttherewase打ouhtimeandheedallocatedtoQ,ggE0打glishgrammar.Inadditionamonthestudentsholdinositiveoi打ions,45.7/0of,ggpp",,;;,,themchosestro打lareeand43.1atestronindicat%chosei:eeshowinhio打ofgygg,gg,studentsopinionsonthereateffortstake打i打rammart:eachi打andlearnin.ggggT,heinterviewdatacouldalsobeusedtopresentstudentsperceptionsindetails.'"Student3feltthatrammarwasmuchemhasizedbteachersandmostclasstimeisgpy,'叮alloca化dtogrammarte幻ching幻ndgrammarex色rcise\Inhiswords,e幻chersoften9
山东大学硕±学位论文beginte幻chinbyexlainincomlexstructuresollowedbyierentkindsoboringpgp,fdffg,,r幻mwar幻cHellihathtii.客/7c£?.asocompanedttrammarlearninwasraermeconsumnggg占'Italwayscostsmemorethanonehourtoinishtheassinmentrela化dtorammarbutfgg,,,"sow別/w色6/扣///Jo打ofw片幻//&幻VCH77Y化巧mf片e&/幻打足.Student2admittedthatshe*?,,巧■f巧7〇別o/Aerq/怎>?各//■¥片/cor巧f打各/w/c口r打z打各幻巧2war,buttheresultswas打otaswhatsheexpected.’IAfterUs化ningtoteachers化etchinswouldmemorizetherammarointsg,gpandtrytounderstandthepaHernsanddiferentshadesofmeaning.Afterclass,Iwoulddodierentkindsorammarexercisesreea化dlaimingtohaveaoodff,gpyggraspofthegramm幻ticalrules.OtheraspectsofEnglisharethussomewhatinoredsuchaslis化ninandronunciation.S2g,gp()4.2.3TheTimeofGrammarStudyinCourseshuesti-4lludedthAccordi打totedataofons67and1itcoudbeconcatmostgQ,studentsbelieved化at化ereshouldbemoretimeoframmar化achingandlearninandifgg化erewas打orammarCachininclassstudentswouldfeelanxiousI打t6.2%.uesion82gg,Q,ofstudentsheldthatthereshouldbemoreformalstudyofgrammarintheforeignlanguagecoursesshowinthatstudentsfelttherew过sstill打ote打ouhformalrammarstudi打the,gggyA〇currentcourses.sforuestion777.7/〇ofstude打tsfeltrammarisi打oredif化ereisnoQ,ggrammar1eacinthecasssthattheareedonhenecessitandimortanceg;hi打lhowintg,gygypoframmarCaching.Ifl;herewasnogrammarteaching,theywouldfeelanxiousastheygcouldnotleamrammaticalknowledei打theclass.Inadditio打what打eeds打otinwastheg呂,g,comarsonetweenstudentsercetonsofuestions5and6.AlthouhstudentspibppiQgbelievedmuchatentionwasaidtorammarteachi打manof化emwerestillinfavorofpgg,ymoretimeforrammarstudintheforein/secondlanuaecourse.gyggg,Studentsercetionscouldberesentedindetaitterview.ttpplinheinSuden1believedpthatthereshouldbemoretimeforrammarstudinclassbecause口加w麻別///(iogy'^、mnothaveaoodmasterorammaticedknowledenow\Iforetimeandattentioncangyfgg、'beuaran化ed,therearechancesthatstuden化canunderstandrammarom化beHer.ggp30
山东人学硕±学位论义?’,,"seasoatteT打n/?hldmidthatV片eCU/gr幻WW幻r沁口C片//?各/■V巧6>/^別如£andwere与资‘幻口作5f///u///£^b/rawwar/earw/巧各HoweverStudent2and3heldl;hatthere/y,g"'hasalreadybeenenouhtimeoframmarteachinginclass.Imoretimeisallocatedtoggfgrammarteaching,otherEnglishskillssuchasspeakingandUs化ningwillbeafec化d\saidStudent3.SUident2believed化atitwasuselesstosetup化eadditionalgrammar^tescerearenowenouhtimeandeo^aUocc"edtorammar《eachinhiUihin^Thgfgg,theointisthatmanystudentsdonotlikethe化achinmethodsandthecurrentrammarpgg"teaching主3ineective.f八sfor1:hefeelingsofnogrammar化achinginclass,Student2admiUedthatshewouldfedanxiousiftherewasnorammarbachininclass.ggAlthoughIthinkthecurrentgrammarteachingmethodisboringand’ldlllrshNomarhowinefective,Iwoustieeanxiouswithoutteacheteacin.ttefgmanmmmarexercisesstudentsdorammarteachinandanalsisareneededy,ygggorbetterunderstandingS2f,()4.2.4UnderstandinandUseofGrammaticalRulesgAintothemean-ccordgvaluesofuestions812moststudentsenerallareedonQ,gygtheimorta打ceofunderstandinggrammaticalrulesa打dthepositiveeffectsoframmarpgteachinonlanuaeaccurac.Thealsothouhtalthouhthereweredifficultiesthegggyygg,yusuallketrammaticalrulesinmindin化eirwritinandseaki打B..asedo打Table42y,pggpg66.4%ofstudentsbelievedthattheiruseoframmaticalrulescouldbecomemoreaccurateg°throughrammar化achi打gand88.3/〇ofstudentsareed化atunderstandinrammaticalgggg〇ruleswasofreatimortancetothestudoframmar.Besides78.7/〇ofstude打tsthouht,gpyggtherewasdifficuhinalinrammaticalrulesafterunderstandin化em.B山alareyppygggg打umberofstudentsstillheld打eativeoi打iemsontheseuestionsgpq.Ailstudentsinterviewe过believed化atitwasveryimportanttounderstandgrammaticalruleswhenstudyingrammar.What化esaidsharedsome化inincommongygthatmemorizationoframmaticalointsonlwasfarfromenouh.ForexamleStudentgpygp,1heldthatmemorizationoflanuaeointsdidnotworkwellbecause碱巧Wggp,31
山东火学硕±学位论文,,,noknowhowtousethegr幻mma^calrulesappropri幻化1乂youknowtldngaboutthem.Somestudentsalsosaidtheyencoumereddifficultiesapplyinggrammaticalrulesintheirwritinandseakin.Studentsbelttttttgpievedhatheyaidate打io打ohearoriaeuseofgpppptherulesbuttheresultwasnotaswhattheexect:ed./zave/片e的幻r,yp、,■rulesinmindwcc幻wwo/幻/口如幻wceJ如如诚cw/vY/zsaidStudent3.巧,,pp少Student2alsoexpressedherconcern:Weallknowthatapplyingtherulesisveryimportant,butsomeofusareunabletodoit.Itisthesamewiththeroeruseorammaticalrules.IdokeeppfgprammarridesinmindwhenIreadorwfi化inoreignlanguagebutsometimesIgf,canno!haveaoodrasoerammaticaloints.S2ggpf化gp()uestions11and12wereabouttheuseofgrammaticalrulesi打readingritinandQ,wgseaki打.Accordinto化edatainTable4.2705t.%ofstudentssaid化at化eusuallkepgg,yyp〇rammaticalrulesi打mindwhenthewroteorreadwhile56.4/〇ofstudentsfeltthegy,ywouldkeepgrammaticalrulesinmindwhentheyspokeinEnglish.Thedisparitiesindicatedthatstudentsencounteredmoredifficultiesapplyi打呂grammaticalrulesi打theirsedd打th如1t.i打rcadi打扣!dwriinpgggStude打t3admited書打theinterviewthatsometimeshecouldg尸幻ww口/7c幻/inmindwhenreadinandwritinmod幻ndcorrectsomerammaticalerrorsgg,带gbutinhisoralEnltt.accordinglishiwasnothesamecasey%g,WhenIspeak主17English,IdonothaveenoughtimetothinkaboutgrammarbeoreInishseakiout化sen化nee.IIthislaboutwhiiffipngacomplefnkeriouschsytheroerstructureIcannotseakuentlyandsontaneously.T,pppflp偉)4.2.5TheDifficultyinLearninGrammarg〇Moststudentsagreedo打thedifficultyinlearninggrammar,asi打Question13,70.5/〇ofstudentsagreedthatthemostdifficultartoflearninEnlishwaslearninrammar.pggggTheercetionsofthemostdificultartoflearninrammarcouldbefurtherexloredinpppggpthei打t2tttstcutt.1:erview.StudenheldharammarwashemodifilarofE打lishlearningpgg32
山东人学硕d;学位论义TherearealargenumberoframmaticalrulesinEnglishandsomeothemgfdonothaveixedcnterns.Thusishardtomemorizeandunderst幻ndthefprammaroints.M幻ncolleauesalso化llmethatthecannotunderstandsomegpygy’anothete幻chersexlationsandanalsissotheee^rammariscomlica化d.py,yffgp脚HoweverStudents1thouhtthatcomaredwithrammaroralEnlishand,gpg,gronunciationweremoredifficult.pItisreallhardtoseakEnlishreelandidiomaticallyIalwasorgetypgy.fyf片owtoexpressmymeaningthroughproperwontsands化ucturesw片^?。communicatininEnlishwithothers.IthinklearninEnlishinEnlishgggggspe幻kingcountriesmayhemoreefectivetothespeakingability.AsorrammarfglearniniappropHa化methods幻reusedandmuch巧me若3allocatedtorammarg,fgracticerammarcanhelearnt幻tersometime.SIp,gf()4.2.6TheGeneratkudeTowardeS化ofGrammarl乂s化dy,八sthemeanvaluesinTable4.1werehiherthan2.0,sUidentsercetionsofsomegpptopicswerediverseandalargenumberofthemheldnegativeopinionsonthesetopics,eeetowardsrammarleami打refere打cefordifferenachini打dudi打gthg打eralattitudgg,ptCgapproaches,theuseofLIversusL2,andthecurrentsituationoframmarteaching.g〇InQuestion466.5/〇ofstudentssaidthat化elikedrammarsUidwhile33.5%of,ygystudentsheldneativeattitudestowardrammarstud.ggyIntheinterviewStudent1wholikedEnlishandE打glishstudysaid,g,IrealllikelearningrammarandIam^nteres化dexhfindierentygpgfgramm幻ticalrides.IfeelproudwhenIgraspthegrammaticalpohitsandwriteproperEnglishserUences.(SI)0打也econtrarbothStudent2and3exressed1eineteatt.t;hraiviudeSUiden2y,pg八reorled!reallonot!ikestudyingramm幻r.Itsoborinth幻t!alwasallasles,ydggypfp33
山东大学硕J:学位论文"''/片^g/Y/wwar/巧c/osi.Student3saidhehatedstudyinggrammar,'becauseofits仁口/色尤/印butheadmittedthatstudentsshouldleam琴,八,,rammarasitishelpfu!learninaoreinlanuage.ggfgg4.2.7DifferentTeachingAroachesppB-asedon化eresultsofuestio打s1518itcouldbeconcludedthatmoststudentsQ,eferredFocus-on-Formand--prthei打ductiveapproachratherthanFocusonFormsandthedeductivearoach.I打addition,thebelievedindividualrammariracticewasmoreppygphelfulthanrouactivities.Butasabout70%studentsareedwiththisointofviewapgpgp,numberofstudentsstilreferredmoretraditionalteacroacesanoulphingapphdgrpactivities.Amo打gtheinterviewees,Stude打t3preferredindividualgrammarpracticeratherthanrouactivit.Hearuedthat5巧7。//点■yowe及cfo巧。/w。巧/化/巧vo/vegpyg各,’’inthediscussionandsomeofthemdo打otsqy幻wonHnthegnmp.Thustheresultsandeffectsofrouactivitieswouldbeaffected.Sometimessomeroumembershadwrongp,gpgunderstandi打ofla打uaeoi打tswhichwouldalsoleadotherstude打tstothewronwa.gg呂p,gyStudent1preferredgroupactivityinsteadofindividualpracticeandshegaveherreasons.Shethouhtrouactivitieswouldbemoreeffectiveforimrovinrammaticalggppggcompetencecomparedwiththeboringindividualrammardrills.gFirst,manyindividualracticesaretraditionalexerciseswithrepea化dpexampleserUences,soIwouldfeelboredllingintheblanksandreeaHnthefipgsinularandluralormsoverbs.Secondtherearedierentkindsorougpff,ffgpactivitieswhichcanbedoneinclass,suchasgroupdiscussion,rolela、andpyirUerviews.TheserouactivitiesaremoreミrUerestingandmotiv幻tingormeSIgpf.()----Int;ermsofthecompariso打betwee打FocusonFormandFocuso打Forms2students,"--rareferredFocusonForm.Student1said/c?/(幻巧Ja伯wore/巧化r如斯7客p,/(料than化aditionalgrammatic幻Iexercises,thusIee^moremotivatedtolearnrammarhifg''"'cF--FolassHoweverStudent3choseocusonrms.1thinkdoinrammaticalexercisesis,gg34
山东大学硕壬学位论文themostefectivetokarnrammar.Besides,Ieelupsetaboutactivitiessuchasgf?,切ferv/ewww//〇/£>/幻y.Afy0於巧扣w"ofgoo次saidStudent3.虹addition/巧各,,hethoughtanalyzingandpracticinggrammaticalpatternsweremoreimportantthanractua-noupicingthetargetlanggeinreallifesituations.Hefelttherewassetoracticeprammarincommunicativeactivities.gBetweenthedeductiveandi打ductivegrammar化achingStudent1referredthe.p''''moinductivewaybecauseshefeltremotivatedandinterestedwhensheexloredandp"foundouttherulesbyherselfShealsoreorted,/c幻巧ww/e尸加w/。成/we伽rw/eyp?,’仍口w/幻巧幻/。e/w?Butaswasshownintheuestionnaiiredataman吩取y您从q^y"studentsreferredthedeductivewaamonwhomwasStudent3.//wrvewe^/化从6py,gtraditionalwayorcmmar化achinsinceIwasintmiorhihschoolandIdonotthinkIfggJg,ccmindouheimdernruesbmsesai3?ttilyldStudentjfyg,yf4.2.8LIvs.L2asMediumofGrammarTeachingAsforthedebateovertheuseoffirs;tlanguageandforeignlanguageingrammarteachingineneralstudentsbdievedfi巧tlanguagewasmorehelpful.Accordinto化e,g,gdataofQuestion19,63.9%ofstudentsheldthat化wasmoreuseftil化teachgrammarinthefirstlanuaethantheforeilanuaewhile36.1%ofstudentsstillbelievedinthegggngg,foreignlanguage.Itindicatedthattheuseoffirstlanguageorforeignlanguageinrammarg化achinghasstillbeena瓜uchdisutedissueinthefieldoframmarteachinandlearnin.pgggStudent2thoughtitwaseasierfor化acherstoexplainrammarinChineseandalsogeasierforstudentstounderstand.Student1believeditwasmorehelpfiiltouseboth"’,Chineseandforeinlanuageinrammarteachinalthouhshechoseareeontheusegggg,ggoffirstlanguageintheuestionnaire.Shesuested;qggChinesecanbeusedorexplaininggrammaticalrules.BecausesomerulesfareverycomHccUed,itauhtinChinese,studentscanunderstandthemmorepfgeasily.Theforeignlanguagecanbeusedforclassteachings,suchascommunicatingwithstudentsandaskingques巧ons,(SI)35
山东大学硕±学位论文4.2.9TheCurrentSituationofGrammarTeachingRegardingtheperceptionsofthecurrentgrammarteaching,studentsarguedthattheysentmostoftheirtimeingrammarlearningandthegrammaractivitiesinclasswerepboringbuttheybelievedthecurrentrammar化achinwashelfiil化someextent.,ggpConcernintheuestio打whetherthegrammaractivitiesareinterestingall3studentsgq,interviewedfehtheywereratherboringanddull.Student3reallyhatedrammarlearningg'becauseofborinandannoinrammardrillsteachershaveassined.Healsogygggcomlained:reallydonotwanttonintheblankswUhthesamestructures幻ndpfi,,memorizedierentramm幻tic幻IormsowordswithoutcontextStudentIsaidfgff,ThecurrentrammaractivitiesinclassarestillmainltraditionalrammargygdriUssuch幻sininblanksandmakinunewsentencessowestudentshave,,,卿ggptomemorizerammaticalatternsanddetailsreeatedl.SIgppy()Asfortheefectofthecurrentrammar化achininclass54.8%ofstudentsthouhtgg,gthecurrentrammarteachinwashelfiil化someextent,butstill45.2%ofthemheldtheggpviewthatthecurrentrammar化achinmethodsneeded化beimroved.Student2heldtheggpviewthattherammaractivitieswereefective化someextent.gm'AlthoughIdonotlikethecurrentteachingethod,ithelpswithstudents’rammaticalcomeeThrough化achersexlanationandanalsiswecangp化ne.py,understandcomlexrammaticalatternsandtellshadesodierencesosimilarpgpffftterns.Althouhtherammarexercisesareborinandtraditionalheycanpaggg,thelusbearrammaticalknowledeinmind.S2pgg()However,Student3hadsomeneativeoinionsonthecurrentrammarteachin.Hegpgg,doubtedabouttheefectsrammarteachinhasuonlearnersrammaticalaccuracasheggpgy,^^stilltendedtomakemanrammaticalerrorsinhiswritinandspeakinaterlisteninygggfg化化化'"r/讼ry化幻柄gy.Inadditionhethouhtthereshouldbemoreairandrou,gpgpdiscussio打sforrammar化achin.Healsocomlained:ggp36
山东大学硕|:学位论义’Idonotliketoli別entoteachersgrammar化achingand重1doesnotworkorfmeAough1woureeattheammaticalaltimesIustoret.lthldpgrridessever,fgjwhatIhavelearnedwhendoing化eexercises.(S3)^4.3TeachersPerceptionsofGrammarTeaching4.3.1The民oleofGrammarTeachingBasedo打themeanvaluesinTab.1ttle43;eachersenerallheldosiiveerceionsof,gypppthefollowi打gtopics:theroleoframmarCachintheattitudetowardsrammarteachingg,gg,thereateforttake打inrammarbachinmoretimeoframmarstudinclassandthegg,,ggyunderstandi打ganduseofgrammaticalrules.T,able4.3TeachersPercetionsandAttiUidespMSD民rr-oT131.4470.552leofGammaeaching)(QGeneralAttitudetowardsGrammar1.7370.593Learnin4g(Q)Efo打TakeninGrammarTeachin51.5210.614g(Q)Tmr141.8410.652ieofGammarStudy(67,,)Q-UrsandndetinandUseofGramica1.8520.713gmatl■Ru-12les(Q8)Di145iffcultyinLearninGrammar132.巧0.7g(Q)DifferentTeachingApproaches2.1200.73715-18(Q)LIvs.L2192.1740.791(Q)CurrentSituationofGrammarTeachin2.4040.656g20-23(Q)37
山东大学硕-:i学位论文T,able4.4TeachersPercetionsandAttitudesinResnseFreuencppoqy〇二I化mNumberFreuencyof民esponsesPercentages(/〇)Istronlq(gy=二=lIstronaree4stronlaree4stronldisaree(gyg,gyg,gyg)disareeg)1234123411292052.239.18.70210110243.547.808.7311120047.852.20049113039.147.8130512101052.243.54.306896034.839.126.1078141034.860.74.5088123034.852.113.10912920日2.239.18.70107133030.556.513011986039.134.826.10123152313目5.38.71313489217.434.839.18.7146134026.156.517.4015497317.439.130.413.11629938.739.139.113.11711120047.852.200186124126.152.217.44.3194118017.447.834.80206134026.1己..65174021379413.130.439.117.42209104039.143.517.423686326.134.826.113MostKachersagreedontheessentialroleofformalgrammar1;eachi打gi打leami打gaforeignlanuaeand1;hebelievedthesUidoframmarheledmast;erinaforeinggyygpgglane-ua.Intermsofestions13911and1studentscseteggu.3%9.3%00%ofhohQ,,38
山东大学硕击学位论文afirmativeoptionsrespectivelyindicatingthatanoverwhelmi打gmaoritof化achersjyconfirmedtheimportanceoframmarteachinginlanguagelearning.gTeacher2regardedrammarteachingasessential:gGrammaticalrulesareconcludedandwidelyacknowledgedrulesbyscholarsandresearchers,whichisagoodstartorChineselearnersooreinfffg’,"lanuage.Whatismorerishasizedtknkdi,ammaramuchemarofcwenggppgtheEnlishexamsinChina,T2g()Furthermore,Teach巧1expressedhisviewsfromarno化professionalangle:As化e化isnotenoughinputoftargetlanguageintheChinese化achingcontext,moststudentscannotstartlearningaoreinlanuaeasnativeseakersfgggpdohusitisreallimortantorstudentstolearnrammarassomewhatashort.TypfgwayinoreinlanuaecoursesinChina.(Tlfggg)4.3.2GeneralAttitudeTowardsGrammarTeachingMo巧teachersbelievedthatstudentsheldositiveatitudetowardramm姐化achinpggandlearnin.AswasshowninTable4.486.9%ofteachersbelievedtheirstudentslikedg,thestudyoframmarandmoreteachersbelievedtheirstudentslikedrammarlearningggthanstudentsreallydid.Anotherointworthnotinasthatmoreteachers(39.1%chosepgw)"巧stronglyareethanthestudents(27.9%),showingthatteacherswereratherconfidentg,abouttheirercetions.Disaritiesinteachersviewscouldbefoundthrouhtheinterviewpppg""data.Teacher2believedamaoritofstudentslikedthestudofgrammarasmostjyy,studentshaveinterestsinrammaticaiknowledeandtheyworkreallyhardonif.gg"Teacher1reportedthatmositstudentsdidnotlikestudyinggrammar,as祝e伯?y〇/'rammarisratherborinandcomlicated.Headdedreuiresdoinalotoggp,qgf"grammaticalexercisesandthusstudentseelitistroublesome.f433EfortTakeninGrammarTeachingAccordintouestion5mo巧化achersthouht1:eachersandstude打tsaidmuchgQ,gp39
山东大学硕b学位论义atte打tio打torammarteach.5.7%ofkachersatttgin呂andlearnin9greedhagreaeffortsgweretakeningrammar化achi打gandonl11;eacherheldtheoositeoinion.Teacher1ypppalsocommentedthatGrammarandvocabularyareregardedasmoreimportantthancommunicativeskills至17Chinesedassroomandmoretimeandattentionhavebeeniventorammar化achUnand.Tlglearnミnggg()4.3.4TimeofGrammarStudyinCoursesccord-Ai打tothedataofuestions67and14inTable4itcouldconcludedatg.4bethQ,mostt:eachersbelievedthatthereshouldbemoretimeoframmar1:eachi打andlearningggandiftherewasnogrammarCachingi打class,studentswouldfeelanxious.Althouhamaoritofteachersareed0打moretimeoframmarteachini打classgjyggg,26〇*.l/〇ofthemstillhetiveDonTeachettttldnegapi打is.r2houghheieshouldbemoreime"forrammarteachinbecauser幻wwar心口//wor的w//口Mw幻gc於幻m/w各ggg(vp知各,,ChBu*ininesecontext.tTeacher1coiUendedthat別^成巧/5幻/厂。口如mgativeattitudestowardsrammarteachin.Ithere隻¥morestudorammarinclassggfyfg,,’m幻巧少〇/f片emw口;巧〇/aA/e扣如幻内J.Teacher1alsoshowedhisCO打cemaboutthe3‘"teachingofotherasectsofEnlish:grawwo/佔幻仁片/内各c/幻及及/片^/£幻打/?/打各pg門oEnglishspeakingandwfitingwoulddeinitelbeweakenedastheclasstimeislimited?ffyHebelievedthatgrammarshouldbetaughtwithotherpartsofE打glishsuchasvocabularyandpronunciation.Teacher2heldthatstudentswouldfeelanxiousiftherewasnogrammarCachingintheclass.Studentsandteachersdoaalototorammarte幻chinandpyfgg’’learningandmanystudentsareusedto化ackersteachings.Withoutteachersteachミn幻ndscaoldinsomeothemwouldhavedicultunderstandinggfg,ffiycomplicatedgrammaticalrules.T2()4.3.5UnderstandingandUseofGrammaticalRulesMost1;eacherse打erallareedo打theimortanceofunderstandi打rammaticalrulesgygpgg40
山东人学顿±学位论义a打dtheositiveeffectsoframmarCachinonlanuaeaccurac.Thealsobelievedpggggyyalrtiouhthereweredifficultiesstude打tsusuallketrammaticalrulesinmindintheirg,ypg^,,〇wrt.F.tttrii打a打dseakinurthermore522/〇ofteacherschoseheoio打so打lareeingpg,pgyguestion9indicatinthatamaoritoft;eacherswereuUesureaboutthereatvalueofQ,gjyqgunderstandingrammat.gicalrulesTeacher2aveherreasonfortheimortanceofunderstandinrammaticalrulesingpggtheirUerview.Theultimateoalolearninaoreign!anguageistocommunica化reel.gfgffyThusunderstandingr幻mmatic幻Irulesandroerusearemoreimortantthangpppmemorizadon.T2()TeacherIthoughtstude打tshaddificultiesi打applyi打ggrammaticalrulesi打writing一and^speakin惡?HessddMoststudentsand化achersknowtheimorUinceofunderstcmdin,pg,,grammcUicalruleshutm幻nstuderHsareunabletouseitcorrectl.In化rmsoftheuseof,yy的,,grammar,hebelieved化atmanys化dentshad化e幻gr幻mwarin化eir"reandwt^raperf片幻adinriinb山认巧c幻wno/口zY/y片vef片cgg,p邸加ability.Asfor-tQuestions1112alaremaoritof1;eachersbelievedheirstudentscould,gjy*makeuseoframaticalrulesdurintheirieadinandwritinaswellasseakin.gmggg,pgAnotherpointworthnoticingwasthatmore1:eachersthanstudents(39.1%versus27.9%)W,,chose化eanswerstxonlareeinuestion11showin化atsometeachersweremoregygQ,gCO打fidentto化eirstude打tsabo山化euseoframmaticalrulesthanstude打ts化emselves.gTeacher2alsofoundoutthatstudentstendedtoignoregrammaticalerrorsintheiroral'"'English.Shebelievedthatitwasbecausetherearemoretimeandopportunitiesorf,,及化無W文化c片ecA:口m/woi汾从/幻巧各w幻ge/巧mtzY化打worfc?.ButinoralEnglish,^’studerUsattentionallsiritotheirronunciationandluencythusramm幻ticalointsarepf,gpf’’inoredsometimesg.41
山东大学硕d;学位论文4.3.6TheDifficultyinLearningGrammar^luesile4ih.heiAsthemeanvanTab.3wereherthan20teacrsercetonsofsomeg,pptopicswerediverseandalarge打umberofthemheldnegativeopi打io打sonthesetopics,includinthedifficultlearninrammarreferencefordiffere打tteachi打aroachesgygg,pgpp,theuseofLIversusL2andthecurrentsituatio打oframmarCachin.,ggAccordi打tothefreuencdataofuestio打13inTable4.4alarenumber52.2%gqy,Qg()of1:eachersregardedlearninggrammarasthemostdificultaspectofleami打gnlishEg,,man〇*nlest47.8/>oteacheishedoosheoons.Teachersercetonsoftswhii"y(f):lpppiippihiuestionwerediverse.qTeacher1thoughtthattosomeext:ent,thereweremoredificultiesi打improvingspeakingandwritingabilitiescomparedwithgrammarlearning.Ialwasho!dtheviewthatthebestwatoimroveseakinabilitisyyppgyirUegratingUitotheEnglishspeakingenvironmentandth幻tonlyli別eningto’w’teachers化achingsintheclassroomdoesnothelpithstudentsoralEnlish.Asgorwritinthechoiceovoc幻hul幻rstructureandwritingslearediicultorfg,f,fytyfChinesestudents.(Tl)ComaredwithseakinandwritinrammarwasnotthatdifficultforChineseppgg,g一sUidents.Hecommented比at/乃知c/,幻rf片cwo如cowp別zY/ve別於rowr,,■"sfw麻mex幻幻wo打从6w6化?/仁5知7/在.Howeveri打Chinastude打tsandg,,於teachershaveaidmuchatentiontorammarthanotherskillsandhiherreuirementspggq"weresetforrammarlearnin.Thusgrawwcr/ccm/wgggtimeconsumindicultandcomlicated\g,fip4.3.7DifferentTeachingAroachesppBa---sedonthedataofuestio打s1518most1;eachersreferredFocuso打Formandthe,Qp--i打ductiveapproachratherthanFocuso打Formsa打dthedeductiveapproach.Inaddition,thebetttt.Butylievedindividualrammarracicewasmorehelfulhanrouaciviiesasgppgpabout60%teachersareedwiththeoi打tofviewofuestion15anumberofteachersgpQ,^4
山东人学顿b学位论义stillreferredrourammaractivitiesratherthanindividualractice.pgpgpTeacher2wasinfavorofgroupactivity.ShethoughtthatwzY/zr幻mmaticalroblemsstudentsc幻nnotresolvethemthrouhdoingindhddiialrammargp,gg一InthisshuaXion,studentsreertohavediscussionwiththeireersbecausethepfp。atmospheremorerelaxed.Normally,theydonotwanttodiscusswiththeteacherShebielievedthatconcerninggrammaticalproblems,groupdiscussionwithteachersscafodinwasmoretvethanndvuaracticenaddtioneacherasolgeffeciiiidlp.Ii,T2lreferredFocus-o打-Formahebepsslievedthat口別/v/YzVsc幻nmvo/veworestuderUstotakeartclassroom化acldngandlearningandrammarcanheracticedgpp'"theseactivities,R*egardi打g化epiefere打cefortheinductiveanddeductiveapproach,Teacher1chose"*theinductivewaybecauset&emJwc/zVe/swore/巧指^色別加各br5打/杰巧'5/片幻打^片£?y’,,VCfeac/nwg.Healsobelievedstudentscoudacuiremorerammaticalqgknowledgethroughi打ductiveteachi打g.0打theCO打trary,TTeacher2wasinfavorofthedeductiveway.Shesaid,’There-isahigherdemandorstudentscmaly乙inandselstudyabilityinfgfinductiveteaching.Manystudentscannotanalysegmmmatic幻Is化uctiireshythemselves.Furthermoreasteachingtimeislimitedinclassthedeductivewao,,yfeachinismtime-savinT2tgore.g()4,3s.8LIv.L2asMediumofGrammarTeachingAsforthedebateovertheuseoffirstla打guageandforeignla打guagei打grammarteachinine打eralteachersbelievedfirstlanuaewasmorehelful.Basedontheg,g,ggpdataofQuestion19inTable4.4,65.2%of化achersheldthatitwasmoreusefulto1:eachgrammarinthefirstlanguagethantheforeignlanguage,while34.8%ofteacherspreferredtheforeignlanguageforgrammar化aching.Teacher1expressedhisopinions^onbachersabilities:ManyEnglish化幻chershiChinaarenotcompe化ntenoughtospe幻kEnglishfluentlyandaccuratelyinclass,letaloneexplaininggrammarinEnglish.斗3
山东火学硕tI:学位论义ThereoreintheciarerUsituationitismr色useultote幻chrammarChinese.,of,fgTl()4.3.9TheCurrentSituationofGrammarTeachingAsfortheperceptionsofthecurrentgrammarCaching,teachersregardedthegrammaractivitiesinclassasbori打gbutthestillbelievedthecurrentrammarteachin,yggwashelpfliltosomeex把打t.A〇sfort:eachers39.1/〇ofthemreardedtherammaractivitiesasi打teresti打which,ggg,was20%higher化anthedataofthestudents.目ut60.9%ofthemheldthe打egativeopinion.,,Teacher1admi订edthatmo;strammaractivitiesinclasswere幻成Y/o巧幻/幻巧JAo尸/巧.g梦^,,Apparently,moststudentsarenotin化restedandmotiva化dtodothosesimilardrills.Teacher1addedthathewouldliketodosomeadaptationstothetraditionalpracticesinordertofindoutifstude打tscouldbecomeusedto化e打ewme出ods.Hesuggested化at,Imorecommunicativeactivitiessuchasrolelasin化rv^ewsandrouf,pygpdebcUescanheheHeradop化dintheclassorrammarteachinstuderUsma,fggyfeelmoremotivcUedandthete幻chineectsmahebetter.gfyBasedo打thedataofQuestion23,60.9%of化achersconfirmedtheefectsofgrammar化aching,while39.P/oof化emdidnotbelievethecurre打tgrammar化aching,helpedwithstudentslanguagelearning.I打theinterview,Teacher2agreed化attherammarCachindidhavesomehel:stu.gg1othedentsp'Afterteachersteachings,studentshavetheawarenesstobearbasicgrammaticalrulesnUndandayattention!〇their!anuaewritingandpggspeaking.Somegrammaticalerrorscanbeoundoutandcorrec化dwhentheyfchecktheirlanuae.T2gg()44
山东火学硕;1^学位论义4,4Similaritiesi打PercetionsofGrammarTeachinpg4.4.1TheRoleofGrammareachinTgBasedonthequestionnairedata,itcouldbefoundoutthatmoststudentsand化achersbelieved化at化eformalstudyoframmarwashelfultoforei打lanuaelearninandaggggpgm*ajorityofthemthoughtgrammarlearningwasessentialtoforeignlanguagelearning.An*ot;herresultwasthattheybelievedgrammarlearninghelpedtoimprovetheoveiall0-%1/tla打uaeabilit.Accordintouestio打s1393.1ofstude打tsand9.30ofeachersggygQ,'''^agreedorstronlareedtheessentialroleofgrammarteachininlearningaforeingyggglanguage,and98%ofstudentsandalltheteachersbelievedthatthestudyofgrammar〇heledtosomedereeinleami打afore.inlanuae.Furthermore822/〇ofstudentsandpggggg,''91.3%ofteachersthoughtthatstudentsoverallabilityofforeignlanguageimprovedmostquicklyif化eystudiedandracticedrammar.ItcouldbeCO打eludedthatstude打tsandpgteacherssharedsimilarercetionsofthesinificantroleoframmarteachininforeinppgggglanguagelearning.4.4.2TheGeneralAttitudeTowardsGrammarTeachingandLearningAccordingtotheabovedataanalysisfromquestionnaireandinterview,bothstudentsandkachersgenerallyheldpositiveatitudetowardsgrammarCachingandgenerallyseaki打thewantedmoretimeallocatedtorammarteachi打inclassrevealedthrouhpg,ygg,g〇Questions4and6.Asforuestion6,82.2X)ofstudentsand73.9%of1:eachersheld化atQ化ereshouldbemoreformalstudyofgrammarinthefoKignlanguagecourses.Regarding〇uestio打466.5/〇ofsUidenssaidthatthe1化edrtiestudoframmarand86.9%ofQ,tyygteachersbelievedtheirstudentslikedthestudyoframmar.Althouhtherewereevidentggd*iffeie打cesi打theirercetionsstudentsand化achersheldositiveathudetowardspp,prammarteachinineneral.ggg4.4.3TheEffortTakeninGrammarhnTeacigandLearningMoststudentsa打d化acherssharedthesimilarview化attheyhaveaidmuchatentionp45
山东火学硕丄?学位论义togrammarteachingandlearning.BasedonthedataofQuestion5,almost90%ofstudentsthoughtenoughtimeandheedhavebeenallocatedtoEnglishrammar.Itwasthegsamewil;hteachers.1:eacersasoatte1:ttehaveamuchatentionto.957%ofhldmidhahypid'giammarCachinandonly1teacherheld化eoosil:eopinion.In化eirUerviewsl:udentsgpp,feltthatmostctimttC.lassewasallocaedogrammarachingandexercisesTeacherscommenl:edthatgrammarandvocabularywereregardedasmoreimportant1;hancommunicativeskillsinChineseclassroomssomoretimeandatentio打havebee打iven,gtogrammarCachingandleami打g.Alargenumberofstudentsalsoadmi打ed化attheyhaveallocatedmostoftheirtimeofEnglishleaningtorammarractice.gp4.4.4UnderstandingandUseofGrammaticalRulesIn把rmsoftheuseoframmaticalrulesstude打tsand化achersalsohadsimilarg,perceptions.Mostofthembelievedunderstandingandappropriateuseofgrammaticalrulesweremoreimortantthanmerememorization.Theyalsoadmi打edthatitwasnotpeasytoalaroateltherammaticalrulesi打writinandcommunicationbasedo打ppypppriyggtheunderstandinof化erammaticalknowledetcouldbefbundo山throuhuestiongg.IQ9gg0a打duestion10.Asforuestio打988.3/0ofstudentsand91.3%ofteachersareedt;hatQQ,gunderstandinggrammaticalruleswasofreatimortancetothestudyoframmar.gpg民0egardi打gQuestion10,alargemajority(78.7/0)ofstude打tsthoughtthereweredifficultiesrsinapplyingammaticalruleafterunderstandin化emand87%ofkachersheldsimilarggperceptions.Theresultsshowedthatstudentsandkachersagreed0打theimportanceofunderstandi打gandappropriateuseofgrammaticalrules,buttheyadmittedthatthereweredificultiesi打applyingtherules.4.4.5PreferenceforTeachingPracticesGo打cemi打gthepreferenceofi打dividualgrammarpracticeorgroupactivity,studentsandteachersineneralreferredindividualracticeinst:eadofrouactivit.Theresultgppgpy〇wasshownl;hrouhuestion15a打due巧ion16.Asforuestion1566.5/〇sUidentsandgQQQ,〇57.5/〇ofteachersareedthatafter呂rammarteachi打teachersshouldaskstudentstodogg,〇〇individualrammarractice.Inuestio打1639.6/〇ofs1:udentsand47.8/〇ofl;eachergpQ,46
山东人学硕丄-学位论义preferredrouractice.gppAnothersimilaritofteirercetionswasthatmoststudentsandteachersreferredyhpppcs--Fo--FouonrmratherthanFocuso打Forms.目asedonthedataofuestion17alareQ,gheiimaoritofstudents86.8%andall23thearticiatinteacrsmantanedthatitwasjy()ppgmoreimportanttopracticeaforeignlanguageinrea^lifesituationsthantoa打alyzeandracticerammaticalatternsThliitttttpgp.eybeevedwasmoreimporanolearnandpracicegrammarincommunicativewaysthan化dogrammarexercises.Alargemajoril;yofsttsth--udenandeacersareciatedtheFocusonFormaroachtorammarteachinppppgg,''whichmeant化at比eypieferredtoi打tegrate化egrammarCachingint;ocommunicativecassactvtesliii.4.4.6Llvs.L2asMediumofGrammarTeachingAsforthemorecontroversialtopicabouttheuseoffirstlanguageorforeignlanguage,studentsand1;eachersingeneralpreferredthefirstlanguageratherthantheforeign〇〇la打guageingrammarteachi打g.民eardinguestio打1963.9/〇ofstude打tsa打d65.2/〇ofgQ,teachersheld化atitwasmoreusefliitoteachgrammarin化efirstlanguage化an化eforeinlanuaewhichshowedthatamaoritofstude打tsandl;eachersbelievedin化eggg,jybenefitsoffirstlanguae.Someintervieweescommentedthatitwaseasierfort;eacherstogextttttanteplaingrammari打Chi打esea打diwasalsoeasierforsudensoundersdacherCaching.4.4.7EffectsofCurrentGrammarTeachingAsfortheefectsofthecurrentgrammar1;eachi打g,studentsandl:eachersheldsimilar〇viewsthatcurrentrammarCachinwashelfliltosomeex1;ent.Inuestio打2354/〇ofggpQ,〇studentsand60/〇ofteachersagreed化ecurrentgrammarteachi打gwasbeneficialtolanuaelearnintasthatamaoritofarticiantsacknowlededtheggg.Thedahowedjyppgeffectsofgrammarteaching.Inaddition,itshouldbenotedthattherewerestillabout40%ofarticiantswhoreardedthecurrentrammartreadlinasuseless.ppggg47
山东火学顾i学位论文4.5Discreanciesi打Percetio打SofGrammarTeachinppgDifferencesi打theercetionsof化achersandstude打化onrammarCachinandppgglearningareamo打t:heresearchfl打dingsof化issUidy,Itwillbeprese打t:edanddiscussedi打gthissectionthroughtheresultsof1>testinSPSS.4,5*1TheAttitudeTowardsGrammarTeachingAlthoughstudentsand化achersge打erallyheldpositiveatitudeAwardsgrammar化achingandlearning,more化achersbelieved化eir巧udentsHked化estudyoframmarg化anstudentsreallydid.AswasshowninTable4.5,therewassi呂打ifica打tdivergencebetweentheattitudeofstudentsandteachersas20%moreofteachersbelievedtheirstu过entslikedrammarleami打whilei打factthedidnotlikeit.Anotheroi打tworthggyp",,化〇打otinwasthatmoreteachers(39.1%)chosesonlareethanthestude打ts(27.9/〇),ggy呂indicatingthat化acherswereratherconfidentabouttheirperceptions.Asforthepossible>reasons,itwouldbeduetoteachersimpressionintheinterviewthatstudentshavepaidgreatatte打tiontogrammarlearningand化eyworkedreallyhardonit.Infactaccordingto,thei打terviewdata,somestudentsthoughtlearningwasveryimportant,b山theydid打otlikeit.Teachershadmisunderstandi打gsabo山theattitudeofsomesUidentstowardsgrammar化aching.Table4.5TheA^ttKudeTowardsGrammarTeaching4*1化化Ud/Sttslllik化.Q1eesiyoframmar.udeneneraeestudofiammarggyygMSDlva-valueplue*-Student2..78.1178082.78002Teacher1.7370.593*<**<Note.p.05.01,p4,5.2TheTimeofGrammarStudyinClassStude打tsandteachersdiferedin化eiroinio打sonthetimeofgrammarstudyinp*classasmorestudentsareedonmoiesUidoframmarinlanguagecourses.Itgygwasshownthrouhthedataofue巧ion6:morestudentsthan化achers化ouhtthat化eregQg48
山东乂学硕i:学化论文shout.t.ldbemoretimeallocatedorammarteachininclassAccordinoTable46thereggg,weresignificantdiscrepanciesintheirperceptionsthroughtheIndependentSamples^kst.Basedon比ein化rviewdataitwasbecausestudentsfeltthestudoframmarwasver,ygytttimortanandmanysudentsthoughttheydidnothaveaoodmaseroframmar.Thuspgygsomestudentsbelievedthatmoretimeshouldbeallocatedtorammar1;eachinginclasstoghe.t化eweremorelimrove化eirrammaticalcometenceButfbrhekachersppgp,yconcernedwiththebalanceb巧weengrammarandotherskills,suchasspeakingandlis化ning.Thereforeonein化rvieweerecommended化atimrovin化ecurrentmethodsof,pgrammarteach.ingandteachineffectswouldbeabettersolutionggTable4.6TheTimeofGrammarStudyinClassQ6Thereshouldbemoreformalstudoframmarintheforeinlanuaecourses.yggggMSD--tvaue?valuel/*Student1.8650.6622.130.041Teacher1.9130.543*<**<Note.05..01p,p4.5,3EffectsofGrammarTeachingonGrammarAccuracyQuestion8revealedmore1:eachers化anstudentsagreedon化eefectsoframmarg化〇achingo打rammaticalaccurac.Theuestionnairedatashowedthat66.7/〇ofstudentsgyq〇and95.5/〇oft;eachersagreedthela打guageusebecamemoreaccuratethroughgrammarteachi打g.Fewerstude打tsbelievedi打theefectsofgrammarteachi打gongrammaticalaccuracy,asmanyofthemfoundoutthatalthoughtheyboregrammaticalrulesinmind,manyerrorsstillcouldnotbeavoided.Furthermore,1;hesignificantdiscrepanciesi打l;heirperceptionsshowninTable4.7and1:heinterviewdataalsoindicatedthatstudentshavee打counteredmoredificultiesi打imrovingthegrammaticalaccuracythantheir1:eacherspthought.Thecurrentgrammar化achingwasnotefectiveenoughandgrammaticalaccurachasalwasbeenarobemforstudents.yypl斗9
山东大学硕±学位论文Table4.7EffectsofGrammarTeachingonGrammarAccuracy8Theuseoframmatcaruescanecomemoreaccuraerourammarn.Qgillbttghg化achigMSD-tvaluevalue-**SUiden2.2150.8023.020.004tTeacher1.7810.514No把*<**<.5.1.00p,p4.5.4KeepingGrammaticalRulesinMindBasedonthedataofuestion12ercetionsofstudentsandteachersdiferedinQ,pp,thatmorel;eachersthanstudentsbelievedinstudentsuseoframmaticalrulesinseakin.gpgAccordintouestion12.sUidentsan.1:eachersbelievedthatstudentsg,564%ofd783%ofQoftenkeptrammaticalrulesinmi打dwhenspeakinginE打lish.Inadditionsinificantgg,g^differenceswereshowninTable4.8,whichindicatedthatteachersoverestimatedstudentsabilitiestoapplygrammaticalrulesi打化eirspeaking.Accordingtotheinterviewda1:a,stude打tscomme打tedthattheyhavee打cou打teredmanobstacleswhenali打therulesinyppygspeaking.Moretimeandopportunitieswereavailableforstudentstocheckandmodify,theirlanguaeinwritingsb山inoralEnlishstude打tsatentio打fellintotheirg,g,ro打unciatio打andfluencthusrammaticalointswereinoredsometimes.py,gpgTable4.8KeepingGrammaticalRulesinMind12I/studentsusuaeerammacarusnmndwhenIesEns.Qllykpgtilleii/thypeakinglihMSDt-valuevalue*Smdt2-en.40.7352.650.025Teacher2.2170.542N*<**o1<;e..05.01p,p4.5.5TheDifficultyinLearningGrammarAsforthequestionofwhethergrammaristhemostdificultaspectinEnglishieami打.thereweresinificantdiferencesbetweentheviewsofstude打tsandteachers.ggMo*restude打tstoidedtoiegardrammarasthemostdificultartinE打lishleami打thangpgg50
山东大学硕±学位论文teachers.Aswasshowninuestio打1370.5%ofstudentsand52.2%ofteachersareedQ,gthatgrammarwasthemo巧dificultpart,indicatingthatstude打tshaveencounteredmoireobstaclesinrammarlearninthan化achersexected.Anotheross化lereasonwouldbeggppthatsome化achersbelievedthereweremoredificultiesinimprovingseaki打andwritinpggabilitiescomparedwithgrammarlearningintheChinesecontext,whilestudentsdidnotcaremuchabouttheirspeakingandwriting.IntheChinesecontext,studentsandteacherspai过muchmoKatention化rammarthanotherskiUsandthushiherwuirementswereggqsetforrammarlearnin.gg4,9TheDifficultyinLearninGraimnargQ13Ithink化emo巧dificidtpartoflearning巨nglishislearninggrammar.--vawaMSDtluephxe*Student2.0620.5832.410.029Teacher2.3910.745N*<**<ote.p.05,.01p4?女6Inductive.DeductivvseApproachFurthermore,anotherdiscrepancyintheperceptionsofstudentsandteacherswasthatmore化achersthanstudentsreferredinductiveaproachinsteadofdeductivearoach.ppppBasedonheresulfuesiaboufsudand.3%ofchersreferredttoton18t60%otents78化aQ,ptheinductivewayoframmarteachinwhile40%ofstudentsand21.7%ofteachersggthoughtthatteachersexplainingandanalzinrammarointswasmoreeffectivethantheyggpinductivewa.Theossiblereasonsunderlinthediscreanciesincluded:studentswereypygpmoireused化thetraditionalwayofteacherteachinandtheleadinroleof1:eachersastheggyweretaughtlikethat;besides,somestude打tsfe化upsetanddid打othaveconfidencein^takingtheleadandexlorinandanalzintherulesbthemselves.Howeverteacherspgygy,perceptionswerebasedontheirprofessionalknowledgeaboutlanguage化achingandlearningarticularlknowledeaboutteachinedaoiesandtechniues.,pyggpggq51
山东乂学顿七学位论义Table4.10Inductivevs.DeductiveAroachpp18SudensnalzinandummarizinrammailrulesbhemselvimoreQttaygsgtcaytessgeffectivethanlearninbteachersanalzinrammaroints.gyyggp-va山-MSDte/?value-*Student2.380.7812..270032Teacher1.9990.613*<**<Note..05.01p,p4.5.7AttitudeTowardsCurrentGrammarActivitiesAlthoughstude打tsa打dteachersge打erallyheld打egativeattitudetowardsthecurrentrammaractivitiesinclasstherewerealsodifferencesintheirercetions.irstmore,Fgpp,studentsthouhtrammaractivitiesi打classwerebori打.Secondstude打tsheldmuchmoreg呂g,negativeatitudesAwardscurrentgrammaractivitiesthant:eachers.Accordi打gtoQuestion2279.2%ofstudentsand60ttttt.9%ofeachershouhtthecurrenrammaraciviieswere,ggboring.Thus化eireneralatitudetowardtheactivitieswas打eativeasmanrammargg,ygactivitiesweretraditionalexercises,suchasmultiplechoiceandfillingblanksandstudentshadtorepeatandmemorizecomlexrammarointsbydointherammardrills.Butpgpgg20%moreofstudentsthant:eachersregardedthegrammaractivitiesasboring.Itwas,〇similarwi化studentsattitudetowardsrammarlearnin化atabo山20/〇ofmorestudentsggexpressed化eirneativeattitudel;hanteachers.Itshowedthatmorestudentsweregcu化a^dissatisfiedwi也化errentgrammarchingactivitiesthan化acheis化ought.",,〇Furthermore,43.7/〇ofstudentschosestronglydisaree,indicati打呂thatmanystudentsgfettt化lmuchmoredissaisfiedhanachersdid.TabAiile4.11AtiUideTowardsCurrentGrammarctivtes22Therammaractnr.ivitiesiclassaein化restingQgDt-va-MSluepvalue*-SUden.1..26.it383060520034*Teacher2.7830.798N*<**<oe...01tp05.p52
山东人学顿|;学位论文*4.6I打打ue打tialFactrsBei化e)tio:ohndIercqnsAswasresentedintheabovesections,thereweresimilaritiesaswellasdisaritiesppintheperceptionsandattitudesofstude打tsandteachersongrammarteaching.Fourposs化lereasonsarediscussedinl:hefbllowingpart,includingsimilarme化odsofgrammar>teachinthelanuaeCachincorUextinChinat:eachers化£〇化1^〇过1knowledeandg,ggg,g,istudentsdificultiesinlanguagelearning.Basedon化ein化rviews,化ereweremainlytworeasonsunderlyingthesimilaritiesintheirperceptions.First,moststudentsandbacherswere1;aughtbytraditionalCachingmethods,sotheyhadsomethingincommonontheirunderstandingsa打dthoughtsoframmarCach..gingandlearninItcouldberevealedt;hrouh化eirwordsinl;hein1;erviewggSomestudentsbelievedin化eessentialroleoframmarteachingastheweretoldgygrammarwasimportantand化eyweretaughtgrammareveryday.Forinstance,Student3"saidIthinkramm幻rteachingisverimortantororeinlanguagete幻chingaswe,yfggpfha’’vehee巧t幻ughtEnglishgrammarincl幻sssinceprimaryschoo!.Student\commented,一MyEnglish化ackershavetoldusabout化6meritsoflearninggrammar,includingthe"improvementoflanuageaccuracy幻ndthehelporreadincomrehension.Stadent3gfgp"preferredthedeductivearoachins1:eadoftheinductivewaandhisreasonwas:/片幻veppy,wasunbeenusedtothetraditionalwayorammar化achinsinceIiorhihschoolandfggjg,,IdonotthinkIcanindout幻nd^ner化eunde^ingruleshmysel?它esides化etchers,ffyyfreaso打sforthinkinghihofgrammar化achingmainlincludedtheirexeriencesin1:eachergyptraininandtheoreticalknowledeaboutlanuaeteachinandlearnin.Teacher1saidgggggg,一^Gr幻mmarteachingwasalsoanimportantartinclasswhenwewerestudentsandp門grammarte幻chingwasemph幻sizedandtrainedinour化achertraining.Seco打dbothstudentsa打dteacherswereinfluencedbexternalfactorsi打cludi打the,y,呂whoecontextofe化acndteofamnattuldellanguaghingi打Chinaaheressurexiion.Icobpshownthrough化einterviews.Fori打stancealthouhStudent2didnotlikerammarstudshestillrearded,ggy,ggrammarbachingasimortantandagreedo打moretimeforgrammarstudinclass.Onepyo'"fherveeisonsWdiSthatstudentsand化幻chershaveaidmuchut化rUiontorammarpg33
山东火学硕止学位论文^nteachingandrammar是3oneotheimpoftantaits主1Enlishexamination沪.Tteioher2gfpg''thoughtthereshouldbemoretimeforgrammarteachingbecausegrammarisreally"importantororeignlanguage^earnmgtheChirtesecontext.了eeicherIeirued\haXff痊comparedwithspeaki打gandwriting,grammarwasnotthatdificultforChi打esestudent.八Hecommented\haXin幻ct,rammarthemostcometitiveariorourstudentsfgppf',妨口awongbur6幻57c//s片及A//知.InChinastudentsan1;eacersaidmuchy各,dhpaUentiontorammarthanotherskillsandhiherreuirementsweresetforrammarggqgearnThuttsaling.s幻nysudenndteachersfeelgrammarlearningisd嘶cultandcomplicated\tAccordint:o化einl:ervie\vswooss化lefactorscausinthediferenceswerefound.g,pgTobeginwUh,hachershad化6〇化1;山31andprofessionalknowledgeaboutlanguageandlanguageCachingsothealwasthouhtandbehavedfrommorerofessional,yygpperspectives.Butstudentsdidnotknowmuchaboutlanguageknowledgeandrelevanttheoriesthusthemahavediferentorevenwronunderstandinsandoinionsfrom,yyggpteachers.IntheiMerviewTeacher1exressedhisoinio打sontheroleoframmarCachin,ppggfromamorerofessionalanglecomparedwithstudents;pAsthereisnotenough^nputoftargetI幻ngu幻geintheChineseteachingcontext,moststudentscannotstarile幻rningforeign!cinguage幻snativespeakersdo.ItisreallhnofiantorstudentstolearnrammarassomewhatashortwaypfgyinoreignlanguagecoursesinChina.Tl)f(Healsotalkedabouthisreaso打fbrt;he出ficultyofEnglishspeaking:IalwaysholdtheviewthatthebestwaytoUnprovespeakingabilityirUegreUingin化theEnglishspeakingenvironmentandthatordyli別erringto’’teachersteachingstheclassroomdoesnothelpwithstudentsoralEnglishTl()Teacher2wast.Sinfavorofhedeductivewahesaidy,54
山东乂学硕学位论文’Thereis幻hierdemandorstudents幻na三inandsel-studabiliinghflygfytyinductiveteaching.Manystudentscannotanalyzegrammaticals化ucUiresbythemselves.Thustheinductive幻pproachmayhenotaproriateorh^hschoolppgfstudents.T2()Ano化erpossiblereasonforthedisaritieswasthatontheonehand巧ude打tspe打counteredmoretros打theearn.diffintteachersttteiculiesandpblemiirlghanhoughOnh,o化erhandl;eachersoverestimatedstudentsabilitiesoframmarlearnin.,gg'Teachersoverestimationcouldbeshownthroughtheresultsthatteachersheldmoreositveattitudetowateacandeects0打anuaeaccurac.Teacherspirdsrammarhinitsflggggy,talsooveresimatedsUidentsabiittoalrammaticalrulesaroriatel.Inadditionlyppygpy,ppstudentintervieweestalkedabout化drroblemsinmanasects.Fori打s化neeStudent3pyp.complained化atrammarlearninwasrathertimeconsumin.口/w及CO別5wcworegggqythanonehourtoinish(heassignmentrelatedtogrammar,butsometimes!stilldonotf"心苗knowwhatIhavewriHenintheblank.Shxdent2reovied1reallonotlikestudyingp,ydgrammarissoboringthatIalwaysallasleepwhentheteacherexpl幻insgrammarf''classyButTeacher2believedamaoritofstudentslikedthestudoframmarasmostjyyg,studentshaveb^^restsinrammaticedknowledeancUheworkreallhardonif.SUxde曲yggy2alsoexpressedherconcernabo山theuseofgrammaticalrules:Wecdlknow化atitisvery^mpori幻nt,butsomeofusareun幻bletodoItisthesamewUhtheroeruseoframmaticalrules.1dokeepgramm幻rrulesinppgrrdndwhenIreadorwriteinoreignlanguagehutsomedmesIcannothavea,foodrasotherammaticaloints?2ggpf巧)gp4.7ChaterSummarpyI打thechal:erthedatacollect;edfromuestionnairesandinterviewsareresentedandp,pqdiscussedindetaititbeachsectioncorresondthefourresearchue巧ionsl.Thelesfrp化q,overallpercetio打sofstudentsand化achersaboutgrammar化achin,similaritiesandpg55
山东大学硕±学位论文differencesintheirerceptionsandossiblereasons.Theuestionnairedataisresentedppqpt-hrouresonsefreuencan<indeendentsam1ttttghylest:esoshowhesimilariiesandpq4pp^differenceswhiletheinterviewdataisresentedascitationsofarticiantswords.Thouhpppgtheinterviewdataossiblereaso打sforth6similaritiesanddiferencesarediscussed.,p56
山东火学硕±学位论义Chapter5Discussion5.1Introduction民esultsa打dfindingsareprese打tedandsummarizedintheprecedingchap化r.Inthischatermai打打打dinsoftherese打tstudarediscussed.Studentsthouhtthatthehavep,gpygyamuch订entontommaCanutthetao打moretmeoframmarpidaigrarchigsillreedi,bygg,hi打ilrsiidliilid.Inl;eacgncass.Teachereferenceforndivuarammarractcesasodscussepgpadd.itio打thesimarreferencerrstlanuaeofstudentsa打dteachersisanalzedilfofi,pggyT'eachersmorepositiveattitudetowardstheinductiveapproachisoneofthedisparities,^thatneednotinFurthermore化achersrofessionalknowledeandstudentsdificulties.g,pgidnlearningrammararediscussedasthemaininfluenci打factorsforthesimilaritiesang呂diferences.In化eend,achaptersummaryisprovided.^5.2StudentsPercetionsofGrammarTeachinpgB-asedon1tuesttttmostsUts:hedaaofion14icouldbeconcludedhaidenenerall,Qgyheldositiveattitudestowardsrammar化achinandthebelievedthat化eformalstudpggyyofgrammarwashelfultoforeinlanuagelearnin.TheseresultsCO打espo打dwiththepgggobservationsinseveralpreviousstudies(e.g.,Burgess&Etherington,2002;Liao&Wang,2009;Schulz,1996),Ano化erpointworthnotingwas化atstudents化oughtthat化eyhavepaidmuchatentiontogrammar1:eachi打g,buttheystillagreedonmoretimeofgrammarCachingin*c-lass了hetttfdinstEbsworthandSchwee。997.iesulwassimilaroheingofEisensein。)andLongandLiu(2007)thatmostbachersandstudentslaidgreatemphasiso打grammarteaching.Basedo打theinterviewdata,themai打possiblereasonswereasfollows;打rst,grammarwasanimportantpartinEnglishandstudentsknewitsvalue.Grammarwasthebasisfortheaccuracoforenanuaeandterewasnorammarstudtherewouldyfiglggifhgy,bemanygrammaticalerrorsinthewritingandspeaking.Grammaralsohelpedwi1;h57
山东大学硕7b学位论文comrehension.Whhoutrammaticatwashardt1tlknowledeiounders;a打dOhersandpgg,exressoneself.Secondrammarwasaverimortantartinl:heE打lishexamsinChina.p,gyppgTherefbre,studentsand1;eacherspaidgreatat化打tionto也es1;iidyofgrammar.Third,化ecurrentrammarteachi打wasi打effecthmuchtimewasallocatedtorammarggive.Althouggteachingstudentswere打otsatisfiedwiththeinefectivemethods.Thusthethouhtmore,ygtimeoframmar化achininclasswasneeded.Infactmoretimeoframmarteachi打ingg,gg,classisnotagoodsolutiontosUide打tsproblemsingrammarlearning.Improvinthegcu打entteachme化odsandtechnuesformoreeffectverammarteachinwouei打giqiggldbthebestway.,5.3TeachersPerceptionsofGrammarTeachingAsfortheprefere打ceofindividualgrammarracticeorrouactivit,alarge打umberpgpyofteachersreferredi打dividualraminarracticeinsl:eadofrouactivit.Butaccordinpgpgpyg*toLiao足Wang2009inTaiwanthetworesearchersfoundoutthatmoiearticiants(),ppwereinfavorofgroupgrammarractice.Theossiblereasonsunderlyingsuchdifferencesppcouldbeiii.Manlnferrednthenterviewy1:eachersbeievedthatstudentswereusedtothetraditionalindividualrammardrillsandthedidnotwanttoinvolveingroupactivities.gySomestudentswereafraidofspeaki打ginfrontofotherstudentsandmakingerrors,sotheywouraterdotheborinexercisesandsolveroblemsbthemselves.Besidessomeldhgyp,-veassteachers化oughtthatrouactivitiesweretimeconsuminandinefectitude打tsdidgp呂notinvolvei打thediscussionandthustheycouldnoteteerassistanceandcorrection.gpT^eacherspreferenceforindividualpracticeshowedthattheeffectsofgroupgrammaractivitieswereunsatisfactoryandstudentscouldnotgetthebenefitsofgroupactivitiesicomparedwithindividualractices.StudemtsconfidenceandinvolvementwereinfluentialpfaUorsfortheefectsofgroupactivities.Ifstudentscanparticipateinthegroupdiscussionfreelwithoutanxiettherouactivitieswouldbemoreeffective.Inadditionthedesinyy,gp,giofcassactvitesandteachersscafoldinindiscussionalsohadimacts〇打rammarliigpgkaching.Ifthegrouppracticesareinterestingandmotivatingandsl:udentscangetassistance打cededfrom化achers,groupactivitieswouldbemoreeffectiveandmore58
山东大学硕I;学位论义preferredbystudents.5.4SimilaritiesinPerceptionsofGrammarTeachingAccordingtoQuestion19,studentsandl:eacherssharedsimilarviewsofrtieprefere打ceforfirstlanguagerathertha打thetargetlanguageingrammarteaching.Thisresutwasnotconsst:entwithsomereviousstussucsLiaoandWa打inlipdiehag(2009)Taiwan.Thetworesearchersfoundoutthatstude打tspreferredusingforeignlanguagewhile1:eacherspreferredusingfirstlanguagefbrgrammarbaching.Accordingtol;heinterviewdata,possiblereasonsforthediferenceincluded:grammarCachingi打Chinesewaseasierforstudentstounderstandasmanrammatcalruleswerecomlicateygipd;*sltEnlisceth;udensmayfeelmoierelaxedusingChineseinclasssomegh化ahrsine;Chinesehihschoolwere打otcometente打ouhto1:eacherrammarinEnlishinclass.gpgggSomestudentsbelievedChinesewasaneasierandmoresuficientwayforthemtocommunicatewithclassmates.TheycoulduseChinesetonegotiateabouttherolestheywereointolaandexchaneideasonconcetsandknowledewitheachother.Asforggpygpgtheteachers,theyalwaysturnedtoLIwhenteachi打ggrammarandthestudentswerege打i打gusedtoit.Itseemedthatif化e化achero打lyusedsecondlanguageasCachings,hisorhermeani打could打otbeotthrouh.Inadditionifteacherswere打otcometentggg,pe打oughtoexplai打a打danalyzegrammaticalrulesinEnglish,bothstude打tsandteachersldreferusinChineseinrammarteachi.Buto打etiuedttwcmn1;eacherinerveweearhapgggg3if1;eachersEnglishroficiencycouldbeimproveditwouldbebene行cialtoteachp,grammarinEnglishbecausetheinputofforeignlanguagewasimportantforforeignlanguagelearning.5.5DisparitiesinPerceptionsofGrammarTeachingAmonthedisaritiesintheercetionsofstudentsandl:eacherswhatneedednotingppp,gw>asl;eachersmorepositiveattitudetowardstheinductiveapproachcomparedwithstudents.I打general,studentsandteachersreferredtheinductiveapproachthanthepdeductiveapproachandtheresultechoedthefindingsofLo打ga打dLiu(2007),andGao59
山东大学硕t:学位论义2007.Howeverthtttttttissudalsofoundouthaeachersendedoholdmoreosiive(),yp^attitudetowardstheinductiveapproachcomparedwithstudents.Teachersprofessionalknowledea打dstudentsMackofabilitieswerethemai打reasonsforthedisarit.gpyEasedon化ein把rview,mostof化e化acherspreferred化einductiveapproachmainlyduetotworeasons.First,itwasmorein化resti打ga打dmotivatingforstudentsthanthetradtonaeductearoac.econd1:teaoachheedwiththeiildivpphSheinducivrl,pppinternalizationoframmaticalknowledgeforstudentserammaractvitesoftheg.Thgii*-weinductivearoachreuiredselfexloratio打andinferencefromexamlesa打dtheieppqppy^moreinterestingthan1:eachersexplanationandanalysis.Thusstudentscouldbebettermotivated.Inadditiontheinductivearoachwasbeneficialfortheimrovementof,ppp,-tTh-studentsanalzinandselfsudability.rouhselfexlorationandanalsisygygpy,grammaticalknowledgecouldbebetterunderstoodandinternalizedbythestudents.Itwas5dfoundthat1;eacherspreferenceforinductiveapproachwasimpaedbytheirtheoreticalandrofessionalknowledeaboutlanuaeteachinandlearnin.pgggggHoweverstudentsdid打othavethe比eoreticalandrofessionalknowledeabo山,pgttlanuaekachi打andlearninbasedonwhichhecouldmakeheirchoice.Thehadggggyymoreconcernsandroblemsabouttheinductivearoach,thusthe化打dedtoholdlesspppypositiveattitudetowardinductiveapproach.Aswasmentionedabove,theinductive'tudena-tapproachhadahiherdemandforstsnalzinandselfexlori打abiliies.Mangygpgyhighschoolstudentsdid打othaveenoughEnglishknowledgeandtheycouldnotanalyzeandinductrammaticalrulesbthemselves.Inaddition,thereliedheavilonkachergyyyteachingsastheyhavelonbeentauhtbtraditionalteachinmethods.ggyg5.6In打uentialFact::orsBehindthePerceptionsAmo打theossiblereasonsin幻uencintheercetio打sofstudentsandhachersgpgpp,,,nwteachersrofessionaknowledeandstude口tsdificutesnrammarlearne化化eplgliigigmai打拉ctorscausi打gthedisaritiesi打theirercetions.pppMostbachershavebeentaughtwithprofessionalknowledgeaboutlanguageandla打imgeteachinduri打theirtimei打universita打dteachertraini打roramsincludingggygpg,g60
山东大学顿上学位论文thelin呂uisticfeaturesofEnglish,fourEnglishskills,differentteachi打gpedagogiesandtheiritsanddemeritsandbachintechniues.Basedon1hltthimer:ereaed;eoresand,gqprofessionalknowledgeoflanguageteachingteacherscoulddealwithrammarteachin,ggfromamorecomrehensiveersectivethanstudents.Forin巧anceteachersheldmoreppp,positiveattitudetowards化einductiveapproacha打dgroupactivitiesbecausetheyknewmoreabout1:hemeritsofthesebaching化chniuesthanstudents.qHowever,studentsdidnothaveenoughEnglishknowledge,letalonethetheoriesandpedagogiesaboutlanguageteaching.TheymadetheirchoicemainlybasedontheirersonalexeriencesandfeensThussometmeseaddfere打tercetonsfrompplig.i化ifi,yhppteachers.InadditionstudentsusuallencounteredmoreroblemsanddifficultiesinAeir,yp,rammarlearninthanl;eachersthouhtTeachersoftenoverestimatedstudentsabilitiesggg.andinterestsingrammarlearning.Forinstance,teachersheldmorepositiveattitude,towardsgrammarteachingand化eyoverestimatedstudentsabilityofapplyingrammaticalrulesinwritinandseakinbutstudentsaruedthatthehadmoreggpg,gy,problemsthanbachersthoulit.Thereforestrentheninstudentsbasicknowledeofg,gggEnlishandetintoknowtheirdifficultiesinrammarleami打areefectivemeasuresgggggfort;eacherstobuildmutualunderstandi打gwithstudentsandimprovecurrentgrammarteaching.5.7ChaterSummarpyInthscetetttstudysresente.tsihatrhdiscussio打ofhemainresulsofhisidStudenp,pthouhtthatthehaveaidmuchatentio打torammarteachinbutthestillareedongypgg,ygmoretimeoframmarCachinncassheossiblereaso打sforthisresultarediscussedil.T.ggp>Then^acherspreferenceforindividualgrammarracticeisanalyzedandthesharedppreferenceofstudentsandteachersforfirstlanguagei打grammarteachingisalsodiscussed^Inadditionreasonsfort:eachersmoreositiveattitudetowardstheinductivearoachare,ppp>,exlored.I打theend1:eacliersrofessionalknowledeandsUidentsdificultiesinp,pggrammarlearninarediscussedasthemai打factorscausi打gthedisparitiesintheirgercetionspp.61
山东乂学硕-.i学位论文Chater6Conclusionp6.1SummaroftheStudyyues-Throuhthetionnairesurveandsemistructuredinterviewstheresenttudgqy,psyinvestigatedtheperceptionsandattitudesofstudentsandteachersongrammar化achingandthesimilaritiesanddifere打cesintheirpercetions.I打additionossiblereasonsp,pcausingthesimilaritiesanddisparitieswerealsostudied.Themain巧ndingsaresummarizedasfollows.1Generallseakinstude打tsandt:eachershddositiveattitudetowardsrammar()ypg,pgteachingand比eybelievedthat化estudoframmarwasessential1;oforeinlanuaeygggg化achingandleami打g.WhereasdieythoughtgrammarCachingwashelp扣Ianddeservedreatatte打tionfrombothteachersandstude打tsthehadsharedercetio打sabouttheuseg,ypp----oframmaticalrulesandsimilarreferencetoFocusonFormthanFocuso打Forms.gp2Disparitieswerealsofoundintheirviews0打ma打ytopics.Studentst;endedto()regardrammarlearninasthemostdificultartoflanuaeleaminandlesslikelholdggpgg呂ypositiveatitudetowardsrammarteachi打tha打teachers.Althou呂hamaoriofstudentsggjtyand1;eachersthoughtthattheuseofgrammaticalruleshadbecomemoreaccuratethroughgrammarteaching,studentslesslikelybelievedintheeffectsoframmarteachingongrammaticalaccurac.Inadditiont:eachers1:endedtoholdmoreositiveoinio打sonthegy,pptttttttttinductiveapproachwhilesudenstendedoholdmorenegaiveaiudeowardhecurrentrammaractivities.g3FourossiblereasonsforthesimUaritiesa打ddiferenceswerefound,includin()pgP’similarmethodsoframmarteachin1:helanuaeCachincont:extinChinaackersgg,gg,gn^theoreticalkowledge,andstude打tsdificultiesinlanguagelearning.6.2PedagogicalImplicationsBaseduon1:heabovefindinssomeedaoicalimlicationsareroosedinorderpg,pggppptobridgetheasbetweentheercetionsofstudentsandt:eachersa打dimrovegrammargpppp62
山东乂学顿1;学位论义teachinandlearninginforeignlanuaeclassesintheschool.gggFirstitisadvisablethatteachersirUeraterammarteachinintomeaninful,ggggcommu打icativeactivities.Baseduo打themai打findinsmosts化dentsa打d1;eacherslapg,ygreatemhasiso打rammarteachi打andthereferfocusonformi打steadoffocusonpggypfbrms.AlthoughtheythinkhighlyofgrammarsUidy,someparticipantssaythatthetraditionalgrammaraanslationm巧hodisratherbon打andinefective.Studentsalsowantgtobetauhtinmorecommunicativewas.Thusittrtttyisroposed化atl:eachersyoineraegpggrammarteaching^ntomeaningfulcommunicativeactivitiesa打dgraduallyhelstudentsp,*g巧usedtocommunicativeme化ods.Itcanhelpdeveloinlearnersiammarknowledgepggaswellascommunicativeskillsurthermoreitissuesl:edthat化achersalsotrtouse.F,ggyvarioustechniquestoi打troducetheinductiveteachi打gapproachtostude打tsi打orderto,me打ha打cestudentsa打alyzi打gabilita打dotivationforleaminnlish.y呂EgIn1:ermsofla打guagechoiceingrammarteaching,moreforeig打languageisadvisedtobeusedingrammarbaching,but化efirstlanguageca打alsobeusedinsomesituations.Manystudentsand化achersrefer化efirstlanuaebecausethefirstlanuaeiseasiertopggggimdersta打da打dthereislessressureonstude打tsi打class.Butonlyusi打gthefirstla打uaepggncasseadstotheeentulcommuncatonilllackinofcomrhsibleinuandmeaninfiigppg,wh,mu打ichwoulddoharm化stude打tscomicativecom巧ence.Therefbreitissuestedp,ggha,ttteachersusemorefoireinla打guagei打rammarCachinbasedonstudentsoverallgggproficie打clevelandusefirstla打uaewhe打exlai打i打comlicate过grammaticalrules.yggpgpAnotherimlicatio打wouldbeimroving化eualitofteacherGaining.The化acherppqynerveweett-veacheritishavemenionedinheinterview化atmanyinseric化sinChinaarenotcome1ttlua.mttp:e打enougho;eachforeig打langgewellSomeproblesaredueoheircometences1;erschootouChinei打rammarl:eachi打beusetheirp:omeacheseseseggcaspoke打la打uaeis打otflue打te打ouhsometeachersthinktheare打otcomete打tenouhggg;ypgtoconducttheinductivewainclassma打stude打tsdo打otlikerammarbecausethey;yg化achingstyleisboring.Itisadvisablethatprofessio打allanguageknowledge,化achingmethodoloandeducationalscholoandrelatedtheoriesaboutlanuaeteachinbegypygygggi打eludedintheteachertrai打inroram.La打uaeknowledeisthebasisforlanuaegpgggggg'teachersandscholocanhelteacherscoewithstudentsemotionsandfeelinssuchpygyppg,63
山东大学硕±学位论文asinterest,motivation,confidenceandpressure.Throughthetrainingof化achingmethodology,teachersareable化use出ferentteachi打gmethodsand化chniquesin,diferentsituations.Teachersspokenlanguageisalsosuggestedtobeaidreatattentionpgm'encouriniurhermoitisrintrangprora.FtreoosedthatRachelSbeaed化g,ppgcommunicatewithstudentsandgettoknowtheirfeelingsandperceptions,inordertobridgetheabetweentheirercetions.gpppOnthepartofstudents,teachersareencouragedtoguidethem1:oacceptvariousteachingmethodsandactivities.Manystudentsstillholdtraditionalperspectives.Theyprefermoretraditional化achingmethodinsteadofthecommunicativeapproach.Inadditio打,化eythinkhighlyoframmarandnelectsokenlanuaeandsomestudentsggpggcannotaccepttheinductiveapproach.Thusteachersareadvisedtointroducenewideastothemandraduallidethemtochanetheirtraditionaloinions.gygugp6.3Limi化tionsof化eStudyThisstudyhasitslimitations.ThestudywascarriedoutinonlyonehighschoolofShandongProvincethusthefindinsandimlicationsaimatthearticularhihschool,gppgandtheKsultscannotbeeneralized化otherdiferentschook.I打additiontheKsearcherg,mano-ytbeable化usearoriate化chniuestocarroutsemistructuredinterviews.Itpppqymayalsohaveimactedtheinterviewdata.p,Inad出tionthisstudainlfocusedonarticiantsercetionsoframmar,ymyppppgteachingthroughtheuestionnairesxirveandinterviews,buttheteachingpracticesofqyteache巧andthelearningbehaviorsofstudentsarenotobserved.Duetothelackofclassroomobservation,theresearchermaymiststheopportunityof化scoveringtheefectsoftheercetionsofdenachersonachi打ifiirdetaiLstutsndtearammar化nrtheppgg6ASuggestionsforFutureStudiesAsthisstudywaslimitedinonehighschool,itissuggestedthatfutureKsearchbeconductedindifere打thihschoolsinseveralreions.Thereforetheercetio打sofgg,ppstuandeacrsarcuarreistiaedandeneralizedoredentstheinaptilgoncanbeinvegtg.M64
山东大学硕±学位论文comprehensiveresultscanbeobtainedandtheimplicationscanbeusedformoreschoolsinwiderregions.Classroomobservationcanalsobeaddedasoneoftheinstrumentsofdatacollectionwkhuestionnairesurveandinterviews.Throuclassroomobservationthe1)6113¥1〇巧ofqygh,studentsandteacherscanbeobservedandanalyzedwiththedatafromuestionnairesandqervecofintiews.Thustheefftsoftheperceptionsstudentsandteachersongrammar化achingcanbeinvestiatedinfiirtherdetailsandmoreimlicationscanbeivenformoregpgefecdvegrammarteaching.*nAllinalltheercetionsof化achersandstude打ts〇打second/foieilanuae,ppgggt色泣chi打gandlearninh泣VCr泣du泣Uybecomeanareaofresearchi打tercsti打recentears.ggyGrammarCachingcanbeimpactedbytheperceptionsofstudentsand1:eachers.Mismatchbetweenstudentand化achererceptionsoframmarteachinmahaveneativeefectspggyg0打grammarteachinandlearning.Thusthisstudyinvestigatedthesimilaritiesandgdiferencesintheercetionsofhihschool1:eachersandstudentsonrammarCachinppgggandfoundoutpossiblereasonsunderlyingthesimilaritiesanddiscrepancies.Althoughtherearelimitationsinthestudythe巧化archerhoesitcanrovidesomeedagoical,pppgimplicationsforstudentsandteachersandthusthegrammarteachingandlearninginthehihschoolcanbeimroved.gp65
山东人学硕I;学化论文ReferencesA^nofa..ttso化ceandstudenttowardsusinAieH2010TheatiudefahrssrabicinEFL,()g-classroomsinSaudiublicschoolsacasestud片ow防wpy.幻n:/片cmdL幻niuie4164-95gg.),(),Andrews,S.(2003.Teacherlanuaeawarenessandtherofessionalk打owledebaseof)ggpg-theL2l;eacher.Z幻ngw幻幻作721895.,’BarkhuizenGR1998.DiscoverinlearnersercetionsofESLclassroom,(gp)p1A;eachin/leaminactivitiesinaSo山hfricancontext,r啟521gg(),85-081.>Basturkme打H.Loewe打S.&Ellis民.2004.Teachersstatedercetionsabout,,,,,(pp)incidentalfbcusonformand化eirclassroomractices.1/打gwz如/cj25p,,243-72.Bell,T.(2005).Behaviorsandattitudesofeffectivefbreig打languageteachers:Resultsofauestionnairestud-.ForeinLanguageAnnals3825970.qyg,,艮org,S.2003.了eacherco打itio打i打la打uaeteachin:areviewofresearcho打what()gggg-lanuaeteachersthinkbelieveknowa打ddo王幻N各w幻幻c片/巧各..ere,id8139gg,,客,,,BrownA.V.2009Ut.Sidrsercetio打sofefectivefori打lanua,()ensand化acheppegggebach-ing:Acomariso打ofideals.7726瓜知無厂巧Z幻巧各w口ge9J14660.p(),Brown巧-AnIn化ALan.D.200V.Te幻chinbyrindlesractiveroachtouage,(gppppg)Pedagogy.PekinFonLang:reigguageTeachingandResearchPress.ressJ.&E.Bul;herintonS2002.cusonrammaticalform;citorimlicit.g,,g,FogExplip()-Sstemi43358.y^,-nCelceMurciaM.1991.Grammaredaonsecondandreanuaeteachnifoili.,()pggygggg-TESOLuarterly2545980.Q^,Ch过iidnm,C.19S8.SecondLanu幻eC!幻ssrvoms:ResearchonTeachincmdLearnin.()ggggCambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress.DouhtCJ1.Fi.,&Williams.Eds.998oworw/"Sccowi左幻巧/幻色gy,,(),护各66
山东火学硕It学位论文?別7〇化CambridtP./ge:CambridgeUniversiyressDuaH.19.7ViversitP.l83Iw?w口各c(9.Oxfbrd:OxfbrdUnressy,()各yEisenstei打Ebsworth,M.,&Schweers,C.(1997).Whatresearcherssaya打dpractitionersdo:PersecttthESL.ivesonconsciousgrammareachingineclassroompL幻nu幻eLearning82205-2Sgg.、(),Ellis,R.(\9弓Q).Ins化uc化dSecondLangu幻geAcquisition:Le幻rnmgCl幻ssroom.Oxford:Blackwell.-E-llis民.2002rammarteachinracticeorconsciousnessraisin?In民ichards,(.Ggp呂J.C.&),Renandya、W.A.(eds.),Me化odologyLanguageTeaching:AnArUhologyofCurrentPracticeP..Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityressFang,Z.1996.Areviewofresearchonteacherercetionsandractices?獻I'c口幻/()pppResearch38Al-於.、、FathmanA.KE1TttttF.&WTialle.990.eacherreso打seosudenwriin:ocusonform,,y,()pgversuscon化r)i.SecondLanguageWriting:民esearchInsightsfor化eClassroom,-17890..Cambridge:CambridgeUniverisityPressHarbord,J.(1992).TheUseofMotherTo打gueintheClassroom.及片足awgw口gceach-Ting4635055.,,Hedgcock,J.,及Lefkowitz,N.(1994).Feedbackonfeedback:Assessingleanerreceptivityto-1;eacherresonsei打L2comosinJow尸灼a/oeco打JevvrzY/巧141pg./SZ幻口各w幻各客i63.p,,Hedge,T.(2002).TeachingandLearningintheLlanguageClassroom?Shanghai:ShanghaiForeignLangu过geEducationPressHorwitz,E.(1985).Usi打gstude打tperceptionsaboutlanguageleami打gandl;eachi打gintheforeit/-^433340.gnlanguagemehodscourse.八?作各/7王口巧妍/幻各6_"巧口佔/S,Horwitz,E.K.(1990).A打endi打gto1;heafectivedomai打intheforeig打languageclassroom,.-1533.InSnaned.STn//扣主,MrMaiwg片^reacAwga/Focws/Tze^幻厂巧台厂iddlebu,g(),yhy,VT:NortheastConferenceontheTeachingofFoireignLanguages.HuB.&TianL.2012.Doteachersandstudentssharesimilarercetio打sat,,bou,()ppkach■-inandlearninstrate如/呂ies?ew23754.gg句,化,,Kem民G195denl.F..9.Stutsandt:eachersercetio打saboutanuaelearninorc/gw,()ppgggLanuageAnncds71-?g289-.,,67
山东人学顿上学位论文Krashen,(\9若2).PrinciplesandPractic色inSecondL幻ngu幻geAcqui如ion.Chdord:Pergamon.ICrashenS5.??口从色互/文;London:onman..19877^L,()巧卢gLiaoManH.2009.Percetiondifere打cesofEFteachersandstudentsin.&WL,,g,()pgrammarteachingandenorcorrection.EnglishTeachingandLearning,33(1),-10146.Lo打1991.Focus0打formitttM.R:ades打feaureinla打uaeeachi打mehodolo.I打:g,()gggg呂ydeBot,K.,Ginsberg,民?,Kramsch,C.(Eds.),ForeignLanguageResearchinfenypcc/zVe.JohnBenamins:Anist:erdam.jLo打g,M.H.,&民obinso打,P.,(1998).Focus0打form;theory,researchandpractice.I打:Doughty,C.,Williams,J.(Eds.),Focwsow/乃iSccowt/ZowgwageAcu1-mbrtPisition563.Cambride;CaideUniversiressq,ggyNassaji,H.,&Fotos,S.(2004).CurrentdevelopmentsinresearchoftheCachingofm"-ramar,2/12645Cambrid:Cride.eambg,ggU打iversityPress.NunanD991Lani.t.1.uageTeachngMethodologNewYork:PreniceHall.,()gyPachler,N.,Bames,A.,&Field,IC.(2009).Ze幻ra/w各化扼幻cAM9無mFore炒7左幻ngm/geyintheSecondarySchool,NewYork:Routledge.^PolioC.G.P.A.1Teacherslanuaeusenunversitforeinanuae,&Duf994.iil,,()ggygggclassrooms:aualitativeanalysisofEnglishandtargetlanguageahemation.TTzeqModern78-LanuaeJournal331326.gg^{),PrabhuN9尸£成0/Oxfbrd:OxfbrdUniversUPre.S.187.巧.ss.,()巧y民ichardso打Veoeofatttudeteamtoteac.InJ..1996.Thrlisa打derceionsinli打h,()ppg-Sikued.okoesearchoneacherEducation10219.NewYork:laHandboT^().fRMacmillan.民ichards,J.C.,&艮odgers,T.S.(2002).幻m/Mcf片o沁/打Z口打各幻各cTeacA/Ng2nded..Cambridge:CambridgeU打iversityPress.()"SchweersC.199.UIt.£>兄幻fb7.W9si打Li打heL2classroom77/及片c片/灼rwwi2,()gg客,(),6-13.’ttsSchulz民.1996Focusonfbrmin化efbreinlanuaeclassroom:Sudenand.,()ggg68
1山东人学帖.;学位论文?,teacherstheroleoframmar?仍rew足幻/?梦"幻各eviewso打errorcorrectionandgz各Anna-ls2934364.,,Schulz民.2001.Culturaldtudenttttifere打cesinsa打deachererceionsconceminhe,()pp呂ro-leofgrammarCachingandcorrectivefeedback:USAColombia.ModernJ85244-5Htcmgu幻geoum幻I.,,-Skeha打.1996Slitha打dtaktin.IJ.,P.econdanuaeacusiio打researcsbasedeachn()ggqgWillis&D.Willis(Eds.),(:片幻巧各公/n1幻巧各7/〇各6Oxfbrd:Heinemann.--SharwoodSmithM.1981.Consciousnessraisinand化esecondlanuaelearner.,()ggg-AppliedLinguistics215969.,,N-Sada7.language.199.Formfocusedteachi打andseco打dlanuaeacuisitio打p,()gggqTeaching,30,.NSl:orch.衣Wieswort2003.Isl;herearolefbrl;heuseofIinanL2tin?,,gglhG.Lse,()gTESOLuarterlyJ74760-70.Q,(),Terrell..7.Anaturaaoachtosecondlanuaeacuisitionandlearnn.,TD197lrggqig()ppModernLanuageJournal613256.g,,Thombu*rS..//ow打9cac片GV幻所所幻r.Enla打d:rhLo打manPearso打y,(1999rgEdi打bugg)EducationLimil:ed.Truscott,J.(1996).Thecaseagai打StgrammarCO打ectionLIwritingclasses.Zangt/。於Learn-ing4232769.s(),TruscotJ.Wwit.1999hafswronhoralrammarcorrection,r片eC口M幻J/幻内無r打,()ggLanguagei55437-56Revew.,,.odoAoceduesfor■Hteach片幻c/nWid.P.2006.roachesa打drri打rammar.£>7Mv,()pppgg各gPracticeandritiue-C:4\.q.55\22()^Williams.Burden民19.尸仁20o(:必心yi,M,&.97//Vbr左幻巧各的幻與记幻片,()巧g/trwcf幻c片tP.Co化s/v/別^.Cambridge:CambridgeUniversiyress併Y,ang,N.(1999).Therelatio打shipbetwee打EFLlearnersperceptionsandlearningstrategyusestem-.Sy2751535.^,ZamV79-el.1985.Resondintostudentwritin.TESOLuarterly101.,()pggQ.高强2007一i.教师认知视角下的语法教学周查博±论文),项对中国大学英语教师的(,69
山东大学硕±学位论文山东大学黄慧.上海外国语大学,2007建构主义视角下的大学英语语法教学研究(请±论文),2007..龙献平,刘喜琴,大学生英语语法学习观的调查及其对语法教学的启示外语28-30与外语教学,6,秦伟繁.,2010关于大学英语教师对语法及语法教学的观念调查(硕±论文),西北师范大学""""2005----张香存.FocusonFormsFocusonForm,中国大学英语教师对和教学方-法的认知..外语教学32024,,70
山东大学硕±学位论文Appendix1QuestionnaireforStudents调查问卷(学生版)亲爱的同学们,此问卷的目的是调查高中学生对英语语法教学的认识和态度。问卷不记名,所有数据和资料均用于对英语语法教学的研究,不会池露给其他人员和机构,所W请同学们不必担也,如实作答。谢谢您的合作!I您所在年级①高一②高二性别①男②女问卷中的问题均有四个选项作为答案,代表您对每项陈述的态度,请在您要选择的数字上划V①非常同意②同意③不同意④非常不同意1语法学习对于最终掌握英语送口语言是非常重要的。①②③④2我认为如果我学习语法并练习,我的英语水平能得到很快的提高。①②⑨④3语法学习对英语学习是有帮助的。①②⑨④4我喜欢学习语法。①②⑤④5目前高中英语课堂比较重视语法教学。①②⑤④6英语课上应该有更多的语法教学。①②③④7在英语课堂上老师不进行语法教学.,我会觉得没有安全感①②⑨④8通过语法教学能够提高语法使用的正确率。①②③④9理解语法规则对语法学习来说很重要。①②③④10理解语法规则后应用到写作和言语交际中并不容易。①②⑤④一11当我在用英语写作或阅读自己的英语作文时,我般会牢记语法规则。①②⑨④71
山东大学硕止学位论文…12当我在用英语交流时,我般会牢记语法规则。①②③④13我认为学英语最难的就是语法。①②③④一14语法应该在听说读写课上学,不必单独开设口语法课。①②③④15讲解分析语法后,老师应该设计课堂活动让学生单独进行语法练习。①②③④16讲解分析语法后,老师应该设计课堂活动让学生在小组中进行语法练习。①⑨③④17在类似实际生活的情景模拟中(例如,采访,角色扮演)练习使用英语比只分析和练习语法结构更有效。①②⑨④18相比较于听老师讲解分析语法。,通过例句自己归纳语法规则更加有效①②③④19在课堂教学中,使用中文进行语法教学比使用英语更有效.①②③④20做语法练习占去我英语学习的大部分时间。①②⑨④21在课堂上,我们经常就语法问题展开讨论。①②⑤④22课堂上老师开展的语法活动很有趣。①②⑤④23目前的语法教学对我的语法学习很有帮助。①②③④十分感谢您在紧张的学习之余抽出时间完成我的问卷调查!这些信息不仅对我来说弥足珍贵!,对本校的教学发展也会有所帮助。再次感谢您的支持与参与72
j山东乂学硕.:学位论文AppendixIIQuestionnaireforTeachers调查问卷(教师版)亲爱的老师们,此问卷的目的是调查高中教师对英语语法教学的认识和态度。问卷不记名,所有数据和资料均用于对英语语法教学的研究,不会泄露给其他人员和机构,所W请老师们不必担也,如实作答。谢谢您的合作!您的教学年级?高一②高二③高兰性别①男②女,请在您选择的数字问卷中的问题均有四个选项作为答案,代表您对每项陈述的态度上划V①非常同意②同意③不同意④非常不同意1对,于青少年或成年人,在英语学习基本局限于课堂教学的情况下语法学习对于最终掌握英语这口语言是非常重要的。①②⑨④2总体来说,如果学生学习语法并练习,他们英语的总体水平能得到很快的提高。①②③④3语法学习对英语学习是有帮助的。①②③④4总体来说,学生喜欢学习语法。①②③④5目前高中英语课堂比较重视语法教学。①②③④6总体来说,相比于现在的课堂语法学习,英语课上应该有更多的语法教学。①②③④7在英语课堂上老师不进行语法教学,学生会觉得没有安全感。①②③④8通过语法教学能够提高语法使用的正确率。①②③④9理解语法规则对语法学习来说很重要。①②③④10理解语法规则后应用到写作和言语交际中并不容易。①②③④73
山东大学硕上学位论文一11当学生在用英语写作或阅读自己的英语作文时,他们般会牢记语法规则。①②③④一12当学生在用英语交流时,他们般会牢记语法规则。①②③④13我认为学英语最难的就是语法。①②③④一14语法应该在听说读写课上学,不必单独开设口语法课。①②③④15讲解分析语法后,老师应该设计课堂活动让学生单独进行语法练习。①②③④16讲解分析语法后,老师应该设计课堂活动让学生在小组中进行语法练习。①②③④17在类似实际生活的情景模拟中(例如,采访,角色扮演)练习使用英语比只分析和练习语法结构更有效。①②③④18相比较于听老师讲解分析语法,学生通过例句自己归纳语法规则更加有效。①②⑤④19在课堂教学中,使用中文进行语法教学比使用英语更有效。①②③④20做语法练习占去学生英语学习的大部分时间。①②③④21在课堂上,师生经常就语法问题展开讨论。①②③④22课堂上我设计开展的语法活动很有趣。①②③④23目前的语法教学对学生的语法学习很有帮助。①②③④十分感谢您在紧张的工作之余抽出时间完成我的问卷调查!这些信息不仅对我来说弥!足珍贵,对本校的教学发展也会有所帮助。再次感谢您的支持与参与74
山东人学硕t:学位论义Appendix田GuidinuestionsforInterviewsgQl.aDoyouthinkrammarisimportantinforeignlanguagelearningg?l.bDoouthttinkhesudoframmarhelsinlearninaforeinlanuae?yygpgggg2Doyou/yourstudentslikethestudyofgrammar?Whyorwhy打ot?3DoyouthinkgrammaristhemostdifficultpartinE打glishteachingandlearning?4aDo化tt.youracher/youareaaUentionorammarteachininEnlishclass?pygggg4Do.byou/yourstudentsspendmostofthetimeofEnglishlearningingrammarexercse?i5.aDoyouthinkthereshouldbemoreformalstudyoframmarintheforei打lanuaeggggcourses?5.bIfthereis打ogrammarteachi打ginclass,howdoou/ourstudentsfeel?yy6.aDoyouthinkunderstandinggrammaticalrulesisimportantingrammarstudy?Whatareyourreasons?6.bDooukeerammarrulesinmindwhileseakinorreadin/Doouthinkourypgpgg?yystudentskeeprammarrulesi打mi打dwhileseaki打orreadin?gpgg7InouroinionwhatlanuaeshouldbeusedinrammarCachinthefirstyp,gggg,languageorthetargetlanguage?*8Whatarethemethodsofgrammarteachi打gyoupiefer?Deductiveorinductiveapproach?Focuso打formorfocusonforms?9Whatkindofgrammaractivitdoouthinkismorehelfulindividualracticeoryyp,pgrouactivity?paInourononaetheCacacttnntetnor打ot?lO.ypii,rgrammarhingiviiesiclassiresiglO.bInouroinionisthecurrentrammarl:eachi打inclasshelfulornot?yp,gpg
山东大学倾山学位论文AcknowledementsgAs也ewritingof化e化esiscomestoanend,Iwouldhketogivemy也ankstoallm-thosewhohaveheledmeduri打ythesiswritinga打dthreeearostraduatestud.pgypgyFirst,IwouldliketogivemysincereratitudetomysuervisorProfessorWanJunugpgjwhoaveacademcuidmtsFomchoos打etototgiganceandhelpforyhesi.rigthpicheperfectio打oftheframeworkandthecarefulmodificatio打foreachchap1:er,shegavemanyrecioussuestionstome.Themodificationof化etoic化esuestio打sfor化estructurepggp,gganderrorCO打ectiononlanguagereallycostheralotoftimeandeforts.WUhoutherteachingandassista打ceitwouldbeimssibleformetocomilethisthesis.,popThethesisisalsoindeb1:edtothefollowing1:eachers:ZhiXuemin,myheadt:eacherbackinthemiddleschool,whohelpedmedistributeandcollectthequestionnaires,andProfessorCathBenso打intheUniversitof目dinburhwhoheledmemodiminitialyyg,pfyyresearchideasandiendmerelatedresearchbooks.Ialsowouldliketo化ankt:heprofessorstttPinheSchoolofForei打LanuaesandLieraureincludinrofessorLiuZhenianLiuggg,gq,ShizhuandWangYing.Theyhavegivenmeprofessionallecturesduringthreeyearsofpostgraduates化dy.Mygratitudeshouldalsobegiventomyfriendsandclassmatesi打ShandongUniversitywhogavemesuggestio打stotheresearchdesignandmythesiswriting.Ialsowould1化e化givemythankstostudentsand化achersin化ehighschoolfor化eirparticipationi打thequestionnaireandinterview.Lastbut打otleast,Iamgratefultomyparentsforallof化eirsupport.Theygavemeconfide打cea打de打couragementtofinishmythesiswriting.Withouttheirspiritualandmaterialsuortthisthesiswould打otbefinishedsosmoothl.pp,y76
学位论文评阅及答辩情况隶.专业技术总体评价A江化*AA姓省_^是否硕导所在单位XW职务產4评事g参&论朵巧?g^祭-JI阅人:专业技乂姓净11是否硕导所在单位职务主席14?毒教後是山东休旅大缘A系大刮世铸教據:等^答辩声參教媛是山餐太奪委A委员会成员员難g良^答辩秘书浆衙答辩日巧如化女、W意是窥資 ̄备注I"*《。","。<,优秀为A;良好为B;合卷为C;不合格为D.