高中英语语法时态和语态 8页

学而思教育·学习改变命运思考成就未来！高考网www.gaokao.com高中英语语法(时态和语态)一．动词的时态时态是谓语动词所表示的动作或情况发生时间的各种形式。英语动词有16种时态，但是常见的只有九种：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、过去将来时、现在完成进行时。(一）一般现在时（do/does）1．具体用法1)表示经常性或习惯性动作Wealwayscareforeachotherandhelpeachother.我们总是互相关心互相帮助。Hegoestoschooleveryday.2)表示现在的特征或状态Heisveryhappy.Doyousing?----Alittle.3)表示普遍真理Lighttravelsfasterthansound.光速比声速快。Actionsspeaklouderthanwords.行动胜过言语。*常与一般现在时态连用的词或短语主要有：often,usually,sometimes,everyday,　　everymorning/afternoon,onSundays/weekends等等。　　IoftengotothecinemaonSundays.我经常星期天去看电影。　　Hegoestoworkearlyeveryday.他每天上班很早。（二）一般过去时(did)（1）表示过去某一特定时间所发生的、可完成的动作或状态，常与表示确切过去时间的词、短语或从句连用。例如：Wewenttothepictureslastnightandsawaveryinterestingfilm.（2）表示过去习惯性动作。例如：　　Healwayswenttoclasslast.　　Iusedtodomyhomeworkinthelibrary.（三）一般将来时(will/shalldo)　　1）表示将来打算进行或期待发生的动作或状态。例如：Ishallgraduatenextyear.　　2）一般将来时有时可以表示一种倾向或习惯性动作。如Cropswilldiewithoutwater.Youwon’tsucceedwithouttheirsupport.3)几种替代形式：　　*begoingto+v在口语中广泛使用，表示准备做或将发生的事情。例如：I"mgoingtobuyahousewhenwe"vesavedenoughmoney.　　*beto+v表示计划安排要做的事，具有"必要"的强制性意义。例如：Iamtoplaytennisthisafternoon.　　*beaboutto+v表示即将发生的事情。例如：Hewasabouttostart.　　*bedueto+v表示预先确定了的事，必定发生的事。例如：Thetrainisduetodepartintenminutes.5）少数动词如：begin,come,leave,go,arrive,start,stop,return,open,close等的一般现在时可用来表示将来的动作。（多用来表示按计划事先安排好即将发生的动作，句中通常还有一个表示将来的时间状语）。例如：Themeetingbeginsatseven.Thetrainstartsatnineinthemorning.8 学而思教育·学习改变命运思考成就未来！高考网www.gaokao.com（四）现在进行时(is/aredoing)1）表示现在某时或某段时间内正在进行的动作。常与现在进行时连用的词组是now，rightnow，atthemother，forthetimebeing，forthepresent,或某个具体的时间（几点钟）。Heiswritingaletternow.SheisvisitingBeijingthisweek.2）有时用来代替一般现在时态，表示一个经常性动作或状态，这时是为了表示一种感情（如赞叹，厌烦，满意，不满等）Heisalwaysthinkingofhiswork.(表示赞许)Theboyisalwaystalkinginclass.（表示不满）3)有时用来表示一个在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作（这时多有一个表示未来的时间的状语）WeareleavingonFriday.我们星期五动身。Howmanyofyouarecomingtotheparty?（五）现在完成时（have/hasdone）　　（1）现在完成时用来表示对目前状况仍有影响的，刚刚完成的动作（常与yet，already，just连用），或者过去某一时刻发生的，持续到现在的情况（常与for，since连用）。例如：Ihavejustfinishedmyhomework.Maryhasbeenillforthreedays.　　（2）常与现在完成时连用的时间状语有：since,for,during,over等引导出的短语；副词already,yet,just,ever,now,before,often,lately,recently等；状语词组thisweek(morning,month,year),sofar,uptonow,manytimes,uptothepresent等。例如：Sofar,shehasn"tenjoyedthesummervacation.Therehavebeenalotofchangessince1978.（3）完成时态可用在下列结构中：*This(That,It)is(was)thefirst(second...)time+定语从句；*This(That,It)is(was)theonly(last)+n+定语从句；*This(That,It)is(was)+形容词最高级+n+定语从句。如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时，从句的谓语动词通常用现在完成时；如果主句谓语动词是一般过去时，从句谓语动词通常用过去完成时。例如：　（1）Thisisoneoftherarestquestionsthathaveeverbeenraisedatsuchameeting.　（2）Therewasaknockatthedoor.Itwasthesecondtimesomeonehadinterruptedmethatevening.（六）过去进行时(was/weredoing)　　过去进行时表示一个过去的动作发生时或发生后，另一个过去的动作正在进行，或表示过去反复的习惯，常与always，continually，constantly等动词连用。例如：　　1）Wewerediscussingthematterwhentheheadmasterentered.2）WheneverIvisitedhim,hewasalwayswritingatthedesk.（七）过去完成时(haddone)（1）表示过去某时间前已经发生的动作或情况，这个过去的时间可以用by，before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示；或者表示一个动作在另一个过去动作之前已经完成。例如：　1）WehadjusthadourbreakfastwhenTomcamein.　2）Bytheendoflastyeartheyhadturnedout5,000bicycles.（2）动词expect,hope,mean,intend,plan,suppose,wish,want,desire等用过去完成时，表示过去的希望、预期、意图或愿望等没有实现。例如：　Ihadmeanttotakeagoodholidaythisyear,butIwasn"tabletogetaway.　另外两种表示"过去想做而未做的事"的表达方式是：　1）was/were+tohavedonesth,例如：8 学而思教育·学习改变命运思考成就未来！高考网www.gaokao.com　Weweretohavecomeyesterday,butwecouldn"t.　2）intended(expected,hope,meant,planned,supposed,wished,wanted,desired)+tohavedonesth,如：　Imeanttohavetoldyouaboutit,butIforgottodoso.（3）过去完成时常用于以下固定句型：　1）hardly,scarcely,barely+过去完成时+when+过去时。例如：　HardlyhadIgotonthebuswhenitstartedtomove.　2）nosooner+过去完成时+than+过去时。例如：　NosoonerhadIgoneoutthanhecametoseeme.　3）by(theendof)+过去时间，主句中谓语动词用过去完成时。例如：　Theexperimenthadbeenfinishedby4o"clockyesterdayafternoon.(八)一般过去将来时1.一般过去将来时的形式Should/would+动词原形was/were+动词-ing形式2.一般过去将来时常用于宾语从句中，其主语的谓语动词为过去时态，可表示从过去某时看来将要发生的事情，如：Hesaidthathewouldspeakatthemeeting.Hewassixty-eight.Intwoyearshewouldbeseventy.（九）现在完成进行时(has/havebeendoing)现在完成进行时表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去某一时刻。例如：　Ihavebeenlookingformylostbookforthreedays,butIstillhaven"tfoundit.运用动词时态要注意的几个问题（一）在时间和条件等状语从句中不要用将来时态，如We’llgivehimthebookifhewantsit.Hedecidedtofightbackifhewashitagain.I’llcallyouassoonasI’vefinishedmywork.(二)时态的一致（时态的呼应），如Wesawthatthesmokewascomingfromawindow.Ididn’tknowifshewouldcome.Headmittedthathehadbeenonthemarch.*不进行时态调整的情况：1）从句说的是一种普遍真理，如：Longago,peopledidn’tknowtheearthmovesroundthesun.2）当从句的谓语改成过去时可能造成误会，如Didhesaythatthetrainleavesat5:30?（三）瞬间动词在完成时态中的使用，如：误：Ihavereceivedherletterforthreemonths.正：Ireceivedherletterthreemonthsago.正：ItisthreemonthssinceIreceivedherletter.（四）注意某些要求一定时态的句型*was/weredoingsth.when…didsth.Iwasreadingabookwhenthebellrang*was/wereabouttodosth.when…didsth.Wewereabouttoleavewhenthetelephonerang.Shewasabouttogooutwhenitstartedtorain*表示做事做了第几次或共几次，要用完成时态，如：It’sthefirsttimeI’veseenher.8 学而思教育·学习改变命运思考成就未来！高考网www.gaokao.comWehavebeentherethreetimes.*Itis/hasbeen…since…Itis(hasbeen)twoweekssinceIcamehere.Shesaiditwasfivehourssinceshehadfinishedherwork.*hardly…when…Wehadhardlygotinthecropswhenitbegantorain.Hardlyhadwegotinthecropswhenitbegantorain.*nosooner…than…Ihadnosoonercomeintotheroomthanthedoorwasclosed.NosoonerhadIcomeintotheroomthanthedoorwasclosed.二．动词的语态　语态也是动词的一种形式，英语有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，而被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。　　1）Weuseelectricitytorunmachines.　（主动语态）　　2）Electricityisusedtorunmachines.　（被动语态）　　1．不能用于被动语态的动词和短语　　（1）在英语中，不及物动词不能用于被动语态，但有些不及物动词（包括短语）容易引起误用。如：appear,belong,belong,die,escape,fall,happen,last,remain,succeed,occur,cometrue,takeplace,consistof。　　（2）某些表示状态或特征的及物动词，如：become,contain,cost,fit,have,resemble,suit也没有被动语态。　　2．被动语态的时态形式　　常用的被动语态有下表所列的几种时态形式。时间　　一般时　　　　　　　进行时　　　　　　完成时现在　amasked　　　　　ambeingasked　　　　　isasked　　　　　isbeingasked　　areasked　　　　arebeingasked过去　wasbeasked　　　wasbeingasked　　　werebeasked　　werebeingasked将来　shallbeasked　　　　　　　　　　　shallhavebeenasked　　　willbeasked　　　　　　　　　　　　willhavebeenasked过去　shouldbeasked　　　　　　　　　　　shouldhavebeenasked将来　wouldbeasked　　　　　　　　　　　wouldhavebeenasked　　3．短语动词的被动语态　　短语动词转换为被动语态时，通常被看作是一个动词，后面的介词或副词不能拆开或省略。例如：　　1）Sofarnocorrectconclusionhasarrivedat.　　2）Alltherubbishshouldbegotridof.　　4．"get+-ed分词"的被动语态　　"get+-ed分词"结构强调动作的结果，而非动作本身，常用来表示突发性的，出乎意料的偶然事件。例如：　　Theboygothurtonhiswayhomefromwork.　　另外，"get+-ed分词"还可用于谈论为自己做的事，是主动的行为而不是被动的行为。例如：　　getdressed（穿衣服）　　getdivorced（离婚）　　getengaged（订婚）　　　getconfused（迷惑不解）　　getlost（迷路）　　　　　getwashed（洗脸）　　getmarried（结婚）　　5．被动语态与系表结构的区别8 学而思教育·学习改变命运思考成就未来！高考网www.gaokao.com　　（1）Thenovelwaswellwritten.（系表结构）　　（2）ThenovelwaswrittenbyDiskens.（被动语态）　　6．不能用于被动语态的及物动词，如：have,fit,hold,lack,cost…Ihaveacomputer.Thehallcanhold200people.7.主动性式表被动意义①当feel、look、smell、taste、sound等后面接形容词时；当cut、read、sell、wear、write等词带状语修饰语时；当动词表示“开始、结束、关、停、转、启动”等意义时。Thiskindofclothwasheseasily.这种布易洗。Thesenovelswon’tsellwell.这些小说不畅销。Mypenwritessmoothly.我的钢笔写起来很流畅。Thedoorwon’tlock.门锁不上。Thefishsmellsgood.鱼闻起来香。②当breakout、takeplace、shutoff、turnoff、workout等动词表示“发生、关闭、制定”等意思时。Theplanworkedoutsuccessfully.Thelampsonthewallturnoff.③want,require,need后面的动名词用主动表示被动含义。④beworthdoing用主动形式表示被动含义。⑤在“be+形容词+todo”中，不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语，用主动代被动。Thiskindofwaterisn’tfittodrink.Thegirlisn’teasytogetalongwith.另外：betoblame(受谴责)，betorent（出租）也用主动形式表被动。Choosetherightanswer1.They_____friendssincetheymetinShanghai.A.havemadeB.havebecomeC.havebeenD.havehad2.Thesecretaryisgoingtoreporttothemanagerassoonashe______.A.willarriveB.arrivesC.isgoingtoarriveD.isarriving3.Weallknowthatice______.A.feelcoldB.isfeltsoldC.isfeelingcoldD.feelscold4.---Thiscloth_____welland_____long.---OK.I’lltakeit.A.washes;lastsB.iswashed;lastedC.washes,islastedD.iswashing,lasting5.Helen_____herkeyintheofficesoshehadtowaituntilherhusband_____home.A.hasleft;comesB.left;hadcomeC.hadleft;cameD.hadleft;wouldcome6.It_____everydaysofarthisweek.A.israiningB.rainedC.rainsD.hasbeenraining7.---Areyougoingtothemoviestonight?---Yes,I______myworkbythattime.A.willfinishB.finishC.amgoingtofinishD.willhavefinished8.---WasthedrivingpleasantwhenyouvacationedinMexicolastsummer?---No,it_____forfourdayswhenwearrived,sotheroadswereverymuddy.A.wasrainingB.wouldberainingC.hadbeenrainingD.hasrained9.Youwon’tknowifthecoatfitsyouuntilyou_____iton.8 学而思教育·学习改变命运思考成就未来！高考网www.gaokao.comA.willtryB.aretryingC.triedD.havetried10.Mydictionary_______,Ihavelookedforiteverywherebutstill_______.A.haslost;don’tfindB.ismissing;don’tfindC.haslost;haven’tfoundD.ismissing;haven’tfound11.---Howlong______eachotherbeforethey_____married?---Foraboutayear.A.havetheyknown;getB.didtheyknow;weregoingtogetC.dotheyknow;aregoingtogetD.hadtheyknown;got12.---Comein,Peter,Iwanttoshowyousomething.---Oh,howniceofyou.I_____you_____tobringmeagift.A.neverthink;aregoingB.neverthought;weregoingC.didn’tthink;aregoingD.hadn’tthought;weregoing13.WhenJackarrivedhelearnedMary_______foralmostanhour.A.hadgoneB.hadsetoffC.hadleftD.hadbeenaway14---I’msorrytokeepyouwaiting.---Oh,notatall.I______hereonlyafewminutes.A.havebeenB.hadbeenC.wasD.will15.Thepolicefoundthatthehouse_______andslotofthings______.A.hasbrokeninto;hasbeenstolenB.hadbrokeninto;hadbeenstolenC.hasbeenbrokeninto;stolenD.hadbeenbrokeninto;stolen16.---Haveyoumovedintothehouse?---Notyet.Therooms________.A.arebeingpaintedB.arepaintingC.arepaintedD.arebeingpainting17.Ifthecitynoises_______fromincreasing,people______shouttobeheardatthedinnertable20yearsfromnow.A.arenotkept;willhavetoB.arenotkept;havetoC.donotkeep;willhavetoD.donotkeep,haveto18.---________thesportsmeetmightbeputoff.---Yes,italldependsontheweather.A.I’vebeentoldB.I’vetoldC.I’mtoldD.Iwastold19.Idon’tthinkJimsawme;he______intospace.A.juststared(凝视)B.wasjuststaringC.hasjuststaredD.hadjuststared20.---_______myglasses?---Yes,I_______themonyourbedaminuteago.A.Doyousee;sawB.Hadyouseen;haveseenC.Haveyouseen;sawD.Wouldyousee;saw21.---Wecouldhavewalkedtothestation;itwassonear.---Yes.Ataxi_______atallnecessary.A.wasn’tB.hadn’tbeenC.wouldn’tbeD.won’tbe22.---WhoisJerryCooper?---______?Isawyoushakehandswithhimatthemeeting.A.Don’tyoumeethimyetB.Hadn’tyoumethimyetC.Didn’tyoumeethimyetD.Haven’tyoumethimyet8 学而思教育·学习改变命运思考成就未来！高考网www.gaokao.com23.---Nancyisnotcomingtonight.---Butshe_______!A.promisesB.promisedC.willpromiseD.hadpromised24._______itwithmeandI’llseewhatIcando.A.WhenleftB.LeavingC.IfyouleaveD.Leave25.Itisclearthathispooreducation_______himback.A.hasbeenheldB.isholdingC.willbeheldD.hadheld26.---HowareyouplanningtotraveltoShanghai?---I____yet,butI______takingatrain.A.haven’tdecided;amconsideringB.haven’tdecided,considerC.didn’tdecided;amconsideringD.hadn’tdecided;haveconsidered27.ThepenI_______I_______isonmydesk,rightundermynose.A.think,loseB.thought,hadlostC.think,hadlostD.thought,havelost28.---Haveyouheardaboutthenewschool?---No,whenandwheretobuildthenewone_______yet.A.isnotdecidedB.arenotdecidedC.hasn’tdecidedD.haven’tdecided29.---Sorry,I’mlate.---That’sOK.I_____long.A.haven’twaitedB.don’twaitC.haven’tbeenwaitingD.didn’twait30.---Nancysatinthefrontseatontheleftsideoftheclassroom.---Oh!Ithoughtshe______intheback.A.willsitB.hadsatC.issittingD.hassat31.I______myfacewhensuddenlysomeone______atthedoor.A.washed,knockedB.washed,wasknockingC.waswashing,wasknockingD.waswashing,knocked32.I______atthestationhalfanhourago,butthetrain_____yet.A.arrived,hadn’tcomeB.wasarriving,hadn’tcomeC.arrived,hasn’tcomeD.hadarrived,didn’tcome33.---Whydidyoucomebytaxi?---MycarbrokedownlastweekandIstill_______itrepaired.A.haven’thadB.didn’thaveC.don’thaveD.won’thave34.I’msurprisedtofindyouherelookingwellandplayingtennis,Jim.Annsaidthatyou_____sick.A.areB.wereC.wouldbeD.hadbeen35.Theprice_________,butIdoubtwhetheritwillremainso.A.wentdownB.willgodownC.hasgonedoneD.wasgoingdown36.---DidyougotoQingdaoforvacationlastAugust?---I_______togo,butIgotsickatthelastminute.A.wasplanningB.hadbeenplanningC.plannedD.haveplanned37.IfinallygotthejobIdreamedabout.Neverinmylife_____sohappy.A.didIfeelB.IfeltC.IhadfeltD.hadIfelt38.---Howareyoutoday?---Oh,I________asillasIdonowforaverylongtime.A.didn’tfeelB.wasn’tfeelingC.don’tfeelD.haven’tfelt8 学而思教育·学习改变命运思考成就未来！高考网www.gaokao.com39.ThereportersaidtheUFO______easttowestwhenhesawit.A.wastravellingB.travelledC.hadbeentravellingD.wastotravel40.---Ithinkthatyouneed______practiceonplayingtheviolin.---______violinlessonseverytwoweeks,butIthinkI’llmakeiteveryweekfromnowon.A.less;IhaveB.less;I’vetakingC.more;IhaveD.more;I’vebeenhaving41.Iremember______forthejob,butIforgettheexactnumber.A.tobepaidB.beingpaidC.getpaidD.thatIreceivepay42.Bythistimeyoucome,I______thetask______tomelastmonth.A.havefinished,givenB.willhavefinished,tobegivenC.willhavefinished,givenD.havefinished,tobegiven43.Therewasaknockatthedoor.Itwasthesecondtimethatsomeone______methatevening.A.tohaveinterruptedB.wouldhaveinterruptedC.hadinterruptedD.tointerrupt44.----Itisalongtime______Isawyoulast.----Yes.Anditwillbealongtime______weseeeachotheragain.A.before,sinceB.since,beforeC.then,thenD.when,when45.We______thatyouwouldbeabletovisitus,butyoudidnot.A.hopeB.hopedC.hadhopedD.arehoping46.Maryfeltbothunpreparedandnervousabouttheinterviewwhichshe______thenextday.A.wasbouttofaceB.isgoingtofaceC.willfaceD.wastoface47.Insuchdryweather,theflowerswillhavetobewateredifthey______.A.havesurvivedB.aretosurviveC.wouldsurviveD.willsurvive48.----Areyoumemberoftheclub?----______.It’stenyearssinceI______amemberoftheclub.A.Yes,wasB.No,becameC.Yes,hadbeenD.No,was49.She______lawthemomentshehasfinishedhighschool.A.isgoingtostudyB.istostudyC.isabouttostudyD.willbestudying50.Thebikesproducedinthatfactoryareofhighquality.Sothey______wellbothathomeandabroad.A.sellB.aresoldC.maybesoldD.aretobesold8