英语语法之动词 9页

1系动词系动词亦称联系动词（LinkVerb）,作为系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语（亦称补语），构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。说明：有些系动词乂是实义动词，该动词表达实义时，冇词义，可单独作谓语。例如：Hefellillyesterday.他昨天病了。（fell是系动词,后跟补足语，说明主语情况。）Hefellofftheladder.他从梯子上摔下来。fell是实义动词，单独作谓语。1）状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be—词。例如：lieisateacher.他是一名教师。（is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。）2）持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep,rest,remain,stay,lie,stand。例如:Healwayskeptsilentatmeeting.他开会时总保持沉默。Thismatterrestsamystery・此事仍是一个谜。3）表像系动词用來表示"看起來像"这一概念，主耍有seem,appear,look。例如：Helookstired.他看起来很累。Heseems（tobe）verysad.他看起來很伤心。4）感官系动词感官系动词主耍冇feel,smell,sound,taste。例如：Thiskindofclothfeelsverysoft.这种布手感很软。Thisflowersmellsverysweet・这朵花闻起来很香。5）变化系动词这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,rurio例如：Hebecamemadafterthat.口那之后，他疯了。Shegrewrichwithinashorttime.她没多长时间就富了。6）终止系动词表示主语己终止动作，主要冇prove,turnout,表达"证实"，"变成"之意。例如：Therumorprovedfalse・这谣言证实有假。Thesearchproveddifficult.搜查证实很难。Hisplanturnedoutasuccess.他的计划终于成功了。（lurnout表终止性结果）5.2助动词1）协助主要动词构成谓语动词的词叫助动词。被协助的动词称作主要动词。助动词自身没有词义，不可单独使用。例如：Hedoesn"tlikeEnglish.他不喜欢英语。（doesnt是助动词，无词义；like是主要动词，有词义）2）助动词协助主耍动词完成以下功用，可以用來：a.表示时态。例如：Heissinging.他在唱歌。Hehasgotmarried・他己结婚。b.表示语态。例如：HewassenttoEngland.他被派往英国。C.构成疑问句。例如：Doyoulikecollegelife?你喜欢大学生活吗?DidyoustudyEnglishbeforeyoucamehere?你来这儿之前学过英语吗?d.与否定副词not合用，构成否定句。例如：Idon"t1ikehim.我不喜欢他。e.加强语气。例如：Docometothepartytomorrowevening.明天晚上一定来参加晚会。Hedidknowthat.他的确知道那件事。3）最常用的助动词冇：be,have,do,shall,will,should,would等。5.3助动词be的用法1）be+现在分词，构成进行时态。例如：Theyarehavingameeting.他们正在开会。Englishisbecomingmoreandmoreimportant・英语现在越來越重耍。2）be+过去分词，构成被动语态。例如：ThewindowwasbrokenbyTom..窗户是汤姆打碎的。 Englishistaughtthroughouttheworld.世界各地都教英语。3）be+动词不定式，可表示下列内容：a.表示最近、未來的计划或安排。例如：HeistogotoNewYorknextweek..他下周要去纽约。Wearetoteachthefreshmen.我们要教新生。说明：这种用法也可以说成是一种将來时态表达法。b.表示命令。例如：Youaretoexplainthis.对此你要做出解释。Heistocometotheofficethisafternoon.要他今天下午来办公室。c.征求意见。例如：HowamItoanswerhim?我该怎样答复他？Whoistogothere?谁该去那儿呢?d.表示相约、商定。例如：Wearetomeetattheschoolgateatseventomorrowmorning.我们明天早晨7点在校门口集合。5.4助动词have的用法1）have+过去分词，构成完成时态。例女II：HehasleftforLondon.他己去了伦敦。Bytheendoflastmonth,theyhadfinishedhalfoftheirwork.上月未为止，他们已经完成工作的一半。2）hcive+been+现在分词，构成完成进行时。例如：IhavebeenstudyingEnglishfortenyears.我一直在学英语，已达十年之久。3）have+been+过去分词，构成完成式被动语态。例如：EnglishhasbeentaughtinChinaformanyyears.中国教英语已经多年。5.5助动词do的用法1）构成一般疑问句。例如：DoyouwanttopasstheCET?你想通过大学英语测试吗？DidyoustudyGerman?你们学过德语吗？2）do+not构成否定句。例如：Idonotwanttobecriticized.我不想挨批评。Hedoesn"tliketostudy.他不想学习。Inthepast,manystudentsdidnotknowtheimportanceofEnglish.过去，好多学生不知道英语的重要性。3）构成否定祈使句。例如：Don*tgothere.不要去那里。Don*tbesoabsent-minded.不耍这么心不在焉。说明：构成否定祈使句只用do,不用did和doeso4）放在动词原形前，加强该动词的语气。例如：Docometomyb让thdayparty.一定來参加我的生H宴会。Ididgothere.我确实去那儿了。Idomissyou.我确实想你。5）用于倒装句。例如：NeverdidIhearofsuchathing.我从未听说过这样的事诸。OnlywhenwcbeginourcollegelifedowerealizetheimportaneeofEnglish.进了人学以后，我们才认识到英语的重耍性。说明：引导此类倒装句的副词有never,seldom,rarely,1ittle,only,so,wel1等。6）用作代动词。例如：DoyoulikeBeijing?--你喜欢北京吗？——Yes,1do.一是的，喜欢。（do用作代动词，代替likeBeijing.）lieknowshowtodriveacar,doesn*the?他知道如何开车，对吧?5.6助动词shall和will的用法shall和will作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一般将來时。例如：IshallstudyharderatEnglish.我将更加努力地学习英语。liewillgotoShanghai.他要去上海。说明：在过去的语法中，语法学家说shall用于第一人称，will只用丁-第二、第三人称。现在，尤英是在口语中，will常用于第一人称，但shall只用于第-•人称，如用于第二、第三人称，就失去助动词的意义, 已变为情态动词，试比较：Heshallcome.他必须来。（shall有命令的意味。）Hewillcome.他要来。（will只与动词原形构成一般将来时。）5.7助动词should,would的用法1）should无词义，只是shall的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将來时，只用丁•第一人称。例如：Itelephonedhimyesterdaytoaskwhat1shoulddonextweek.我昨天给他打电话,问他我下周干什么。比较："Whatshall1donextweek?"1asked.我下周干什么？"我问道。可以说，shall变成间接引语吋，变成了should。2）would也无词义，是will的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，用于第二、第三人称。例如：Hesaidhewouldcome.他说他耍來。比较："I叭11go,"hesaid.他说："我要去那儿。"变成间接引语，就成了Hesaidhewouldcome。原来的will变成would,go变成了come.©5.8短语动词动词加小品构成的起动词作用的短语叫短语动词。例如：Turnofftheradio.把收音机关上。（turnoff是短语动词）短语动词的构成基木冇下列几种：1）动词+副词,in：blackout；2）动词+介词,如：lookinto；3）动词+副词+介词，如：lookforwardto。构成短语动词的副词和介词都统称为小品词。5.9非谓语动词在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式:不定式，动名词，和分词（分词包括现在分词和过去分词）。1）不定式时态语态主动被动一般式todotobedone完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone2）动名词时态语态主动被动一般式doingbeingdone完成式havingdonehavingbeendone3）分词时态语态主动被动i般式doingbeingdone完成式havingdonehavingbeendone否定形式：not+不定式，not+动名词，not+现在分词助动词练习1.1.Tfitisfinetomorrow,weafootbal1match・a.haveb.willhavec.hasd・shallhas2.2.Whenhewasatschool,heearlyandttikeawalkbeforebreakfast・a.willriseb・shallriseb・shouldrisewouldrise3・3・Inthepast30yearsChinagreatadvancesinthesocialistrevolutionandsocialistconstruction.a.hasmadeb・havemadec.hadmaded・havingmade4.4.TgotobeduntilTfinishedmywork・a.don"t/hadb・didt/havec.didt/hadd・don"t/have5.5.youthinkhebackbydinnertime?a.Do/havecomeb・Did/wi11havecomec.Does/wi11comed・Do/willhavecome6.6.11esaidthathedroppedhisbagwhenheforthebus・ a.wasruningb・wasrunningc.wererunningd・isrunning7.7.Nosoonerhearrivedhomethanhetostartonanotherjournoy・a.has/wasaskedb・have/wereaskedc.had/isaskedd・had/wasasked8.8.“yougivemearoomforthenight?”Taskedonarrivingatthehote1・a.Shouldb.Canc.Mightd・May9.9.Therearenineofthem,sogetintothecaratthestimetime・a.theymaynotatallb・alltheymaynotc.theycan，talld・alltheycan，t10.10.uWedicin"tseehimatthelectureyesterday."Heit.”a.musttattendb・cannothaveattendeda.wouldhavenotattendedd・needthaveattended11.11.“Yourealizethatyouweredrivingat100mph,don"tyou?”"No,officer・I・Thiscarcan"tdomorethtin80.”a.didn,tneedtobeb・maynothavebeenc.couldn,thavebeend・needn,thavebeen12.12.hewasagoodrunnersoheescapefromthepolice・a.mightb・succeededtoc.wouldd・wasableto13・13>Ifthey,ourplanwillfallflat.a.areco-operatingb・hadnotco-operatedc・won"tco-operated・didn,tco-operate14.14.Thopedmyletter.a・hertoanswerb・lhalshewouldanswerc.lhalsheanswersd・heransweringthecountrythanintoc.hadbetter15.15.Heliveina.prefersb・likes16.16.toseeafilmwithustoday?a.Didyoulikeb.Wouldyoulikethecity・d.wouldratherc.17.17.1"msorry,butThadnoalternative.Willyouliked.HaveyoulikedTsimplywhatTdid・a.mustdob・hadtodoc.oughttohavedoned・havetodo18.18.“Timeisrunningout,?”a.a.b・b.hadnJtwebettergotstartb・hadn"twebettergetstarthadn"twebettergetstartedd・hadn"twebetternotstarted19.19.Noonethattohisface.a・daressayb・daressayingc.daresayd・daretosaynottomakesomuchnoise.20.20.Thestudentsintheclassrooma.need21.21.Youa.oughtb・oughtlasttocomec.mustweekifyoub.oughttod.dcirewerereallybecomingseriousaboutyourwork,c.oughthavecomed.oughttohavecome22.22.Theelephantsoughthoursagobythekeepers.a.tobefedb・tofeedc.tobeingfedd・tohavebeenfed23.23."Iwonderwhythey"relate."Theythetrain.wa.canhavemissedb.couldmissc.mayhavemissedd・mightmiss24.24・"Tomgraduatedfromcollegeataveryyoungage・”“Hehavebeenanoutstdndingstudent•”a.a.mustb・couldc.shouldd.might25.25.Youtheexaminationagainsinceyouhadalreadypassedit.a.needthavetakenb・didtneedtotakec.needttaked.musin"ttake26・26.Heisreallyincompetent!Theletteryesterday.a.a.shouldbefinishedtypingb・mustbefinishedtypingb・b.musthavefinishedtypingc・shouldhavebeenfinishedtyping27.27.Theboytoldhisfatherthathewouldratheranastronaut・a.becomeb・lobecomec.becomingd・bectime28.28.Whenwereachedthestation,thetrainhadstillnotarrived;sowea.a.needednottohurryb・ncedn"thavehurriedb.b・neednottohavehurriedd.didtneedtohurry29・29.Sineeyourroommateisvisitingherfamilythisweckend,youliketohavedinnerwithustonight?a.wi11b・won"tc.wouldn"td・do30.30.Hewasafraidwhathehaddoneadisastrouseffectonhiscareer. a.mighthaveb・couldbec.havebeend・shallbe31・31.Hehardlysayanythingmore,sinceyouknowaboutit. a.don"tneedtob・needn"tc・needsd・need32・32・Youthelookonhisfacewhenhewontheprizc・a.wou1dhciveseenb・shouldhciveseenc.mustseed・canbeseeing33.33.Somepeoplethinkthestockmarketwillcrash,but_.a.a.1wonderifithappensb・1doubtifitwillhappena.Iamafraiditwouldn"thappend・1doubtifitdoeshappen34.34."WhateverhashappenedtoGeorge?n"Tdon"tknow.Helost.”a.canhavegotb.mayhavegotc.mightgetd・couldget35.35」lehasnoideawhatthebookisabout・liereadthebook・a.couldn"tb.couldn^thavec.mightthaved.shouldn"thave36.36.NewstudiesshowLhtittwoofSaturn，srings_Iongerthanthe4.5billionyearssincethebirthoftheSolarSystem・a.couldhavelastedb・shouldhavelastedc.wouldhavelastedd・mustbelasting37.37.Takethetelescopewithyouincaseyouitinyourexpedition.a.willneedb・wouldneedc.shouldneedd・couldneed38・3&Needhecomeatonce?Yes,he•a.mustb・mustnotc.needd・may39.39.Pleasetinswerthephone.Ittoseehim?bebyyourfcither.Ifitis,wouldyoutellthat1wenta.willb・shouldc.wouldd・could40.40.We"11nevergiveinwhatevertheysayordo.a.mayb・willc.shalld・should4L41.Withallthisworkonhand,hetothecinemalastnight.a.musttgob・wouldtgoc.oughtn,tgod・shouldthavegone42.42.Everyonethecakebecausetherewasn"tevenasmallpieceleft.a.must1ikeb・musthcive1ikedc.musthcivebeenlikingd・held1iked43.43.TwishtorecollectwhereTmether,?a.a.would1b・may1c.maynot1d・can144.44.1thinkhewi11daretherisk.a.not/・・b.do/notc.・・/notd・don"t/・・45.45.Ifreadingistoaccomplishanythingmorethanpassingtime,itbeactive,a.maynotb・mustc・mightd・isnot46.46.Youa.a.yourscatstodayifyouwanttogotothegame・hadbettertoreserveb.hadbetterreservec.hadtobetterreserved・heldtoreservebetter47.47.1theoperationunlessitisabsolutelynecessary.a.a.wouldrathernothaveb・wouldnotratherhadb・b.ratherwouldnothaved.rathernotwouldhavescientiststheirowneyesandearsthanthetheoriesoftheancients.a.a.wouldrathertobelieveb・wouldratherbelievec.ratherwouldbelieved.wi11ratherbelieve49.49.TotravelfromEnglandtoScotlandyouapassport・a.havenJtgotb.mustn，thavec.needn，td・don，tneed50.50.Oneofthestatementstobeuntrue・a.isturnedoutb・hasturnedoutc.havebeenturnedoutd・haveturnedout51・5Lldon"tknowwhetheritwi11rainornot,butifitrain,Ishallstayathome.a.willb・didc.doesd・shall52.52."You"dlikesometea,?”a.wouldtyoub・shouldtyouc.hadtyoud・didtyou53.53."Maywctakethebooksout?”a.No,youmaynotb・No,youcannotc・No,youcan"td・Pleasedon"t54.54."Twouldhavecomesooner,butT_thatyouwerewaiting・”a.didn,tknowb・hasn,tknownc.hadn,tknowd.haven"tknown55.55.Ifyoudon,twantto,youtogettherewithus.a.mustn,tb.can,tc.don，thaved・havenot56.56・Iwouldgotovisitthembut1thinktheyareanxioustoseeme. a.havenJtb・don,tc.doestd・didt 57.573Vhateveryoucando,■a.a.1Ccindosoaswellb・1candothisaswellb.b.Tcandoitaswel1d.Tcandoaswel15&5&IrealizedtheconsequencesIwouldneverhavecontemplatedgettinginvolved.a.Ikidb.Havec.Havingd.lias59.59.uPerhapssheisworkingforJohn."Yes,she_forhim.”a.a.needhavebeenworkingb・maybeworkingb・b・oughlhavebeenworkingd.oughlbeworking60.60・"TknowshewasinbecauseTheardherradio,butshedidtopenthedoor・”"Shethebell."a.b.61.a.b.“Hewasa.a.b.b.62.62.You_maynotbehearingmustnothaveheardsmoking.n“Thenheoughttohavebeenb.maynothaveheardd.mustnotbehearingnotsmokingoughtnottohavebeensmokingoutyesterdaywithoutacoat.b・oughttohavenotbeensmokingd.oughttonothavebeensmokingNowonderyoucaughtcold・a.oughtn,thavegoneb・shouIdn，thavegonec.mustthavegoned.con"thavegone63・63.aPaulwasridingabicycleolongthemotorwaywhonhowashitbythetrailerofalorry.”“Hea.C・64.64.1a.abicyclealongthemotorway：bicyclesarenotallowed・”shouldn,thavebeenridingb・couldn,thavebeenridingd・can"thavebeenridinga.oughtn"thavebeenridingamlistening.Butyouneedbe1isteninglislening65.65.Hea.b.66.66.1a.b.b・shouldbe1isteningc.needhavebeen1isteningd・oughtbewithuswouldhavelastnight・likedtogoshouldbeliked_hisfacewhena.shouldlikeyoub・should1ikeyoua.b.tohetotogooperwdtheseehciveseenbutTsayb.shouldliketobegoingd.wouldliketogoletter・b・wouldhavelikedyoutobeseend.wouId1ikeyouyoudoit.c.couldnot/nccdweek.shallaswelltosee67.67.Yousayyoudoit,a.oughtnot/couldb・willnot/shall68.68.Weputthemeetingoffforaa.canaswell69.69.winda.Doyouneed70.70.givea.Oughtn"ttoweb・Oughtn"tweto71.7L“Didyoublamehimforhismistakes?”a.I’drathernotdob・Vdnotratherdo72.72.Youhadbetteryourhaircut・a.heldb・hcivec.logetd・tohcive73.73.Mysisterdidn,tgotothepartylastnightbecausesheuntil9:30.b.willaswellc.yourwatcheveryday?b.Mustyouhavetohimachancetotry?c.Haveyoutoc.Oughttowea”d.d.mayd.Doshallnot/oughtaswellyouhavetonotd・Oughtn"twec・I’dbetternotdod・I’drathernotdoingthebabyforherfrienda.a.b・b.74.74.Marya.a.musthavelookedafterhadtolookafterisverylate,she•maymisshertrainb.b.d.wouldhavetolookaftershouldhavelookedafterhavemissedhertrainmustmisshertraind・couldmisshertrain75.75・Nomatterwhatyoumaysay,hetohisowna.a.wouldalwaysstickb・wi11alwaysstickstickto76.76・It‘svonderfu1thatyouhaveachievedsoa.mayb・canc.shouldd・wouldmayc.views.c.shouldalwaysstickd.mustalwaysmuchintheseyears.77.77.Thestudentsaskedwhetherhetakethebooksoutofthereading-room.a.couldb・mightc.shouldd・wou1d78.78.Hcstillbethinkingaboutthequestionyouraised・ a.mciyb・mightc・mustd・should79.79・I"dbegladifyougivemeanaccountofthefact.a.a.shal1b・shouldc.wouldd・may80.80.Heaccomplishthetaskintime・a.didb・hasc・isd・do助动词练习答案1B19C37C55C73C2D20B38A56B74B3A21D39D57D75B4C22D40A58A76C5D23C41D59B77A6B24A42B60B78B7D25B43B61C79C8B26D44D62B80A9C27A45B63A8110B28B46B64B8211C29C47A65A8312D30A48B66C8413c31D49D67B8514B32B50B68D8615D33B51C69D8716B34B52A70B8817B35B53D71A8918C36A54A72B90