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中考英语语法总复习专题一名词命题点一名词词义辨析(8年8考29次)1.—Whichseasondoyoulikebest?—_______.BecauseIlikegoskiing.A.SummerB.SpringC.AutumnD.Winter2.—Which______doyoulikebetter,Englishormath?—IpreferEnglishtomath.A.subjectB.languageC.schoolD.grade命题点二名词的数与名词所有格(8年5考6次)名词是中考考查的重点。考查内容主要为:1.名词单、复数的变化规律及其用法;2.不可数名词量的表达法;3.名词所有格的变化及其用法;4.名词作主语的一致问题;5.常用专有名词的表示法;6.具体语境中名词的词义和一些常用易混淆名词的区别。Ⅰ.名词的定义专有名词是具体的人和事物等特有名称。专有名词的第一个字母要大写,人名、地名、公共节日及月份、周日的名称等等都是属于专有名词。(见资料)如:YaoMing姚明;China中国;Christmas圣诞节等。Ⅱ.可数名词和不可数名词普通名词按照其所表示的事物的性质分为可数名词和不可数名词。1.可数名词可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。如:anapple;twoapples。★注意:a用于以辅音音素(指音标)开头的单数名词前;an用于以元音音素(指音标)开头的单数名词前。如:abook/buk/,auseful/ju:sful/book,anapple/’aepl/,aredapple,anhour/’aua/2.不可数名词:不可数名词包括物质名词和抽象名词,没有复数形式。Ⅲ.名词的数1.可数名词复数形式的规则变化:情况构成方法读音例词一般情况加-s清辅音后读/s/map-maps浊辅音和元音后读/z/bag-bags/car-cars以s,sh,ch,x等结尾加-es读/iz/bus-buses/watch-watchesWish-wishes/box-boxes以ce,se,ze,等结尾加-s读/iz/license-licenses以辅音字母+y结尾变y为i再加es读/z/baby---babies以f或fe结尾的名词,变f或fe为v,再加es读/vz/shelf→shelves,wolf→wolves,66
life→lives,knife→knives.2.可数名词复数形式的的不规则变化(1)元音或词尾发生变化如:man→men;woman→women;Frenchman→Frenchmen;tooth→teeth;foot→feet;child→children(2)单复数形式相同如:sheep→sheep;fish→fish;Chinese→Chinese;Japanese→Japanese;yuan→yuan (3)形式为单数意思为复数如:people,police(集合名词)(4)形式为复数意思为单数如:news,maths,physics,theUnitedStates等。(5)只用复数形式如:pants,shorts,clothes,glasses(眼镜)等。3.不可数名词的量的表示:(不能直接用数字;不能直接加a。an;无复数形式)Ⅳ.名词的所有格:1.有生命的名词所有格(1)单数名词后加’s。如:mybrother’sbook(2)不以s结尾的复数名词后加’s。如:thechildren’sfootball(3)以s结尾的复数名词后加’。如:theboys’game(4)以s结尾的专有名词后直接加’。如:Dickens’novels(5)某物为两个名词共有时,在第二个名词后加’s:如:TomandDavid’sroom.(6)表示两个名词各自拥有的东西,在两个名词后都加’s:如:Tom’sandDavid’srooms.2.无生命的事物的名词所有格(of所有格)练一练:1、写出下列各词的复数。I_________him_________this_______ her______watch_______mango____child_______photo________diary______ day_______foot________dress________tooth_______sheep______ box_______ strawberry_____thief_______engineer______peach______sandwich______ man______woman_______leaf_______ people________2、用所给名词的正确形式填空。(1)Aretheretwo(box)onthetable?(2)Icanseesome(people)inthecinema.(3)Howmany(day)arethereinaweek?(4)Here’refive(bottle)of (juice)foryou.(5)This(violin)ishers.Those(grape)areoverthere.1.Theygotmuch________ontheInternet.It’sveryusefulA.photoB.ideaC.massageD.information2.I’mreallysorryI’mlate.IhopeIdidn’tcauseyou___________.AtoomuchtroubleBsomanytroublesCmuchtootroubleDsomoretroubles3.WhenwesawLiuXiang’sface,weknew__________wasbad.AsomenewsBanewsCthenewsDnews66
4.---Excuseme,couldyoupleasemoveoveralittleandmakesome______forme?---Sure.AplacesBseatsCroomDground5---________lovelyday!Let’sgoforapicnic,shallwe?---Goodidea!AWhatBHowCWhataDHowa6._________wonderfulmovie!Welikeitverymuch.AWhatBWhataCHowDHowa7.________deliciousfoodyourmothercookedforusyesterday!AHowaBHowCWhataDWhat8.Thewomanoverthereis__________mother.ALucyandLilyBLucy’sandLilyCLucy’sandLily’sDLucy’andLily’s9.Themarketisn’tfarfromhere.It’sonly________bicycleride.Ahalfanhours’Bhalfanhour’sChalfanhourDanhourandahalf10.---Excuseme!Isthesupermarketfarfromhere?---No,it’sabout___________.A7minuteswalkB7minutewalkC7minutes’walkD7minute’swalk11.---Howsoonshallwestartthebicycletrip?---_________.AInthreedays’BafterthreedaysCinthreedays’timeDafterthreeday’stime12.________theteachersintheirschoolisabout200andonefourthofthemare_____teachers.AAnumberof,womenBAnumberof,womanCThenumberof,womenDThenumberof,woman13Thereareforty-five________inthisschool.AmanteachersBmenteacherCmenteachersDmanteacher14Twobagsareonthetable.Theyare_________.ALucyandLilyBLucy’sandLilyCLucy’sandLily’sDLucy’andLily’s15.Comeon,children.Helpyourselvestosome_________ifyoulike.AfishandchickenBfishesandchickenCfishandchickensDfishesandchickens16_________roomisbigandbright.Theylikeitverymuch.ATomandSamBTom’sandSamCTomandSam’sDTom’sandSam’s17Thecustomersarepleasedwiththe________oftherestaurant.AbalanceBexperienceCsurfaceDservice18---Father’sDayiscoming.WhatshouldIbuyformyfather?---Whynot________?Helikessports.AascarfBakeyringCapairofjeansDapairofrunningshoes19ThePLAmansavedthree______livesintheaccident.Achildren’sBchildrenCchildDchilds’20Papermakingis_______ofancientChina.AoneofgreatestinventorBoneofthegreatestinventors66
ConeofgreatestinventionsDoneofthegreatestinventions专题二、冠词命题点一不定冠词a/an的用法(8年5考7次)命题点二定冠词的用法(2013重庆A卷24题)命题点三零冠词的基本用法(相对考的较少)1.Jolinis______famoussinger.Shehasalotoffans.A.aB.anC.theD./2.Davidis_______honestboy.Hedoesn’tliketelllies.A.anB.aC.theD./anapple/anartist/anaunt/anAsaincountry/anAmericangirl/anEnglishdictionaryaEuropeancountry/anegg/aneight-year-oldboy/an11-year-oldboyⅠ.冠词的定义冠词是虚词。通常放在名词之前,用来说明名词所表示的人或事物。冠词分为不定冠词(a和an)和定冠词(the)两类。Ⅱ.冠词的用法1.不定冠词a,an的用法(1)泛指某人或某物,但不具体说明何人或何物。Agirliswaitingforyou.(2)不定冠词a用在以辅音音素开头的单数可数名词前;ausefulbook;adesk;不定冠词an用在以元音音素开头的单数可数名词前。如:anoldman;anactor;an“m”。(3)第一次提到某人或某物而非特指时。如:Thereisabookonthedesk,butthebookisn’tmine.(4)表示人或事物的某一类。如:Anelephantisbiggerthanatiger.(5)用于表时间、速度、价格等意义的名词之前,有“每一”的意思,相当every如:threetimesaweek.66
(6)表示数量,有“一”的意思,但数的概念没有one强烈。Ihaveacomputer.(7)用在序数词前,表示“又一,再一”Ihavethreebooks.Iwanttobuyafourthone.(8)可视为一个整体的两个名词前eg:aknifeandfork一副刀叉(9)用在某些固定词组中:如:haveagoodtime;haveaswim,haveacold,halfanhour,alot(of),afterawhile,inahurry,foralongtime,afew,alittle,atatime,2.定冠词the的用法(1)用来特指某人或某物,双方都知道的人或物的名词前如:Openthedoor,please.(2)用于上文提到的某人或某物。Thereisakiteonthewall.Thekiteisnew.(3)表示世界上独一无二的事物的名词前如:thesun;themoon;theearth;thesky(4)用在序数词或形容词最高级前,如:Marchisthethirdmonthofayear.Heisthecleverestboyinhisclass.(5)用在某些形容词前,表示一类人。如:therich;thepoor;theyoung;theold等。(6)用在西洋乐器名词前。如:playtheviolin(7)用在表示方位的名词前。如:intheeast/north/west/south(8)用在表示山脉、海洋、江河、湖泊、群岛、建筑物、名胜古迹等专有名词前或用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前。如:theYellowRiver;theGreatWall;theWestLake;theWhiteHouse等(9)用在姓氏复数形式前,表示“全家人”或“夫妻俩”。eg:TheGreensarewatchingTVnow(10)用于形容词或副词比较级等构成“the...the...”的句式中,表示“越……越……”。如:Themore,thebetter.(11)用于固定搭配中。allthesame仍然;allthetime一直;atthemoment此刻;atthesametime同时;bytheway顺便说;dotheshopping/washing买东西/洗衣服;inthemorning/afternoon/evening在上午/下午/晚上intheopenair在户外,在野外3.零冠词的用法(1)棋类活动,球类运动,一日三餐,学科名词前不用任何冠词playchessplayfootballhavesupperWealllikeEnglish.特例:当football,basketball指具体的某个球时,其前可以用冠词:Icanseeafootball.我可以看到一只足球。Where’sthefootball?那只足球在哪儿?(指足球,并非“球类运动”)(2)称呼语前不用冠词,表示头衔和职务的名词前也不加冠词。如:Idon’tfeelwelltoday,Mum./ThisisProfessorLi//Hello,Lily.(3)在节假日、星期、月份、季节等名词前,用零冠词.如:Teachers’Day;Mother’sDay;onMonday;inMay;insummer▲但若指某年的某月份或某年的某季节,需在月份或季节前加the,eg:Thewinterin2008wasverycold.(4)名词前已有物主代词(my,your,his,her等)、指示代词(this/these,that/those)、不定代词(some,any等)及名词所有格修饰时,不用冠词mybook(正);mythebook(误)(5)有些专有名词,如人名,地名,国家名,抽象名词和物质名词前一般不用冠词。66
如:China;Japanese;milk;love等。JimlivesinChina.(6)不可数名词和复数名词表泛指时前用零冠词Wecan’tlivewithoutwater./Horsesaregoodanimals.(7)用在“专有名词+普通名词”构成的街名,路名,山名等名词前HainanIsland/NanjingRoad(8)by与火车等交通工具连用,用零冠词eg:bybus/bytrain/bycar/bybike注意:takeabus/onthebike/inaboat(9)在某些固定搭配里,名词之前常不用冠词.如onfoot;athome;atnight;frommorningtillnight,ontime,intime,atfirst,atlast等。(10)用与不用冠词的差异①inhospital住院/inthehospital在医院里②infrontof在…(外部的)前面/inthefrontof在…(内部的)前面③attable进餐/atthetable在桌子旁④bysea乘船/bythesea在海边⑤gotoschool(church…)上学(做礼拜…)/gototheschool(church…)到学校(教堂…)去⑥twoofus我们当中的两人/thetwoofus我们两人(共计两人)⑦ateacherandwriter一位教师兼作家(一个人)/ateacherandawriter一位教师和一位作家(两个人)练一练:1、用a或an填空。____“U” ____ice-cream ____ goalkeeper ____teapot ____apple ____office____Englishbook ____umbrella____unit____hour 2、根据需要,填写冠词a,an或the。(1)Whois____girlbehind____tree?(2)____oldmanhastwochildren,____sonand____daughter.(3)Thisis ____orange. ____orangeisLucy’s.(4)Helikesplaying____guitar.Wehave____samehobby.(5)Weallhad____goodtimelastSunday.(6)Shewantstobe____doctor.1.We’llbetravelingby________camelacrossthedesertbeforewegoto________university.A./;theB.the;/C./;/D.the;a2.RichardPowers’TheEchoMaker,____novelsetin___smalltownofKearney,Nebraska,US,haswonthe57thUSNationalBookAwardforfiction.A.the;theB.a;a;C.a;theD./;the3.Heisin____controlofthecompany.Imean,thecompanyisin____controlofhim.A.the;/B./;theC.the;theD./;/4.NowthatTomhates_______school,theschoolbecomes_______prisontohimA.a;aB./;aC.a;/D./;/5.In_____preparationforthelaunchingofShenzhouⅦ,scientistsneed______knowledgeofweatherchanges.A.the;theB.a;∕C.∕;aD.the;a6.Becauseof______highdemandforTypeABblood,______suppliesofitareusuallylimited.A.the;theB.不填;不填C.不填;theD.a;the7.Thesignreads“Incaseof____fire,breaktheglassandpush____redbutton.”A.不填;aB.不填;theC.the;theD.a;a8.Iearn10dollars____houras____supermarke66
tcashieronSaturdays.A.a;anB.the;aC.an;aD.an;the9.There’s____dictionaryon____deskbyyourside.A.a;theB.a;aC.the;aD.the;the10.—Whereismyblueshirt?—It’sinthewashingmachine.Youhavetowear____differentone.A.anyB.theC.aD.other11.Ifyouhavegottemperaturewithoutcoughingandheadache,perhapsyouhavecaughtcold.Juststayinbed.Don’tthinkthatyouhavegotHINl.Athe;the;不填Ba;a;不填C.a;the;theDa:a:the12Asglobalwarmingcontinuestobemajorconcernforthefutureofourplanet,peoplearestartingtoturntogmenlivingpracticestohelpsaveitforfuturegenerations.A.a:theB.a;不填C不填;theD.the;the13.Everyseconddayhewenttothelibraryforsomebookstoread.Butafterapageortwo,hewouldputthebookdownandpickupnewoneA.the:aB不填;龇Cth。;theD不填;a14Theeducationofyounghasbecomehotandserioustopicinthepresentsociety.Athe;不填B.a;theC.不填;theDthe;a15Hehasgoodknowledgeofmanyforeignlanguages,andoneofthemisEnglishwhichislanguagespokenbymanypeopleintheworld.Athe:aB.a;theC.a;aD.the;the16Throughouthistorynanhashadtoacceptfactthatalllivingthingsmustdie.Athe:theB。;aC不填;theD不填;不填17一Wasproblemsolved?一Weweretryingtothinkofwayout,butitwasimpossibletofindone.Aa:theBthe;aC.the;不填D。;。18.Iaminchargeoftheclasswhichwasinchargeofmywife.A.不填:theB不填;不填Cthe;不填Dthe;the19Whilemusicisjustso-so,storyinthisTVplayisquitemovingAthe:theB不填;不填C.the;aD不填;the20.AccordingtoWorldHealthOrganization,healthcareplansareneededinallbigcitiestopreventspreadofAIDSAthe:theB.th。;不填C.a;aD不填;the专题三:代词1.人称代词为必考点,主要考查主格和宾格的用法,设题在单项选择,完形填空及短文填空中。66
2.物主代词和反身代词为高频考点命题点一人称代词、物主代词和反身代词(8年6考27次)命题点二普通不定代词(8年7考10次)1.Thetwobooksaregreat.Ithinkyoushouldread______ofthem.A.allB.bothC.everyD.some2.Imadeacalltomyparentsyesterday,but______ofthemansweredit.A.eitherB.noneC.neitherD.any命题点三复合不定代词(8年4考4次)命题点四疑问代词和指示代词(8年5考5次)一.人称代词:单数复数主格宾格主格宾格第一人称Imeweus第二人称youyouyouyou第三人称it/she/heit/her/himtheythem1.主格作主语,宾格作表语或动词或介词的宾语.Heteaches_____(we)Chinese./I’mwaitingforyou.(介词的宾语)/It’sme.(宾格做表语)2.三种人称代词并列充当主语时时,顺序为:单数:(二,三,一)——(You,sheandI)复数:(一,二,三)——(we,youandthey)注::若把责任担,第一人称最当先,(即若做错事时,把第一人称放在最前面.)eg:SheandIhavebeentoBeijing.(一般情况)Whobrokethewindow?IandMike.(承担责任)注:it还有一些特别的用法。1)用在句型:“Itseemsthat…”中.“看起来像。….”2)用作形式主语,常用于“It’s+adj+todosth”句型中.“做什么事情怎么样”.QQ378459309制作3)用在句型:“It’sone’sturntodosth”中.“轮到某人做sth”4)用在句型:“It’stimetodosth/forsth”中.“到了该做sth的时候”5)用在句型:“It’s+adj+that从句”中.6)用作形式宾语,用来代替动词不定式.主语+make/think/feel/find+it+adj(名词)+todosth.Ifinditdifficulttorememberthesewors.二.物主代词:物主代词分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词第一人称第二人称第三人称物主代词单数复数单数复数单数复数形容词性myouryouryourits/his/hertheir名词性mineoursyoursyoursits/his/herstheirs1、形容词性物主代词作定语修饰名词,一般不单独使用.eg:MynameisTom.(形容词性物主代词)66
2、名词性物主代词,后面不能加名词,名词性物主代词常与of连用Heisafriendofmine(我的一个朋友)eg:Ourclassroomisasbigas______(they)./Thisisafriendof______(my).注:1)名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+名词(上题中mine=myfriends)2)形容词性物主代词与own连用时,后面可跟名词也可不跟名词.Myownhouse=ahouseofmyown三.反身代词:“某某自己;亲自”单数复数第一人称myselfourselves第二人称yourselfyourselves第三人称himself/herself/itselfthemselves记忆小窍门:反身代词有规律,第三人称宾格加self.其余都要物主加self,复数ves来把f替.反身代词的常用搭配:enjoyoneself过得愉快hurtoneself受伤teachoneself=learn..byoneslf自学helponeselfto…随便吃/用lookafteroneselfleavesbbyoneself让某人独自留下dressoneself某人自己穿衣服improveoneself提高某人自己四.指示代词五、疑问代词:(P93考点五)用来提出问题的代词称为疑问代词,通常位于句首,引出特殊疑问句。六.不定代词的区别.1.one与it的区别:One代替同类事物中的一种.而it代替上文中出现的某事物.Thisbookisagoodone.MayIborrowit?2.some与any的区别①一般情况下,some用于肯定句,any用于否定,疑问句,Heaskedmeforsomepaper,butIdidn’thaveany.②但在疑问句中,若要表示说话人希望得到肯定的回答或表示请求、建议时应用some。此类句型常以could,would开头或whatabout/howabout的句中。MayIhavesomewater?(希望得到肯定的回答)3.many与much的区别Many+可数名词的复数;Much+不可数名词,都相当于alotof+复数名词/不可数名词注:alotof常不用于否定句中.否定句中用many/much.4.afew/few/alittle/little的区别表否定(几乎没有)表肯定(有一点)修饰可数名词fewafew修饰不可数名词littlealittle例题:Hisstoryiseasytoread,thereare_____newwordsinit.Hurryup!Thereis_____timeleft.5.each/every的区别★each强调个体,表示两者或两者以上的人或物中的每一个.every强调整体,表示三者或三者以上的人或物中的每一个.Therearetreesandfrowerson_____sideofthestreet./____studenthasreadastory.★:each可以与of连用,eachof作主语时,谓语动词用单数.而every不能与of连用.只能放在名词前作定语.Eachofus_______(study)hard.6.noone与none的区别66
noone指人,表示没有人,不能与of连用,谓语常用单数。noneof+复数名词/代词,作主语时,既指人又可指物,谓语常用单数。.Theboyswerealltired,but_____ofthemstoppedtohavearest..更多资料QQ378459309制作:7.both/neither/either/all/none/any的区别都都不任何一个两者之间bothneithereither三者或三者以上allnoneanyTherearemanytreeson____sideoftheriver.A.bothB.anyC.eitherD.all8.other/theother/others/theothers的区别9.复合不定代词.( )1.(2015·南京)Everyonemakesmistakesinhislife.Theimportantthingisnottorepeat. A.it B.them C.him D.her( )2.(2015·宜宾)Thereareenoughcupsforeachvisitortohave A.one B.it C.this D.that ( )3.(2015·凉山)-Isthemanwhoissingingyourteacher?-Yes,heteachesPhysics.A.we B.our. C.ours D.us ( )5.(2015·潍坊)Lucy"sstrawberriesarefresherthan. A.I B.me C.my D.mine ( )7.(2015·连云港) -I"mafraidIwon"tpassthe66
exam. -Comeon,Bill.Youshouldbelievein.That"sthesecretofsuccess. A.myself B.ourselves C.yourself D.yourselves ( )8.(2015·绵阳)ThebookmustbeLily"s.Look!nameisonthecover. A.Her B.His C.Its D.My ( )9.(2015·威海) Thebuildingisempty.livesthere. A.Nobody B.Anybody C.Somebody ( )10.(2015·长沙) Thereiswrongwithmybackandithurtsseriously. A.anything B.something C.nothing ( )11.(2015·资阳) -Wouldyoulikesomemorenoodles,Celia? -Yes,just,please. A.afew B.few C.a1ittle D.little ( )12.(2015·南充)-What"sname?-isEric. A.his;He B.his;His66
C.he;His D.he;He ( )13.(2015·铜仁)-Comehere.I"lltellyouaboutyourstudy.-OK,we"recoming. A.anythingimportant B.somethingimportant C.importantanything D.importantsomething ( )14.(2015·益阳)-Whichofthetwosubjectsdoyoulike,ArtorMusic? -.Theyarereallyinteresting. A.Neither B.Both C.None ( )15.(2015·汕尾)-Doyouneedanappleorapear? -,Ireallydon"tmind. A.Both B.None C.Either D.Neither ( )16.(2015·眉山)-Wouldyoupleasetellmeintoday"snewspaper? -Sorry。Ihaven"treadityet. A.somethingimportant B.importantsomething C.anythingimportant D.important66
anything ( )17.(2015·山西)NowadaysmanytravellersusuallytakephotoswithkoalasinAustralia.Thesephotosaregoodmemories. A.his B.her C.their ( )19.(2015·雅安)Thisisnotmywatch.It"s. A.her B.hers C.your D.mine ( )20.(2015·恩施)-Madam,doyouwantanythingelse? -NoIneed. A.anythingmore B.nothingmore C. somethingmore专题四数词命题点一基数词与序数词(8年3考3次)1.—Ifa=3andb=4,what’stheanswertothequestion:a+b+1=?—Theansweris_______.A.twelveB.nineC.eight66
D.seven2.—Whichmonthoftheyeardoyoulike?—July,the_______month,becausesummervacationbeginsinthismonth.A.secondB.seventhC.ninthD.eleventh命题点二概数词(8年3考3次)3.Thiskindofmobilephoneisworthmorethan______yuan.A.fourthousandB.fourthousandsC.fourthousandsofD.fourthousandof4.Lastnight,______peoplewenttotheCenterSquaretocelebratethecomingoftheNewYear.A.hundredsofB.hundredofC.hundredD.hundreds66
一、数词的分类数词主要分为基数词和序数词两类。1.基数词表示数目的词称为基数词。其形式如下:★★F.基数词在表示确切的数字时,要用百、千、百万、十亿的单数形式;但是,当基数词表示不确切数字,如成百、成千上万,三三两两时,则以复数形式出现。fourhundredboysTherearehundredsofpeopleinthehall.Theywenttothetheatreintwosandthrees.注:several+hundred/thousand/million/billion+复数名词eg:Thereareseveralhundredstudents.G.表示人的不确切岁数或年代,用几十的复数形式表示。1)表年龄:inone’s+整十的复数,表示在某人几十岁时①Hebecameaprofessorinhisthirties.他三十多岁时成为了教授②在他四十岁时:___2)表示年代:inthe+年份的复数,在几世纪几十年代.Itwasinthe1960s.那是在二十世纪六十年代。H.基数词的句法功能基数词在句中可作主语、宾语、定语、表语、同位语。Thetwohappilyopenedthebox.(作主语)Ineedthreealtogether.(作宾语)Fourstudentsareplayingvolleyballoutside.(作定语)Wearesixteen.(作表语)Theythreetriedtofinishthetaskbeforesunset.(作同位语)2.序数词:表示顺序的词称为序数词。序数词的主要形式:基数词变序数词口诀基变序,有规律,末尾加上th;一二三,特殊记,八加h,九去e,ve要用f替;以y结尾变ie,后跟th莫忘记;若想表示几十几,只变个位就可以。★二、时刻表示法1.表示几点钟用基数词可以加o`clock,也可省略:5:00读作fiveo`clock或five2.表示几点过几分,在分钟后加past,再加小时66
eg:fivepastseven七点过五分halfpastsix六点半aquarterpasteight八点过一刻3.表示几点差几分,在分钟后面加to,再加小时tentoeight差十分八点(七点五十分)aquartertotwelve差一刻十二点(十一点四十五分)差二十分六点4.在日常生活中,以小时、分种为单位分别读出数字:读作tentwenty-six14:03读作fourteenothree18:30读作eighteenthirty23:55读作注:时刻表上的时间大多采用24小时表示法,这样就不需要用a.m.表上午,p.m.表下午了。三、年月表示法1.世纪=定冠词+序数词+century表示,也可以用定冠词+百位进数+`s表示thesixth/6thcentury=the500’s公元六世纪the1900`s二十世纪the1600`s十七世纪2.年代用定冠词+基数词+十位整数的所有格或复数形式构成inthe1930`s/inthe1930s(inthethirtiesofthetwentiethcentury或inthenineteenthirties)在二十世纪三十年代;在十九世纪六十年代3.表示某年代的早期、中期和晚期,可以在定冠词后,年代前添加early,mid-,lateintheearly1920`s在二十世纪二十年代早期inthemid-1950`s在二十世纪五十年代中期4.年月日表示法A.年份用基数词表示,一般为阿拉伯数字:1949读作nineteenhundredandforty-nine或nineteenforty-nine1800读作eighteenhundred1902读作nineteenhundredandtwo或nineteenotwo★表示在哪一年,一般在年数前加介词in,eg:in2012在2012年使用year时,year放在数词之前intheyeartwohundredfifty-threeB.C.在公元前253年B.月份,在哪个月,用介词in加第一个字母大写的月份词:例如:inMay在五月;月份常用缩写形式表示:缩写形式除May,June,July外,其它的月份都由其前三个字母表示,但September除外。January—Jan.February—Feb.March—Mar.April—Apr.August—Aug.September—Sept.October—Oct.November—Nov.December—Dec.注:这里缩写形式后面加点不能省略C.日期在具体哪一天要添加介词on。NationalDayisonOct.1.(Octoberfirst也可以表示为NationalDayisonthe1stofOctober.)May5(th)五月五日(读作Mayfifth)也可以表示为thefifth(5th)ofMayMar.1(st)(读作Marchfirst或thefirstofMarch)★四、分数表示法.1).结构:a).分子用基数词,分母用序数词.b).当分子大于1时,分母加复数.3/4threefourths或threequarters1/3onethird或athird1/2ahalf=onesecond11/2oneandahalf2).注意:a).当分数后面接可数名词时,如果分数表示的值大于1,名词用复数;<1,名词用单数。66
11/2hours一个半小时(读作oneandahalfhours)4/5meter五分之四米23/4meters二又四分之三米(读作twoandthree-fourthsmeters)★b).分数词作主语时,谓语动词根据分数词后面的名词来确定.Twofifthsofthemilk______(be)drunkbyTom.Onethirdofthestudents_______(be)girls.五、小数表示法1.小数用基数词来表示,小数点读作point,o读作zero或o[ou],整数部分为零时,可以省略不读。0.4zeropointfour或pointfour零点四10.23tenpointtwothree十点二三25.67twenty-fivepointsixseven二十五点六七l.03onepointothree一点零三2.当数字值大于1时,小数后面的名词用复数,数字值小于1时,小数后面的名词用单数。1.03meters一点零三米0.49ton零点四九吨l.5tons一点五吨六、百分数表示法:百分数=基数+percent表示这里的percent不用复数形式。50%fiftypercent3%threepercent0.12%zeropointonetwopercent七、数量表示法1.表示长、宽、高、面积等:用基数词+单位词(meter,foot,inch,kilogram等)+形容词(long,wide,high等)表示,或者用基数词+单位词+in+名词(length,width,height,weight等)表示。twometerslong或twometersinlength2米长threefeethigh或threefeetinheight3英尺高2.表示温度时,用belowzero表示零下温度,温度=基数词+degree(s)+单位词(centigrade摄氏)表示。thirty-sixdegreescentigrade或36℃fourdegreesbelowzerocentigrade或-4℃摄氏零下4度这里的单位词在人们都很清楚是什么度量制度时,可以省略。It’ssevendegreesbelowzero.今天是零下七度。(摄氏)★3.表示时间、距离时,使用含数词的名词所有格形式作定语。fiveminutes`walk步行五分钟(的距离)onekilometer’sdistance一公里远。★4.数词加名词单数构成的短语,短语中间要用连字符“-”来连接,作定语修饰名词It’safive-minutewalkfromthelibrarytotheplayground.She’sasixteen-year-oldgirl.八、特殊用法1.About______peopleareinthePeople’sParkatweekends. A.twohundreds B.twohundredsof C.twohundred D.hundredof66
2.ThewaterbehindtheThreeGorgesDam(三峡大坝)shouldbe_____higherthandownstream(下游).A.sixty-fivemeter B.sixty-fifthmeter C.sixty-fivemeters D.sixty-fifthmeters3.Inourschoolseveral____studentsareabletosearchtheInternetforusefulinformationnow.A.hundredof B.hundredsfor C.hundred D.hundreds4.Iwas8yearsoldwhenmyfatherwas31.thisyearmyfatheristwicemyage.HowoldamI?A.21 B.22 C.23 D.245.WhenwasthePRCfounded?Itwasfoundedon_______.A.July1,1921 B.October1,1949 C.August1,1927 D.May1,19226.Lookatthemenu:SNACKSHamburger$2.60Orangejuice$1.20 Hotdog$2.15Coffee$1.00Icecream$2.00Cokeregular$0.75 Popcorn$1.00large$1.0066
Jeffwantstobuyahamburger,alargecokeandicecream.Howmuchwillhepay?A.Fivedollarsandsixtycents. B.Fivedollarsandthirty-fivecents.C.Threedollarsandsixtycents. D.Twodollars.7.---Howmanyteachersarethereinyourschool?---________,butI’mnotsure.A.Hundreds B.Hundred C.Hundredsof D.Onehundred8.About______filmswereshownduringthe5thShanghaiInternationalFilmFestival.A.twohundredof B.twohundredsof C.twohundred D.twohundreds9.---Doyouhaveenoughmentocarrythesechairs?---No.Ithinkweneed______men.A.another B.twoothers C.moretwo D.twomore10---Canyouwritethenumbereightfivethousand,sixhundredandtwenty-six?---Yes,itis_____________.66
A.85662 B.85626 C.58662 D.5862611.There’re______studentsinourgrade.A.hundredsof B.threehundredsof C.threehundreds D.threehundreds’12______oftheworkersinthisfactoryisabouttwohundred,_______ofthemarewomenworkers.A.Thenumber,firstthird B.Thenumber,onethirdC.Anumber,half D.Anumber,threequarters66
专题五形容词与副词命题点一形容词的用法及辨析(8年8考18次)1.—We’venomoenyandthelastbushasgone.Any_____ideas?—Oh,Tomwilldrivehomefromworkatthistime.Askhimforaride?A.funnyB.brightC.oppositeD.correct2.Overseasexperiencemayhelpmakeourlife______.Sowhynottrytostudyabroad?A.usualB.usefulC.susscessfulD.traditional3.—Whyareyousohappy?—BecauseIhadmyhaircutyesterdayandI’mvery______withmynewhairstyle.A.satisfiedB.differentC.madD.proud命题点二副词的用法及辨析(8年7考12次)命题点三形容词副词混合辨析(8年3考3次)66
中考试题对形容词的考查涉及形容词原级、比较级和最高级的各种句型,形容词作定语的位置,易混淆的形容词用法辨析等。从考查形式看,一般有单项选择、完形填空、词语运用等。一.形容词:形容词主要用来修饰名词或代词,表示人或事物的性质、状态和特征的词。形容词在句中可用作表语、定语、补语等。有关形容词的用法辨析:⑴whole与all:记住两个词序:①thewhole+名词;如:Hewasbusythewholemorning.(整个早晨他都很忙)②all(of)the+名词。Hecanrememberallthewordshelearns.⑵tall与high,short与low:①指人的个子(树、楼)时用tall与short;如:He’sverytall/short.(他个子高/矮)Talltreesarestandingonbothsidesofthatavenue.②指其他事物(含价格price时)一般用high与low。Afewpeopleliveonhighmountains.⑶real与true:①real一般指东西的真假,译为“真的”Thisisarealdiamondandit’sveryexpensive.②true指事情或消息的可靠性“真实的”--Isthattrue?—Yes.Ihearditwithmyownears.⑷interested与interesting的区别:①interesting指人或东西“有趣的”,作定语或表语,如:Themanisveryinterestingandallthechildrenlikehim./Thisbookisinterestingandyoucanreallyenjoyyourself.②interested则表示人对别的事物“感兴趣的”,只能作表语Iaminterestedinscience.(excited/exciting;bored/boring等类似)(5)nice与fine:的区别:nice表示令人愉快的,可以指东西、人物外表等;如:Let’sgoandsharethenicecake./Sheisanicegirl.(漂亮的)【good/well区别见资料】fine一般指身体或天气好Whatafineday!(多好的天气!)/Iamfine.我身体很好(6)toomuch与muchtoo:①toomuch表示“太多的”,修饰不可数名词,表数量;如:IamfullbecauseIhavehadtoomuchrice.②muchtoo表示“太”,修饰形容词或副词,表程度。Thatcoatismuchtoodear.(7)quick、fast与soon:quick与fast基本同义①quick常指反应速度快Afteraquicklunch,hehurriedtoschoolleavinghisbagathome.②fast往往指运动速度快,Atrainismuchfasterthanabus.③soon则表示时间上很快即将发生(将来时)。HisfatherwillbebacktoChinaverysoon.(8)lonely与alone:①lonely有感情色彩的形容词,意思是:“孤独的,寂寞的;荒凉的”,作定语或表语②aloneadj.“独自的,单独的”,客观情况,仅作表语,(作为副词的alone可作状语)。如:Helivesalonebuthedoesn’tfeellonely.(他一人独住,但是并不感到孤独)Heisalonelyperson.66
(9)sick与ill区别:①sick和ill都表示“生病的”,但是,sick可以做定语、表语,而ill只能做表语,如:Hehasbeenill/sickforalongtimeandheisveryweaknow.Vetshelptreatsickpetsandmostofthepets’ownerslikethem.②ill做定语意为“坏的”illwords坏话二.副词中考试题对副词的考查涉及常用副词的用法、副词等级的各种句型、易混淆的副词用法辨析等。与形容词同形:low;fast;late;early;much;deep;hard;well;enough;long;high;slow形容词后加ly:sad—sadly;polite—politely辅音字母加y结尾的形容词改y为i再加-ly:happy—happily;angry—angrily;busy—busily辅音字母加le结尾时,去e加-y:simple—simply;terrible—terribly;gentle—gently少数以e结尾的形容词,要去掉e再加-ly:true—truly ★常见副词用法辨析(1)already,yet与still的区别①already用于现在完成时态的肯定句句中,表示“已经”;HehadalreadyleftwhenIcalled.②yet用于现在完成时态的否定句句末,表示“还”,用于疑问句句末,表示“已经”。Haveyoufoundyourruleryet?/Ihaven’tfinishedmyhomeworkyet.③still表事情还在进行Hestillworksuntillateeverynight.(2)so与such的区别①so修饰形容词或副词;such修饰名词。如:MybrotherrunssofastthatIcan’tfollowhim./Heissuchaboy.他是一个这样的孩子。②a)so修饰的结构是“so+形容词+a/an+可数名词单数”。b)such修饰的结构是“such+a/an+形容词+可数名词单数”,c)“such+形容词+可数名词复数/不可数名词”。如Heissocleveraboy.=Heissuchacleverboy.(改错)Itissocoldweather.Theyaresogoodstudents.③如果可数名词复数前有many,few或不可数名词前有much,little修饰,用so不用such。如:somany(如此多的);sofew(如此少的)可以加可数名词复数。somuch(如此多的);solittle(如此少的)可以加不可数名词。SotimesopeopleAsomanyBsofewCsomuchDsuchlittle(3)also,too,aswell与either的区别also,aswell,too,用于肯定句,also常用于be动词,情态动词,助动词之后,行为动词之前;aswell,too用于句末;either用于否定句中,置于句末。如:Myfatherisateacher.Mymotherisalsoateacher.=Myfatherisateacher.Mymotherisateacheraswell.=Myfatherisateacher.Mymotherisateacher,too.I66
can’tspeakFrench,Jennycan’tspeakFrench,either.(4)sometime,sometimes,sometime与sometimes的区别sometime某一时间,某一时刻(可指将来时,也可指过去时)/sometimes有时,不时的sometime一段时间/sometimes几次,几倍如:We’llhaveatestsometimenextmonth.下个月的某一时间,我们要进行一次测试。Sometimeswearebusyandsometimeswearenot.()HestayedinBeijingforsometimelastyear.()/IhavebeentoBeijingsometimes.()(5)ago与before的区别ago表示以现在为起点的“以前”,常与一般过去时连用,不可以单独使用。before指过去或将来的某时刻“以前”,也可泛指以前,常和完成时连用,可以单独使用。如:Isawhimtenminutesago./Hetoldmethathehadseenthefilmbefore.(6)how的几个短语:①howoften“多常,每隔多久”,用于一般时态,对表示频度的词语进行提问;②howsoon“多久以后”,常用于将来时态,对in引导的一段时间提问;③howlong“多久”用于过去时、完成时或其他时态,常对于for或since引导的时间状语提问;④howmanytimes“多少次”,用于过去时或完成时,对总计次数进行提问;⑤howmuch“多少”,对程度进行提问,也可以对数量(不可数)或金钱进行提问。⑥howmany”多少”对可数名词数量进行提问。⑦howfar“多远”对距离进行提问如:haveyoubeenlikethis?-For2days./-doeshewashhisface?–Onceaday.Willbecomeback?-Infiveminutes./-isitfromyourhometoyourschool?(7)hard与hardly的用法:①hard作为副词意思是“努力地,猛烈地”,TheystudyEnglishveryhard.②hardly是否定词,意思是:“几乎不”,一般与情态动词can/could连用。Youcanhardlyseeapersonspitinapublicplace.(8)now,just与justnow的区别①now:与一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时连用,意为“现在”②just:与现在完成时连用,表示“刚……”③justnow:和过去时连用,表示“刚才”Wheredoeshelive______?/Wehave_______seenthefilm../Hewashere______.三.形容词,副词的比较级、最高级1.规则变化2.不规则变化(1)(资料P98)不规则变化表更多资料QQ378459309制作:(2)下列单、双音节词只能加more和most原级比较级最高级like(相似的,同样的)morelikemostlikereal(真的)morerealmostrealtired(疲乏的)moretiredmosttired66
pleased(高兴的)morepleasedmostpleasedoften(经常)moreoftenmostoften★四.形容词,副词等级的用法形容词比较级最高级的不规则变化表一、少数单音节词前面加more-, most- 构成比较级和最高级tired ---- more tired , most tired fond ----- more fond , most fond glad ----- more glad , most glad bored ---- more bored , most bored pleased---- more pleased , most pleased 二、不规则变化good /well------- better ,best bad/badly/ill------ worse , worst many/much-------more , most little ------ less , least far ---- farther, farthes / further , furthest old ---- older , oldest (GA) ---- older , oldest / elder , eldest (GB) 三、下列形容词和副词的比较级和最高级有两种形式cruel----- crueler, cruelest / more cruel , most cruel strict---- stricter , strictest / more strict , most strict often----- oftener , oftenest / more often , most often friendly------ friendlier , friendliest / more friendly , most friendly clever----- cleverer, cleverest / more clever , most clever 四、下列形容词和副词没有比较级和最高级empty , wrong , perfect , unique , extreme , excellent , favourite (GB)/ favorite (GA) , true , right , correct , extremely .. 1.Don"tworry,sir.I"msureIcanrun_________tocatchupwiththem. A.slowlyenough B.enoughslowly C.fastenough D.enoughfast66
2.Thetextisveryeasyforyou.Thereare________newwordsinit. A.afew B.alittle C.few D.little 3.It"ssuchan________filmthatallthestudentsare______init. A.interesting;interested B.interested;interesting C.interesting;interesting D.interested;interested;interested 4.Mingminggotupvery_______,sohecametoschoolhalfanhour______. A.late;lately B.lately;late C.lately;lately D.late;late 5.Iam________worriedaboutyparents"healthyconditions. A.sometimes B.sometime C.sometimes D.sometimes66
6.Wedon"thave________everyday. A.alotofschoolworks B.manyschoolwork C.anyschoolworks D.muchschoolwork 7.-Look!Howfastthetwohorsesarerunning! --Oh,yes!Theyarenearly_______. A.upanddown B.slowerandslower C.moreorless D.neckandneck 8.______childrenthereareinfamily,_______theirlifewillbe. A.Theless;thebetter B.Thefewer;thebetter C.Fewer;richer D.More;poorer 9.MostofthepeopleinGuangdongaregetting________. A.moreandmorerich B.morerichandmorerich C.richerandricher D.richerandrichest66
10.Whichlessonis_______,thisoneorthatone? A.difficult B.muchdifficult C.moredifficult D.themostdifficult 11."A______accidenthappenedat7:30a.m."saidthepoliceman_______. A.serious,serious B.seriously,seriously C.seriously,serious D.serious,seriously 12.________isitfromourschooltoLupuBridge? A.Howlong B.Howoften C.Howfar D.Howmuch 13.Inourcity,itis______inJuly,butitiseven_______inAugust. A.hotter;hottest B.hot;hot C.hotter;hot D.hot;hotter 14.Thispencilis______thatone.66
A.solongas B.aslongeras C.longerthan D.notaslongestas 15.Thestationistwokilometers_______thehospital. A.awayto B.faraway C.farfrom D.awayfrom 16.Beijinghas______manybusesthatthereisoftenatrafficjaminrushhours. A.so B.very C.too D.much 17.Thisboxis______heavy________Ican"tcarryit. A.too,to B.so,that C.very,that D.too,that 18.Indiahasthesecond_______populationintheworld. A.larger B.most C.smallest D.largest 19.Maryreceived________manypostcardsatChristmas.66
A.so B.such C.too D.even 20.Thecakesmells______.Pleasethrowitaway. A.good B.badly C.bad D.well专题六介词命题点一时间介词(8年6考8次)1.—IjoinedtheLeague______May4th,2012.Whataboutyou?—I’veeenaLeaguememberforseveralmonths.A.forB.inC.onD.since2.—Whattimedoyouusuallygotoschool,Jack?—______abouthalfpastseven.A.OnB.InC.AtD.For3.Myfriend,Susan,wasborn______September,1999.Nowsheis16yearsold.A.inB.atC.onD.for4.—Wouldyoupleaselookaftermybabygirl66
myabsence?—Ofcourse.A.duringBsinceC.beforeD.after命题点二方位介词(8年4考5次)5.Walkalongthenarrowroad,andyouwillseethehospital_______youleft.A.inB.pastC.onD.above命题点三方式介词(8年2考2次)6.MoreandmorepeopleinShanghaichoosetogotowork_______underground.A.inB.withC.byD.for命题点四其他常见介词的基本用法(8年7考8次)命题点五介词的固定搭配及介词短语(8年5考10次)一.表示时间的介词常用时间介词的用法口诀年月季前要用in,具体日子却不行;遇到几号要用on,上午下午又用in;要说某日上下午,用on替换in才行;66
午夜黄昏和黎明,只用at不用in,at也在时分前。二.表示地理位置的介词1.in,on,to2.at/in/on3.above,over,on在……上4.below,under在……下面5.infrontof/inthefrontofⅢ.表运动方向和位置的介词1.across/through/over/by经过2.between,among3.in,into,outof①in:在……里面,用于表示静止的位置。Hermotherworksinthehospital.②into:进入,用于表示有特定终点的运动方向,经常与表示动作的动词连用如,come,go,run,rush等。Thechildranintohismother’sarms.这小孩跑进了它妈妈的怀里③outof:从……里出来,与into一样,也表示有一定的运动方向。如:Allthechildrenrushedoutoftheclassroomwhenthebellrang.四.表示方式的介词with/in/by表示“用……”注意:1).byphone=onthephone2).bycar=inacar3).inpen=withapen=withpens五.范围介词In在。。。。里边inourclassbetween在两者之间betweenusamong在三者或三者以上的中间amongstudentsbesides除了。。。之外还有(包括后面的宾语)Tom,JimbesidesLily.except除了。。。之外(不包括后面的宾语)Tom,JimexceptLily.including包括Allthestudentsincludingme.六.介词词组辨析七.其他固定搭配befullof充满;befilledwith装满……;bebornin出生于;besureof确信;beusedto习惯于…;belatefor迟到;bestrictwithsb对某人要求严格;beexcitedabout对…感到激动。介词与动词的固定搭配:arrivein/at到达大/小地方;agreewith同意,赞同;askfor要求,请求。catchupwith赶上,追上;comefrom来自;dowellin在……做得好;decideon决定;fallbehind落后;getto到达;gotoschool去上学;getonwith与某人相处;goonwithsth.继续做某事;gotobed(sleep)去睡觉;gotothecinema去看电影;havenothingwith与……无关;hearof听说;hearfrom收到…来信;help...with...在(某方面)帮助;handin交上来。九.不用介词的情况:1.当时间状为:tonight,today,yesterday,tomorrow等时,不用介词.Whatareyougoingtodotonight?2.含有this,that,these,those,last,next,every,each等时间状语.HewenttoWuhanlastweek.3.以all66
开头的时间状语前面不用介词.Hehasworkedallday.4.以some,any,one等构成的时间状语前不用介词.Hemetabadmanonecoldmorning.=Hemetabadmanacoldmorning.练一练:1、选用括号内恰当的介词填空。1)What’sthis_______(at,on,in)English?2)Christmasis_______(at,on,in)the25thofDecember.3)Theman_______(with,on,in)blackisSuHai’sfather.4)Hedoesn’tdowell _______(at,on,in)PE.5)Lookatthosebirds _______(on,in)thetree.6)Wearegoingtomeet _______(at,on,in)thebusstop _______(at,on,in)halfpastten.7)Isthereacat _______(under,behind,in)thedoor?8)Helen’swritingpaperis _______(in,infrontof)hercomputer.9)Welive_______(at,on,in)anewhousenow.10)Doesitoftenrain _______(at,on,in)springthere?2、圈出下列句子中运用不恰当的介词,并将正确的答案写在横线上。1)JimisgoodinEnglishandMaths. 2)Thefilmswereinthegroundjustnow. 3)Theyaretalkingtotheirplans. 4)HowmanystudentshavetheirbirthdaysonMay?5)Women’sDayisatthethirdofMarch. 6)Icanjogtoschoolonthemorning.7)Didyouwatertreesatthefarm? 8)CanyoucomeandhelpmeonmyEnglish?9)IusuallytakephotosinSundaymorning. 10)WhatdidyoudoontheSpringFestival? 专题七连词命题点一并列连词(8年7考15次)1.Practicemore,______you’lldobetterinplayingchess.A.butB.andC.orD.after2.Confuciousoncesaid,“Everythinghasbeauty,______noteveryoneseesit.”A.butB.orC.and66
D.so3.Itwasrainingheavily,___wedecidedtostayathomeandwatchTV.A.butB.orC.becauseD.so命题点二从属连词(8年7考20次)6.Youdon’tknowwhethertheshoesfityou______youtrythemon.A.whenB.ifC.untilD.assoonas7.Studyingingroupsisnecessary______youwanttodowellinschool.A.untilB.ifC.unlessD.though8.Weshouldgivetheboyanotherchance______hehasmadesomemistakes.A.thoughB.whenC.unlessD.because1、连词的含义:连词是一种虚词,不承担句子的任何成分,是一种连接词与词、短语与短语、或引导从句的词。2、连词的分类:连词分为并列连接词和从属连接词两种。补充:(1)引导时间状语从句的after,before,when,while,as,until,till,since,assoonas等。(2)引导条件状语从句的if,unless等。(3)引导原因状语从句的because,as,since等。(4)引导目的状语从句的sothat,inorderthat等。(5)引导让步状语从句的though,although,evenif等。(6)引导结果状语从句的sothat,so…that,such…that等。66
(7)引导比较状语从句的than,as…as等。(8)引导名词从句的that,if,whether等。[辨析]:(1)Hurryup,oryou’llmissthetrain.(快点,否则你会错过火车)Hurryup,andyou’llcatchthetrain.(快点,你会赶上火车的)(2)notonly...butalso...(不但…而且…),either…or…(或…或…),neither…nor…(既不…也不…),这三个连词词组都可连接两个并列成分。当它们连接两个并列主语时,谓语动词要随相邻的主语变化。例:Eitheryouorheiswrong./Neitherhenorhischildrenlikefish.不但他不喜欢而且他的孩子也不喜欢鱼。Notonlytheteacherbutalsothestudentswanttobuythebook.不但老师而且学生想买这本书。(3)because、as、since、for的用法:①because(因为),引导原因状语从句。表示原因的语气最强,常表示必然的因果关系,从句常放主句后面;回答why的问句只能用because.eg:Heisnotatschooltodaybecauseheisseriouslyill.②as(因为),引导原因状语从句。表示一般的因果关系,语气比because弱,说明比较明显的原因,它引导的从句放在句首,句尾都可以。Asallofyouhavegothere,now,let’sgotothezoo.③since(既然),引导原因状语从句表示对方已经知道、无需加以说明的原因或事实。IwillaskLinTaotogowithmesinceyouareverybusy.④for(因为)是并列连词,引导并列句。语气较弱,用来补充说明理由或提供一种解释,只能放在主句后面。Wemustbeoffnowforthematchstartsat7:00.★(4)if、whether的区别:相同点:表示“是否”时,if和whether同义,引导宾语从句,Idon’tknowif/whetherhewillarriveontime.不同点:①whether提出两种选择时要用whether,不用if.如Letmeknowwhetherhecancomeornot.②在不定式前或介词后只用whether.eg:Pleaseaskhimwhethertogotherewitharaincoatornot.IhavenotsettledthequestionofwhetherIwillgohome.③whether与ornot连用时,if不可以④whether引导主语从句或表语从句,WhetheritisafinedaynextSundayisstillaquestion./Thequestioniswhetherhewillgo.⑤If“是否”意思不能放句首,whether可以.eg:Whethersheisathome,Icannotsay.⑥而if还可以表示“如果”,引导条件状语从句,(主句与从句遵循主将从现的原则)。Iwillringyouupifhearrivesontime.(5)while、when、as的用法区别:①while常表示一个较长的动作,它引导的从句动作与主句的动作是同时发生的、是平行的;②when可表较短的动作也可表较长的动作,主句和从句的动作可同时发生也可先后发生;③as与上两词同义,可替换while和when,表示主句和从句的动作同时发生,常译为“一边…一边……”,主句从句均为短动作时也常用as。PleasedonottroublemewhileIamwritingmyhomework./I’llgohomewhenIhavefinishedmyjob.Theywererunningquicklyacrosstheroadwhentheyheardthesoundofatruck66
coming.Aswewalkedinthedarkstreet,wesangsongsandtalkedloudly.(6)till/until与not…till/until的区别:till/until(肯定)主句常是一个延续性的动作,not…till/until(否定)主句常是一个短暂性动作。(都是引导时间状语从句,符合主将从现的原则)如:①Iwillstayhereandwatchthebabyuntilyoureturn.(我会呆在这里看着娃娃直到你回来)(stay这个动作是一个延续性动作,一直进行到你return)②Iwon’tgotobeduntilmyfathercomesback.(直到我父亲回来我才会去睡觉,go是一个短动作)③Ididn’tgotobeduntilmyfathercameback.(直到我父亲回来我才去睡觉,从句动作应该在主句动作前发生,也就是先父亲先回来,我才去睡觉)④Hedidn’ttellmeanything_______heleft.(青岛试题)A.untilB.beforeC.afterD.Since另外till与until基本可以互换,但是在句首时只能用until,不能用till.如:Untilthelastminuteofthematchwekeptplaying.Notuntilhehadfinishedhisworkdidhegohome.(直到做完工作他才回家)(倒装句)(7)though与although的区别:()1.Theywerelaterforschool________theymissedthe7:00bus.A.whenB.becauseC.thoughD.sothat()2.Mikedidsomethingwrong,_______theheadmasteristalkingwithhim.A.soB.butC.andD.or()3.Jimhasbeeninthefactoryfortwoyears_______heleftschool.A.whenB.sinceC.assoonasD.whether()4.Mikeisgoodatplayingbasketball_______Brucedoeswellinfootball.A.whenB.untilC.sinceD.while()5.–Excuseme.Doyouhaveatablefortwo?--I’msorry,______therearen’tanyseatsnow.Wouldyoumindwaitingforawhile?A.butB.andC.orD.so()6.Stopcuttingtrees,_______theearthwillbecomeworseandworse.A.andB.butC.orD.then()7.Doyouwanttostayathome_______goshoppingwithus?A.andB.butC.orD.so()8.Darling,_______youlikethismobilephone,let’stakeit.66
A.afterB.thoughC.nowthatD.before()9.Hewasridingtoschool_______hewashitbyacarthismorning.A.whileB.whenC.sinceD.so()10.Heaskedme________IpreferredMcDonaldorKFC.A.ifB.whetherC.weatherD.that()11.Thesongwas_______old_______fewyoungpeoplecouldsing.A.enough;toB.so;thatC.as;asD.too;to()12.Mr.BrownknowslittleJapanese,_______hecan’tunderstandtheinstructionsonthebottleofthepills.A.soB.orC.butD.for()13.Ican’ttellyouthesecret________youpromisethatyouwillkeepitbetweenus.A.ifB.butC.unlessD.whether()14.__________thesoldiers_________thecaptainhavebeentoGreecebefore.A.Both…andB.Notonly…butalsoC.Neither…norD./….aswellas()15._______mymother________mysisterwatchesfootballgamesthesedays.A.Either;norB.Both;andC.Neither;norD.Neither;or()16.Mr.SmithisanEnglishteacher_______willteachusEnglishnextterm.A.orB.andC.butD.so()17.Imaylive_______inahotel_______inafriend’shouse.A.both;andB.either;orC.neither;norD.between;and()18.I’msorry,_______Ican’thelpyouwithyourhomework.You’dbetterdoityourself.A.andB.butC.orD.then()19.Thiscoatwillnotlosecolour________it’swashed.A.untilB.tillC.beforeD.after()20.Ithinkweshouldgetthisliquidcrystalcomputer,_______itwon’ttakeupmorespace.A.butB.althoughC.becauseD.so专题八动词的种类1.Thiskindofpeachlooksreallynice,butit______verysour.A.tastesB.looksC.feelsD.sounds66
2.Choosingtherightcircleoffriendswill_______alotoftroubles,heartachesandpossiblyalifeofdeepregret.A.avoidB.shareC.keepD.bring3.Weallknowthatlearningaforeignlanguage_______timeandeffort.A.requiresB.reducesC.removesD.repeats4.Inmyopinion,itisveryimportantto_______ourthoughtstoparentswhenwehavedisagreements.A.exploreB.expressC.exerciseD.imagine1.吸烟对身体不好,你应该戒烟。(完成译句)Smokingisbadforyourhealth.Youshould________smoking.2.由于糟糕的天气,我们不得不把会议推迟到下周。(完成译句)Becauseofthebadweather,wehaveto__________themeetingtillnextweek.3.—Theshoesareverynice.I’lltakethem.—You’dbetter______first.I’mafraidthesizeisabitsmallforyou.A.payforthemB.takethemoffC.putthemupD.trythemon动词的种类包括实义动词、系动词、助动词和情态动词。(一)实义动词实义动词是能独立作谓语的动词。按其句法作用可分为及物动词和不及物动词。1.及物动词:及物动词本身意义不完整,需要接宾语才能使其意思完整。2.不及物动词:不及物动词自身意思完整,无需接宾语。如:Horsesrunfast.马跑得快。(1)有些动词既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词。WestudyEnglish.我们学习英语。(及物动词)Westudyhard.我们努力学习(不及物动词)Birdscanfly.鸟会飞。(不及物动词)(2)有些不及物动词与一些别的词搭配在一起构成短语动词,它的作用等于一个及物动词,要注意积累。①动词+介词如:Listentotheteachercarefully.仔细听老师讲。※此类动词后面的宾语无论是名词还是代词,都只能放在介词后面,不能放在动词和介词之间。②动词+副词如:Heturnedoffthelightwhenheleft.当他离开时,他把灯关了。Hepickeditupandgaveittome.他把它捡起来,并给了我。注意:代词作宾语时必须放在动词后,副词前,当宾语是名词时,放在副词的前后均可。③动词+副词+介词如:Let’sgoonwithourwork.让我们继续我们的工作吧!Hegetsalongwellwithhisclassmates.他与同学们相处得很好!注意:其后的宾语只能放在介词的后面。④动词+名词+介词Pleasepayattentiontothephrasesinthearticle.请注意文章中的短语。66
Wecanmakegooduseofair.我们可以充分利用空气。⑤be+形容词+介词如:Wearegoodatswimming.我们擅长游泳。SheissatisfiedwithwhatIdid.她对我所做的感到满意。3.延续性和非延续性动词(二)系动词:系动词本身有词义,但不能单独作谓语,必须和表语一起构成谓语,说明主语的状态、性质、特征或身份.常见的系动词有:go,be,become(变得),get(变得),look(看上去),seem(似乎,好像),turn(变得),sound(听起来),smell(闻起来),taste(尝起来),feel(摸起来),keep(保持)等。这些词没有被动语态的形式,也不用于进行时态。(三)助动词:助动词本身无词汇意义或意义不完全,不能单独做谓语。它必须和别的动词连用,帮助构成时态、语态否定和疑问等结构.常用的助动词有be,have,has,do,does,did,will和shall等。1.助动词be(am,is,are,was,were)2.助动词have(has,had)(1)助动词have(has,had)+动词-ed形式,构成完成时。(2)助动词have(has,had)+been+动词ing形式,构成完成进行时。3.助动词do用于构成疑问句和否定式,用于倒装句,加强说话的语气及代替前面刚出现的动词等。4.助动词will和shall用于构成将来时。(shall仅用于第一人称,will可用于各种人称)Ishallbesixteenyearsoldnextbirthday.到下个生日,我将16岁了。Heaskedmewhenwewouldleave.他问我我们何时动身。(四)情态动词:有一定的词义,本身并不表示动作或状态,而仅仅表达说话人的态度。它在句中需和主要动词一起构成谓语。(请见专题九情态动词)(五)易混动词练一练: 1、用be动词的适当形式填空。1)I______aboy.______youaboy?No,I_____not. 2)Thegirl______Jack"ssister.3)Thedog_______tallandfat. 4)Themanwithbigeyes_______ateacher.5)______yourbrotherintheclassroom? 6)How_______yourfather?7)MikeandLiuTao______atschool. 8)Whosedress______this?9)Whosesocks______they? 10)Who______I? 11)Thejeans______onthedesk. 12)Here______ascarfforyou. 13)Here______somesweatersforyou. 14)Theblackgloves______forSuYang. 15)Thispairofgloves______forYangLing. 16)Thetwocupsofmilk_____forme.17)Sometea______intheglass. 18)Gaoshan"sshirt_______overthere. 19)Mysister"sname______Nancy. 20)______DavidandHelenfromEngland? 21)There______agirlinthe66
room. 22)There______someapplesonthetree. 23)_______thereanyapplejuiceinthebottle?24)There_______somebreadontheplate.25)You,heandI______fromChina.26)There_______aboy,twogirls,threemenandtenwomeninthepark.2、用适当的助动词填空。1)______youlikethismagazine? 2)Thegirl______likebreadforbreakfast.3)---What______she______attheweekends?---Sheusuallyplaysgameswithherfriends.4)---Wha______youdolastSunday?---Iwrotetomyfriend.5)---DidyouseeaBeijingopera?---No,I______.6)He______notvisitafarmlastNationalDayholiday. 7)They______notlikeplayingvolleyball.8)---______JimhaveapicnicwithhisfamilyeverySaturday?---Yes,he .9)______HelenandYangLinggotoschoolonfooteveryday?10)---Howmanykites______wehave?---Wehaveten.专题九情态动词命题点一情态动词的基本用法(8年7考10次)1.—MustIhandinmyhomeworknow,Mr.Smith?—No,you_______.A.can’tB.shouldn’tC.wouldn’tD.needn’t2.—Acountryhasdreams.Weteenagers_______alsohavedreams.—Iagreewithyou.Withdreamsandhardwork,anythingamazingcanbecreated.A.mayB.mustC.shouldD.can66
3.—_______Iaskifyouarefondoftravelingbysea?—Yes,verymuch.Ithinkit’sveryexciting.A.MayB.MustC.ShouldD.Need命题点二情态动词表推测的用法(2015重庆B卷36题)一、情态动词的类型和特征(一)情态动词的类型1.只作情态动词的有:must;can(could);may(might);2.可作情态动词也可作实义动词的有:need;3.可作情态动词也可作助动词的有:will(would);shall(should);4.具有情态动词的某些特征的有:haveto;oughtto(二)情态动词的特征:1.有一定的词义,但不能单独作谓语,必须和行为动词或系动词连用,构成谓语。2.无人称和数的变化(haveto例外,用于第三人称单数时用hasto)。Wemuststayhere./Hemuststayhere.他必须呆在这儿。Wehavetowalkhome./Hehastowalkhome.他不得不步行回家。3.后接动词原形:Shemayloseherway.她可能迷路了。4.具有助动词的作用,可用来构成否定句、疑问句及用于简明答语。—CanyousinganEnglishsong?你会唱英语歌吗?—Yes,Ican.是的,我会。二、情态动词的用法(一)can,could的用法1.表示能力,译为:能,会。如:Canyouplaybasketball?你会打篮球吗?2.表怀疑、猜测,常用于否定句和疑问句中。如:Hecan’tbeintheroom.他不可能在房间里。3.表请求或允许,多用于口语中,意为“可以”,相当于may。如:Youcan(may)gonow.你现在可以走了。4.could是can的过去式,可以表示过去的能力.如:IcouldswimwhenIwassevenyearsold.5.以can开头的一般疑问句,其肯定回答和否定回答分别用can和can’t。(二)may的用法1.表推测,意为“可能;也许”,用于肯定句中.如:Hemaycometomorrow.他明天可能会来。2.表请求、许可,意为“可以”如:MayIborrowyourbook?我可以借用你的书吗?※may表请求,用于主语为第一人称的一般疑问句时,其否定回答用mustn’t,不用maynot,意为“不可以,不许,禁止”。如:—MayIgonow?—No,youmustn’t.不可以。/Yes,youmay(can).是,可以。3.(1)表祝愿。如:Mayyousucceed.祝你成功。(2)can和may均可用来表示征求意见或允许,意为“可以”,一般可互换使用。(三)must的用法:1.表示“必须、应该”。2.表示推测,意为“一定”,一般用于肯定句。在疑问句和否定句一般应用can,否定句中也用may,但maynot表示“可能不”,而can’t表示“不可能”。66
—There’ssomeoneknockingonthedoor.有人敲门。—ItmustbeJim.肯定是吉姆。※3.在否定句中,mustn’t表示禁止,意为“不允许”。以must开头的疑问句,肯定回答应用must,而否定回答则常用needn’t,意为“不需要、不必”,相当于don’thaveto,而不能用mustn’t。。—MustIfinishtheworktoday?我今天必须完成这项工作吗?—No,youneedn’t/Youdon’thaveto.不,你不必/Yes,youmust.(四)对need词性的判断:need后加todo说明need为实义动词,用助动词提问或否定;need后加doing表被动;若need后加动词原形,则need为情态动词,用need提问或否定,肯定回答用must,否定回答用needn’t。如:Youneedn’tcometoschoolsoearly.你不必这么早来学校。(五)hadbetter的用法:hadbetter+动词原形,表示最好做某事,否定式用hadbetternotdosth.。You’dbetterstayathome.你最好呆在家里/You’dbetternotwatchTVeveryday.你最好不要每天看电视。(六)shall(should),will(would)的用法1.Shall用于第一人称,表示征求意见、询问。如:ShallIopenthewindow?我打开窗户好吗?Shallwehavelunchhere?我们在这儿吃饭好吗?2.Should常用来表示义务、责任。如:Weshouldobeytrafficlaws.我们应该遵守交通规则。3.will用于第二人称表示询问,请求,也可以表达现在的“意愿”如:Willyoupassmethebook?你能把这本书递给我吗?/Wewilldoanythingforyou.4.would用来表示过去的意愿或委婉的询问。Wouldyoutellmethewaytothestation?你能告诉我去车站的路吗?易混点清单一.can和beableto:can和beableto表示能力时用法相同,can只用于现在时和过去式(could),但beableto表示经过努力后,能够做到有现在时,过去时和将来时。如:Wewillbeabletocomebacknextweek.我们下周能回来。Thefirespreadthroughthehotelveryquicklybuteveryonewasabletogetout. (表示经过努力后,能够做到)Jimcouldn’tspeakChineselastyear,butnowhecan.吉姆去年不会说汉语,但现在他会了。二、can和may表可能性的区别1.在肯定句中,用may表可能Youhadbetteraskthepoliceman.Hemayknow.你最好问警察,他可能知道。2.在否定句中,若语气肯定,表示“不可能”时用cannot;若语气不肯定,表示“可能不”时用maynot。MrLican’tbeintheroom.HehasgonetoBeijingforavisit.李老师不可能在,他去北京度假了。三、could,should,would,might表示委婉语气could,should,would,might等过去式有时不表示过去,而是表示更委婉客气的语气。Wouldyoutellmethewaytothepark?你能告诉我去公园的路吗?四、must和have(has)to:must和have(has)to意思均为“必须”,常可以互换使用。但have(has)to用于强调客观需要,意为“必须,不得不”;must用于表示主观看法66
,意为“必须,应该”。We’llhavetoaskZhangHonginstead./Wemustworkhardatschool.五、maybe和maybemay为情态动词,后加动词原形be,用在句中;maybe为副词,“大概,也许”,相当于perhaps,用于句首。六、can’t和mustn’t:表否定推测时应用can’t,mustn’t表达“禁止、不允许”的含义,不是用来表推测的,在肯定句中must表推测,译为“一定”。七.(补充)shouldhavedone本应该做的事情但未做含有责备之意如:ItoldLilyhowtogethere,butperhapsIshouldhavewrittenitout.needn’thavedone本没必要做但却做了sth27.—MustIcomeupwiththesolutiontothescienceprojecttoday?—No,you____.Butyoumustmakeit___5o’clocktomorrowafternoon.A.mustn’t;atB.can’t;beforeC.don’thaveto;byD.needn’t;in28.Freshfoodisgoodforyou.Butyouhaveto_______itfirstbecausesometimesitalittledirty.A.tasteB.smellC.washD.plant13.Therewassomethingwrongwiththeline.Wecouldn’t______eachotherclearly.A.listenB.soundC.hearD.speak32—Nathanlikeshisjobbecausehe______enjoythebeautyofnature.A.canB.mustC.shouldD.issupposedto28.Theywalkedhomelastnightbecausetheycouldn’t_____totakeataxi.A.leaveB.buyC.affordD.allow7.InAmerica,youcanopenyourpresentsimmediately.Youdon’thaveto_____!A.payB.waitC.checkD.prepare20.—AretheglassesTim’s?—No,they____behis.Hedoesn’twearglasses.A.mustB.canC.mustn’tD.can’t3.—CanyoucometomypartyonWednesday?—Sorry,I____.Ihaveapianolesson.A.can’tB.couldn’tC.Mustn’t5.—Excuseme,isthisthewaytoNo.10MiddleSchool?—Oh,sorry.I’mnotsure.Butit___be.A.mustB.shouldC.needD.may11.—Youlookprettygreen,Kate.—Thankyou.Ilikegreen.Green___givemeenergy.A.canB.mustC.shouldD.hasto10.—MustIdressupastheMonkeyKing?—No,you____.Youcanchoosewhateveryoulike.A.can’tB.mustn’t66
C.shouldn’tD.needn’t20.Harry’sbeendrivingallday-----he_____betired.A.needB.canC.shallD.must7.Asmiddleschoolstudents,webeafraidofdifficultiesifwewanttomakeourdreamscometrue.A.mustB.shouldn"tC.need10.—CouldIinvitemyfriendstoaparty?—Yes,ofcourseyou____.A.canB.couldC.must8.TheScienceMuseumispopularbecausepeople___doexperimentsthere.A.canB.mustC.wouldD.should9.–Thewinneroftheraceisatallandthinboywithglasses.–Thenit______bemyfriend,Mike,wholooksveryfat.A.mightB.can’tC.couldD.must26.—Who’ssinginginthegarden?—It________beTom.Healwayspracticessingingatthistime.A.can’tB.needC.mustD.mustn’t9..—Whosedictionaryisthis?—It____beJack’s.Here’shisname.A.mustB.mustn’tC.canD.can’t12.Children____sitinthefrontseatofthecar.It’stoodangerous.A.needB.needn’tC.mustD.mustn’t26.–Jack,____yourideabike?–Yes,Ican.A.canB.mayC.needD.must40.–Mum,__________IvisittheMovieMuseumtomorrow?–I’mafraidyoucan’t.ItisclosedonMonday.A.mustB.mayC.shouldD.need26.---IsthatmanMr.Smith? ---It______behim.HehasgonetoNewYorkonbusiness. A.maynot B.needn’t C.can’t D.mustn’t44.–DoyouhaveanyplansforthisSunday?--I’mnotsure.I______gotothecountrysidetoseemygrandmother.A.can B.must C.may D.need28.There"sanimportantfootballmatchtoday.I_________missit.66
A.mayB.can"tC.mustD.needn"t专题十非谓语动词主要在单项选择中考查动词不定式的用法,包含以不定式作宾补为主,少量涉及不定式作宾语、状语和省略to的不定式。动名词的用法少量涉及。1.Harryhasdecided_____anonlineshopaftergraduatingfromschool.A.openB.toopenC.openedD.opening2.—Doyouclimbmountainseveryday?—Yes,_____alittleexercise.I’msooutofshape.A.gettingB.getC.gotD.toget3.Manyfastfoodrestaurantspainttheirwallsred,playloudmusicandhavehardseats_____customerseatquicklyandleave.A.makeB.tomakeC.madeD.making【非谓语动词】构成:(to)+动词原形动词不定式66
非在句中的作用(除谓语动词外的任何成分)谓构成:V.-ing语动名词动用法(主、宾、表、定)词构成:V.-ing/V.-ed(规则变化)分词用法(表、补、定、状)(一)动词不定式动词不定时的构成不定时的基本形式为:to+动词原形,有时可以不用to,这里的to是不定式符号,本身无词义,动词不定式的否定形式是not+(to+)动词原形。动词不定式的句法功能功能例句说明主语TospeakEnglishisnoteasyforus=ItisnoteasyforustospeakEnglish.讲英语对我们来说不容易。作主语用的不定式,常常用it作形式主语,而把不定式放在后面。表语Myworkistocleantheroomeveryday.=Tocleantheroomeverydayismywork.我的工作就是每天打扫这间屋子。多数情况下,不定式作表语,可转换作为主语。宾语—Whatsportsdoesheliketoplay?他喜欢做什么运动?—Helikestoplaybasketball.他喜欢打篮球。只能做某些动词的宾语,一般不作介词的宾语。宾补Mymothermademeplaythepianoallthetime.我妈妈让我一直弹钢琴。在make,let,see,hear,watch等使役、感官动词后,不定式省略to。定语Haveyougotanythingtosay?你有要说的吗?不定式作定语,要放在所修饰词的后面。状语I"msorrytotroubleyou.(表原因)很抱歉,给你添麻烦了。IwenttothelibrarytostudyEnglish.(表目的)不定式作状语,其逻辑主语要和句子的主语一致。1.不定式作主语动词不定式作主语时,常用it作形式主语,而将真正的主语放在句末其结构为:It+be+adj.(+for/ofsb.)+动词不定式如:TolearnEnglishwellisuseful.→ItisusefultolearnEnglishwell.It’simportantforustoprotecttheenvironment.注意:在kind,good,nice,clever等表示人的品质的形容词后,不用for而用of。如:It"sverykindofyoutohelpme.66
你帮助我真是太好啦。It"sverycleverofyoutodolikethat.2.不定式作宾语有些谓语动词后只能用不定式作宾语,常见的这类词是表示命令、打算或希望的,如:wouldlike,like,want,wish,hope,decide,plan,expect等。如:Wouldyouliketoseeafilmthisevening?你今晚想去看电影吗?②在find,think后跟不定式作宾语时,常用it代替,而将真正的宾语放在后面。如:IfinditeasytoreadEnglisheveryday.③常见的一些不带to的动词不定式Whynotdo...,Whydon"tyoudo...,hadbetter(not)do...,wouldratherdo,could/would/willyouplease(not)do...Iwouldratherstayintheroom.我宁愿待在房间里。3.不定式作宾语补足语不定式作宾语补足语时与宾语有逻辑上的主谓关系。如:Lucyaskedhimtoturndowntheradio.tell,ask,want,allow,get,wouldlike,encourage后常跟动词不定式作宾语补足语。如:MymotherencouragesmetolearnJapanese.我妈妈鼓励我学日语。注意:还有一些使役动词和感官动词也用不定式作宾补,这时不定式要省略to。这些动词有:一感(feel)、二听(hear,listento)、三让(let,make,have)、四看(lookat,see,watch,notice)。但变被动语态时,必须加上to。如:Myfriendsweremadetoworkthewholenightbytheboss.老板让我的朋友们工作了一整夜。4.不定式作定语①不定式作定语时,应放在名词之后。它与名词有逻辑上的动宾关系。②如果是不及物动词,且与所修饰的词之间有动宾关系,要在不定式后加上适当的介词。Thereisnothingtoworryabout.没有什么可担心的。5.不定式常和疑问词what,which,when,where,how连用,相当于一个宾语从句。如:Theteacheristellingthestudentswhattodo.老师正告诉学生们做什么。Hedidn"tknowwheretogo.他不知道去哪里。(二)动名词一、动名词的构成:动名词一般由“动词原形+ing”构成二V-ing做主语、谓语动词用单数形式Eatingtoomuchisbadforyourhealth.三、动名词的句法功能功能例句说明动词宾语宾语介词宾语Ilikeplayingbasketballverymuch.我非常喜欢打篮球。Stampsareusedforsendingletters.邮票是被用来寄的。表示一般的习惯或抽象行为或经常性的动作。表语Hishobbyiscollectingstamps.=Collectingstampsishishobby.多数情况下,动名词作表语可转化成作主语。定语Sheisinthereadingroom.她在阅览室。66
Weshouldimproveourteachingmethods.只表明它所修饰的词的用途、所属关系等置于所修饰词前。注意:英语中有一些词后面常跟动名词作宾语。我们初中阶段常见的有:finish,mind,beworth,bebusy,practice,havefun,havetrouble/problem(in),spend...(in),feellike,beusedto(习惯于),giveup,keepon,consider,suggest,can"thelp。我们可按下面的顺口溜记忆这些词。完成实践值得忙(finish,practice,beworth,bebusy)继续习惯别放弃(keepon,beusedto,giveup)考虑建议不禁想(consider,suggest,can"thelp,feellike)喜欢思念要介意(enjoy,miss,mind)三.分词包括现在分词和过去分词易错点:1)stopdoing/todostoptodo 停止,中断做某事后去做另一件事。Theystoptosmokeacigarette. 他们停下来,抽了根烟。stopdoing 停止做某事。Imuststopsmoking. 我必须戒烟了。 2)forgetdoing/todoforgettodo 忘记要去做某事(未做)forgetdoing 忘记做过某事(已做)Thelightintheofficeisstilon.Heforgottoturnitoff.办公室的灯还在亮着它忘记关了(没有做关灯的动作)Heforgotturningthelightoff.他忘记他已经关了灯了。 (已做过关灯的动作)3)rememberdoing/todoremembertodo记得去做某事 (未做) rememberdoing 记得做过某事(已做)4)regretdoing/todoregrettodo 对要做的事遗憾。(未做Iregrettohavetodothis,butIhavenochoice.我很遗憾必须这样去做,我实在没有办法。regretdoing 对做过的事遗憾、后悔。 (已做)Idon"tregrettellingherwhatIthought. 我不为告诉她我的想法而后悔。5trydoing/todo trytodo 努力,企图做某事。Youmusttrytobemorecareful. 你可要多加小心。trydoing 试验,试着做某事。Itriedgardeningbutdidn"tsucceed.我试着种果木花卉,但未成功。6)goondoing/todogoontodo 做了一件事后,接着做另一件事。goondoing 继续做原来做的事。Afterhehadfinishedhismaths,hewentontodohisphysics.做完数学后,他接着去做物理。8)beafraidofdoing/todobeafraidtodo 不敢,胆怯去做某事,是主观上的原因不去做,意为"怕";beafraidofdoing 担心出现doing的状况、结果。doing是客观上造成的,意为“生怕,恐怕”。Shewasafraidtostepfurtheringrassbecauseshewasafraidofbeingbittenbyasnake.她生怕被蛇咬着,而不敢在草丛中再走一步。Shewasafraidtowakeherhusband.她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。Shewasafraidofwakingherhusband.她生怕吵醒她丈夫9)meantodoing/todomeantodo打算、想Imeantogo,butmyfatherwouldnotallowmeto.我想去,但是我父亲不肯让我去。meandoing 意味着Toraisewagemeansincreasing66
purchasingpower.感官动词+doing/do感官动词(see,watch,observe,notice,lookat,hear,listento,smell,taste,feel)+do 表示动作的完整性,真实性;+doing表示动作的连续性,进行性Isawhimworkinthegardenyesterday.昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调"我看见了"这个事实)Isawhimworkinginthegardenyesterday.昨天我见他正在花园里干活。(强调"我见他正干活"这个动作)一些省略to的句型(1)Whynot+动词原形(2)Whydon’tyou+动词原形(3)You’dbetter+动词原形(4)You’dbetternot+动词原形(5)Willyouplease+动词原形(6)Willyoupleasenot+动词原形(7)sbdonothingbut(只是,只不过)例:Theydidnnothingbutcomplain常见固定搭配介词+doing1.lookforwardtodoingsth(盼望)2.payattentiontodoingsth.(注意)3.beusedtodoingsth.习惯于)4.preferdoingsthtodoingsth.(更喜欢)5.devotetodoingsth(致力于6.makeacontributiontodoing(做贡献) 专题十一常见八种时态:+专题十二被动语态的构成及用法1.Chinese______bymoreandmorepeoplefromallovertheworldtoday.A.learnB.learnedC.islearnedD.waslearned2.—Hey,Molly.You______onthephonejustnow.Butyouweren’there,sothemanleftaphonenumber.—Oh,Iwasinthelibrary.A.wantedB.arewantedC.werewantedD.havewanted1.—Whatdoyouoftendoonweekends?—Ioften______mygrandparents.A.visitB.visitedC.havevisitedD.willvisit2.—Doesthisbusgotothebeach?—No.You______thewrongway.YoushouldtaketheNo.11bus.A.goB.weregoingC.aregoingD.wouldgo3.—Hello,Mum.AreyoustillonMountLu?66
—Oh,no.Wearecomingbackhome.Wereally______agoodjourney.A.haveB.hadC.arehavingD.willhave4.—Excuseme,whereisMr.Brown’soffice?—Sorry.Idon’tknow.I______hereforonlyafewdays.A.workB.workedC.haveworkedD.willwork5.—MayIspeaktoMr.Brown?—Sorry,he______ameeting.CanItakeamessage?A.ishavingB.hasC.hashadD.willhave6.Hewillcallyouwhenhe______back.A.comeB.comesC.cameD.willcome一、被动语态被动语态的基本结构为:be+动词的过去分词各种时态的主动、被动语态的结构如下表(以动词do为例):时态主动语态被动语态例句主动语态被动语态一般现在时do/doesam/is/are+doneWecleantheclassroom..Theclassroomiscleanedbyus.一般过去时didwas/were+doneHemadethekite.Thekitewasmadebyhim.现在进行时am/is/are+doingam/is/are+beingdoneSheiswateringflowers.Flowerarebeingwateredbyher.现在完成时have/has+donehave/has+beendoneJimhasfinishedthework.TheworkhasbeenfinishedbyJim.一般将来时will/shall/begoingto+dowill/shall/begoingto+bedoneTheywillplanttreestomorrow.Treeswillbeplantedbythemtomorrow.过去进行时was/were+doingwas/were+beingdoneShewaswritingaletterthistimeyesterday.Aletterwasbeingwrittenbyherthistimeyesterday.过去完成时had+donehad+beendoneJimhadfinishedthework.Theworkhadbeenfinished.过去将来时would/should/begoingto+dowould/should/begoingto+bedoneHesaidhewouldmakeakite.Hesaidakitewouldbemadebyhim.IcanfindHecanbe66
含有情态动词can/may/must+docan/may/must+bedonehim.foundbyme.一.被动语态的用法:在被动语态中,主语是动作的承受者,主要用于下列几种情况:(1)不知道动作的执行者是谁。如:ThiswatchismadeinChina.(2)没有必要指出动作的执行者是谁。如:Moretreesmustbeplantedeveryyear.。(3)需要强调或突出动作的承受者时。如:Chineseisspokenbymoreandmorepeopleintheworld.(4)句子的主语是动作的承受者。如:Manyhouseswerewashedawaybythefood.二、主动语态和被动语态的转换1.主动语态变为被动语态(1)要将主动句里的宾语变为被动句中的主语,若主动句中的宾语是人称代词,要将宾语变成主格。(2)把主动句中的主语变为被动句中的宾语,主格变成宾格,并用by引导。(3)谓语动词变成相应的被动形式。主动语态:动作执行者+谓语动词主动形式+动作承受者被动语态:动作承受者+谓语动词被动形式+动作执行者如:WeaskedhimtosinganEnglishsong.(变为被动语态)→HewasaskedtosinganEnglishsongbyus.2.带双宾语的谓语动词变为被动语态谓语动词带双宾语时,既可以将间接宾语转化成主语,也可以将直接宾语转化为主语。若将间接宾语转化为主语,则保留直接宾语;若将直接宾语转化为主语则保留间接宾语,且在被保留的间接宾语前加上介词to或for。如:Shegavemeabook.(变为被动语态)→Iwasgivenabookbyher.(间接宾语me改为了主语)Abookwasgiventomebyher.(直接宾语abook改为了主语)3.动词短语变为被动语态许多由动词和介词、副词构成的动词短语相当于及物动词,可以有宾语,也可以有被动语态。在变为被动语态时,不可丢掉构成动词短语的介词或副词。如:Weshouldspeaktooldmenpolitely.(变为被动语态)Oldmenshouldbespokentopolitely.(to不可省略)4.带复合宾语的动词变为被动语态宾语加上宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。变被动语态时,只把宾语变为被动句的主语,宾语补足语保留在原处,成为主语补足语。如:IheardJaneplayingthepianoinherroom.(变为被动语态)→Janewasheardplayingthepianoinherroom.5.变被动语态后动词形式的选择主动句中在感官动词see,hear,watch,feel,notice等,及使役动词let,make,have等后跟省略to的不定式,变为被动句时,应加上不定式符号to。如:Hemakesthegirlstayathome.(变为被动语态)→Thegirlismadetostayathomebyhim.动词过去式和过去分词写出下列动词的现在分词。66
put__________give__________fly_________get ________dance________sit_________run________plant_________take___________swim_________ask___________stop__________take_________write__________have__________smoke_________think__________want__________tell__________3、写出下列动词的过去式。isam_________fly_______plant________are________drink_________play_______go________make________does_________dance________worry___________ask________taste_________eat__________draw________put______throw________kick_________pass_______do ________专题十三主谓一致(语法,就近,意义一致三原则)一.就近原则1.由并列结构或连词(either…or,neither…nor,not…but,notonly…butalso,or等)连接的并列主语,谓语动词与较近的那个名词或代词保持一致。NeitherhisparentsnorTom_____(be)athome. 2.在倒装句和therebe句型中,谓语动词与后面的第一个主语保持一致。There_____(be)abookandsomepensonthedesk./There______(come)thebus.3.在定语从句中,关系代词作主语,其谓语动词应与它所指代的先行词保持一致。Iknowthemanwho_____(be)talkingtomyfather.4.66
在强调句中,连接代词又在句中作主语,这时它应与被强调的主语保持一致。 ItisMary’sbrotherwho_____(be)injuredinthecaraccidentyesterday. 二.意义一致原则1.当主语与谓语动词之间插入alongwith,with,aswellas,togetherwith,besides,except,but,including等短语时,谓语动词与第一个主语保持一致。Ialongwithmysister_____(be)goingtoShanghainextmonth.2.由“what”引导的名词性从句作主语时,谓语动词通常用单数形式。WhatIwanttosay_____(be)just“Takecare!”.3.“…+(of)+名词”作主语时,若“of”后的名词为单数(不可数名词),则谓语动词用单数,如果名词为复数,则谓语动词用复数。Mostofthewaterhere______(be)clean.80%cotton______have)beensenttoAmerica.80%/Halfoftheapples______(be)red.6.词组“anumberof”作主语时,谓语动词应用复数;“thenumberof”作主语时,谓语动词用单数。Anumberofancientbuildings__(be)destroyedinthewar./Thenumberofthevisitors__(have)decreasedthisyear.7.英语的集体名词(family,public,group,team,class等词),指代“整体”时为单数;指代“其中的各成员”则为复数。Myfamily____(be)verypoorwhenIwasalittlegirl/Myfamily______(be)alllookingforwardforyourcoming.三.整体原则1.从句、不定式、动名词等作主语时谓语动词用单数。Whentoleave_____(be)notbeendecided./WatchingTVtoomuch_____(be)badforyoureyes. 注:如果主语是两个(或两个以上)的名词性从句,谓语动词常用复数。Whathesaidandwhathedid_____(be)alwaysdifferentlastnight.2.如果两个以上的名词组成一个整体概念作主语时,谓语动词须用单数。Thenovelistandpoet__goingtoEuropenextyear./Thenovelistandthepoet__(be)goingtoEuropenextyear.3.表示时间、距离、金额、度量等词语作主语时,通常被视作整体,谓语动词用单数。10minutesisenough.4.加减乘除等数学运算谓语动词通常用单数。2and3______5.5.“the+姓氏名词的复数”表示“一家人、….夫妇”,作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。TheBlacks______(enjoy)workinginChina.四.个体原则1.every+….andevery+…..或each+…andeach+…作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。Everymanandeverywoman_____(be)busyatworking.2.英语句中的each,either,neither等词,作代词充当主语,修饰名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数。Neitherofus_____(have)beenabroad.Neitheranswer_____(be)wrong.3.由some,anyevery,66
no构成的复合词(somebody,nobody,everything,anything等)作主语时,谓语动词用单数。Somebody______(be)waitingforyouattheschoolgate.4.成双成对出现的复数名词(glasses,shoes,trousers,pants,gloves等)作主语时,通常谓语动词用复数,但前面有a/thepairof;a/thesuitof等词语时,则谓语动词要与量词(pair,suit,piece)在单复数上保持一致。Apairofscissors_______(be)usefultoolforadressmaker.Twopiecesofpaper______(be)onthedesk.5.以复数形式出现,却表示单数意义(maths,physics,news…)谓语用单数。 Maths_____(be)myfavoritesubject.6.“the+形容词(old/young/rich/poor)”表示“一类人”,作主语时,谓语用复数。Theyoung______(like)listeningtopopularsongs.7.“the+姓氏的复数”表示“某某夫妇,某某一家人”,作主语时,谓语用复数。TheGreens_______(be)havinglunchnow.there/herebe结构1、therebe结构表示“某时、某地存在着什么事物或人”,包括thereis、thereare、therewas、therewere。herebe结构与它类似,用法也完全相同,只不过是表示“这里存在着什么事物或人”。2、和have、has、had的区别:(1)Therebe句型表示:在某地有某物(或人);而have、has、had表示:某人拥有某物。(2)在therebe句型中,主语是单数,be动词用is;主语是复数,be动词用are;如有几件物品,be动词根据最近be动词的那个名词决定——“就近原则”。(3)therebe句型的否定句在be动词后加not,一般疑问句把be动词调到句首。(4)therebe句型与have(has)的区别:therebe表示在某地有某物(或人);have(has)表示某人拥有某物。(5)some和any在therebe句型中的运用:some用于肯定句,any用于否定句或疑问句。(6)and和or在therebe句型中的运用:and用于肯定句,or用于否定句或疑问句。(7)针对数量提问的特殊疑问句的基本结构是:Howmany+名词复数+arethere+介词短语?Howmuch+不可数名词+isthere+介词短语?(8)针对主语提问的特殊疑问句的基本结构是:What’s+介词短语?(9)Therebe结构一般用在句子的开头,而have等词只能用于某一个主语后面。练一练:1、用恰当的be动词填空。1)There______fourseasonsinayear. 2)There ______notanytreestwoyearsago.3)--- ______thereapostofficenearyourschool?---Yes,there ______.4)---Howmanystops______there?---There______onlyone.5)There______notanystampsontheenvelope. 6) ______thereanybirdsinthetree?7)There______ ashoppingcentrenearourschoollastyear.Butnowthere______noone.8)There______onlythreeofus:mydad,mymumandme. 9)Here______somebreadforyou.10)InNewYork,there ______alotofraininspring.2、选用“have,has,had,thereis,thereare,therewas,66
therewere”填空。1)I______agoodfatherandagoodmother. 2) ______atelescopeonthedesk.3)He______atape-recorder. 4) ______abasketballintheplayground.5)They______anicegarden. 6)Myfather______astory-booklastyear.7) ______areading-roominthebuilding? 8)WhatdoesMike______?9)______anybooksinthebookcase? 10)Howmanystudents______intheclassroom?11) ______astory-bookonthetableamomentago. 12)Whatdoyou______?13)Myparents______somenicepictures. 14) ______somemapsonthewall.15) ______amapoftheworldonthewall. 16)David’sfriends______sometents.17)__________manychildrenonthehill.专题十四倒装句1.当句首为副词here,there且主语为名词时,应用完全倒装。Herecomesthebus!./Theregoesthebell.!2.only修饰时间、地点、方式等状语时,应用部分倒装。Onlyinthiswaycanwesolvetheproblem./OnlywhenyoutoldmedidIknowhername.注意:如果only修饰的不是状语,则句子不倒装。OnlyUncleLiknowshowithappened.3.表示对前者的陈述也适用后者时,肯定倒装用“so+助动词/情态动词+后者”,前句事否定,而后面的人也不怎么样时用“neither/nor+助动词/情态动词+sb”。HecanspeakEnglish,socanI./Ifshedoesn’tgotheretomorrow,neither/norwillI.注意:(1)“so+助动词/情态动词+主语”表示前者的主语和后者的主语的情况一样,所谈到的是两个人,意为“……也是这样”;(2)“so+主语+助动词/情态动词”表示前者和后者所指同一人时,说话者表示同意前者的观点,意为“的确如此”。—LiLeilikessports.—SohedoesandsodoI.4.由notonly……butalso……引起的并列句,若将notonly置于句首时,该分句应部分倒装,butalso引导的分句不倒装。Notonlydidhegivemesomeadvice,butalsohelentmesomemoney.5.“nomatter+疑问词+从句”或“疑问词+ever+从句”注:从句应用陈述句语序,时态用一般现在时。Howeverhardtheproblemis,Imustworkitout.例1、Notonly____thismachinebut____it. A.canherun……canherepair B.canherun……hecanrepair C.hecanrun……hecanrepair D.hecanrun……canherepair 解析:该题答案为B,在notonly……but66
(also)句型中,只有but前面的部分倒装,but后面仍是正常语序。 例2、____,itisquiteeasytodrillaholeinitwithlaser(激光). A.Hardalthoughthediamond B.Hardasthediamondis C.Asthediamondishard D.Hashardisthediamond 解析:该题答案为B,在让步状语从句中,从属连词as可以表示though,但要用倒装语序。 例3、Onlyinthisway____toimprovethesituationthere. A.canyouhope B.youcanhope C.hopecan D.youhope 解析:该题答案为A,only和它所修饰的状语一起置于句首时,须用倒装。专题十五感叹句一、what引导的感叹句:1.what+a/an+adj+单数名词(+主语+谓语)!_______acleverboyheis!2.what+adj+复数名词(+主语+谓语)!_______heavyboxestheyare!3.what+adj+不可数名词(+主语+谓语)!_______badweather!四、how引导的感叹句:1.How+adj/adv+主语+谓语!_________hardtheyareworking!2.How+adj+a/an+单数名词(+主语+谓语)!Howtallaboyheis!3.How+adj/adv+the+名词+谓语!________heavilytherainisfalling!4.How+句子!五、what与how引导的感叹句之间的转换:1.Whatabeautifulgirlsheis!=______beautifulthegirlis!六、几个常见的感叹句:1.______greatfunitis!2.______importantinformation!3.______goodnews!七、感叹句中常见的不可数名词:food,work,weather,fun,music,information,news,advice,专题十六反意疑问句一、结构:陈述句+附加疑问句?It’shottoday,isn’tit?二、原则:1.前肯后否,前否后肯2.前名后代3.时态一致三、变法:一疑、二否、三连、四省、五转换(名变代)。四、特殊的附加疑问句:1.I’m……,aren’tI?/I’mright,____________?/2.Therebe……,______there?Therewillbefewerbusesinthefuture,__________?3.句中有反义词的句子的反意疑问句,仍把它作为肯定形式。Heisunhappy,___________?4.Let’s的反意疑问句为shallwe?Letus的反意疑问句为willyou?Letusgotothemovietogether,__________?/Let’s66
gotothemovietogether,__________?5.祈使句的反意疑问句为willyou?Don’tmissit,__________?6.若陈述句部分含有never,few,little,hardly,no,seldom,nobody,nothing…否定词、半否定词时,附加疑问句用肯定形式。Hecanhardlyunderstandit,___________?7.陈述句的主语为不定代词时:1).主语为指人的不定代词时,附加疑问句的主语用he/they.Noonewashurt,_____________?2).主语为指物的不定代词时,附加疑问句的主语用it.Nothingisserious,______________?8.表推测的情态动词的附加疑问句,其附加疑问句与情态动词后的动词一致。Hemustbeatschool,____________?9.陈述句的主语是this,that,these,those时,附加疑问句的主语分别为it,they.Thisisanewcomputer,____________?/Thosearen’tbananatees,_____________?10.当陈述句是主从复合句时,其附加疑问句应与主句保持一致。若主句为Ithink/believe/suppose/imagine/expect时,其附加疑问句应与从句保持一致。Hesaidthathewouldleaveheretomorrow,____?/Idon’tthinkyoucandotheseexercisesalone,__________?11.陈述句中有has/have/had时,一定要注意。1).若句中是hasto/haveto/hadto,表“不得不”附加疑问句的谓语用doesn’t/don’t/didn’t进行反问.Theyhadtoleaveearly,____________?2).若句中是has/have/had表“有”,其附加疑问句的谓语用do/does/did进行反问。Hehasfewfriendsinthenewschool,____________?3).若句中是has/have/had+过去分词时,其反义疑问句的谓语用has/have/had进行反问。HehasneverbeentoBeijing,__________?ShehadstudiedafewEnglishsongsbytheendoflastmonth.,____________?五、反义疑问句的回答:反义疑问句的回答要根据事实作答,若事实是肯定的,就用yes,+肯定形式。若事实是否定的,就用No,+否定形式。注意:在前否后肯的句子中回答仍然用:yes,+肯定形式/No,+否定形式。但yes表“不”而No表“是的”。Shedidn’tcometoschoolyesterday,didshe?_________,thoughshewasnotfeelingwell.A.No,shedidn’tB.No,shedidC.Yes,shedidn’tD.Yes,shedid专题十七宾语从句一、直接引语变间接引语1.人称的变化:一随主,二随宾,第三人称不更新。1).“一随主”指若直接引语中的主语为第一人称时,变间接引语时应与主句的主语人称一致.Shesaid“Ilikeplayingbasketball”.Shesaidthat__________playingbasketball.2).“二随宾”指若直接宾语中的主语为第二人称时,变间接宾语时应与主句的宾语人称一致.SheaskedTom“CanIhavealookatyourpicture”.SheaskedTomif___couldhavealookat___picture.3).“第三人称不更新”指若直接宾语中的主语为第三人称时,变间接宾语时人称保持不变.66
Shesaidtome“Theywanttohelpme”.Shetoldmethat__________tohelpme.2.指示代词,时间、地点状语的变化直接引语间接引语指示代词thisthatthatthose时间状语nowthentodaythatdaythismorningthatmorningthreedaysagothreedaysbeforeLastweektheweekbeforetomorrowthenext/followingdaynextyearthenextyear地点状语herethere动词comego二.宾语从句的考查宾语从句在句中作及物动词的宾语,或介词的宾语,或形容词的宾语。1.考查宾语从句的语序:宾语从句的语序用陈述句语序。即“主语+谓语+……Doyouknowwhen__________?A.doesthenexttrainleaveB.thenexttrainleaves注:若从句是疑问句,但语序不变的有:1).who在从句中作主语。Canyoutellme_________?(谁将来这儿)2).what’swrong/thematter?Heaskedwhatwasthematterwithme.3).whathappenedIdon’tknowwhathappenedyesterday.4).whichisthewayto….?Canyoutellmewhichisthewaytothepark?2.考查宾语从句的引导词1).若宾语从句时陈述句时,引导词用that且that可省掉。Shesaid“I’mgaldtoseeyou”=Shesaid________________galdtoseeme.2).宾语从句时一般疑问句时,引导词用if或whether.一般情况下if/whether可互换,但后有ornot/or、动词不定式或介词的后面时,只能用whether.I’mthinkingabout______togothere.A.ifB.whetherC.that3).宾语从句时特殊疑问句时,引导词用特殊疑问词。Doyouknow________?I’mnotsure,Maybeheisabusinessman.A.whoheisB.whoisheC.whathedoesD.whatdoeshedo4).若宾语从句时肯定祈使句时,就改为ask/tellsbtodosth.若为否定祈使句,就改为ask/tellsbnottosth.“Don’topenthedoor”Theteachersaid.=Theteachertoldme____________thedoor.3.宾语从句的时态1.如果主句的时态是一般现在时,宾语从句该用什麽时态就用什麽时态。Canyoutellme_________?Heisadoctor.A.whatisheB.whathewasC.whatheisD.whatwashe2.66
如果主句的时态是一般过去时,宾语从句只能用相应的过去时态Heasked____________.A.whattimeitisB.whattimeisitC.whattimeitwasD.whattimewasitHetoldmethathe______forthesportsmeet.A.ispreparingB.waspreparingC.willprepareD.hasprepared注:1)如果宾语从句所陈述的是客观真理,其时态常用一般现在时。OurteachersaidthatJanuary__thefirstmonthoftheyear./Ourteachersaidthattheearth_(go)aroundthesun.2).若主句为couldyou…..?表示请求客气的语气,从句的时态仍然不变。Couldyoutellme_______?A.whathewasdoingB.whatwashedoingC.whatheisdoingD.whatishedoing5.宾语从句的简化:1).宾语从句是陈述句时,且主、从句的主语一致,可简化为“动词+todosth”.IhopeIcanmeetyouagain./Ihope__________youagain.2).宾语从句是疑问句时,且主、从句的主语一致,或从句的主语与主句的宾语一致。可简化为“疑问词+todosth”.Idon’tknowwhatIshoulddonext./Idon’tknow_____________next.专题十八:定语从句、状语从句一、定语从句:1.定语从句的概念:在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。2.先行词:被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。3.关系词:引导定语从句的连词叫关系词。如that、which、who、whom、whose、where、when等。4.由that、which、who、whom、whose引导的定语从句。关系词指代在定语从句中的作用that既指人也指物作主语、宾语which指物作主语、宾语who指人作主语whom指人作宾语whose既指人也指物作定语二、定语从句:1.先行词是物时,一般情况既可用that,which均可.但下列情况,只用that不用which。1).当先行词为指物的不定代词,如all、everything、something、anything、nothing、none、theone等时,只能用that。Thereisnothing______Icandoforyou.2).先行词被theonly,thevery,thelast,all,no,little等词修饰,只用that。Thisistheverybook___I’mlookingfor.3).先行词被序数词修饰时,只用that.Thisisthefirstnextbook______Istudiedinthemiddleschool.4).先行词为最高级或被最高级修饰时,只能用that。Thisisthemostbeautifulmountain______Ihaveeverseen.=Ihave_____seen_____abeautifulmountian.5).先行词既有人也有物时,只能that。Hetoldusmanyinterestingthingsandpersons_______wehad.66
2.先行词是物时,一般情况既可用that也可用which.但下列情况,只能用which不用that。1).关系代词前有介词时,关系词只能用which。Thisisthebuildingin______helives.2).先行词本身是that时,关系词只能用which。Theclockisthat_____tellsthetime.3).引导非限定性的定语从句(先行词是物且先行词与关系词用逗号隔开),关系词用which。Hisbook,______waslostlastweek,hasbeenfoundnow.3.先行词是人时,一般情况下既可用who也可用that。但以下情况下,只能用who。1).当先行词为those、one、ones、anyone且作主语时,一般用who.Those____aresingingareallmyclassmates.2).在therebe句型中,先行词指人时,只能用who。指物时用that。Thereisagirl______expectstoseeyou.3).当先行词是I、you、he、they等时,只能用who。He______playswithfiregetsburned.三、定语从句由关系副词when、where、why引导的定语从句。where=in/at+whichwhen=in/on/at+whichwhy=for+which1.由where引导的定语从句。1).先行词是表示地点的名词2).在定语从句中作地点状语Isthisthehouse____youlived?=Isthisthehouse_______youlived?=Isthisthehouse___youlivedin?2.由when引导的定语从句。1).先行词是表示时间的名词2).在定语从句中作时间状语Iwillneverforgetthedays______Imethim.=Iwillneverforgetthedays________Imethim.注:先行词是thelasttime时,when可省略。Whenwasthelasttimeyousawtheparrot?3.由why引导的定语从句。先行词为reason时,一般用why。why在句中作原因状语。Wedon’tknowthereason______theydidn’tcome.四、注意事项:1.关系词在定语从句中作宾语时,常可省略。Thestory_____hetoldwasverypopular.A.whoB.whomC.whoseD./2.that、who、which在定语从句中作主语时,定语从句的谓语动词应与先行词保持一致。Ilovessingerswho_______(write)theirownsongs./Sheisoneofthegirlswho______(study)hard.3.定语从句中whose的确定:无论先行词是人或物,在定语从句中做定语用whose。判断:看定语从句的主语前有无限定词(my、your、Jim’s等),若没有,则用whose。Thegirl_____parentsworkinBeijingisKate.A.whoB.whoseC.whichD.that(1)时间状语从句:在一个句子中作时间状语的句子。 时间状语的连接词:when(当…时候)while(当…时候)as(当…时候)after(在…以后)before(在…以前)assoonas(一…就)since(自从…到现在)till/until(直到… 才)bythe66
time(到…为止)依旧是连接词后加陈述语序。 举例:when当…的时候(一般情况下主句是将来时的时候,从句要用一般现在时。) Mozartstartedwritingmusicwhenhewasfouryearsold. (2)原因状语从句:在一个句子中作原因状语的句子。 连接词:由连词because,since,as引导,也可由for,nowthat等词引导。 举例:Ididn’tgotoschoolyesterdaybecauseIwasill. (3)条件状语从句:在一个句子中作条件状语的句子。 连接词:if如果,unless(=ifnot)除非。(让步) 举例:Ifitdoesn’traintomorrow,wewillgohiking. (4)目的、结果状语从句 目的状语从句是指在一个句子中充当目的状语的句子。 结果状语从句是指在一个句子中充当结果状语的句子 目的状语从句连接词sothat,so…that,inorderthat引导。 结果状语从句连接词so…that,such…that,somuch/many…that引导。 举例:so…that如此…以至于 Thescientist’sreportwassoinstructivethatwewereallveryexcited. (5)让步状语从句 让步状语从句是指在句子中作让步的状语的句子 连接词:though,although.,whether…ornot 举例:Althoughheisrich,yetheisnothappy. 3.nomatter从句 结构:"nomatter+特殊疑问词疑问词+陈述语序"或"特殊疑问词+后缀ever+陈述语序" 如:Nomatterwhathappened,hewouldnotmind. 注意:nomatter不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。例1、_______ Iacceptthegiftorrefuseitisnoneofyour66
business. A.If B.Whether C.Evenif D.Nomatterwhen解析:该题答案为B。whether可以和or连用,if不可以,此外if一般仅用于宾语从句。例2、Theway_______ thesecomradeslookatproblemsiswrong. A.where B.inthat C.X D.withwhich解析:该题答案为C,先行词是way,定语从句中用that或inwhich来引导或不填。例3,____alongtimesinceIsawyoulasttime. A.Itwas B.Itis C.Ithadbeen D.Itcanbe解析:该题答案为B,Itis+时间数+since引导的从句是一个句型,意为"从…时候以来过了多久了。"________heknewhewaswrong,hedidn"tsaysorrytous.专题十九[简单句和并列句]命题点一简单句的五大基本句型命题点二疑问句(含How词组)(8年8考23次)Iusuallygotoschoolbybus.(对划线部分提问)____________youusuallygotoschool?2.Theywillgototheseasidethisweekend.(对划线部分提问)____________theygothisweekend?66
3.—Tom,_______areyoulateagain?—BecauseIstayeduplatetofinishmyhomeworklastnight.A.whyB.howC.whatD.where命题点三主谓一致和therebe句型(8年5考6次)4.Acrossfrommyhome,there_______ashopwhichsellsthingsfromforeigncountries.A.areB.amC.isD.be5.—Whyareyouinsuchahurry,John?—There______abasketballmatchbetweenClassThreeandourclassintenminutes.A.isgoingtobeB.isgoingtohaveC.willhaveD.willhold6.NotonlymybrothersbutalsoI______interestedinplayingfootballwhenwewereyoung.A.areB.wereC.amD.was命题点四祈使句(2014重庆A卷33题;2010重庆3766
题)7._______harder,andyou’llmakeyourdreamcometrueoneday.A.StudyingB.TostudyC.StudyD.Studied命题点五感叹句8.______wonderfulconcerttheyareputtingoninthecitysquare!A.HowB.WhatC.WhataD.Whatan9.LookatthephotooftheSmiths.______happytheyare!A.HowB.WhatC.HowaD.Whata引言:※句子的分类。根据语气可分为:陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。根据结构可分为:简单句、并列句和复合句。※简单句是只包括一个主谓结构的句子。主语:定语:()谓语:状语:[]宾语:宾补:〈〉表语:※并列句是包含两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子,句子之间常用并列连词连接。常见的连词有and,but,or,so等。一、常见的五种基本句型。1.S+V,主谓,谓语动词一般为不及物动词;①Thebusstopped.②TomhasarrivedSVi.2.S+V+P,主谓(系)表,谓语动词一般为连系动词;(表语可以是名词,形容词,动词不定式、动名词短语、介词短语或句子等)。连系动词主要有:be(am,is,are),look(看起来),sound(听起来),smell(闻起来),taste(尝起来),feel(感到,摸起来);stay/keep(保持);seem(好像,似乎).turn/get/become/grow(变得);66
appear(呈现):appearred①Theskirtlooksbeautiful.②sheisastudent.③Mydreamistobeateacher.SVP3.S+V+O,主谓宾,谓语动词一般为及物动词,如果是不及物动词,后面要跟介词再接宾语;①IlikeEnglish.②ShelikeswatchingTV.③Shewantstogoshopping.SVO4.S+V+O+OC,主谓宾补,宾语补足语可以是形容词、名词、动词不定式等.①IfindEnglish[easy].②Theykeeptheireyes[closed].SVOOC③Sheaskedme[togoshopping].④Shemakesme[laugh].5.S+V+IO+DO,主谓双宾,接双宾语的动词有buy,give,show,tell,teach,offer,provide一般物为直接宾语(DO),人为间接宾语(IO)。(givesb.sth.=givesth.tosb.)①Shegavemeapen.②Shebuymeapen.SVIODO二、常见的并列句:(1)用来连接两个并列概念的连接词有and,notonly…butalso…,neither…nor…,aswellas等,and所连接的前后分句往往表示平行关系、顺接关系、对照关系、先后关系、递进关系。前后分句的时态往往保持一致关系,若第一个分句是祈使句,那么第二个分句用将来时。Helikesplayingfootballandheplayswell.他喜欢踢足球,并且踢得很好。 (2)表示在两者之间选择一个,常用的连接词有or,otherwise,either…or…等,前后分句的时态往往保持一致关系,若第一个分句是祈使句,那么第二个分句用将来时。①Nowyoucanhavearestoryoucangotothecinema.(or译为:或者)②Hurryup,oryouwillmisstheearlybus.(or译为:否则)(3)表明两个概念彼此有矛盾、相反或者转折,常用的连接词有but,yet,still,however,while(而)等,前后分句时态一致。①Ithasnomouth,butitcantalk.(前后彼此矛盾,表示转折)②Schoolisover,yetalltheteachersarestillworking.(前后彼此矛盾,表示转折)③Hewantstobeawriter,whileIwanttobeascientist.(前后不矛盾,只是表示转折)(4)说明原因或理由,用连接词for,前后分句时态一致。Hehasmanygoodfriends,forheisanhonestman。(5)表示结果,用连接词so,前后分句时态一致。Mr.Liwenttohishometown,soMr.Wangwastakinghisclassinstead.三、反意疑问句:见专题四、选择疑问句:提出两种或两种以上情况,需要对方作出选择回答的疑问句1)构成:(1)一般疑问句+or+第二选项?(2)特殊疑问句+第一选项(+第二选项)+or+第三选项?2)选择疑问句的结构与特殊疑问句相同,即要具体回答,不可以用yes/no回答。如:66
①Isyourfriendaboyoragirl?–Agirl.②Whichdoyouprefer,coffeeortea?–Tea,please.五、祈使句:祈使句用来表示请求、命令等。它的主语you往往不说出。▲祈使句的肯定式:动词(原形)+其他如:①Pleasegivemeahand.(请帮忙)②Shutup!(住嘴!)▲祈使句的否定式:Don’t+动词原形+其他如:①Pleasedon’ttalkinlowvoices.(请不要低声讲话。)②Don’tlookback!(不要掉头看。)以“let’s”引出的祈使句的否定结构,“not”应放在“let’s”后面③Let’snottroublehim.(我们不要打扰他。)肯定祈使句前可以用助动词来强调语气。如:④Pleasedohelpme!(请千万帮帮我。)(do起强调作用)回答祈使句时要用将来时态。如:—Pleaseremembertotakethedogoutforawalkeveryday.请记住每天带着狗出去散步。—OK,Iwill.好的,我会的。▲注意祈使句在复合句和其它一些情况下看作将来时:⑤Pleasecallmewhenshecomesback.(主将从现)⑥-----Don’tbringitheretomorrow.---OK,Iwon’t.六、感叹句:感叹句用来表示喜怒哀乐等强烈感情。句末常用“!”见专题66