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2019年高考英语语法必考考点(9):数词及主谓一致含解析李仕才【考点解读】一、数词1.基数词(1)注意几个不规则的基数词的写法。如eleven,twelve,thirteen,fifteen,twenty,thirty,forty,fifty等。(2)注意英语中的数量以三位为一个单位,一般对应阿拉伯数字的写法每三位加一个逗号,分别是thousand,million和billion。如:tenthousand=10,000;onehundredmillion=100,000,000。(3)数词hundred,thousand,million,billion,dozen,score表示确切数目时不加s,但若表示不确切数目时,要用复数形式,与of构成短语。如:一万:tenthousand;成千上万的:tensofthousandsof;两打鸡蛋:twodozeneggs。(4)年代表达方式有两种写法。如:20世纪90年代:inthe1990s或inthe1990’s。2.序数词(1)序数词前面一般加the,多数序数词由基数词加th构成。如:thefifteenth;以y结尾的基数词变化时,先把y改成i,再加eth。如:twentieth。注意几个不规则的序数词的写法。如:first,second,third,fifth,eighth,ninth,twelfth等。 (2)序数词常可缩写,其形式为阿拉伯数字加序数词的最后两个字母。如:1st,2nd,3rd,4th,21st,22nd,23rd,24th。3.小数小数点用point表示,小数点后的数用个位基数词表示。如:0.567-zeropointfivesixseven。4.分数
分子用基数词,分母用序数词,如果分子大于1,分母须加s。如:1/5-onefifth/onefifth;3/4-threefourths/threefourths。5.百分数百分号用percent(percent)或%表示。如:19.56%-nineteenpointfivesixpercent。6.倍数表达法(1)倍数+as+形容词/副词(原级)+as。Thisbridgeisthreetimesaslongasthatone.(2)倍数+形容词或副词的比较级+than。Thisbridgeisthreetimeslongerthanthatone.(3)倍数+thesize/length/weight...+of+表示比较对象的Thisbridgeisthreetimesthelengthofthatone.(4)倍数+what引导的从句。Thecollegeistwicewhatitwas5yearsago.(5)倍数+that+of+表示比较对象。Themoneyheearnsisthreetimesthatofhers.主谓一致是指谓语动词在人称和数方面需和主语保持一致。主谓一致主要遵循语法形式一致、意义一致以及就近一致三个原则。1.句子谓语用单数的情况(1)单数名词或代词、不可数名词、动词不定式或动词ing形式或单个从句等作主语时。Togoswimmingishelpfulforshapingyourbody.【点睛】 what引导的名词性从句作主语时,若表语是复数形式,则谓语动词用复数。(2)由and连接的两个名词若表示单一概念时。Aknifeandforkiswhatyouneedwhenhavingameal.(3)由and连接的并列单数主语前有every,each,no,manya时。Eachmanandeachwomanwasaskedtogiveaperformanceattheparty.(4)表示时间、重量、距离、长度、价格、金额、体积等名词的复数作主语或主语部分是一个算式时。Tome,20,000dollarsisnotasmallsumofmoney.
Oneplusoneis/equalstwo.(5)each,everyone,everybody,everything,someone,somebody,something,anyone,anybody,anything,noone,nobody,nothing等不定代词作主语时。Everyonehashisowninterest.Nothingisimpossibletoawillingheart.(6)one(everyone,anyone,either,neither,eachone,each)+of+名词复数时。OneoftheguestsinthepartyisfromSouthAfrica.Everyoneofuslikesthenovel.(7)morethanone/a+单数名词作主语,尽管从意义上看是复数,但谓语须用单数形式。Morethanonestudentwaschosentocompeteinthecontest.2.句子谓语用复数的情况(1)某些集体名词(如:people,police,staff,cattle等)作主语时,谓语通常用复数。Thepolicearesearchingthewoodsforthelostchild.(2)由and,both...and连接两个并列主语时。Whathesaysandwhathedoesdonotagree.Boththepresidentandtheprimeministerhaveattendedthelecture.(3)当主语是clothes,trousers,shorts,shoes,jeans,glasses,scissors,compasses等只有复数形式的名词时。Mytrousershavebeenwashedalready.【点睛】 若这类名词前有pairof修饰时,其谓语动词的单复数取决于pair的单复数形式。(4)“the+形容词/过去分词”结构(如:thedead/old/rich/injured/unemployed等)多指某一类人。主语由该结构充当时,谓语动词一般用复数。Theblindweregivenaidsbythevolunteersoutsidethetheatre.【点睛】 该结构也有表示一类事物的情况,此时谓语动词用单数。Theoldalwaysgiveswaytothenew.3.就近一致的情况(1)在therebe结构中。Thereisapenandthreebooksonthedesk.(2)当or,either...or,neither...nor,whether...or,notonly...but
also...等连词连接两个并列主语时。Notonlyhisbrothersbutalsoheisgoodatpainting.4.其他情况(1)主语后面有aswellas,ratherthan,with,togetherwith,alongwith,like,but,except等插入成分,谓语的数与主语保持一致。TheSmiths,togetherwiththeirdaughter,aretoarriveontheeveningflight.Nobodybutthreestudentswasinthelaboratoryatthattime.(2)某些集体名词(如:family,team,audience,class,committee,crowd,government,group,party,public等)作主语时,若作为一个整体看待,谓语用单数;若指集体中所有的成员时,谓语用复数。Herfamilyissmall,butthefamilyareadvancedworkers.(3)以s结尾的名词(如:学科名词politics,不可数名词news,或单复数同形的means,works等),要分清其数的关系,才可决定其谓语的单复数形式。Physicsseemstobeverydifficulttomanygirlstudents.Differentmeansoftransportareavailableinthecity.(4)none,some,all,therest,half等作主语时,谓语动词根据其所指意义决定单复数。Therestofthestorywasdullandallthestudentswerebored.主谓一致是历年高考试题中的测试重点之一。一般与其它知识综合起来考察。近几年语境综合化程度越来越高。分数、百分数、不定式、动名词、定语从句等场合下的主谓一致问题仍将会是今后高考命题的热点。 主谓一致是指一个句子的主语和谓语动词保持人称与数的一致关系。有些句子不易直接看出主语的单复数,需仔细推敲。处理主谓一致要注意语法一致,意义上一致和就近一致。 高考重点要求: 1.根据主谓一致的三个原则(语法一致,意义一致,就近一致),判断和确定句子的主语和谓语在人称和数上保持一致 2.掌握固定词组作主语,谓语动词的数与主语保持一致 考生在掌握主谓一致的基本原则的同时,也要特别注意语法一致的原则,而且分数、百分数、不定式、动名词、定语从句等场合下的主谓一致问题仍将会是今后高考命题的热点。 复习时需注意的要点
1、集体名词看作整体时,谓语动词用单数,看作各个成员时,谓语用复数。 例如:Hisfamilyisn’tlarge. Hisfamilyareallfondofmusic. 2、些名词如news,maths,physics等虽然有词尾“s”但意义上是单数,谓语动词要用单数。 例如:Thenewsiswonderful. Physicsisaninterestingsubject. 3、由数词+表示重量、里程、时间、金钱等名词所构成的复数名词主语,是当作一个整体看待的,后面用单数动词。 例如:Fiveminutesistooshort. Tendollarsisenough. 4、主语后面跟有介词with或togetherwith引导的短语时,谓语动词一般与前面的主语的人称和数一致。 例如:Theteachertogetherwithtenstudentsisdoinganexperimentinthelab. 5、主语前有every或each修饰时,无论有几个主语,谓语动词用单数。 例如:EveryteacherandeverystudentinourschoolhasbeentotheCenturyPark.【真题分析】一、单项选择1.(2017·江苏卷)ThepublicationofGreatExpectations,which_______bothwidelyreviewedandhighlypraised,strengthenedDickens’statusasaleadingnovelist.A.isB.areC.wasD.were【答案】C【解析】考查主谓一致。先行词是GreatExpectations,“GreatExpectations”是书名,看做单数,所以定语从句的谓语也要使用单数形式;根据“strengthened”可知,说的是过去,故选C。句意:《远大前程》的出版获得了广泛的认可和高度的赞扬,这坐实了狄更斯作为前沿小说家的地位。
2.(2017·天津卷)Nowadays,cycling,alongwithjoggingandswimming,_______asoneofthebestall-roundformsofexercise.A.regardB.isregardedC.areregardedD.regards【答案】B3.(2016·湖南卷)Listeningtoloudmusicatrockconcerts_____causedhearinglossinsometeenagers. A. is B. are C.has D. have【答案】C【解析】考查主谓一致以及时态语态。句意:在摇滚音乐会听嘈杂的音乐会会引起一些青少年的听力丧失。主语为动名词listening,谓语动词用单数。4.(2016·四川)Suchpoets as Shakespeare ______widely read, of whose works, however, some_____ difficult tounderstand. A. are; are B.is; is C.are; is D.is; are【答案】A【解析】前句的主语是poets,后句的主语是some(works),都需要复数形式的谓语动词。5.(2015·湖南卷)Itisimportanttorememberthatsuccess________asumofsmalleffortsmadeeachdayandoften________yearsofachieve.A.is;takesB.are;takesC.are;takeD.is;take【答案】A6.(2014·湖南卷)Allweneedasmallpieceoflandwherewecanplantvarious
kindsoffruittreesthroughoutthegrowingseasonsoftheyear.A.areB.wasC.isD.were【答案】C【解析】考查主谓一致及时态用法。句中的主语为代词all,代指的是物,故谓语动词用单数形式。再根据从句中的can可以判断用一般现在时。句意:我们所需要的是一小块土地,在整个一年的生长季节,我们能够种各种不同的水果树。故C正确。7.(2013·湖南卷)Theuniversityestimatesthatlivingexpensesforinternationalstudents________around$8,450ayear,which________aburdenforsomeofthem.A.are;isB.are;areC.is;areD.is;is【答案】A 【解析】考查主谓一致。句意:那所大学估计,对国际学生来说,一年的生活开销大约是8450美元,这对他们中某些学生来说是一个负担。第一空的主语是livingexpenses,是复数,因此谓语动词用复数;第二空的主语是which,指代的是前面整个句子,因此谓语动词用单数。8.(2013·江苏卷)Generally,students"innermotivationwithhighexpectationsfromothers________essentialtotheirdevelopment.A.isB.areC.wasD.were【答案】A 9.(2013·福建卷)Thefamousmusician,aswellashisstudents,________toperformattheopeningceremonyofthe2012TaipeiFlowerExpo.A.wereinvitedB.wasinvitedC.havebeeninvitedD.hasbeeninvited【答案】B 【解析】考查主谓一致。aswellas,togetherwithlike等介词或介词逗语连接并列主语时,谓语动词应该与介词或介词短语之前的主语保持一致。此句复含介词前的主语是
musician,故可先排除B和C,句中有明确的过去时间,动词应用一般过去时,所以答案为B。10.Amongthecrisesthatfacehumansthelackofnaturalresources.A.isB.areC.isthereD.arethere【答案】A【解析】考查主谓一致。这是个倒装句,主语是thelack,谓语动词用单数。二、单句填空1.(2018·新课标I卷)Whilerunningregularlycann"tmakeyouliveforever,thereviewsaysit____64____(be)moreeffectiveatlengtheninglifethanwalking,cyclingorswimming.【答案】【解析】考查动词的时态及主谓一致。医学报告显示:跑步比散步、骑车和游泳更能有效地延长寿命。这里叙述的是一个事实,故用一般现在时。故填is。2.(2017·新课标I卷)Fastfood67(be)fulloffatandsalt;【答案】is【解析】考查时态和主谓一致。此处是对客观情况的描述,应用一般现在时;分析句子结构可知,该句缺少谓语动词,又因主语为Fastfood.故填is。3.(2016·新课标II卷)Leavingthelessimportantthingsuntiltomorrow63(be)oftenacceptable.【答案】is4.(2016·新课标III卷)Confuciusbelievedkniveswouldremindpeopleofkillingsand69(be)tooviolentforuseatthetable.【答案】were【解析】考查时态和主谓一致。根据句中的“believed”可知,此处描述的是过去的情况,应用一般过去时;从句主语为knives,谓语动词应用复数。故填were。
三、单句改错1.(2018·新课标III卷)"Theclassroomisaplaceforlearningandthatincludelearningfromtextbooks,andmistakeaswell."【答案】includes【解析】考查主谓一致。that作主语,谓语动词用第三人称单数includes。2.(2018·新课标II卷)Inthesummerholidayfollowingmyeighteenbirthday,Itookdrivinglessons.【答案】eighteen→eighteenth。【解析】考查序数词。“我的18岁生日”,应用序数词eighteenth。3.(2014·四川卷)Today,Iamgoingtotalkaboutwhatyoushoulddowhenafirealarmgooff.【答案】go→goes【解析】考查主谓一致。根据从句主语“afirealarm”可知,从句的谓语动词要用单数形式。故将go改为goes。4.(2016·浙江卷)Hewouldaskwhowewasandpretendnottoknowus.【答案】was→were。【解析】考查主谓一致。根据we可知,谓语动词应该用复数形式,故改为were。5.(2014·陕西卷)Suddenlythearrowswasflyingdownatusfromthesky—theylookedlikerain!【答案】was→were。6.(2013·浙江卷)Goodnightandremember,you,deardiary,ismyonlysouvenirfrommypastlifeandmyonlyfriend.【答案】is→are。【解析】考查主谓一致。此处主语是you,所以系动词用are。7.(2012·陕西卷)WhatIlikedbestwerethefreehigh-speedInternetconnectionintheroom.【答案】were→was。
【解析】考查主谓一致。Therebe句型的就近原则,astudentpoll为单数。【对点测试】一、单项选择1.MyfamilyaswellasI________gladtoseeyou.A.amB.areC.isD.was【答案】B【解析】aswellas连接两主语时,谓语与前面一个主语取得一致,此处family强调成员,选B。2.Ofparticularinteresttovisitors________thelargenumberofbookstoresthatsellbooksindifferentlanguages.A.havebeenC.isB.areD.were【答案】C【解析】该句是倒装结构。“thenumberof+复数名词”作主语,谓语用单数。3.IthinkJohn,________you,________toblame.A.aswellas;areC.ratherthan;isB.or;isD.except;are【答案】C【解析】aswellas/ratherthan/except连接两主语,谓语一般与前面的主语一致。4.ThestudentsinourschooleachanEnglishdictionary.A.haveC.havehadB.hasD.arehaving【答案】A【解析】此处each为同位语,谓语需与主语students相一致,可排除B,作“有”解的have一般不用进行时,可排除D,句中说的是现实情况,不用完成时,排除C。故选A。5.Bothbreadandbutter________soldoutinthisshopyesterday.A.wasC.havebeenB.wereD.hasbeen【答案】B【解析】both...and连接两并列主语时,谓语一般用复数,所以选B。注:如果将句中的both去掉,该选A。6.Thirtypercentofthecattle________thin,buttherest________fat.A.are;areC.is;areB.is;isD.are;is
【答案】A【解析】cattle为集合名词,谓语要用复数,故选A。7.Whathesaysanddoes________.A.resisttoeachotherC.doesnotagreeB.donotagreeD.areseldomright【答案】B8.ThesecretaryofthePartybranchanddirectorofthatfactoryoften________withtheworkers.A.worksC.isworkingB.workD.areworking【答案】A【解析】director前无冠词,说明and连接的是同一个人,and可译为“兼”,谓语用单数。如选C,需将often置于isworking之间。9.Largequantitiesoffruit________allovertheworldfromChinatoday.A.isshippedC.hasshippedB.areshippedD.haveshipped【答案】B【解析】quantityof作主语时,谓语一般需根据quantity本身的单复数来决定。10.Whathe________,tobefrank,pleaseuspresent.A.doesdoC.dodoB.doesdoesD.dodoes【答案】B13.—Haveyouheardaboutthenewschool?—No.Whenandwheretobuildthenewone________yet.A.isn"tdecidedC.hasn"tdecidedB.aren"tdecidedD.haven"tdecided【答案】A【解析】此处应用被动,排除C、D,主语部分虽然有两个疑问副词when和where,但when
andwheretobuildthenewone还只能算一个不定式,所以谓语该用单数,排除B。故选A。二、单句填空1.(2017·北京四校联考)NeitherInorAmy ________(be) toattendthebusinessconferenceifwearebusy. 【答案】is 【解析】句意:如果我们忙的话,我和埃米就都不去参加商务会议了。neither…nor…连接两个并列成分作主语时,谓语动词与最近的名词或代词保持一致。设空处的单复数形式应与Amy一致,根据从句的时态可知应用一般现在时。故填is。2.(2017·湖南十三校联考)Our school along with many other brother middle schools ____________(be) to take another joint test next month. 【答案】is 【解析】句意:我们学校连同其他很多兄弟学校下个月还要有一次联考。当主语后有along with连接的成分时,谓语动词的数应与主语保持一致,故应与Our school一致,所以谓语动词用单数。故填is。3.Allweneed________(be)asmallpieceoflandwherewecanplantvariouskindsoffruittreesthroughoutthegrowingseasonsoftheyear.【答案】is 【解析】weneed是一个省略了关系代词that的定语从句。先行词all即句子的主语,是不定代词,且由设空后的asmallpieceofland可知,谓语动词需用单数形式is。4.Eitheryouoroneofyourstudents________(be)toattendthemeetingthatisduetomorrow.【答案】is 5.DrSmith,togetherwithhiswifeanddaughters,________(be)goingtovisitBeijingthissummer.【答案】is 【解析】句意:今年夏天,史密斯博士,要和他的妻子和女儿们一起游览北京。togetherwith
hiswifeanddaughters短语补充说明主语,谓语动词应和主语保持一致。6.MrBlack,aswellastheprofessorwho________(come)fromBeijingUniversity,________(be)toattendourschoolmeeting.【答案】comes;is 【解析】第一空为定语从句的谓语动词,应与先行词一致,theprofessor是单数,故谓语动词用单数;第二空是主句的谓语动词,主语是MrBlack,谓语动词用单数,且本句描述一般情况,应用一般现在时。7.ThepopulationofJiangsu________(have)growntomorethantwicewhatitwasin1949.Thefigureisnowapproaching74million.【答案】has 【解析】Thepopulationof...“……的人口”作主语时,谓语动词用单数。8.40%ofthestudentsinourschool________(be)fromtheotherpartsofHunan,which________(be)arelativelylargenumber.【答案】are;is 【解析】句意:我们学校百分之四十的学生来自湖南的其他地方,这是一个相对较大的数量。分数或百分数作主语时,谓语动词应依据分数或百分数所指代的名词而定,本句第一空40%指代的是thestudents,故谓语动词应用复数;第二空which指代的是先行词40%本身,故谓语动词应用单数,且句子描述一般事实,应用一般现在时。9.—Whyisthechemicalplantclosed?—Becauselargequantitiesofwastewater________(release)intotheYangtzeRiver.【答案】havebeenreleased 10.AteacherofEnglishandclassteacher________(tell)ussomethingaboutvolunteerworkers.【答案】istelling 【句意】句意:一位英语老师兼班主任将给我们讲一些关于志愿者的事情。本句的主语是AteacherofEnglishandclassteacher这是一个老师,既是英语老师也是班主任。所以谓语动词使用单数形式。
三、单句改错1.(2018·安徽合肥八中第一次段考)Theairportbusleavesevery30minuteandwilltakeyourighttotheFriendshipHotel.________【答案】minute→minutes 【解析】minute前面有数词30修饰,应用复数形式。2.(2018·广东汕头高三质检)Friendshipisveryimportanttoeveryone,especiallytome.Now,IwouldliketodescribeoneofmybestfriendswhosenamearePetou.【答案】are→is 【解析】考查主谓一致。whose引导的定语从句的先行词是代词“one”,因此谓语动词应该用单数。3.(2018·山西省太原市)Intheearlytwentycentury,homelesspeoplewereoftenbroughtupinorphanages,inthattheyreceivedlittlelove.【答案】twenty→twentieth 【解析】考查数词。表示第几世纪要用序数词,故twenty改为twentieth。4.Largequantitiesofwaterisneededforirrigation.【答案】is→are 【解析】句意:灌溉需要大量的水。quantitiesof无论修饰不可数名词还是修饰可数名词复数,作主语时,谓语动词用复数,且此句描述一般事实,谓语动词应用一般现在时。5.Everypossiblemeanshavebeenusedtopreventtheairpollution,buttheskyisstillnotclear.【答案】have→has 【解析】句意:已采取了各种各样的措施预防空气污染,但天空还是不清亮。means单复数同形,但是当means由every,each或no修饰时,谓语动词用单数形式。6.Hankaswellastheotherchildrenwhohavenoparentsarebeingtakengoodcareofinthecenter.【答案】are→is 7.Thepopulationofthiscity,fortypercentofwhichareGermans,haverisenby15%inthelastthreeyears.
【答案】have→has 【解析】句意:这个城市40%的人是德国人,其人口在过去的三年里已经增加了15%。population指人口多少,如用作主语,谓语动词用单数形式,且本句描述一般事实,应用一般现在时。8.Ididn’tthinkitoneofthebestfilmsthathaseverbeenshownherethisyear.【答案】has改为have【解析】主谓一致错误。当先行词为oneof+可数名词复数时,定语从句的谓语用复数。9.Thenumberofthepassengerskilledintheaccidentaresurprising.【答案】are改为is【解析】主谓一致错误。thenumberof作主语时,谓语用单数。10.Theideathat,ifyourhouseisbuiltintherightposition,itmighthelpyousucceedinlife,seemstrangetomanypeople.【答案】seem改为seems【解析】主谓一致错误。本句的主语是theidea,为单数,所以谓语要用单数。四、单句翻译(数词及主谓一致)1.霍金斯就是这样的人,受了不少苦却取得了巨大的成就。【答案】SuchisStephenHawing, whohassufferedagreatdealbutachievedsomuch.【解析】such作主语时谓语动词的单复数形式应当根据其意义而定。如:Sucharethedifficultiesthatwearefacedwith.2.整个村子他的家族最大。【答案】Hisfamilywasthelargestamongthewholevillage.【解析】audience, army, class, company, enemy, family, group, public, government, population等集体名词作主语,若作为一个主体,谓语动词用单数;若着眼于成员或者个体,谓语动词用复数。如:Myfamilyaregoingonatripthissummer.3.据报道这里十分之一的人患肺癌。【答案】Itisreportedthatonein/outoftenpeopleheresuffersfromlungcancer.【解析】当用“onein”或者“oneoutof”表示几分之一时,谓语动词不看of
后的名词,只用单数。4.那个歌星兼舞蹈家会参加派对。【答案】Thesingeranddanceristoattendtheparty. 【解析】两个名词共用一个冠词,用and连接,表示同一人、同一事或者同意概念,谓语用单数。试比较:Thesingerandthedanceraretoattendtheparty. 歌星和舞蹈家都会参加派对。5.不光是你,我也要对打破这扇窗户负责。【答案】Iaswellasyouamtoblameforbreakingthewindow.