专四英语语法考点串讲 30页

英语专业四级考试历年各语法考点的分布表（1991-2010）考点1009080706050403020100999897969594939291非谓语动词不定式11111分词11111112222动名词121111独立主格2111并列句和复合句状语从句11321122211221211定语从句11321123121名词性从句1111121虚拟语气12143551212222213132比较级结构12411113211112情态动词121111111112111倒装21111强调和省略21副词和形容词41222111冠词1111固定搭配11112312111111反意疑问句11111111强调句代词1111111主谓一致111111句子成分3111时态13121121130 专四英语语法考点串讲之一：虚拟语气考点1.If从句中的虚拟语气省略if，从句的语序用到装，即将were,had或should移至主语的前面，但否定词not不前移。1、与过去事实相反：从句sbhaddone，主句sbwould(should,could,might)+havedone；1.HadJudybeenmorecarefulonthemath’sexam,she____muchbetterresultsnow.2008A.wouldbegettingB.couldhavegotC.mustgetD.wouldget2.Hewouldhavefinishedhiscollegeeducation,buthe____toquitandfindajobtosupporthisfamily.2007A.hadhadB.hasC.hadD.wouldhave3.___,hewouldnothaverecoveredsoquickly.2005/1995A.    Hadn"thebeentakengoodcareofB.    HadhenotbeentakengoodcareofC.    HadnothebeentakengoodcareofD.    Hadhebeennottakengoodcareof4.I___thepartymuchmoreiftherehadn’tbeenquitesuchacrowdofpeoplethere.2004/1996A.wouldenjoyB.willhaveenjoyedC.wouldhaveenjoyedD.willbeenjoying5.Allofuswouldhaveenjoyedthepartymuchmoreifthere___quitesuchacrowdofpeoplethere.2004/2000A.weren’tB.hasn’tbeenC.hadn’tbeenD.wouldn’t6.___forthefactthatshebrokeherleg,shemighthavepassedtheexam.2002A.HaditnotbeenB.Hadn’titbeenC.WasitnotD.Wereitnot7._____enoughtimeandmoney,theresearcherswouldhavebeenabletodiscovermoreinthisfield.1998a.Givingb.Togivec.Givend.Beinggiven8.Iwastohavemadeaspeechif___.1997A.IwasnotcalledawayB.nobodywouldhavecalledmeawayC.IhadnotbeencalledawayD.nobodycalledmeaway9._____time,he’llmakeafirst-classtennisplayer.1996A.HavingB.GivenC.GivingD.Had10.Wecould___himwithadetachedhousewhenhecame,buthehadspecificallyaskedforasmallflat.1995A.provideB.haveprovidedC.notprovideD.nothaveprovided11.______youwerebusy,Iwouldn’thavebotheredyouwithmyquestions.1994A.IfIrealizedB.HadIrealizedC.IrealizedthatD.AsIrealized12._____theirhelp,wewouldnothavesucceeded.1992A.Hadn"tbeenforB.HaditnotbeenforC.Ithadn"tbeenforD.Hadnotitbeenfor13.Ifyou_____insuchahurryyousugarintothesauceinsteadofsalt.1992A.werenot,wouldnotputB.were,wouldputC.hadbeen,wouldhaveputD.hadnotbeen,wouldnothaveput14."Didyouhearofhisdeath?""Yes.Ifhe___intime,he___.”1990A.hadbeenoperatedon,mightnotdieB.hadbeenoperatedon,mightnothavediedC.wereoperatedon,mightnotdieD.wereoperatedon,-mightnothavedied2、与现在事实相反：从句sbdid(were)，主句sbwould(should,could,might)+do；1.Iftherewerenosubjunctivemood,English_____mucheasiertolearn.2009A.couldhavebeenB.wouldbeC.willbeD.wouldhavebeen2.“You______borrowmynotesprovidedyoutakecareofthem,”Itoldmyfriend.200730 A.couldB.shouldC.mustD.can3.Ifyouexplainedthesituationtoyoursolicitor,he________abletoadviseyoumuchbetterthanIcan.2005A.wouldbeB.willhavebeenC.wasD.Were4.IfIknewJapanese,I______fortheposition.1991A.wouldapplyB.willapplyC.mayhaveappliedD.willhaveapplied3、与将来事实相反：从句sbdid(should+do或were+todo)，主句sbwould(should,could,might)+do。1._____you_____furtherproblemswithyourprinter,contactyourdealerforadvice.2005A.If,hadB.Have,hadC.Should,haveD.Incase,had2.Thisisanillnessthatcanresultintotalblindness_______leftuntreated.2000A.afterB.ifC.sinceD.unless3.Ifyourcar____anyattentionduringthefirst12months,takeittoanauthorizeddealer.(1998)A.shallneedB.shouldneedC.wouldneedD.willneed4、错综条件句，也就是主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间段。根据历年真题能看出，一般以考察从句对过去虚拟，而主句对现在虚拟为主，即从句sbhaddone，主句sbwould(should,could,might)+do；1.Ifonlythepatient______adifferenttreatmentinsteadofusingtheantibiotics,hemightstillbealivenow.2007A.hadreceivedB.receivedC.shouldreceiveD.werereceiving2.____ifIhadarrivedyesterdaywithoutlettingyouknowbeforehand?2004A.WouldyoubesurprisedB.WereyousurprisedC.HadyoubeensurprisedD.Wouldyouhavebeensurprised考点2：表示建议、要求、命令等动词如insist,order,command,suggest,advise,propose,ask,require,request,demand引导的从句及it引导的相应的分词、名词和形容词从句，谓语用（should)+动词原形。1.Itwasrecommendedthatpassengers___smokeduringtheflight.(2004/1994)A. notB.neednotC.couldnotD.wouldnot2.Heleftordersthatnothing______toucheduntilthepolicearrivedhere.1997A.shouldbeB.oughttobeC.mustbeD.wouldbe3.Sheaskedthatshe______allowedtoseehersoninpolicecustody.1993A.wouldbeB.couldbeC.beD.was4.Theteacherdemanded______hisessayimmediately.1991A.TomtohandinB.thatTomhandsinC.thatTomhandedinD.thatTomhandin考点3：Itis+advisable,essential,important,imperative,incredible等从句，谓语用（should）+动词原形。1.Itisnecessarythathe____theassignmentwithoutdelay.2010A.handinB.handsinC.musthandinD.hastohandin2.ItisabsolutelyessentialthatWilliam____hisstudyinspiteofsomelearningdifficulties.2007A.willcontinueB.continuedC.continueD.continues3.Itisimperativethatthegovernment__moreinvestmentintotheshipbuildingindustry.2006A.attractsB.shallattractC.attractD.hasto4.Itisimperativethatstudents____theirtermpapersontime.2004A.handinB.wouldhandinC.havetohandinD.handedin5.Theopeningceremonyisagreatoccasion.Itisessential_____forthat.2003A.forustobepreparedB.thatwearepreparedC.ofustobepreparedD.ourbeingprepared30 考点4：itis(high/about)timethat的结构中，从句使用一般过去式。例如:1.It’shightimewe__cuttingdowntherainforests.2006AstoppedBhadtostopCshallstopDstop2.Thatwasnotthefirsttimehe________us.Ithinkit’shightimewe________strongactionsagainsthim2005.A.betrayed…takeB.hadbetrayed…tookC.hasbetrayed…tookD.hasbetrayed…take3.“Whatcoursesareyougoingtodonextsemester?”“Idon’tknow.Butit’sabouttime______onsomething.”2002A.I’ddecideB.IdecidedC.IdecideD.I’mdeciding4.IfyouhavereallybeenstudyingEnglishforsolong,it’sabouttimeyou___abletowritelettersinEnglish.1999A.shouldbeB.wereC.mustbeD.are考点5：muchas"尽管，虽然"引导让步状语从句，从句中用wouldhavedone表示假设。1.Muchas____,Icouldn’tlendhimthemoneybecauseIsimplydidn’thavethatmuchsparecash.1999A.IwouldhavelikedtoB.IwouldliketohaveC.IshouldhavetolikeD.Ishouldhavelikedto考点6：ifonly,wish,asif/asthough引导从句，与过去事实相反：had+done；与现在事实相反：动词过去式；与将来事实相反：could/would+do。1.IfonlyI__playtheguitaraswellasyou!2006AwouldBcouldCshouldDmight考点7：wouldrather/sooner从句中使用一般过去式或过去完成式分别表示对现在或过去的虚拟。1.Themanagerwouldratherhisdaughter____inthesameofficenow.A.hadnotworkedB.nottoworkC.doesnotworkD.didnotwork考点8：Onconditionthat...“只有”“条件是”/lest/forfearthat+(should)+原形动词。1.Heaskedmetolendhimsomemoney,whichIagreedtodo,________thathepaidmebackthefollowingweek.2005A.onoccasionB.onpurposeC.onconditionD.onlyif考点9：butfor1._____yourtimelyadvice,Iwouldneverhaveknownhowtogoaboutthework.1994A.UnlessB.ButforC.ExceptforD.Notfor考点10：其它1.Weconsider______heshouldhaveleftwithouttellinganyonebeforehand.2009A.strangewhyB.itstrangewhatC.itstrangethatD.thatstrange2.____,I’llmarryhimallthesame.2004A.WasherichorpoorB.WhetherrichorpoorC.WereherichorpoorD.Beherichorpoor3.Whethermybrotherrightorwrong,hewillhavemyunwaveringsupport.2001A.IsB.WereC.BeD.Wouldbe4.Homeishome,_____eversohomely.1992A.itisB.itwereC.beitD.itbe30 专四英语语法考点串讲之二：情态动词*情态动词:will（愿意）,shall（将）,must（必须）,can,may,would,should(应该),might,could,oughtto,usedto（过去常常）,need（需要）,dare（竟敢），haveto（不得不）考试中，情态动词部分重点测试以下内容：（1）情态动词+行为动词完成式（表示推测）（2）某些情态动词的特殊用法　考点1.情态动词＋have＋过去分词结构表示推测(1)musthavev-ed表示推测过去某事“一定”发生了。否定形式为：can’t/couldn’thavev-ed,表示过去不可能发生某事。1.Nancy"sgonetoworkbuthercar"sstillthere.She____bybus.2010A.musthavegoneB.shouldhavegoneC.oughttohavegoneD.couldhavegone2.She_____fiftyorsowhenIfirstmetherattheconference.2009/2007A.mustbeB.hadbeenC.couldbeD.musthavebeen3.Whichofthefollowingsentencesexpresses"probability"?2008A.Youmustleaveimmediately.B.Youmustbefeelingrathertired.C.Youmustbeherebyeighto"clock.D.Youmustcompletethereadingassignmentontime.4.He_____the8:20busbecausehedidn’tleavehometill8:25.(1994)A.couldn’thavecaughtB.oughttohavecaughtC.shouldn’thavecaughtD.mustnothavecaught5.–“Shemustbeinthedormitorynow.”--“No,she____bethere.Isawherintheclassroomaminuteago.”(1994)A.mustn’tB.can’tC.couldn’tD.wouldn’t6.–“Thedoorwasopen.”--“It____open.Ihadlockedinmyselfandthekeywasinmypocket.”(1992)A.can’tbeB.mustn’tbeC.can’thavebeenD.mustn’thavebeen(2)couldhavev-ed表示推测过去某动作“很可能”发生了。(3)may/mighthavev-ed表示推测过去某事“也许”发生了.1.He____unwisely,buthewasatleasttryingtodosomethinghelpful.(1999)A.mayhaveactedB.musthaveactedC.shouldactD.wouldact(4)oughtto/shouldhavev-ed和oughtnotto/shouldn’thavev-ed用于对已发生的情况表示“责备”、“不满”，分别表示“本应该…”和“本不应该…”表示应完成而未完成的动作用于完成时中的否定句，表示不应完成但已做的动作1.Aren"tyoutired?I____youhaddoneenoughfortoday30 .2009A.shouldhavethoughtB.musthavethoughtC.mighthavethoughtD.couldhavethought(5)needn’thavev-ed表示过去做了某事，但没有做的必要，意为“本没必要…”。注意：didnotneedtodo动作并没发生。例：Ididn’tneedtogetupearly,soIgotupuntil9a.m.1.You____Jimanythingaboutit.Itwasnoneofhisbusiness.(2000/1998)A.needn’thavetoldB.needn’ttellC.mustn’thavetoldD.mustn’ttell2.Asitturnedouttobeasmallhouseparty,we_____soformally.(1996)A.neednothavedressedupB.mustnothavedressedupC.didnotneedtodressupD.mustnotdressup3.Themeeting’sbeencancelled.Ann____allthatwork.(1995)A.needtodoB.needhaveC.needn’thavedoneD.needednottodo考点2.特殊用法　(1)can"t“不可能”（表推测）,maynot“可能不”（表推测）,mustn’t(mustnot)“不要;禁止”;usednot／usedn’tto或didn’tuseto…过去不…(2)should表示惊讶1.Iamsurprised__thiscityisadullplacetolivein.2006A.thatyoushouldthinkB.bywhatyouarethinkingC.thatyouwouldthinkD.withwhatyouwerethinking(3)用于过去式中，can常表示能过做某事，但事实不一定去做；beableto则表示能做某事并且已经做了。1.Iwenttherein1984,andthatwastheonlyoccasionwhenI________thejourneyinexactlytwodays.2005A.musttakeB.musthavemadeC.wasabletomakeD.couldmake(4)Can’tbut+V.,表示不得不，与haveto同义。Can’thelp+Ving,can’thelpbut+V.表示忍不住。(5)may/mightaswell+动词原形”意为“最好，满可以，倒不如”，相当于hadbetter(6)maywell+动词原形”是一种常见的结构，意为“（完全）能，很可能”:Hemaywellbeproudofhisson.他大可为儿子高兴。(7)mayaswellas还是…好了e.g.Youmayaswellasgivehimtheletter.(8)may……but….表转折(9)cannot…too/enough表示“无论怎么……也不算过分”、“越……越好”(10)hadbetterdodth1.Thatmanhasabadreputation.You______anythingtodowithhim.1991A.hadbetternothaveB.havebetterhaveC.havebetternothaveD.hadbetternottohave(11)其它1.I____writingthepaperasscheduled,butmymother’sillnessinterfered.Ihopeyouwillexcuseme.199330 A.amtohavefinishedB.wastohavefinishedC.wastofinishD.oughttofinish2.They____atipiftheserviceispoor.(1990)A.don’thavetoleaveB.mustnoleaveC.cannotleaveD.donotleave专四语法考点串讲之三：非谓语动词考点1：不定式专四题中对于不定式用法的考察比较少，特别是近些年的考题几乎已经不考了。以前的考点基本集中在：(1)考察哪些动词接不定式；(2)考察哪些短语接不带to的不定式；1)can’thelp/choosebutdo不得不,只能,不禁2)whynotdosth1._______himtomorrow?2001A.WhynottocallonB.Whydon’tcallonC.WhynotcallingonD.Whynotcallon3)woulddoratherthando1.Shesaidshewouldworkitoutherself,______askmeforhelp.1993A.andnottoB.butnotC.andprefernotD.ratherthan(3)考察短语"bebelieved/saidtodosth"的用法；1.TheMinisterofFinanceisbelieved____ofimposingnewtaxestoraiseextrarevenue.2004A.thatheisthinkingB.tobethinkingC.thatheistothinkD.tothink2.AIDSissaid______thenumber-onekillerofbothmenandwomenoverthepastfewyearsintheregion.2002A.beingB.tobeC.tohavebeenD.havingbeen3.ProfessorJohnsonissaid____somesignificantadvanceinhisresearchinthepastyear.1999A.havingmadeB.makingC.tohavemadeD.tomake(4)考察动词不定时的时态和语态：进行式tobedoing,完成式tohavedone;一般式被动语态tobedone;完成式被动语态tohavebeendone。另外，不定式短语有将来时的意思；考点2：动名词（1）常接动名词做宾语的词：mind(介意),miss(逃过),mention(提及),prevent,postpone,practice,risk(冒险),resist(抵制),consider(考虑),admit(承认),avoid(避免),appreciate(感激),fancy(幻想),finish(完成)，feellike(喜欢),escape(逃脱),ensure(确保),delay(延迟),deny(否认),resent,detest,imagine(想象),suggest(建议)1.Ininternationalmatches,prestigeissoimportantthattheonlythingthatmattersistoavoid______.1996A.frombeingbeatenB.beingbeatenC.beatingD.tobebeaten2.Heresented______towait.Heexpectedtheminister______himatonce.199530 A.tobeasked,toseeB.beingasked,toseeC.tobeasked,seeingD.beingasked,seeing3.Ineverregretted_______offer,foritwasnotwheremyinterestlay.1993A.nottoacceptB.nothavingacceptedC.havingnotacceptedD.notaccepting（2）介词后的ing：revent/stop/keepsb/sthfromdoing阻止…做…；spend/wastetime/moneyindoing在做…方面花钱、浪费时间或金钱；how/whataboutdoingsth做…怎么样了？；Havesomedifficulty/troubleindoing在…方面有些困难；Thereisnosenseindoing(做…是没有理由的)；Thank/admire/praise/blame/scold/punishsbfordoingsth因做某事而感谢、羡慕、表扬、责备、惩罚某人1.Whataniceday!Howaboutthethreeofus_____awalkintheparknearby?2009A.totakeB.takeC.takingD.tobetaking2.Thoughherfatherneverapprovedof______todramaschool,shebecameawell-knownactress.1991A.goingB.hertogoC.hergoingD.hergo（3）接动名词做介词to的宾语：applyoneselfto致力于；beaccustomedto习惯于；confessto供认；cometo谈到；devoteoneselfto献身于；getdownto着手做；givewayto对…让步；leadto导致；lookforwardto期待；nextto几乎；objectto反对；payattentionto注意；stickto坚持；standupto勇敢面对；turnto求助于；beusedto习惯于1.What’sthechanceof________ageneralelectionthisyear?2005A.therebeingB.theretobeC.therebeD.theregoingtobe2.Themeetingwasputoffbecausewe__________ameetingwithoutJohn.2005A.objectedhavingB.wereobjectedtohavingC.objectedtohaveD.objectedtohaving考点3：分词（1）从语态上看，现在分词一般都表示主动，而过去分词一般表示被动；（2）从时态上看，现在分词表示进行，过去分词表示过去。如果分词动作发生在句子谓语动词动作之前，分词用完成时。（3）现在分词的否定形式是not放在分词之前。1._____shouldnotbecomeaseriousdisadvantageinlifeandwork.2010/2001A.TobenottallB.NotbeingtallC.BeingnottallD.Nottobetall2."Themanpreparingthedocumentsisthefirm"slawyer"hasallthefollowingpossiblemeaningsEXCEPT.2009A.themanwhohaspreparedthedocuments...B.themanwhohasbeenpreparingthedocuments...C.themanwhoispreparingthedocuments...D.themanwhowillpreparethedocuments...3.______atinthisway,thesituationdoesnotseemsodesperate.2007/2000A.LookingB.lookedC.BeinglookedD.tolook4.Ifnot____withtherespecthefeelsduetohim,Jackgetsveryill-temperedandgrumblesallthetime.200430 A.beingtreatedB.treatedC.betreatedD.havingbeentreated5.______,hecannowonlywatchitonTVathome.1998A.ObtainingnotaticketforthematchB.NotobtainingaticketforthematchC.NothavingobtainedaticketforthematchD.Notobtainedaticketforthematch6.Thismayhavepreservedtheelephantfrombeingwipedoutaswellasotheranimals____inAfrica.1996A.huntedB.huntingC.thathuntedD.arehunted7.Hewasn’taskedtotakeonthechairmanshipofthesociety,______insufficientlypoplarwithallmembers.1996A.havingconsideredB.wasconsideredC.wasbeingconsideredD.beingconsidered8.Henoticedthehelicopterhoveringoverthefield.Thentohisastonishment,hesawaropeladder______outandthreemenclimbingdownit.1995A.throwingB.beingthrownC.havingthrownD.havingbeenthrown9.Thismissileisdesignedsothatonce_____nothingcanbedonetoretrieveit.1995A.firedB.beingfiredC.theyfiredD.havingfired10.Arrivingatthebusstop,_____waitingthere.1994A.alotofpeoplewereB.hefoundalotofpeopleC.alotofpeopleD.peoplewerefound11._____regulartraininginnursing,shecouldhardlycopewiththeworkatfirst.1994A.NotreceivedB.SincereceivingC.HavingreceivedD.Nothavingreceived12.____,hewaschosenandtrainedasaprofessionalswimmer.(1991)A.HewasbornandraisedinafishingvillageB.BornandraisedinafishingvillageC.ThathewasbornandraisedinafishingvillageD.Inadditiontohewasbornandraisedinafishingvillage13.______theirluggage,thegroupoftouristshurriedtotheairport.1991A.PackedB.AfterpackedC.FinishedpackingD.Havingpacked14.Themotherwasafraidtolettheboy___thetree.1990A.toriskclimbingB.riskclimbingC.torisktoclimbD.risktoclimb15.Mr.Brownhadthereportassoonashefinished___it.1990A.tobetyped,towriteB.typed,towriteC.beingtyped,writingD.typed,writing考点4：独立主格（句中没有连接词，逗号分开两个句子，存在两个主语。形式：名词/代词＋分词）。(1)分词短语作状语时，有自己独立的逻辑上的“主语”，相当于各种形式的状语，表示一种伴随的动作、情况或表原因(2)介词（with）+名词+形容词，副词+分词，表示伴随行动做或补充说明1.Agricultureisthecountry’schiefsourceofwealth,wheat______byfarthebiggestcerealcrop.2003A.isB.beenC.beD.being2.Time______,thecelebrationwillbeheldasscheduled.2003A.permitB.permittingC.permittedD.permits3.There____nothingmorefordiscussion,themeetingcametoanendhalfanhourearlier.2000A.tobeB.tohavebeenC.beingD.be4._____nocauseforalarm,theoldmanwentbacktohisbedroom.1996A.TherewasB.SinceC.BeingD.Therebeing5.Thecountry’schiefexportsarecoal,carsandcottongoods,cars______themostimportantofthese.1994A.havebeenB.areC.beingD.arebeing6.Thetaperecorder___outoforder,thestudentsdidnotknowwhattodo.1990A.wasB.BeingC.hasbeenD.wasbeing30 *动词不定时与现在分词的否定形式是not放在to和分词之前。*非谓语动词解题三步曲：一、首先确定主句；二、分析主动被动；三、分析动作先后专四语法考点串讲之四：定语从句关系代词：which（指sth作主语或宾语），that（指sb或sth作主语或宾语），who（指sb作主语或宾语），whom（指sb作宾语），whose（指sb或sth，作定语）,as（指sb,sth作主语或宾语）;注意:做宾语的时候，关系代词可以省略。关系副词：when（指时间onwhich），where（指地点atwhich），why（指原因forwhich）考点1.先行词为人时引导词who和that(1)只能用who不用that：1)当先行词为one(s),anyone,those时；2)当先行词为人称代词时。(2)只能用that不用who：1)当主句已经出现who时。2)关系代词在定语从句中作表语时。1.Heisquitewornoutfromyearsofhardwork.Heisnottheman_______hewastwentyyearsago.2003A.whichB.thatC.whoD.whom考点2.先行词为物时引导词that和which(1)只能用that不用which：1)先行词为much,little,few,nothing,none,anything,no,all等不定代词。2）先行词既有人又有物。3）先行词被形容词的最高级或序数词修饰。4）先行词被thevery,theonly,thelast,just,all,any,every,no等修饰。5）关系代词在从句中作表语。6)在疑问词who、which、what开头的句子中。7)主句是therebe句型。1.Iwasveryinterestedin_____shetoldme.2009A.allthatB.allwhichC.allwhatD.That2.Firmsthatusecomputershavefoundthatthenumberofstaff____isneededforqualitycontrolcanbesubstantiallyreduced.2000A.whoseB.asC.whatD.that3.Theteamcanhandlewhatever_____.(1997)A.thatneedshandlingB.whichneedshandlingC.itneedshandlingD.needstobehandled4.Thereisnooneintheworld______.1991A.thatevermademistakesB.thathasevermademistakesC.thatnevermakesmistakesD.thatsometimesmakesmistakes(2)只能用which不用that:1)定语从句中的介词前置时关系代词只能用which;2)引导非限制性定语从句时只能用which,其先行词可是一个词,也可是整个主句或主句的某一部分。30 1.Theyovercameallthedifficultiesandcompletedtheprojecttwomonthsaheadoftime,_____issomethingwehadnotexpected.2003A.whichB.itC.thatD.what2.We’vejustinstalledtwoair-conditionersinourapartment,____shouldmakegreatdifferencesinourlifenextsummer.2002A.whichB.whatC.thatD.They3.Thephysicisthasmadeadiscovery,_____ofgreatimportancetotheprogressofscienceandtechnology.1997A.IthinkwhichisB.thatIthinkisC.whichIthinkisD.whichIthinkitis考点3：介词+关系代词(which/whom)(1)关系代词前介词的确定方法：定语从句的动词与先行词的逻辑关系，或者从句的动词、形容词的习惯性搭配。1.Theparty,__Iwastheguestofhonour,wasextremelyenjoyable.2006A.bywhichB.forwhichC.towhichD.atwhich2.I’veneverbeentoLhasa,butthat’sthecity_______.1999A.I’dmostliketovisitB.whichIliketovisitmostlyC.whereIliketovisitD.I’dlikemuchtovisit3.TheClarkshaven’tdecidedyetwhichhotel_______.1998A.tostayB.istostayC.tostayatD.isforstaying4.IhaveneverbeentoLondon,butthatisthecity________.1997A.whereIliketovisitmostB.I"dmostliketovisit.C.whichIliketovisitmostlyD.whereI"dlikemosttovisit(2)非限制性定语从句中，表示先行词的一部分时，可用“数词/代词+of+关系代词”的结构;(3)Whose从句可转换为“of+关系代词”型，whose的先行词指物时,可用ofwhich代替,但词序不同，即whose+n=the+n+ofwhich=ofwhich+the+n.1.Abovethetreesarethehills,_______magnificencetheriverfaithfullyreflectsonthesurface.2003A.whereB.ofwhoseC.whoseD.which考点4：关系副词的运用⑴先行词为“时间的名词”用when1.Sherememberedseveraloccasionsinthepast____shehadexperiencedasimilarfeeling.1998A.whichB.beforeC.thatD.when⑵先行词为“表示地点的名词”（case,point,situation,condition,scene,stage,country,room,house,hotel,museum,school,street等）用where1.Haveyoueverbeeninasituation_____youknowtheotherpersonisrightyetyoucannotagreewithhim?2002A.bywhichB.thatC.inwhereD.Where2.Thiscompanyhasnowintroducedapolicy_____payriseshaverelatedtoperformanceatwork.1996A.whichB.whereC.whetherD.what⑶先行词为“表示原因的名词”why：reason＋why…（表示原因的名词只有一个）30 考点5：as与which引导的定语从句as放在句首句中都可以，which必需放在句中，但下列情况多用as:1)关系代词引导的定语从句居句首时。2)当与suchas或thesame连用时，一般用as。3)当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时，关系词往往只用which。1.Onlytaketheseclothes______reallynecessary.1994A.aswereB.astheyareC.astheywereD.asare2._____isoftenthecasewithanewidea,muchpreliminaryactivityandoptimisticdiscussionproducednoconcreteproposals.1994A.ThatB.ItC.ThisD.As三大注意：1.theway做先行词时，定语从句可由that,inwhich引导或不用引导词。2.定语从句中主谓一致问题：从句中的动词在人称和数方面应该与它的先行词保持一致。HeisoneoftheteacherswhoknowEnglishwell.HeistheonlyoneoftheteacherswhoknowsEnglishwell.(特殊)3.疑问句的解题思路：先把疑问句还原成陈述句，然后判断谁是先行词，再看关系词在定语从句中所充当的成分，最后确定正确答案。专四语法考点串讲之五：状语从句考点1：时间状语从句连接词：when,while,as,till/until,before,after,since,once,assoonas,everytime,themoment,theminute,nosooner..thanhardly…when等(1)whenever1.Comeandseemewhenever_____.(1997)A.youareconvenientB.youwillbeconvenientC.itisconvenienttoyouD.itwillbeconvenienttoyou(2)Nosoonerthan/hardly..when/scarcely..when一.就..用于句首要求倒装1.Thecouplehadnosoonergottothestation_____thecoachleft.2009A.whenB.asC.untilD.Than(3)其它1.Ienjoyedmyselfsomuch____IvisitedmyfriendsinParislastyear.2008A.whenB.whichC.thatD.where30 2.__theAtlanticOceancrosstheequator,thetradewindscauseaflowofwatertothewest.(1991)A.ThatB.WhenC.WhereD.Though考点2：条件状语从句连接词：if,unlessso/aslongas,onconditionthat（条件是），as(so)faras(据..所知),providedthat（要是，如果），incase(假使，如果)，onlyif（只有）等(2)onlyif只有1.____bothsidesaccepttheagreement____alastingpeacebeestablishedinthisregion.2004A.Onlyif,willB.Ifonly,wouldC.Should,willD.Unless,would(3)unless除非1.Youwon’tgetaloan______youcanoffersomesecurity.1996A.lestB.incaseC.unlessD.otherthan2.___Iwasverymuchmistaken,therewassomethingwrongwithLouise.1995A.UnlessB.AsC.ThoughD.Since3._____theirpolicycanbechangedthefutureforthatcountrywillbeindeedbleak.(1993)A.EvenifB.UnlessC.NowthatD.Aslongas4.Wecouldgotoaconcert_____you’dprefertovisitamuseum.(1992)A.ifB.becauseC.unlessD.since考点3：原因状语从句连接词：Because,since,as(放句首),for,nowthat(既然，由于）,when(既然),consideringthat（顾及到---）,seeingthat（由于）。（都表示原因，语气依次减弱）(1)inthat=because1.Mendifferfromanimals____theycanthinkandspeak.2008A.forwhichB.forthatC.inthatD.inwhich2.Barryhasanadvantageoverhismother____hecouldspeakFrench.(2001)A.sincethatB.inthatC.atthatD.sothat考点4：让步状语从句连接词:though,although,as,evenif/though,whatever,however,wherever,while等引导。(1)while尽管1.______Isympathize,Ican’treallydoverymuchtohelpthemoutofthedifficulties.2001A.aslongasB.asC.whileD.even(2)as/though引导让步状从倒装30 As/though引导让步状语从句时，必须将表语、状语或动词原形提到as前面。此时应注意：一、若提前的表语是没有形容词修饰的单数可数名词，要省略不定冠词；二、若提前的是动词原形(多为不及物动词)，与之连用的通常是may,might,will,would等，这些词都要保留在原来的位置上(主语后)。三、as引导的让步状语从句一定要倒装，though引导的让步状语从句不一定要倒装，although引导的让步状语从句不要倒装。四、让步状语从句中，有though，although时，后面的主句不能有but，但是though和yet可连用。1.Fool____Jerryis,hecouldnothavedonesuchathing.2010/2002A.whoB.asC.likeD.that2.__dullhemaybe,heiscertainlyaverysuccessfultopexecutive.2006A.AlthoughB.whateverC.AsD.However3._________,Mr.Wellsisscarcelyinsympathywiththeworkingclass.2005A.AlthoughheisasocialistB.EvenifheisasocialistC.BeingasocialistD.Sinceheisasocialist4.DavidSinger,myfriend’sfather,___raisedandeducatedinNewYork,livedandlecturedinAfricamostofhislife.1993A.whoB.ifC.whileD.though(3)muchas虽然，尽管1.____hewantedtogooutwithhisfriendsattheweekend,hehadtostaybehindtofinishhisassignment.2008A.MuchthoughB.MuchasC.AsmuchD.Thoughmuch2._______IlikeeconomicsIlikesociologymuchbetter.2003A.AsmuchasB.SomuchC.HowmuchD.Muchas3.____heneededmoneyforanewcar,hedecidednottoborrowitfromthebank.(1998)A.MuchasB.MuchthoughC.AsmuchD.thoughmuch(4)forall+n尽管1._____,heisreadytoacceptsuggestionsfromdifferentsources.(1997)A.InsteadofhiscontributionsB.ForallhisnotablecontributionsC.HismakingnotablecontributionsD.Howeverhisnotablecontributions(5)however+adj./adv.1.____healwaystrieshisbesttocompleteitontime.(1999)A.HoweverthetaskishardB.HoweverhardthetaskisC.ThoughhardthetaskisD.Thoughhardisthetask考点5：地点状语从句:where/wherever（wherever---无论哪里）考点聚焦：地点状语从句和where定语从句的区别：Tips:判断是定语从句还是地点状语从句，要看从句前是否有先行词，有先行词的是定语从句，否则是状语从句。考点6：方式状语从句1.Shedidherwork_____hermanagerhadinstructed.2002A.asB.untilC.whenD.though考点7：结果状语从句30 连接词：sothat(=inorderto),so…that,such…that（太…以至于）(1)somuchasthat到这样程度以致…1.-----DoesAlanlikelimburgers?2003-----Yes.Somuch______thatheeatsthemeveryday.A.forB.asC.toD.so(2)suchthat达到这样的程度以致1.Thebrillianceofhissatireswas_____makeevenhisvictimslaugh.1996A.soastoB.suchastoC.sothatD.suchthat考点8：目的状语从句连接词：sothat,inorderthat,forfearthat（为了防止）,lest（以防）1.Loudspeakerswerefixedinthehallsothateveryone__anopportunitytohearthespeech.2006A.oughttohaveB.musthaveC.mayhaveD.shouldhave专四语法考点串讲之六：名词从句一、名词从句的本质：三种句子充当具体成分1、用陈述句作成分（主语、宾语、表语、同位语）时，需要在陈述句首加that来引导。2、用一般疑问句作成分时，需要先将疑问句的倒装语序换成正常语序，然后再句首加上whether或if(if只用在宾语从句中）来引导，以保留原句疑问意义。3、用特殊疑问作成分时，只需要将疑问句的倒装语序换成正常的疑问语序。4、引导名词从句的常用连词：名词从句的引导词对应句子类型是否做成分连词that陈述句在从句中不作成分连词whether,if一般疑问句在从句在中不作成分连接副词when,where,why,how;连接代词who,whom,what,which,whose特殊疑问句When,where,why,how在从句在中作状语；Who,whom,what在从句中作主语，宾语或表语；Which,whose在句中作定语，后面接名词连用。二、常见考点：30 考点1：主语从句(1)that引导主语从句句型：that引导的主语从句直接放在句首的较少，更常见的是用it作形式主语置于句首，而将that引导的主语从句放在句末，因此，下列都是常见的主语从句句型：1)Itis+过去分词+that从句：Itisreportedthat…Itisbelievedthat…Itisgenerallythoughtthat…Itshouldbenotedthat…Ithasbeenfoundthat…Itmustbepointedoutthat…同样可用的动词还有:say,expect,know,estimate,forecast2)Itis+形容词+that从句：Itisclearthat…Itislikelythat…Itispossiblethat…Itisnaturalthat…Itiscertainthat…Itisstrangethat…Itisfortunatethat…Itisnecessarythat…3)Itis+名词短语+that从句：Itisapitythat…Itisafactthat…Itisgoodnewsthat…Itisagoodthingthat…Itisnowonderthat…Itisashamethat…Itisanhonorthat…Itiscommonknowledgethat…Itismybeliefthat…Itisamiraclethat…4)It+不及物动词+that从句：Itseemsthat…;Itfollowsthat…;Ithappensthat…;Itturnsoutthat…;Itcomesaboutthat…5)其他结构：Itdawnsupon/onsbthat…;Itoccurstosbthat…;Itmakesnodifferencethat…;Itdoesn’tneedtobebotheredthat…;Itisoflittleconsequencethat…(2)whether及连接代词或连接副词引导主语从句一般放在句首。考点2：宾语从句(1)that在宾语从句中省略的问题：一般来讲，that引导宾语从句时，可将that省去。但若是几个宾语从句并列使用，则连词that不可省去。(2)If/whether1）if一般只用于引导宾语从句，而whether可引导包括宾语从句在内的其他名词从句。2）if不和ornot直接连用，即一般不说ifornot。但可以说if…ornot。而whether没有此限制。(3)what/whatever/whoever/whomeverwhoever是人称代词的主格形式，一般在句子中作主语；whomever是人称代词的宾格形式，故一般作宾语。这两个词都等于thepersonthat。what/whatever等于thething(s)that。可以理解为“先行词+that”。1._____thebosssays,itisunreasonabletoaskmetoworkovertimewithoutpay.2009A.WhateverB.WheneverC.WhicheverD.However30 2.Thegovernmenthaspromisedtodo____liesinitspowertoeasethehardshipsofthevictimsinthefloodstrickenarea.(2004)A.howeverB.whicheverC.whateverD.wherever3.Shemanagedtosave___shecouldoutofherwagestohelpherbrother.2002A.howlittlemoneyB.solittlemoneyC.suchlittlemoneyD.whatlittlemoney4.After___seemedanendlesswait,itwasherturntoenterthepersonnelmanager’soffice.(1999)A.thatB.thereC.whatD.it5.Wecanassignthetaskto_____iscapableandtrustworthy.(1994)A.whomeverB.whoC.whomD.Whoever考点3：表语从句(1)表语从句通常是置于系动词，尤其是is后边。1.Qualityis____countsmost.2008A.whichB.thatC.whatD.where2.He’s____asa“bellyacher”–he’salwayscomplainingaboutsomething.(1999)A.whoisknownB.whomisknownC.whatisknownD.whichisknown(2)名词reason后面的表语从句一般用that引导，而不用because.考点4：同位语从句(1)“名词+that+陈述句”句型：同位语从句通常是用that引导，而很少用whether，if以及连接代词或连接副词引导。这是因为我们多是用陈述句来补充名词的内容，而很少用一般疑问句或特殊疑问句来补充名词的内容。(2)nodoubt+that/doubt+whether1.Thereisnodoubt____thecompanyhasmadetherightdecisiononthesalesproject.(2001)A.whyB.thatC.whetherD.when专四语法考点串讲之七：主谓一致1)“就远原则”：在“A+(with,togetherwith,alongwith,aswellas,but,except,besides,like,including,ratherthan,morethan,nolessthan)+B”结构中，谓语动词的单复数与之B一致。1.MrWells,togetherwithallthemembersofhisfamily,____forEuropethisafternoon.2004A.aretoleaveB.areleavingC.isleavingD.Leave2)就近原则：neither…nor…,(either)…or…,notonly…butalso…,not…but…等并列结构作主语时采取就近原则：谓语动词的数由与其最接近的那个主语的数决定。1.Itisfutiletodiscussthematterfurther,because____goingtoagreeuponanythingtoday.2003A.neitheryounorIareB.neitheryounormeisC.neitheryounorIamD.neithermenoryouare2.______ofthetwinswasarrested,becauseIsawbothatapartylastnight.2002A.NoneB.BothC.NeitherD.All30 3)a/thenumberof＋复数名词”作主语表示“…的数量”时，谓语动词用单数；表示“一些/许多…”时，谓语动词用复数。4)morethanone+n/Manya+n/EveryAandeveryB/NoAandnoB/oneandahalf+n谓语动词用单数。注意：more复数名词+thanone用复数，Moremembersthanoneareagainstyourplan.5)由and连接的多个成分，若表示一种事物或一种概念时，用单数动词；若表示的是多个不同的概念时，则用复数动词。并列主语如果指的是同一个人、同一事物或同一概念时,谓语动词用单数形式。如:breadandbutter,breadandcheese,aknifeandfork,acartandhorse,needleandthread,lawandorder,fishandchips,meatandpotatoes6)若and连接两个并列主语，且and后面的名词有相关的副词（not,perhaps,particularly,even,too,likewise,aswell等）修饰，则谓语动词形式与and前面的名词保持一致。因为此时句子的真正主语应是and前面的名词，此时and与前面的名词之间常有逗号隔开。7)表达时间、金钱、距离、重量、长度、价值,算式的短语通常接动词的单数形式。8)如果主语由“the＋形容词(或过去分词)”结构担任时,若表示抽象概念，谓语用单数。表示一类人，则为复数概念，谓语用复数。9)由what引导的主语从句，谓语动词通常用单数；但所指的内容是复数意义时，谓语动词通常用复数.10)people,police,cattle,militia是复数名词,接动词复数形式。Peoples指民族。sheep,deer,fish,means,aircraftworks单复数同形;clothes+复数动词11)常见的表示成对概念的复数名词，如：pants,trousers,scissors,scales（天平），glasses,binoculars(双筒望远镜)，spectacles,bifocals（双光眼镜）。谓语动词用复数。12)形式上是复数（词尾加s）,但表示单数概念的词，谓语用单数。Works(工厂)、gallows(绞刑架)、politics,statistics,measles,diabetes。若politics,statistics不表示学科，而分别表示“政治观点”，“统计数据”时，则需要复数。1.Thestatistics__thatlivingstandardsintheareahaveimproveddrasticallyinrecenttimes.2006A.provesB.isprovingC.areprovingD.prove13)the+最高级+of+n.复数+单数谓语30 14)a+单数名词+ortwo作主语，谓语用单数。15)集合名词指整体时，用单数代词；指由不同的人组成的集合时，用复数代词。Audience,couple,family,public,class,crowd,government,staff,committee,group,team,crew,company集体名词：police,militia(民兵)，cattle,people等总是接复数动词，而mankind,humanity接单数动词。1.Ourassociation,whichhasconsistentlypressedforgreateremploymentopportunitiesforthedisabled,willpublish____proposalsinthenearfuture.2008A.theirB.ourC.hisD.Its16)书名、片名、格言、剧名、报名、国名等的复数形式，其谓语动词通常用单数形式。1.AllthePresident’sMen______oneoftheimportantbooksforhistorianswhostudytheWatergateScandal.2007A.remainB.remainsC.remainedD.isremaining17)“数量词+名词”结构的主谓一致只与可数名词连用只接单数的Eachevery单数谓语只接复数的AcoupleofSeveral,Anumberof复数谓语只与不可数名词连用AgreatdealofAlargeamountof单数谓语与可数名词复数或不可数名词连用均可Notany,Some,Alotof,Plentyof,Most,all,apairof接可数复数名词时用复数谓语；接不可数名词时用单数谓语。专四语法考点串讲之八：倒装句考点1：全部倒装(1)在以out,in,along,then,now,up,down,away,here,there等副词开头的句子里。(2)表示地点的介词短语位于句首时。考点2：部分倒装(1)Only+状语位于句首时(2)否定副词及短语位于句首时。30 常考的词或词语有not,seldom,hardly,little,nowhere,bynomeans,innotime等。1.Little_____aboutherownsafety,thoughsheherselfwasingreatdanger.2009A.shecaredB.shemaycareC.mayshecareD.didshecare2.Onnoaccount____borrowmoneyfromfriends,andstillless___Leorsy,Lepradependentonthefavorsofrichrelatives.(1990)A.Iwould,IwouldbeB.wouldI,IwouldbeC.wouldI,wouldIbeD.Iwould,wouldIbe(3)副词位于句首时，句子可部分倒装，也可不用。1.Stealthilyoutoftheroom.2004A.ThegirlcreptB.CreptthegirlC.DidthegirlcreptD.Creepsthegirl(4)soneithernor位于句首时。1.So+助动词+主语：…也一样。2.So+主语+助动词：…确实如此。承前肯定so只能指定一件事情，两件事情用soitis(thesame)withsb1.Itisgoingtobefinetomorrow._______.2009A.Soisit.B.Soitis.C.Soitdoes.D.Sodoesit.3.Neither和Nor用于否定句，表示“也不，也没有”。NeitherNor+助动词+主语1.Heisnotunderarrest,_____anyrestrictiononhim.(1995)A.orthepolicehaveplacedB.orhavethepoliceplacedC.northepolicehaveplacedD.norhavethepoliceplaced(5)在“so+adj./adv.+that…”句式中，将“so+adj./adv.”放在句首时的倒装。1.Sobadly_____inthecaraccidentthathehadtostayinhospitalforafewmonths.(1994)A.didheinjureB.injuredhimC.washeinjuredD.hewasinjured(6)notonly…butalso…;not...until句式的倒装(前倒后不倒)1.Notuntilamonkeyisseveralyearsold__toexhibitsignsofindependencefromitsmother.(1991)A.itdoesbeginB.whenitbeginsC.doesitbeginD.beforeitbegins专四语法考点串讲之九：反义疑问句1)反义疑问句的人称(1)陈述部分主语是"I"时，附加问句的人称分二种情况：A.Ihopethat…,don"tyou?Ican"tbelieveit,canyou?B.Iwillbe14tomorrow,aren"tI?Iaminterestedinit,aren"tI?(2)陈述部分主语是everything、nothing、something等时看作单数，附加问句用it指代。(3)陈述部分主语是everyone、everybody、nobody、somebody、someone、noone、anybody、anyone等时看作复数，附加问句用they指代。30 (4)陈述部分主语是不定代词one时，附加问句用one指代。1.YouandIcouldhardlyunderstand,______?1995A.couldIB.couldn’tyouC.couldn’tweD.couldwe2)情态动词：(1)反意疑问句的陈述部分谓语有haveto时，附加疑问句通常用助动词do。(2)反意疑问句的陈述部分谓语有need时，need做情态动词，附加疑问句仍用need，need做实义动词时，附加问句用助动词do。(3)反意疑问句的陈述部分为hadbetter时，附加问用助动词had。(4)反意疑问句的陈述部分为wouldrather时，附加问句用情态动词would(5)反意疑问句的陈述部分为usedto时，附加问句用助动词did。1.Thereusedtobeapetrolstationnearthepark,__?2006A.didn’titB.doesn’tthereC.usedn’tit?D.didn’tthere(6)反意疑问句的陈述部分为oughtto时，附加问句用助动词should.(7)陈述部分的谓语是wish，疑问部分要用may+主语Iwishtohaveawordwithyou,mayI?(8)must在表示"推测"时，根据其推测的情况来确定反意疑问句：A.mustdo—mustn"tB.mustbe—随人称用系动词一般现在时C.musthavedone—didn"t/haven"t(9)反意疑问句的陈述部分是wish时，附加问句用情态动词may。3)祈使句的反义疑问句：(1)do...,don"t...?;don"t...,do...,?1.Whenyouhavefinishedwiththatbook,don"tforgettoputitbackonmydesk,_____?2008/1998A.doyouB.don"tyouC.willyouD.won"tyou2.Dohelpyourselftosomefruit,______you?2000A.can’tB.don’tC.wouldn’tD.won’t3.Whenyouhavefinishedwiththatvideotape,don"tforgettoputitinmydrawer,________？1997A.doyouB.willyouC.don"tyouD.won"tyou(2)Let"s和letus后面的附加问句，分两种情况；A.let"s包括对方在内，用shallwe或shan"twe。30 B.letus不包括对方在内，用willyou或won"tyou。4)陈述部分用no,nothing,nobody,never,few,seldom,hardly,rarely,little等否定含义的词时，疑问部分用肯定含义。1.Sheseldomgoestothetheatre,_____?2010A.doesn"tsheB.doessheC.wouldsheD.wouldn"tshe5)否定前缀不能视为否定词，其反意疑问句仍用否定形式6)复合句的反疑疑问句(1)带有定语从句，宾语从句的主从复合句，疑问部分谓语根据主句的谓语而定1.Shewouldhavebeenmoreagreeableifshehadchangedalittlebit,______?2003A.hadn’tsheB.hasn’tsheC.wouldn’tsheD.didn’tshe(2)上述部分主句谓语是I/wethink,believe,expect,suppose,imagine等引导的宾语从句，疑问部分与宾语从句相对应构成反意疑问句：前肯定句，后用否定句；前有否定句，后面附加问句用肯定(Idon"tthink)。7)There+be句型的反意疑问句，附加问句用bethere/benotthere，由主语人称时态和数决定。专四语法考点串讲之十：形容词比较级和比较结构考点1：原级比较一般结构as…as;notas…as;thesame…as;1.Thereareasgoodfishinthesea_____evercameoutofit.2007A.thanB.likeC.asD.so考点2：AistoBwhat/asXisY;1.Nineistothree_____threeistoone.2008A.whenB.thatC.whichD.what2.Intellectistothemind____sightistothebody.(2001)A.whatB.asC.thatD.Like3.Twelveistothreefouristoone.1998A.whatB.AsC.ThatD.like考点3：倍数或几分之几“A+be+Xtimes+as+计量形容词原级+as+B”。“A+be+Xtimes+计量形容词比较级+than+B”“A+be+Xtimes+the+计量名词+of+B“The+计量名词+of+A+be+Xtimes+that+of+B”30 1.Anewlaptopcostsabout_____ofasecond-handone.2009A.thepriceofthreetimesB.threetimesthepriceC.asmuchasthethreetimespriceD.threetimesmorethantheprice2.Thesquareitselfisfivehundredyardswide,fivetimes____thesizeofSt.Peter"sinRome.2008A./B.thatofC.whichisD.of3.Somedietersfindthataftertheirdietingisover,theyeattwice_______theydidbeforetheirdiet.1993A.morethanB.asmanyasC.muchthanD.asmuchas4.Aperson"sbloodflowsthroughapipelineofvesselsthat,endtoend,wouldstretchmorethan______halftimesaroundtheEarthattheequator.1991A.twiceB.twoandaC.twoandD.twiceand考点4：(1)morethan“不仅是，非常，十分”等，用法和意义较多。1.Itwas____wehadhoped.2006A.moreasuccessthanB.asuccessmorethanC.asmuchofasuccessasD.asuccessasmuchas(2)more…than“与其说……不如说，不是……而是”1.DoyouknowTim’sbrother?Heis____thanTim2005.A.muchmoresportsmanB.moreofasportsmanC.moreofsportsmanD.moreasportsman(3)nomorethan仅仅；两者都不1.Fatcannotchangeintomuscle______musclechangesintofat.1999A.anymorethanB.nomorethanC.nolessthanD.muchmorethan(4)notmorethan不超过；前者不如后者1.Overpopulationposesaterriblethreattothehumanrace.Yetitisprobably_____athreattothehumanracethanenvironmentaldestruction.2007A.nomoreB.notmoreC.evenmoreD.muchmore(5)nolessthan=asmuchas意为：“竟有…之多，多达”强调多(6)notlessthan意为“不少于，至少”，客观地描述1.Johnis______hardworkingthanhissister,buthefailedintheexam.1998A.nolessB.nomoreC.notlessD.noso(7)noless…than前后均为肯定，含有惊奇的感情色彩：“是…是，正是，和…一样，多达，应有…之多”(8)hardlymorethan“仅仅”。考点5：在more…than结构中，than有时可看作关系代词，相当于thanwhat…1.Theresearchrequiresmoremoneythan_______.2007A.havebeenputinB.hasbeenputinC.beingputinD.tobeputin2.Thereoughttobelessanxietyovertheperceivedriskofmountainclimbingthan________inthepublicmindtoday.1999A.ExistsB.ExistC.ExistingD.toexist30 3.WesternNebraskagenerallyreceiveslesssnowthan_____EasternNebraska.1996A.inB.itreceivesinC.doesD.itdoesin考点6：somuchas用在否定句中：与其说，不如说1.Itisnot____muchthelanguageasthebackgroundthatmakesthebookdifficulttounderstand.2007A.thatB.asC.soD.very2.Thattrumpetplayerwascertainlyloud.ButIwasn’tbotheredbyhisloudness____byhislackoftalent.2004A.somuchasB.ratherthanC.asD.than3.Itisnotsomuchthelanguage______theculturalbackgroundthatmakesthebookdifficulttounderstand.1999A.butB.norC.asD.like考点7：nootherthan只有，正是。它常用来加强语气，多用于书面语。考点8：nobetterthan和……一样，实际上等于(practicallythesameas)考点9：better…than与其说……倒不如说。考点10：morelikely…than比较结构考点11：otherthan意思是：不同于，除……之外；ratherthan意思是：而不是。考点12：其它1.______thetwo,Bobis_____student.1995A.Of,morediligentB.In,morediligentC.Of,themorediligentD.In,themorediligent2.Maryis_____thanAlice.1992A.moreexperiencedateacherB.amoreexperiencedteacherC.moreanexperiencedteacherD.moreexperiencedteacher3.Thesalaryofaskilledworkerismuchhigher______1991A.thanthatofateacherB.thanateacherC.incomparisonwithateacherD.whencomparedtoateacher专四语法考点串讲之十一：小语法一、时态1.InhisplaysShakespeare_____hischaracterslivethroughtheirlanguage.2008A.wouldmakeB.hadmadeC.madeD.makes2.Lindawas_____theexperimentamonthago,butshechangedhermindatthelastminute.2007A.tostartB.tohavestartedC.tobestartingD.tohavebeenstarting3.Thecommitteehasanticipatedtheproblemsthat____intheroadconstructionproject.2007A.ariseB.willariseC.aroseD.havearisen4.Thestudentsaidtherewereafewpointsintheessayhe_____impossibletocomprehend.2007/2006A.hadfoundB.findsC.hasfoundD.wouldfind5.Jameshasjustarrived,butIdidn’tknowhe_________untilyesterday.2005A.willcomeB.wascomingC.hadbeencomingD.came6.____consciousofmymoralobligationsasacitizen.2005A.IwasandalwayswillbeB.IhavetobeandalwayswillbeC.IhadbeenandalwayswillbeD.Ihavebeenandalwayswillbe30 7.Jack______fromhomefortwodaysnow,andIambeginningtoworryabouthissafety.2003A.hasbeenmissingB.hasbeenmissedC.hadbeenmissingD.wasmissed8.Forsometimenow,worldleaders_____outthenecessityforagreementonarmsreduction.2002A.hadbeenpointingB.havebeenpointingC.werepointingD.pointed9.HowcanIeverconcentrateifyou_____continually_____mewithsillyquestions?1997A.have…interruptedB.had…interruptedC.are…interruptingD.were…interrupting10.Mr.Whiteworkswithachemicalsimportandexportcompany,buthe_____forthisindustrialfair,sinceheisonleave.1997A.hasworkedB.worksC.hasbeenworkingD.isworking11.–“Iboughtthisshirtfor35Yuanyesterday.”--“It’sonsaletodayforonly29.Youshouldhavewaited.”--“Ohreally?Buthow____Iknow?”(1993)A.wouldB.canC.didD.Do12.When.I-arrivedatthemeeting,thefirstspeaker_____andtheaudience_____.1992A.hadfinishedspeaking,wereclappingB.hadfinishedspeaking,hadclappedC.finishedspeaking,clappedD.finishedspeaking,wereclapping二、代词考点1：every,each的用法比较Each：两者或两者以上/Every：三者或三者以上考点:2：another,other,theother,others,theothersanother用于泛指三者以上中的“另一个”other作前置定语,修饰单数或复数名词theother两者中的“另一个”,是特指others泛指“其他人”或“其他物”=other+名复theothers指整体中除去一部分后,剩余的全部考点3：it,one,ones,theone,theones,that,thoseIt：表同类同物表单数one：表同类但不同物,表单数，可用形容词修饰，泛指ones：表同类但不同物,表复数，可用形容词修饰，泛指theone：表同类但不同物,表特指，表单数that：表同类但不同物,指代单数或不可数theones/those：表同类不同物，表特指，表复数30 考点4：as的用法：(1)Asmuchas达到（和）。。。（一样）的程度1.Languagebelongstoeachmemberofthesociety,tothecleaner_____totheprofessor.1998A.asfarasB.thesameasC.asmuchasD.aslongas(2)Soasto为的是以便(3)Suchasto以致(4)aswell(as)也，以及，还；和；不仅(连接并列成分或从句)考点5：人称代词1.Whenonehasgoodhealth,_____shouldfeelfortunate.2010A.youB.theyC.heD.We2.Thefollowingareallcorrectresponsesto"Whotoldthenewstotheteacher?"EXCEPT.2008A.Jimdidthis.B.Jimdidso.C.Jimdidthat.D.Jimdid.3.Childrenwhostayawayfromschooldo________fordifferentreasons.2005A.themB./C.itD.Theirs4.Yourideas,_______,seemunusualtome.2003A.likeherB.likehersC.similartoherD.similartoherself5.Itwasasaphysicianthatherepresentedhimself,and_____hewaswarmlyreceived.1997A.assuchB.suchasC.asthatD.sothat6.Bill.feltcold______.1991A.muchofthenightB.mostofthenightC.muchthroughthenightD.themostofthenight三、副词和形容词1、副词1.WhichofthefollowingwordscanNOTbeusedtocomplete"We"veseenthefilm____"?2010A.beforeB.recentlyC.latelyD.yet2.Hefeelsthatheisnotyet____totravelabroad.2010A.toostrongB.enoughstrongC.sostrongD.strongenough3.WhichofthefollowingadverbscanNOTbeusedtocomplete"_____everybodycame"?2009A.NearlyB.QuiteC.PracticallyD.Almost4.Whatdoes"Hewiselyrefusedtospendhismoney"mean?2008A.Itwaswiseofhimtorefusetospendhismoney.B.Herefusedtospendhismoneyinawisemanner.C.Hewasshortofmoneyanddidn"twanttobuyanything.D.Herefused,inawisemanner,tospendhismoney.5.Susanisveryhard-working,butherpayisnot__forherwork.2006A.enoughgoodB.goodenoughC.asgoodenoughD.goodasenough6.Shemanagedtosave_______shecouldoutofherwagestohelpherbrother.2002A.howlittlemoneyB.solittlemoneyC.suchlittlemoneyD.whatlittlemoney7.Thepatient’sprogresswasveryencouragingashecould___getoutofbedwithouthelp.2001A.nearlyB.hardlyC.merelyD.barely8.IfeltthatIwasnotyet_______totravelabroad.199730 A.toostrongB.strongenoughC.sostrongD.enoughstrong2、形容词1.Mydaughterhaswalkedeightmilestoday.Weneverguessedthatshecouldwalk___far.2006A./B.suchC.thatD.as2.Issuesofprice,place,promotion,andproductareconventionalconcernsinplanningmarketingstrategies.2004A.theseofthemostB.mostofthoseC.amongthemostD.amongthemanyofEach的用法1.WhichofthefollowingsentencesisINCORRECT?2010A.Theyeachhavetwotickets.B.Theycosttwentyyuaneach.C.Eachtheyhaveboughtthesamebook.D.Theyweregiventwomagazineseach.Many的用法1.WhichofthefollowingsentencesisINCORRECT?2010A.Allhislecturesareveryinteresting.B.Halftheirsavingsweregone.C.Manyhisfriendscametotheparty.D.Bothhissistersarenurses.2.WhichofthefollowingisINCORRECT?2008A.Allhislectureswereboring.C.Herfewfriendsareallfondofdancing.B.Halfhismoneywasgone.D.Heinvitedmanyhisfriendstotheparty.限定词的搭配1.Themanagerisnotlikelytoagreetopropositions.2004A.OthertheseB.OtherallC.AllotherD.Otherany四、冠词1.Theideaoftravelingthrough_____spacetootherplanetsinterestsmanypeopletoday.1995A.aB.theC./D.one2.___humanproblemsthatrepeatthemselvesin__liferepeatthemselvesin___literature.1994A./,/,theB./,the,/C.The,/,/D.The,the,the3.Therisingcrimerateis________majorconcernof_______society.1993A.the,theB.a,/C.a,theD./,the4.Tedcouldn"tremembertheexactdateofthestorm,butheknewitwas_____Sundaybecauseeverybodywasatchurch.1992A./,theB.a,/C./,aD.the,/5.Iwantanassistantwith___knowledgeofFrenchand___experienceinhandlingofficeroutine.1990A.a,/B.a,anC./,anD./,/五、强调和省略1.Acutehearinghelpsmostanimalssensetheapproachofthunderstormslongbeforepeople_____.2000A.doB.hearC.dothemD.hearingit2.Thecentralprovinceshavefloodsinsomeyears,and______.2000A.droughtinothersB.droughtsareothersC.whileotherdroughtsD.othersindrought3.Itwasonly______repairedbyexperthandsthatitsvalueandbeautyrevealedtotheeye.1991A.theunearthedpotwasB.thattheunearthedpotwasC.whentheunearthedpotwasD.theunearthedpotif30 六、固定搭配、习惯用语和词汇的特殊用法1.Seem的用法(1)seem常常和不定式，形容词，分词，名词和介词短语搭配。1)seem后跟不定式（短语）时，要注意不定式所表示动作发生的时间，以此来确定不定式的时态。seem后不定式的否定式习惯上用don’t来代替，（放在seem前），2)seem+形容词=seem+tobe+adj。但目前由于英语的发展，seem+tobe+形容词结构的用法已越来越少，seem+adj的结构已趋成型，属口语语体。3)seem后用现在分词还是过去分词取决于分词本身的逻辑主语，如句中的主语是分词的逻辑主语，用现在分词，反之用过去分词。(2)seem常用于it作形式主语的“Itseems/seemedthat……”结构。在这一句式中，常省去that。(3)seem常用于由asif/though引导的从句中，在这种句式中，如从句所叙述的情实现的可能性比较大，从句谓语用陈述语气；若实现的可能性较小，或根本不可能实现，从句的谓语则用虚拟语气。(4)seem通常用在“Itseems(seemed)tosb(that)……”的结构中，这种结构常用来表示“行为”的主体。(5)seems也常用在“thereseem(s)tobe”句式中，用来代替be，作句子的谓语。这个结构的否定形式为“Thereseem(s)tobe+no+n.”或“Theredoesn’tseemtobe+n.”(6)seem有时也同人称代词I连用，意为“感到好像、觉得似乎”等意。1.After____seemedanendlesswait,itwashisturntoenterthepersonnelmanager"soffice.2010A.thatB.itC.whatD.there2."Itseemsthatshewasthereattheconference."Thesentencemeansthat.2009A.sheseemstobethereattheconference.B.sheseemedtobethereattheconference.C.sheseemstohavebeenthereattheconference.D.sheseemedtobeingthereattheconference.3.Atthreeo"clockthismorning,Iseemed___someonescreaminthestreet.1990A.hearingB.havingheardC.tohaveheardD.tohear2.anythingbut/nothingbut(1)anythingbut绝不，根本不。(2)nothingbut除……而外；什么也没有；只有。后面可接名词、代词和不定式。不定式通常要带to；但当其前面的动词是do，或只有情态动词时，but后面的不定式要省去to。30 1.Iknowhefailedhislasttest,butreallyhe’s_________stupid.2005A.somethingbutB.anythingbutC.nothingbutD.notbut3.Typeof/sortof有点...1.Becausefuelsuppliesarefiniteandmanypeoplearewasteful,wewillhavetoinstall_________solarheatingdeviceinourhome.2005A.sometypeofB.sometypesofaC.sometypeofaD.sometypesof4.Notcounting+n.不算，不包括1.Thereareonlytenapplesleftinthebaskets,____thespoiltones.2006A.notcountingB.nottocountC.don’tcountD.havingnotcounted5.as...asitcouldbe:...极了；越...越好1.Theystoodchattingtogetheraseasilyandnaturallyas____.2008A.itcouldbeB.couldbeC.itwasD.was6.allthemore更加1.Shehastakengreatpainstoconcealheremotions,andtherebymadethem______conspicuous.1994A.allthemoreB.allthemuchC.allmoreD.allmuch7.Themore...themore...1.Thelessthesurfaceofthegroundyieldstotheweightofafully-loadedtruck,____tothetruck.2004A.thegreaterstressisB.greateristhestressC.thestressisgreaterD.thegreaterthestress2.Thehigherthestandardofliving,the______.1991A.greateristheamountofgoodsisconsumedB.greateramountofgoodsconsumedC.amountofgoodsisusedisgreaterD.greatertheamountofgoodsconsumed8.betoomuchof...todo过于1.Hewas___totellthetrutheventohisclosestfriend.2001A.toomuchofacowardB.toomuchthecowardC.acowardenoughD.enoughofacoward9.Asregardssth=withspecialreferencetosth关於某事物；就某方面而言1.Youneedn’tworry___regardsthecostoftheoperation.2001A.withB.whichC.asD.about10.Thereisnosuchthingas+(a)noun.在这个句型中，as后面接的是there的实意，例如：Thereisnosuchthingasaperfecthuman.也就是说(aperfecthuman)isnosuchthing.有没有冠词a取决于加的名词是不是可数。1.Landbelongstothecity;thereis__thingasprivateownershipofland.2006A.nosuchaB.notsuchC.notsuchaD.nosuch2.MyScottishfriendsaysthereis______monsterinLochNess.1993A.nosuchthingasB.nosuchthingasaC.nosuchathingasD.nosuchathingasa11.Itbe+adj.fortheretobe的用法Itisimpossiblefortheretobeanymorechance.不可能在有机会了。30 Itwastoolatefortheretobeanybuses.时间太晚，不会有汽车了。Wewaitedfortheretobeanotheropportunity.我们期待着还有下一次机会。1.Itisnotuncommonforthere____problemsofcommunicationbetweentheoldandtheyoung.2007A.beingB.wouldbeC.beD.tobe12.soastodo为的是，以便suchastodo达到这样的程度以致=suchthat1.Hisremarkswere________annoyeverybodyatthemeeting.2005A.soastoB.suchastoC.suchtoD.asmuchasto2.Hisstrongsenseofhumorwas________makeeveryoneintheroomburstoutlaughing.1998A.soastoB.suchastoC.sothatD.suchthat3.Thebrillianceofhissatireswas_____makeevenhisvictimslaugh.1996A.soastoB.suchastoC.sothatD.suchthat13.onlytodo常表示意想不到或不愉快的结果。1.Thethreementriedmanytimestosneakacrosstheborderintotheneighboringcountry,___bythepoliceeachtime.1999A.hadbeencapturedB.beingalwayscapturedC.onlytobecapturedD.unfortunatelycaptured14.cannot/hardly/never/scarcelybetoo…to…“越…越好；无论…也/都不过分”。七、句子成分1.DrJohnsonisheadofthedepartment,____anexpertintranslation.2010A.orB.eitherC.butD.and2.WhichofthefollowingitalicizedphrasesindicatesCAUSE?2010A.Whydon"tyoudoitforthesakeofyourfriends?B.IwishIcouldwriteaswellasyou.C.Forallhisefforts,hedidn"tgetanA.D.Hereyeswereredfromexcessivereading.3.Whichofthefollowingsentenceshasanobjectcomplement?2010A.ThedirectorsappointedJohnmanager.B.IgaveMaryaChristmaspresent.C.YouhavedonePeterafavor.D.SheisteachingchildrenEnglish.4.In"Howmuchdoyouthinkheearns?"howmuchis______ofthesentence.2009A.thesubjectB.theadverbialC.theobjectD.thecomplement5.Who_______wascomingtoseemeinmyofficethisafternoon?2003A.yousaidB.didyousayC.didyousaythatD.youdidsay6.Evenasagirl,____tobeherlife,andtheateraudiencesweretobeherbestteacher.(2001)A.performingbyMelissawereB.itwasknownthatMelissa’sperformanceswereC.knowingthatMelissa’sperformanceswereD.Melissaknewthatperformingwas30