高一英语语法重难点讲解—高一英语必备 21页

高一英语语法重难点讲解—高一英语必备 定语从句1.定语从句的结构及理解2.定语从句的关系词的使用3.定语从句的简化表达知识总结归纳（一）定语从句的结构：在复合句中，修饰某个名词或代词的句子（做这个名词或代词的定语）叫定语从句，定语从句一般放在被修饰的名词或代词后面，被修饰的名词或代词叫做定语从句的先行词，它与定语从句之间要有一个词连接，这个词指代先行词的内容叫做关系词（关系代词或关系副词：that,which,who,whose,when,where,why）。先行词在定语从句中充当主语，宾语，时间，地点，原因状语。结构：先行词+关系词+定语从句。1.Thereshesawawallofwaterthatwasquicklyadvancingtowardsher.2.InJapan,someonewhoseesanotherpersonmakingthegesturewillthinkitmeansmoney.3.Athemeparkisacollectionofrides,exhibitionsorotherattractionsthatarebasedonacommontheme.4.TheparkhasaconservationcenterthathelpsprotectmarineanimalsandtheirhabitatsintheriversandcoastalwatersofAsia.5.Visitorscangoonexcitingrideswheretheycanfeelwhatitisliketodothethingstheyhaveseentheirheroesdointhemovie.6.OprahWinfreyisablackwomanwhoserisetofameisaninspiringstory.（二）定语从句分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句：限定性定语从句：从句对先行词进行必要的描述或说明，缺少它，则句义显得不完整，从句与先行词紧密相连。非限定性定语从句：对先行词进行补充说明，解释，它与先行词之间有逗号隔开。1.Beforeshecouldmove,sheheardaloudnoise,whichgrewtoaterribleroar.2.Treeaftertreewentdown,cutdownbythewater,whichmusthavebeenthreemetersdeep.3.Flora,whosebeautifulhairanddresswereallcoldandwet,startedcrying.4.Theirtalkincludesrhythmandrhymingwordsaswellastonguetwisters,whichoftenmaketheaudienceapplaud.（三）关系词前面可以根据定语从句的内容加上一些介词，这些关系词在介词后面常用which或whom.1.TherewasamanwithwhomIwouldhavetoworktogetherandfinallythemanagerofthecompany.2.Manypeoplewhosawthefilmwereafraidtoswimintheseawhentheyrememberedthescenesinwhichpeoplewereeatenbytheshark.知识重点与难点（一）当先行词有最高级，序数词修饰，是不定代词，或是all,no,only等形式时，关系代词一般用that，而不能用which。1.TheTitanicwasthelargestshipthathadeverbeenbuiltatthattime. 2.Thereisonethingthatkeepsworryingme.（二）当先行词是表示时间，地点，原因的词时，关系词用when,where,why还有which,that1.I’mverygladtoreturntomyhometownwhereIhadlivedfor10years.2.ThisismyhometownwhichIusedtotalkabouttoyou.3.IthinkIcanunderstandthereasonwhyhedidn’ttellthetruthtome.4.Noonebelievesthereasonthathegaveusabouthisabsenceatthemeeting.（三）定语从句的简化表达：1.ThemanwhoissittingontheplatformisaprofessorfromWuhanUniversity.2.Theletterthatwasmailedlastnightwillreachhimtomorrow.3.Thequestionthatisbeingdiscussedisveryimportant.4.Youarewelcometoapartytobegiveninourclassat7:45.说明：以上的定语从句部分可以用更加简单的非谓语形式表达出来：1.ThemansittingontheplatformisaprofessorfromWuhanUniversity.2.Thelettermailedlastnightwillreachhimtomorrow.3.Thequestionbeingdiscussedisveryimportant.4.Youarewelcometoapartytobegiveninourclassat7:45.说明：修饰一个名词除了后面用定语从句以外，还可以用非谓语动词形式：doing短语，done短语，beingdone短语，tobedone短语修饰。其结构和意思如下：1.被修饰名词+doing短语：正在做….的人/正在发生的事。2.被修饰名词+done短语：被…..的人/事3.被修饰名词+beingdone短语：正在被…..的人/事4.被修饰名词+tobedone短语：将要被…..的人/事（1）Doyouknowthemantalkingtomysister?（2）The“crazy”gesture,movingtheindexfingerinacircleinfrontoftheear,means“youhaveaphonecall”inBrazil.（3）Didyouseethatcarbeingrepaired?（4）Inacamera,thelensmustbefocusedontheobjecttobephotographed.（5）Thestudentstoattendthemeetingwillarriveheretomorrow.（6）GoodsimportedfromabroadarenotalwaysbetterthanthosemadeinChina.（7）TheYellowRiver,saidtobe“themotherriver”runsacrossChinalikeahugedragon.总结：以上做定语的那些短语就是英语语法中所说的分词，不定式的各种形式作定语。1.这些短语作定语应放在被修饰名词的后面。如果单独一个V-ing或V-ed形式作定语，则可以放在被修饰名词前面。2.分词作定语时，其动作应与全句动作同时发生。V-ing表示主动意义和正在做，V-ed表示被动意义。beingdone表示正在被做的3.不定式作定语表示将要发生的，tobedone表示将要被做的【典型例题】[例1]Friendshipisneededbyall,_____playsanimportantroleinpeople’slives.A.whichB.thatC.whoD.it分析：_____playsanimportantroleinpeople’slives为非限定性定语从句修饰先行词Friendship用which连接定语从句。答案：A [例2]UncleLi_____Iworkedthreeyearsagohasretirednow.A.whoB.whomC.withwhomD.towhom分析：_____Iworkedthreeyearsago作为定语从句修饰先行词UncleLi，从句完整的表达是：IworkedwithUncleLithreeyearsago.所以关系词前应加上介词with。答案：C[例3]Isthisthereason_____atthemeetingforhiscarelessnessinhiswork?A.heexplainedB.whatheexplainedC.howheexplainedD.whyheexplained分析：定语从句_____atthemeetingforhiscarelessnessinhiswork修饰先行词thereason指“他在会上就他工作中的粗心解释的原因。先行词在从句中做宾语。答案：A[例4]Teachers,_____workisratherhard,arebeingbetterpaidthanbefore.A.whoB.thatC.whichD.whose分析：非限定性定语从句_____workisratherhard修饰先行词teachers,它与从句中的work是从属关系，关系词用whose答案：D[例5]TheOlympicGames,_____in776BC,didn’tincludedwomenplayersuntil1912.A.firstplayingB.tobefirstplayedC.firstplayedD.tobefirstplaying分析：公元前776年被首次举行的奥运会，直到1912年才容纳女运动员。_____in776BC做定语修饰TheOlympicGames，指过去的内容，表示被动。用done做定语。答案：C[例6]Thehouses_____fortheteachersandtheconstructionworkwillstartsoon.A.builtB.tobebuiltC.tobuildD.beingbuilt分析：根据句意房子即将开工。_____fortheteachersandtheconstructionwork修饰Thehouses应为ThehousesThehouses将要为教师和施工修建的房子。答案：B[例7]Howmanyofus_____,ameetingthatisnotimportanttouswouldbeinterestedinthediscussion?A.attendedB.attendingC.toattendD.haveattended分析：根据句意：比如说，我们当中参加一个对我们毫不重要的会议的人会有多少人对这个讨论感兴趣呢？_____,say,ameetingthatisnotimportanttous修饰Howmanyofus做定语。与全句动作同步.答案：B[例8]Shehasthreechildren,_____isworkinginAustralia.A.whoB.oneofwhomC.oneofthemD.noneofthem分析：非限定性定语从句__isworkinginAustralia修饰先行词threechildren，根据从句中的is判断，是说：三个孩子中的一个在澳大利亚工作。 答案：B【模拟试题】1.Susanistheverygirl_____thegooddeed.A.whomIthinkdidB.whomIthinkshedidC.whoIthinkdidD.Ithinkwhodid2.Luckily,thepoorboyhadenoughmoney_____hecouldbuyatrainticket.A.bywhichB.onwhichC.withwhichD.forwhich3.Thebook_____hedevotedmuchtimeistocomeoutnextmonth.A.whereB.whichC.towhichD.onwhich4.Thedaycamefinally_____Iwasgivenanopportunitytoactintheplay.A.whenB.inthatC.whichD.inwhich5.1.Don’tyouthinkthequestion_____tomorrowisofgreatimportance.A.beingdiscussedB.discussedC.tobediscussedD.todiscuss6.Thefood_____atthemomentisforthedinnerparty.A.cookedB.tobecookedC.isbeingcookedD.beingcooked7.Doyouknowtheteacher_____underthebigtree?A.readB.readsC.readingD.beingread【试题答案】1.CSusan正是我认为作了好事的那位女孩。先行词theverygirl在从句中做think的宾语，同时又是后面宾语从句didthegooddeed.的主语，所以关系词不能用whom2.C定语从句_____hecouldbuyatrainticket.修饰先行词money：用这笔钱买火车票。关系词前面需要加介词：with3.C定语从句_____hedevotedmuchtime意思是：他把大量的时间都投入在这本书上了。devote….tosth.关系词前加介词：to4.A定语从句_____Iwasgivenanopportunitytoactintheplay修饰先行词theday：先行词theday在从句中做时间状语：在这一天我得到了扮演一个角色的机会。5.C短语_____tomorrow做定语修饰thequestion，根据表达的内容：明天即将被讨论的问题。应当用不定式的被动结构做定语。6.D短语_____atthemoment做thefood的定语,表示：正在做的食物。Beingdone做定语表示：正在被……的……。7.C现在分词短语readingunderthebigtree做定语修饰theteacher表示：正在大树下看书的那位老师。情态动词1.情态动词的推测表达2.情态动词表达虚拟语气3.某些情态动词的特殊用法 知识重点与难点总结知识重点：情态动词在表达推测意义的句子中的运用：（一）用情态动词表达事实的推测。can，could，might，may，must可以用来表达对事实的推测。根据说话人对事实的把握性大小，must表示“肯定…”，may/might/can/could表示“可能……”，must只用于肯定句中，may/might的否定式maynot/mightnot表示“可能不……”,而can/could可以用于疑问句，表示“可能，可能……吗?”，其否定式can’t/couldn’t表示“不可能”。用情态动词可以对现在或过去的事实进行推测。对不同的时间内容推测有不同的结构。（二）对现在的事实进行推测：主要结构：…must/may/might+动词原形be+名词/形容词/介词短语be+doing例句：1.YoumustbeJeanne.I’mMathildeLoisel.Weusedtoknoweachotherverywell.2.Theymustbeinbedalreadyatthistimeofthenight.3.Theteachermustbejoking.4.Fredaisn’tinclass.Shemustbesick.5.Theremustbesomethingwrong.6.Shemightbeveryclever,butshehasn’tgotmuchcommonsense.7.Hemaybearrivingthisevening.8.Hemaybetravelingaroundtheworld.9.Thekeyscan’tbeintheroom.Ihavejustsearcheditverycarefully.10.Canthenewsbetrue?（三）对过去的事实进行推测：结构：情态动词+havedone/been+名词/形容词/介词短语例句：1.Mrs.Longmansmusthavebeenaprettygirlinheryouth.2.Hecouldn’thaveseenAnnayesterday.She’sgoneabroad.3.IthinkImusthaveleftmyglassesinthelibrary.4.Hemighthaveoversleptagain.5.WherecanTomhavegone?情态动词表达虚拟语气：表达“本来…”，“不然早就…”。这是情态动词的一种虚拟语气用法。表示说话人所讲的与所发生的事实相反。表达了说话人的埋怨，后悔的语气。其结构是在一些情态动词后面加havedone结构。根据要表达的意思，有如下结构：shouldhavedone/oughttohavedone：本应该……shouldn’thavedone/oughtn’ttohavedone：本不该……couldhavedone：本来可以……needn’thavedone：本来没必要……wouldliketohavedone：本来很想……wouldrathernothavedone:本来不愿意……could/might/havedone:不然早就…… 例句：1.Youshouldn’thavelaughedathismistakes.2.Youcouldhavetoldusearlier.3.Ioughttohaveboughtthatdictionarylastweek.4.Yououghtnottohavespentsomuchtimeinreadingnovels.5.Weneednothavebeeninatearinghurrytocatchthetrain.6.Theywouldliketohaveseenthatfilmlastfilm.7.Ifhehadgivenmehisnumber,Icouldhavetelephonedhim.8.Theymighthavebeenfrozentodeathbutfortherescueintime.知识难点：某些情态动词的特殊用法：need和dare的两种形式的用法need和dare可以用做实义动词，后面接不定式（todo）结构，在疑问句和否定句中，加助动词do/does/did/或don’t/doesn’t/didn’t。作为情态动词使用时，主要用于疑问句和否定句中。情态动词needn’t（没有必要，不必）相当于don’thaveto例句：1.Itiscold,youneedtowearsomewarmclothes.2.NeedIstayherewithyouforawhile?Thankyou,youneedn’t.3.Howdareyouspeaktoparentslikethat?注意：句型Idaresay+从句。意思是：我肯定……=I’msure或Thereisnodoubtthat+从句。例句：IdaresaythatmyunclewillgetthemoneyifIdie.will和would表示“意志”或“愿意”，would则指过去愿意做……例句：1.Hesaidthathewouldhelpus.2.Youmaytelephoneifyouwillacceptthisjob.would可以表达“过去习惯做……”类似于“usedtodo”例句：1.Whenwewerechildren,wewouldgoswimmingeverysummerinthatriver.表示请求，固定的句型：Will/Wouldyoupleasedo…?/Wouldyouliketodo…?例句：Will/Wouldyoupleasegivehimamessagewhenyouseehim?shall1.用于第一，三人称，表示“请求”；“建议”或“推荐”例句：1.Shallwestartthemeetingnow?2.ShallIwatchTVnow?3.Shallmysoncarrythecaseforyou?2.用于第二人称，表示“命令，“要求”，“许诺”例句：1.Youshalltakewhateveryoulike.2.Youshallnotgotothepartywithmeifyoumakesomuchnoiseagain. 在表示推测的否定句或疑问句中，常用can/can’t/could/couldn’t表示，意思是：“可能…吗?”；“…不可能…”。而不能使用mustn’t或must等词。【典型例题】1.—Doyouthinkhewilldomeafavor? —AsfarasIknow,heisthelastonetohelpothers.He_____bepreparedtogiveyouahand,though.A.mightB.mustC.canD.should分析：本题考查情态动词推测性用法。根据heisthelastonetohelpothers.（他是最不可能帮助别人的人），既然如此，那么“帮助你”的可能性也就最小了。答案为A2.—Look,someoneiscoming.Guesswhoit____be? —Ithinkit___beTom. —Idon’tthinkit___be____.A.can;must;can;heB.may;can;must;himC.must;can;must;hisD.might;must;can;himself分析：根据备选答案。can表示推测时用于疑问句或否定句中。本题首句就应该是Guesswhocanitbe?第二句应该是IthinkitmustbeTom.（说话人十分肯定）。第三句表达了说话人对前一个人的否定。即：Idon’tthinkitcanbehim/he.（不可能是他）。答案为A3.—DoyouknowMs.Wanglikeswalkingaftersupper? —Sure.She____aroundthecampusnow.A.mustbewalkingB.mustwalkC.maywalkD.maybewalking分析：关键词Sure告诉我们说话人的口气十分肯定。根据句子语境：她此刻肯定正在校园散步呢。mustbedoing表示肯定正在做。答案为A4.—IstayedatahotelinNewYork. —Oh,didyou?You_____withBarbara.A.couldhavestayedB.couldstayC.wouldsayD.musthavestayed分析：首句说：我在纽约住在一家宾馆里。在此ahotel是泛指。所以D选项不合题意。第二句在说：你本来可以和Barbara.住在一起的。Couldhavedone表示：本来可以。答案为A5.Whydidn’tyoutellmetherewasnomeetingtoday?I_____allthewayherethroughtheheavysnow.A.needn’thavedrivenB.can’thavedrivenC.mustn’thavedrivenD.shouldn’thavedriven分析：根据句意：你为什么不告诉我今天没有会？我本来没必要冒着大雪开车跑这么多路。Needn’thavedone表示本来没必要。答案为A6.Iwasreallyanxiousaboutyou.You_____homewithoutaword.A.mustn’tleaveB.shouldn’thaveleftC.couldn’thaveleftD.needn’tleave分析：根据句意：我真的很担心你，你真不应该一句话都不说就离开家。“离开家”已经发生了。Shouldhavedone正好表达了本句的意思。答案为B7.A：AreyoucomingtoJeff’sparty?B：I’mnotsure.I_____gototheconcertinstead.A.mustB.wouldC.shouldD.might 分析：根据B的回答：我不一定去，我有可能去听音乐会。Might表示推测：可能。答案为D8.A：Ipromisethatshe____getanicepresentonherbirthday.B：Willitbeabigsurprisetoher?A.shouldB.mustC.wouldD.shall分析：A说：“我答应她在生日聚会上她会得到一份生日礼物。shall表示许诺。答案为D【模拟试题】1.A：IsJohncomingbytrain?B：Heshould,buthe_____not.Helikesdrivinghiscar.A.mustB.canC.needD.may2.Mr.White_____at8:30forthemeeting,buthedidn’tshowup.A.shouldhavearrivedB.shouldarriveC.shouldhavehadarrivedD.shouldbearriving3.Sorry,I’mlate.I_____haveturnedoffthealarmandgonetosleepagain.A.mightB.shouldC.canD.will4.You_____betired—You’veonlybeenworkingforanhour.A.mustnotB.won’tC.can’tD.maynot5.—Ididn’tgotoworkyesterdayafternoonbecausemycarbrokedown. —You_____mine.Iwasn’tusingit.A.mightborrowB.couldhaveborrowedC.canhaveborrowedD.oughttoborrow6.—Amanansweredthephone.Isupposeitwasherhusband. —It_____herhusband.Hehasbeendeadforages.A.mustn’tbeB.couldn’thavebeenC.maynothavebeenD.mustn’thavebeen【试题答案】1.分析：根据B的回答“他应该（坐火车来），但是也不一定，他喜欢开自己的车。本题考查了情态动词的推测用法。may表示不十分有把握的推测。答案为D2.分析：根据句意：White先生本应该在8:30到这里出席会议的，可他（在8:30）没有到场。Shouldhavedone表示：本应该。答案为A3.分析：本句是说话人在解释迟到的原因：我或许是关掉闹钟又睡了。mighthavedone表示对过去的推测：可能已经……答案为A4.分析：根据后半句You’veonlybeenworkingforanhour.（你才刚干了一个小时）说明You_____betired（你不可能很累），can’t表示“不可能”答案为C5.分析：听到对方说“昨天车坏了而没去上班”，第二个人说“你本来可以借我的车去上班。”本来可以/能：couldhavedone.答案为B6.分析：第二个人是说：那个人不可能是她丈夫，因为她丈夫已经去世多年了。根据对话的语境，是在谈论过去的事，表示过去不可能：couldnothavedone答案为：B 与it有关的主要句型it强调句型知识总结归纳：（一）it用做形式主语或形式宾语：根据句子结构的需要，it用做形式主语或形式宾语，而真正的主语或宾语（todo短语，doing短语，名词性从句）则放在句尾。主要句型：It’s+形容词/名词+连词+名词性从句todosth.doingsth.find/make/think/feelit+形容词/名词+连词+名词性从句todosth.doingsth.例句：1.ItwillbecomemoreandmoreimportanttohaveagoodknowledgeofEnglish.2.It’susualforclosefriendstohavesimilarideasandbeliefs.3.It’sapitythatIdidn’tthinkofitearlier.4.It’snousegoingtheresoearly.5.Outteacherthinksitnogoodlearningwithoutpractice.6.Didn’tImakeitcleartoyouthatIwasnotcoming?7.Wefounditstrangethatnoonewouldtakethemoney.（二）其他句型1.Ittakes+时间段+sb.+todosth.2.表示“据说，据报道，/人们认为/相信/建议等It’ssaidthat…….It’sreportedthat……It’sbelieved/thought/suggestedthat……例句：1.Itgenerallytakestimetoreachthispoint—beingonthesamewavelength.2.Itisbelievedthatthetwochildrenwentoffexploring（探险）ontheirownandgetstuckonthecliff.3.It’ssuggestedthatweshouldhaveameetingtodiscusstheproblem.4.Itwasoncepredicted（预测）thatBritishandAmericanEnglishwouldbecomeseparatelanguagesfinally.（三）it在强调句型中：在英语中，为了突出强调句子的某一个成分（谓语除外），达到强调或使听话人特别注意这一部分的目的。便形成了一种强调句型。Itis/was+被强调的部分+that/who+句子的其他部分。Itis/wasnotuntil+时间+that+句子的其他部分。例句： 1.IsawJohnonmywaytoschoolthismorning.ItwasJohnwho/thatIsawonmywaytoschoolthismorning.ItwasonmywaytoschoolthatIsawJohnthismorning.ItwasthismorningthatIsawJohnonmywaytoschool.2.ItwashisbestsuitthatJohnworetothedancelastnight.3.Itwasnotuntil1920thatregularradiobroadcastbegan.4.Itwasthestrangewaythingslookedandsoundedinmyfamiliarroomatnightthatfrightenedmesomuch.5.Itwasthekindnessandsympathyintheireyesthatpreventedmefromdoingso.知识难点：（一）注意强调句型的变形，即以一般疑问句或特殊疑问句的形式出现的强调句型。1.WhatisitthatJoecan’tfindinthebathroom?2.WherewasitthatyoumettheforeignguestsfromAustralia?3.Ican’tquiterememberwhenitwasthatwemarried.4.Wasitbecausehewasveryillthatheaskedforleave?（二）是强调句型还是that主语从句或其他复合句1.ItisafactthatEnglishisbeingacceptedasaninternationallanguage.2.Itisthesepoisonousproductsthatcancausethesymptomsoftheflu,suchasheadacheandachingmuscles.3.Itwasalmostteno’clockwhenoursoldierscamebackfromthefront.4.Wasitinthisplacethatthelastkingdied?（三）注意强调句型中被强调部分带有定语从句WasitattheairbattleonJune8,1944,whichwasledbyCaptainJohnsonthatPeterlosthislife.【典型例题】一.单项选择：1.Idon’tthinkpossibletomasteraforeignlanguagewithoutmuchmemory.A.thisB.thatC.itsD.it分析：本题考查it做形式宾语的句型。“我认为没有大量的记忆掌握一门外语是不可能的。”故选择D2.Doesmatterifhecan’tfinishthejobontime?A.thisB.thatC.heD.it分析：本题考查it做形式主语的句型：如果他没能按时完成工作的话，这很要紧吗？故选择D3.Tom’smotherkepttellinghimthatheshouldworkharder,butdidn’thelp.A.heB.whichC.sheD.it分析：本题考查it的代词用法。It指上一句的内容：Tom的母亲始终告诉他应该努力学习。故选择D4.isafactthatEnglishisbeingacceptedasaninternationallanguage.A.ThereB.ThisC.ThatD.It 分析：本题考查it做形式主语的句型：英语正在作为一种国际性语言被接受是一个事实。选择D5.Itwasinthesmallhouse___wasbuiltwithstonesbyhisfather___hespenthischildhood.A.which;thatB.that;whereC.which;whichD.that;which分析：本题考查带有定语从句的强调句型用法。句中：“___wasbuiltwithstonesbyhisfather的定语从句。被强调的部分是inthesmallhouse___wasbuiltwithstonesbyhisfather。根据句意：他正是在他父亲用石头盖的房子里度过了他的童年。故选择A二.单句改错：1.Thatissaidthatthisnovelhasbeentranslatedintoseverallanguages.分析：根据句意：据说这部小说已经被译成多种语言。表示据说，应当说：Itissaidthat…。That改为：It2.Isthisyourturntocleantheblackboard?分析：根据句意：该轮到你擦黑板了吧？轮到某人做某事：Itisone’sturntodo….This改为：it3.Itisknowntoeveryone,themoontravelsaroundtheearthonceeverymonth.分析：表示“众所周知”可以说：Itisknowntoeveryonethat+陈述句。或：Asisknowntoeveryone，+陈述句。It改为：As,或去掉“，”加连词that4.Theofficialmadethisclearthathewoulddoeverythingpossibletosolvetheproblem.分析：根据句意：这位官员宣布将尽一切力量解决这个问题。固定结构应当是：makeitclearthat+陈述句。It在此是形式宾语。This改为：it5.Itwasintheparkwheretheoldcoupletoldmetheirlovestory.分析：根据句意可以知道本句用了强调句型，强调地点：inthepark所以按照强调句型的结构where改为：that6.Althoughwecan’tseethem,thereisairaroundus.分析：句中的代词them根据句意应当指代后面的air，但air是不可数名词，因此them改为：it三.翻译句子：1.直到星期三我才给办公室去电话。分析：表达“直到……才……”可以用not…until…引导的时间状语从句；也用强调句型；或倒装句。翻译：（1）Ididn’ttelephonetheofficeuntilWednesday.（2）ItwasnotuntilWednesdaythatItelephonedtheoffice.（3）NotuntilWednesdaydidItelephonetheoffice.2.只有当我们看不清楚的时候，我们才意识到我们眼睛的重要性。分析：本句可以用强调句表达，也可以用倒装句：翻译：（1）Itisonlywhenwecannotseeperfectlythatwerealizehowimportantoureyesare.（2）Onlywhenwecannotseeperfectlydowerealizehowimportantoureyesare.3.Itwasinsurgerythattheresultsofthatdiscoverywereobtained,anditwastherethatthebattlebetweenthenewideaandtheoldprejudiceswasfoughtoutmostdramatically. 翻译：那些发现的成果是在外科医学中获得的，也正是在那里，新思想与旧偏见用最富有戏剧性的方式展开了战斗。【模拟试题】一.单项选择：1.Nobodythinksverypolitetobealwayscuttinginwhenanotherpersonistalking.A.thatB.thisC.itD.there2.Iwasdisappointedwiththefilm,Ihadexpectedtobemuchbetter.A.thisB.thatC.oneD.it3.Hetoreupmyphotoandupsetme.A.thisB.itC.whichD.what4.Itwaswithgreatcouragetheboytoldthetruthhehadstolenthemoney.A.which;thatB.when;whatC.as;thatD.that;that5.WhenItrytofindthatpreventssomanypeoplefromtakingpartintheprogram,itseemstomethattherearetwomaincauses.A.whatitdoesB.whatitisC.whyitdoesD.whyitis6.Nancyisexpectinganotherbabyandhopeswillbeaboy.A.heB.thatC.itD.there二.句型转换：将下列陈述句按划线的内容变为强调句。1.Thechildrenoftenhelptheirparentsdothefarmwork.2.In1993,atomatowasdevelopedthatwasverydifferentfromanygrownbefore.3.ThebiggestproblemofChinesefarmersistheshortageofarableland.4.Futureagricultureshoulddependonhightechnologyaswellastraditionalmethods.三.阅读理解：AItisimportanttoknowanotherlanguageandhowtocommunicatewithoutwordswhenyouareinanothercountry.Beforesayinganything,peoplecommunicatewitheachotherbyusinggestures（手势）.However,manygestureshavedifferentmeanings,ornomeaningatall,indifferentpartsoftheworld.IntheUnitedStates,noddingyourheadupanddownmeans“yes”,whileinsomepatsofGreeceandTurkey,itmeans“no”.InthesoutheastofAsia,itisapolitewayofsaying“Iheardyou”.TodayintheUSA,whensomeoneputshisthumbup,itmeans“Everythingisallright.”However,inGreeceitisbad.Alsoputtingyourclasped（紧握的）handsupaboveyourheadmeans“Iamthewinner.”Itisthesignwhichplayersoftenmake.InRussiaitisthesignoffriendship.IntheUSA,holdingyourhandupwiththethumbandindexfinger（食指）,andtheotherthreestraightmeans“EverythingisOK.”InFrance,itmeans“Youareworthnothing.”Itisalsoimportanttomakeeyecommunication.Ifyoulookdownwhentalkingtoan American,heorshemayfeelthatyouareshy,oryouaretryingtohidesomething.Besidesthese,youshouldalsoknowtherearesometopicsthatcannotbetalkedabout,suchasage,weightandmarriage.Youcantalkabouttheweather,work,sports,food,whereonelivesandnewsoftheday.1.Whichofthefollowingistrue?A.Peopleallovertheworldonlycommunicatebywords.B.Manygestureseitherhavedifferentmeaningsornomeaningsatall.C.Gesturesarethemostcommonwaytocommunicate.D.Peoplecantalkaboutanythinginanothercountry.2.InGreecenoddingyourheadmeans“_________.”A.Yes.B.NoC.IheardyouD.Iamthewinner3.Puttingthethumbupshouldnotbeusedin_____.A.GreeceB.theUSAC.EnglandD.China4.Whatdoesthissentencemean“….youractioncanspeaklouderthanyourwords”?A.Whatyoudoisbetterthanwhatyousay.B.Youtryyourbesttobepolite.C.Youarebetterunderstoodbyyourgesturesthanthroughyourwords.D.Whatyousayisbetterthanwhatyoudo.5.Themainideaofthepassageisthatwhenyouareinanothercountry,_____.A.itisimportanttoknowthelanguage.B.itisimportanttoknowwhatyoutalkabouttoaforeigner.C.toknowhowtocommunicatewithoutwordsisasimportantastoknowthelanguage.D.tocommunicatethroughgesturesismoreimportantthantoknowthelanguage.B“Intheolddays,”asonewifesaid.“Thehusbandwasthehusbandandthewifewasthewife.”Inthepasthusbandseachhadtheirownwayofgoingon.Thewives’jobsweretolookafterthem.“Thewiveswouldn’tstandforitnowadays.Husbandshelpwiththechildrennow.Theystaymore,aswellashavemoreinterest,athome.”Weshallgivesomeexamplesofwhathusbandsdo,firstlyinsharingworkwiththeirwives;andsecondly,intheirlargelyindependentdomain（领域）ofhouserepairs.“Somehusbands,aswellasdoingmuchoftheheavyworkinthehome,carryingthecoals,andemptyingtherubbish,actasassistantstotheirwivesforatleastpartoftheday.”Mr.Hammondwashesupthedisheseverynightandlaysthebreakfastforthemorning.Mr.ClarksaidthatonSundaymorningsheusuallyhovered（吸尘）aroundandreadplaysaloudforhiswifewhileshedidabitofwashing.Mr.Davispolishesthefloorsandhelpstomakethebedsatweekend,andduringweekdays,takesthedogoutforoneofhistwice-dailywalks.Soitgoeson….1.Theexpression“actasassistantstotheirwives”meansthat____.A.husbandsreadplaysaloud.B.husbandsarepaidbytheirwives.C.husbandshelptheirwives. D.husbandslookaftertheirsickchildren.2.themeaningofthewife’swordsatthebeginningofthepassagewerethat____.A.inthepastmenstayedathomeallday.B.inthepasttherewasacleardivisionofroleinthefamily.C.inthepastmostboysandgirlsweremarriedatanearlyage.D.inthepastwivesandhusbandslivedseparately.3.WhatdoesMr.Davisdoatweekends?A.Hecleansthefloorsandmakesthebeds.B.Hereadsplaysaloudanddoestheweeklyshopping.C.Hecooksfoodforhiswife.D.Hetakesthedogoutforawalk.4.Inthepast,thewoman’smainjobwasto___.A.takethechildrentoschool.B.takecareoftheirhusband.C.dothewashingup.D.digthegarden.5.Thepassageismainlyabout____.A.thedivisionofhusbands,wivesandchildren.B.howtogetonwellbetweenhusbandsandwives.C.therelationshipbetweenhusband,wivesandchildren.D.therelationshipbetweenhusbandandwivestoday.【试题答案】一.单项选择：1.C，it在句中做形式宾语。句型为thinkit+形容词+todosomething2.D，it在句中作为代词指代前面说的film3.B，it作为代词指代前面Hetoreupmyphoto这件事。4.D，这是一个带有同位语从句的强调句，“这个男孩怀着极大的勇气说出了他偷东西的真相。hehadstolenthemoney.做thetruth的同位语从句，用that引导。5.B，这是一个强调句的变形，强调句变成了特殊疑问句又做find的宾语从句，what是被强调的内容。根据句义：我在努力发现到底是什么阻止了这么多人参加这个项目。6.C，Nancy很快又要有一个孩子了，她希望这是个男孩。指代baby用代词it二.句型转换：1.Itisthechildrenthatoftenhelptheirparentsdothefarmwork.2.ItwasIn1993thatatomatowasdevelopedthatwasverydifferentfromanygrownbefore.3.ItistheshortageofarablelandthatthebiggestproblemofChinesefarmersis4.Itishightechnologyaswellastraditionalmethodsthatfutureagricultureshoulddependon.三.阅读理解：A答案与分析： 1.B细节判断题，根据第一段However,manygestureshavedifferentmeanings,ornomeaningatall,indifferentpartsoftheworld.可以得知：许多手势在某些地区要么有着不同的含义要么根本就没有任何意义。2.B根据第二段内容可以得知点头在希腊某些地区的含义。3.A根据第三段：TodayintheUSA,whensomeoneputshisthumbup,itmeans“Everythingisallright.”However,inGreeceitisbad.可以得知树大拇指在希腊的含义不同于在美国。它是“不好”的表示，不应使用。C，D两项文章没有涉及。4.C语句理解。根据第一段内容：人们在国外与人交流要么懂得外语，要么学会使用手势交流。所以说“通过手势动作比通过语言能更好地被人理解。5.C考查文章的主旨。第一段第一句交代了文章的主题。B答案与分析：1.C，根据第三段：“Somehusbands,aswellasdoingmuchoftheheavyworkinthehome,carryingthecoals,andemptyingtherubbish,actasassistantstotheirwivesforatleastpartoftheday.”可以得知丈夫在也帮助他们的妻子。2.B，根据第一段可以知道：在过去，在家庭中夫妻各有分工，充当各自的角色。3.A，根据最后一段：Mr.Davispolishesthefloorsandhelpstomakethebedsatweekend,andduringweekdays,takesthedogoutforoneofhistwice-dailywalks.可以得出结论。4.B，根据第一段：Thewives’jobsweretolookafterthem.可以知道过去妻子的任务。5.D，考查文章的主旨：从全文内容上看，文章讲述了夫妻在家中的关系。主谓一致知识总结归纳（一）概述：主语与谓语的一致：在英语表达中，谓语动词的形式要和主语的人称和数保持一致。主要体现在be动词，助动词do,have以及一般现在时态中的动词形式。谓语动词与主语保持一致的基本原则：语法一致，就近一致和意义一致。名词或代词做主语有人称和单，复数之分，动词的单数就是第三人称单数形式，而动词的复数形式即动词的原形。例句：1.Iamseventeen,andheissixteen.2.Thereisadeskintheroom,buttherearenochairsinit.3.Johngetsupatsixo’clockeverymorning.4.WhatisthelatestnewsabouttheOlympicGames?5.Thefamilyaresittingatthebreakfasttable.（二）语法一致：1.由and连接的两个名词或代词做主语：（1）这部分主语表示的是两个人或两件不同的事物，谓语动词用复数形式。例句：①MybrotherandIhavebothseenthatfilm. ②BothriceandwheataregrowninthispartofChina.③Thepoetandthenovelistwerebothpresentatthemeeting.④Reading,writingandarithmeticarecalledthethreeR’s.（2）这部分主语表示具有两个身份或性质的同一个人或一个完整的事物，谓语动词用单数形式。例句：①Theprofessorandwriterisspeakingatthemeeting.②Warandpeaceisaconstantthemeinhistory.③Onemoreknifeandforkisneeded.④Thestatesmanandpoetwasengagedinwarfareallhislife.⑤Lawandorderhasbeenestablished.⑥Breadandbutterisourdailyfood.⑦Fishandchipsisapopularfastfood.⑧ThestarsandstripesisthenationalflagofU.S.A.（3）这部分主语前面有each,every,manya,no等修饰时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。例句：①Eachdoctorand（each）nursewasgivenanewshirt.②Nosoundandnovoiceisheard.③Manyaboyandgirlhasmadethesamemistake.④Everyminuteandeverysecondisprecious.2.动名词，不定式，主语从句做主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。例句：①Readingisagreatpleasureinlife.②Tolivemeanstocreate.③Thatweneedmoretimeisobvious.④Whatisneededisfoodandmedicine.3.表示时间，金钱，距离，重量的复数名词表示数量做主语时，被视为一个整体，谓语动词用单数形式。例句：①Threethousandmilesisalongdistance.②Eighthoursofsleepisenough.4.不定代词anyone,anything,everyone,everything,someone,something,noone,nothing,eachtheother等做主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。例句：①Isanybodygoingtotellhimthenews?②Someonewantstoseeyou.（三）就近原则由连词or,either…or,neither…nor,notonly…butalso,连接的两个名词或代词做主语时，谓语动词和离它最近的哪个名词或代词的人称和数一致。例句：1.EitheryouorJeanistobesenttoNewZealand.2.NotonlyhisfamilybutalsohelikesChaplin’smovies.3.NeitherTomnortheBrownsenjoytheirjourneytoBeijingowingtothebadweather. 4.GeorgeorTomiswanted.注意：Therebe句型中be的形式由它后面的第一个名词的数决定。例句：1.Therearen’tanylettersinthemailforyoutoday.2.Thereisalamp,twopensandthreebooksonthedesk.3.Herearesomeenvelopesandpaperforyou.名词后面带有with,alongwith,togetherwith,besides,except,but,like,including,aswellas,ratherthan短语共同做主语时，谓语动词与这些短语前面的那个名词的数一致。例句：1.Allbutonewereherejustnow.2.Alibrarywithfivethousandbooksisofferedtothatnationasagift.3.Anexpert,togetherwithsomeassistants,wassenttohelpinthiswork.4.YouaswellasIarewrong.（四）意义一致1.代词none,neither,all的不可数形式还是复数形式由它们指的内容决定例句：（1）Allhopehasgone.（2）Allareagreedonthispoint.（3）—Isthereanymilkinthefridge?—No,thereisnone.（4）Nonehasreturnedfromthemeeting.2.集合名词group,class,family,army,enemy,team等名词的单，复数形式根据它们强调的内容而定。例句：（1）Theclasswereallcheerful.（2）Theteamweretakingoversomenewplays.（3）Thegrouparereadingthenewspapers.（4）Thearmyisgoingtoremaininthistown.（5）Thearmyhaverescuedthetravelers.3.限定词短语allof…;noneof…;alotof…;以及分数/百分数+of….修饰名词构成的名词短语做主语时，谓语动词的形式由of后面的名词形式决定。例句：（1）Noneofthesesuggestionsareveryhelpful.（2）Idon’tthinkanyofuswantstoworktomorrow.（3）Two-fifthsofthestudentsintheclassarefromArabic-speakingcountries.难点突破1.主谓一致的考查主要体现在单项选择和短文改错两个题型中。同学们在练习和应试时，遇到这样的题时，要牢记主谓一致的三个基本原则。一定要根据句子内容抓住关键的主语部分。同时还要考虑句子的时态和语态。2.oneof+复数名词做定语从句的先行词时，定语从句中的谓语动词与复数名词一致。theonlyoneof+复数名词做定语从句的先行词时，定语从句中的谓语动词用单数形式。例句：Jimwasoneoftheboyswhowerelateforclass. Jimwastheonlyoneoftheboyswhowaslateforclass.【典型例题】[例1]E-mail,aswellastelephones,_____animportantpartindailycommunication.A.isplayingB.haveplayedC.areplayingD.play分析：带有aswellas短语的名词做主语时，谓语动词与这个名词的人称和数一致，不受aswellas短语内容的影响。E-mail是单数形式，故选择A。[例2]EitherJohnorhisfriends_____toblameforthebadresults.A.areB.isC.wasD.hasbeen分析：either…or..连接两个名词做主语时，其谓语动词与离它最近的名词的数和人称一致，本题中hisfriends决定了谓语动词的形式，故选择A。[例3]Theconductorandcomposer_____byacrowdofpeople.A.aregreetedB.isgreetedC.greetsD.havebeengreeted分析：根据句意，主语部分的Theconductorandcomposer是指一个人即：乐队指挥兼作曲家，所以主语的内容是单数形式，故选择B。[例4]—Thetrousers_____youwell,madam.—Butthecolour_____me.A.fit;don’tsuitB.fits;doesn’tsuitC.fits;don’tsuitD.fit;doesn’tsuit分析：trousers,clothes,glasses,等名词本身就是复数形式。谓语动词用复数形式。Colour是单数，谓语用单数，故选择D。[例5]TheSmith’sfamily,which_____ratheralargeone,_____veryfondoftheiroldhouse.A.were;wereB.was;wereC.were;wasD.was;was分析：family指“家庭”为单数，指“家庭成员”为复数形式。第一空格前的which指“家庭”谓语用was.第二空格后的fondof指“家庭成员喜欢他们的老房子”谓语为were，故选择B。[例6]Heistheonlyoneofthestudentswho_____awinnerofscholarshipforthreeyears.A.isB.areC.havebeenD.hasbeen分析：当定语从句先行词是“oneof+复数形式”时，其后的从句谓语动词用复数形式。而当one之前有theonly时，定语从句则强调theonlyone，谓语动词用单数。另外，题目中的时间状语forthreeyears表明从句的时态为现在完成时，故选择D。[例7]Threefifthsofthepolice_____intheschoolnearthetown.A.hastrainedB.havetrainedC.hasbeentrainedD.havebeentrained分析：分数+名词做主语时，谓语动词的形式由分数所指的名词的形式（可数名词或不可数名词）决定，police是集合名词为复数形式，根据句子意思，police与train为被动关系，应用被动语态，故选择D。短文改错片段：1.Nowmypictureandtheprizeishanginginthelibrary. 分析：本句中主语Nowmypictureandtheprize是复数形式，谓语动词is应改为are.2.Sometimes,wetalkedtoeachotherverywellinclass,butafterclasswebecomestrangeratonce.分析：本句第一行，根据全篇内容的语境，应当是一般现在时，所以谓语动词talked改为talk.第二行：根据句意：我们下课后立刻又成了陌生人。Stranger应当与主语we一致，改为复数形式，strangers.3.Butnotallinformationaregoodtosociety.分析：主语information是不可数名词，are应改为is【模拟试题】1.—Isthereanybodyintheclassroom?—No,theteacher,togetherwiththestudents_____totheplayground.A.goB.wentC.hasgoneD.havegone2.—Aretheseyoursheep?—No.Mine_____ongrassatthefootofthehill.A.arefeedingB.feedC.isfedD.isfeeding3.Sittingatthebackoftheroombutinfrontofsomeoldmenandwomen_____averyshygirlwithtwobrighteyes.A.wasB.areC.wereD.therewas4.Mr.Bush,togetherwithhiswifeanddaughter_____goingtoJapannextweek.A.areB.isC.willbeD.wouldbe5.Nottheteacherbutthestudents_____excited.A.isB.hasC.areD.have6.AsIhaveameetingatfour,tenminutes_____allthatIcansparetotalkwithyou.A.areB.wasC.isD.were7._____ofthelandinthatdistrict_____coveredwithtreesandgrass.A.Twofifth;isB.Twofifths;areC.Twofifth;areD.Twofifths;is【试题答案】1.C分析：本题考查的主谓一致的内容与上一题相同，从句子的语境判断，应当用现在完成时。2.A分析：mine指mysheep为复数形式。是主动语态。3.A分析：本句为倒装句。主语是averyshygirlwithtwobrighteyes.核心主语是averyshygirl，为单数，全句为过去时。4.B分析：全句的核心主语是Mr.Bush，为单数，全句为将来时。5.C分析：运用就近原则，谓语动词和主语thestudents一致，此处为主系表结构，用be动词。6.C 分析：主语tenminutes表示时间，被视为一个整体，为单数形式。全句是现在时。7.D分析：本句核心主语是land，为单数形式，同时注意分数的表达形式。