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  • 2022-06-17 15:57:07 发布

英语语法之虚拟语气和语篇应用倒装

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虚拟语气和语篇应用>>>1真实条件句真实条件句用于陈述语气,假设的情况可能发生,其中if是如果的意思。时态关系句型:条件从句:主句一般现在时  shall/will+动词原形Ifhecomes,hewillbringhisviolin.典型例题Thevolleyballmatchwillbeputoffifit___. A. willrain B.rains C.rained D.israined答案B。真实条件句主句为将来时,从句用一般现在时。注意:1)在真实条件句中,主句不能用begoingto表示将来,该用shall,will.(错)Ifyouleavenow,youarenevergoingtoregretit.(对)Ifyouleavenow,youwillneverregretit.2)表示真理时,主句谓语动词便不用shall(will)+动词原形,而直接用一般现在时的动词形式。2非真实条件句1)时态:可以表示过去,现在和将来的情况。它的基本特点是时态退后。a. 同现在事实相反的假设。句型:条件从句     主句一般过去时   should(would)+动词原形Iftheywerehere,theywouldhelpyou.b. 表示于过去事实相反的假设。句型:条件从句     主句     过去完成时   should(would)have+过去分词Ifshehadworkedharder,shewouldhavesucceeded.  Thericewouldnothavebeenburntifyouhadbeenmorecareful. IfmylawyerhadbeenherelastSaturday,hewouldhavepreventedmefromgoing.Ifhehadcomeyesterday,Ishould/wouldhavetoldhimaboutit.含义:Hedidnotcomeyesterday,soIdidnottellhimaboutit.Ifhehadnotbeenillandmissedmanyclasses,hewouldhavemadegreaterprogress.含义:Hewasillandmissedmanylessons,sohedidnotmakegreaterprogress. c. 表示对将来的假想句型: 条件从句      主句一般过去时     should+动词原形were+不定式    would+动词原形should+动词原形Ifyousucceeded,everythingwouldbeallright.Ifyoushouldsucceed,everythingwouldbeallright.Ifyouweretosucceed,everythingwouldbeallright.3混合条件句 主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间,这时主,从句谓语动词的虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同,这叫做混合条件句。Ifyouhadaskedhimyesterday,youwouldknowwhattodonow.(从句与过去事实相反,主句与现在事实相反。)Ifithadrainedlastnight(过去),itwouldbeverycoldtoday(现在).4虚拟条件句的倒装 虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有were,should,或had,可将if省略,再把were,should或had移到从句句首,实行倒装。Weretheyherenow,theycouldhelp us.=Iftheywereherenow,theycouldhelpus.Hadyoucomeearlier,youwouldhavemethim=Ifyouhadcomeearlier,youwouldhavemethim. Shoulditrain,thecropswouldbesaved.=Wereittorain,thecropswouldbesaved.注意:在虚拟语气的从句中,动词"be"的过去时态一律用"were",不用was,即在从句中be用were代替。IfIwereyou,Iwouldgotolookforhim.如果我是你,就会去找他。Ifhewerehere,everythingwouldbeallright.如果他在这儿,一切都会好的。典型例题_____todothework,Ishoulddoitsomeotherday.A.IfwereI  B.Iwere C.WereI D.WasI答案C.在虚拟条件状语中如果有were,should,had这三个词,通常将if省略,主语提前,变成were,should,had+主语的形式。但要注意,在虚拟条件状语从句中,省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。如我们可说WereInottodo.,而不能说Weren"tItodo.4虚拟条件句的倒装 虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有were,should,或had,可将if省略,再把were,should或had移到从句句首,实行倒装。Weretheyherenow,theycouldhelpus.=Iftheywereherenow,theycouldhelpus.Hadyoucomeearlier,youwouldhavemethim=Ifyouhadcomeearlier,youwouldhavemethim. Shoulditrain,thecropswouldbesaved.=Wereittorain,thecropswouldbesaved.注意:在虚拟语气的从句中,动词"be"的过去时态一律用"were",不用was,即在从句中be用were代替。IfIwereyou,Iwouldgotolookforhim.如果我是你,就会去找他。Ifhewerehere,everythingwouldbeallright.如果他在这儿,一切都会好的。典型例题_____todothework,Ishoulddoitsomeotherday.A.IfwereI  B.Iwere C.WereI D.WasI答案C.在虚拟条件状语中如果有were,should,had这三个词,通常将if省略,主语提前,变成were,should,had+主语的形式。但要注意,在虚拟条件状语从句中,省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。如我们可说WereInottodo.,而不能说Weren"tItodo.5特殊的虚拟语气词:should 1)Itisdemanded/necessary/apity+that…结构中的主语从句的谓语动词要用should加动词原形,should可省略。句型:(1)suggestedItis (2)important    that…+(should)do(3)apity(1)suggested,ordered,proposed,required, demanded,requested,insisted;+(should)do(2)important,necessary,natural,strangeapity, ashame, nowonder(3)Itissuggestedthatwe(should)holdameetingnext week.Itisnecessarythathe(should)cometoourmeetingtomorrow.2)在宾语从句中的应用在表示命令、建议、要求等一类动词后面的从句中。order,suggest,propose,require,demand,request,insist,command,insist+(should)doIsuggestthatwe(should)holdameetingnextweek.Heinsistedthathe(should)besentthere.注意:如suggest,insist不表示"建议"或"坚持要某人做某事时",即它们用于其本意"暗示、表明"、"坚持认为"时,宾语从句用陈述语气。Theguardatgateinsistedthateverybodyobeytherules. 判断改错:(错) Youpalefacesuggeststhatyou(should)beill.(对) Yourpalefacesuggeststhatyouareill.(错) Iinsistedthatyou(should)bewrong.(对) Iinsistedthatyouwerewrong.3)在表语从句,同位语从句中的应用在suggestion,proposal,idea,plan,order,advice等名词后面的表语从句、同位语从句中要用虚拟语气,即(should)+动词原形。Myideaisthatwe(should)getmorepeopletoattendtheconference.Imakeaproposalthatwe(should)holdameetingnextweek.6wish的用法1)用于wish后面的从句,表示与事实相反的情况,或表示将来不太可能实现的愿望。其宾语从句的动词形式为:             真实状况 wish后从句动作先于主句动词动作  现在时  过去时(be的过去式为were)从句动作与主句动作同时发生 过去时  过去完成时(had+过去分词)                  将来不大可能实现的愿望   将来时 would/could+                   动词原形    IwishIwereastallasyou. 我希望和你一样高。Hewishedhehadn"tsaidthat.他希望他没讲那样的话。Iwishitwouldraintomorrow.我希望明天下雨就好了。2)Wishtodo表达法。Wishsb/sthtodoIwishtoseethemanager.=Iwanttoseethemanager.Iwishthemanagertobeinformedatonce.(=Iwantthemanagertobeinformedatonce.)7比较ifonly与onlyifonlyif表示"只有";ifonly则表示"如果……就好了"。Ifonly也可用于陈述语气。Iwakeuponlyifthealarmclockrings.只有闹钟响了,我才会醒。Ifonlythealarmclockhadrung.   当时闹钟响了,就好了。Ifonlyhecomesearly.       但愿他早点回来。8Itis(high)timethatItis(high)timethat后面的从句谓语动词要用过去式或用should加动词原形,但should不可省略。Itistimethatthechildrenwenttobed.Itishightimethatthechildrenshouldgotobed.9need"不必做"和"本不该做" didn"tneedtodo表示:过去不必做某事,事实上也没做。.needn"thavedone表示: 过去不必做某事,但事实上做了。JohnwenttothestationwiththecartomeetMary,soshedidn"tneedtowalkbackhome.约翰开车去车站接玛丽,所以她不必步行回家了。JohnwenttothestationwiththecartomeetMary,sosheneedn"thavewalkedbackhome.约翰开车去车站接玛丽,所以她本不必步行回家了。(Mary步行回家,没有遇上John的车。)典型例题Therewasplentyoftime.She___.A.mustn"thavehurried B.couldn"thavehurried  C.mustnothurryD.needn"thavehurried答案D。needn"thavedone.意为"本不必",即已经做了某事,而时实际上不必要。Mustn"thavedone用法不正确,对过去发生的事情进行否定性推断应为couldn"thavedone,"不可能已经"。mustnotdo不可以(用于一般现在时)。    虚拟语气与语篇应用   虚拟语气(Subjunctivemood)在中学范畴重于理解和应用,所以在高考中着眼于语篇运用,即完形填空和阅读理解。下面设置完形和阅读各一篇,帮助大家掌握虚拟语气的应用和考试的题目设计样式。           完形填空Iamusedto___1___abushome,butlastnightitwasrainingandIdecidedtorideinataxi.Istoodontheside-walk___2___toeachcarthatpassed.I___3___eachoneto___4___,butnone___5____.ThenIremembereditwasthetimeofdaywhenonegroupoftaxidriversstoppedandanotherbeganwork.IbegantowishthatI____6____theideaofgettingataxi.Iwassoakingwet.Isetmybriefcase(公文包)___7____andtookoffmyhatforaminutetopour____8___thewaterthathadcollectedinthebrim(帽边).Atthatmoment,ataxistopped____9____meandthedriversaidsomethingthatIdidn"tunderstand.Iquicklyjumpedinandsatdown."Wheredoyouwanttogo?"Heaskedme.Igavehimmy____10____.That"suptown,sir,"hesaid."Iamgoingtodowntown.Itoldyouthat.Iam___11____dutynow.Iwasjustto____12___youupifyouweregoingmy___13___."____14____thistimeitwasrainingharder.Carswerestopped____15____thetaxi.Theirknockinghorns(喇叭)werebeginningtodemandthatwe____16____.IwishedI___17____whattodo!Ifeltlikeinsistingthatthetaxidriver____18____mehome.ButIknewthatI____19____intothetaxiwithoutunderstandingwhatthedriverhadsaidtome.Nowmoreblasts(鸣笛)fromsomebody"shornmadethedriverdemandthatI___20____upmymind,Igotout,althoughIdidn"twantto. 1.A.waitingforB.sittingC.takingD.riding 2.A.signingB.showingC.shakingD.nodding3.A.hopedB.thoughtC.consideredD.expected4.A.parkB.pauseC.stopD.stand5.A.wouldB.shouldC.hadD.might6.A.didn"thaveB.wouldn"thaveC.hadn"tD.hadn"thad7.A.outB.downC.offD.on 8.A.ofB.outC.inD.into9.A.infrontofB.behindC.oppositeD.for10.A.placeB.houseC.homeD.address11.A.fromB.offC.toD.on12.A.takeB.bringC.pickD.keep13.A.directionB.roadC.houseD.way14.A.ByB.OnC.AtD.In15.A.beforeB.infrontofC.behindD.beside16.A.wouldmoveB.moveC.movedD.shouldhavemoved17.A.hadknownB.hadn"tknownC.knewD.know18.AwouldsendB.sendingC.takeD.wouldtake19.A.shouldhavegotB.shouldn"tgetC.shouldn"thavegotD.shouldget20.A.wouldmakeB.madeC.mightmakeD.make Key:1---5CADCA6---10DBBAD11---15BCDAC16---20BACCD 阅读理解AThesoldiershadbeenmarchingupanddowninthesquareforanhourwhiletheirofficershoutedorders,andtheywerealltired,hotandunhappy.Theyweremarchingtowardsabigbuildingwhentheysuddenlyrealizedthattheofficerhadnotlefthimselfenoughtimetogivetheordertoturnroundortostop,sotheyweregoingtomatchstraightintothewall.Thesoldierssmiledhappilyaseachofthoseinthefrontlinedecidedatthesametimetowalkstraightahead.Therewasaloudnoiseastheyhitthewalloneafteranother.Butbeforeanyofthemhadtimetosmileagain,theofficershouted,"Ifyoumenhadbeeninareallystraightline,Iwouldhaveheardonlyonesoundwhenyouhitthewall." 1.Theofficerdidn"tchangehisorderbecause_______.A.hewaslookinginanotherdirectionB.hewasangrywithhissoldiersandwantedtopunishthemC.itwastoolateforhimtogiveanotherorderD.hewantedtotestthesoldiers"senseofdiscipline(纪律意识).2.Whenheshouted,"Ifyourmenhadbeeninareallystraightlime,Iwouldhaveheardonlyonesoundwhenyouhitthatwall,"theofficer________. A.was,infact,makinganexcuseforhimselfB.wastellingthesoldiersthattheyhadn"tobeyedhisorderstrictlyC.waswarningthemnottodrillsocarelesslyD.wasmakingfunofthem3.Whatdoyouthinkoftheofficer?A.Hewasquiteslow.B.Hewashardandfoolish.C.Hewascruel.D.Hewasstrict,butnotwithoutanysenseofhumor(幽默感). BWeknowthatwhenvolcano(火山)breaksout,dustissentupintothehigheratmospherewhereitcanspreadallaroundtheearth.Itcanstayupthereformonths,evenyears,beforeitslowlyfallstoearth.Ifalargemeteorite(陨石),saytenkilometerswide,felltoearth,itformeditsownweightofdust–enoughtospreadaroundthewholeearthandhidethesunfrombeingseenforthreeorfouryears.Duringthelongnight,therewouldbearapiddropintemperaturetowhichmanyanimalswouldfindimpossibletogetused.Therewouldbenolight,noplantgrowth,andsoonnofoodforthosethatlivedonfreshleaves.Butsomeofthosetinyanimalsthatlivedonseedsandnutsmightliveon.Andplantsthatcouldlastthroughhardwinterswouldliveontoo,eventhoughitwouldbeanunusuallylongwinter.Theanimalsleftattheendofthewinterwouldbethosethathadbeenabletokeepwarmwithoutsunlightandhadnotneededlargequantitiesoffood.Theplantswouldbethosewhoseseedslastedafewyearsandmanagetoescapebeingeaten.Theplantsandanimalsluckyenoughtohavelivedonwouldslowlycoverthewholeworld.1. Whenavolcanobreaksout,_____.A. dustcanstayupintheairforeverB. dustcanstayupintheairforthreeorfouryearsC. dustcanstayupintheairforaverylongtimeD. dustcanstayupintheairforashorttime2. Ifaverylargemeteoritefelltoearthfromspace,_____.A. itwouldsenddustupintotheairtenkilometershighB.  itwouldsinkintheearthaholetenkilometersindepthC.  itwouldthrowupintotheairhundredsoftimesitsownweightofdustD. itwouldsendupintotheairahugeamountofdust3. Duringthelongwinter,_____.A. onlyafewplantscouldliveonB.onlyafewanimalscouldliveonC.   nolivingthingscouldliveonD.somelivingthingscouldliveon 4. Theunusuallylongwinterwouldlast_____.A. severalmonthsB.threemonthsC.atmostoneyearD.threeorfouryears5. Theanimalsthatliedonattheendofthewinterwouldbethosethat_____.A. hadbeenabletolivewithoutfoodB.hadbeenabletolivewithverylittlefoodC.hadbeenabletohadalotoffoodD.hadbeenabletohadalittlesunlight CIhearmanyparentssayingthattheirteen-agechildrenarerebellion(反叛).Iwishitwereso.Atyourageyououghttobegrowingawayfromyourparents.Youshouldbelearningtostandonyourowntwofeet.Buttakeagoodlookatthepresentrebellion.Itseemsthatteen–agersarealltakingthesamewayofshowingthattheydisagreewiththeirparents.Insteadofstrikingoutbravelyontheirown,mostofthemaretryingtoseizeatoneanother’shandsforsafety.Theysaytheywanttodressastheyplease.Buttheyallwearthesameclothes.Theysetoffinnewdirectionsinmusic.Butsomehowtheyallendupcrowdedroundlisteningtothesamerecord.Theirreasonforthinkingoractinginthus-and-suchawayisthatthecrowdisdoingit.Theyhavecomeoutoftheircocoon(蚕茧)----intoalargercocoon.Ithasbecomeharderandharderforateen–agertostandupagainstthepopularitywaveandtogohisorherownway.Industryhasfirmlyopenupateen–agemarket.Thesedayseveryteen–agercanlearnfromnewspapersandTVwhatateen–agershouldhaveandbe.Andmanyoftoday’sparentshavecometoaward(奖励)highmarksforthepopularityoftheirchildren.Allthisaddsuptogreatdifficultyfortheteen–agerwhowantstofindhisorherownpath.Butthedifficultyisworthgettingover.Thepathisworthfollowing.Youmaywanttolistentoclassicalmusicinsteadofgoingtoaparty.Youmaywanttocollectrockswheneveryoneelseiscollectingrecords.Youmayhavesomethoughtsthatyoudon’tcaretoshareatoncewithyourclassmates.Well,gotoit.Findyourself.Beyourself.Popularitywillcome---withthepeoplewhorespectyouforwhoyouare.That’stheonlykindofpopularitythatreallycounts. 1.Thewriter’spurposeinwritingthispassageistotell_____.A.readerhowtobepopularintheworldB.teen–agershowtolearntodecidethingsforthemselvesC.parentshowtocontrolandguidetheirchildrenD.peoplehowtounderstandandrespecteachother2.Accordingtothewriter,manyteen-agersthinktheyarebraveenoughtoactontheirown,but,infact,mostofthem______.A.havemuchdifficultyinunderstandingeachotherB.arenotsureofthemselves C.darenottodothingsD.areverymuchafraidofgettinglost3.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaccordingtothepassage?A.Thereisnopopularitythatreallycounts.B.Whatmanyparentsaredoingisactuallykeepingtheirchildrenfromfindingtheirownpath.C.Itisnotnecessarilybadforateen-agertodisagreewithhisorherclassmates.D.Mostteen-agerssaytheywanttodowhattheyliketo,butinfacttheyaredoingthesame.4.Duringtheteen-ageyears,oneshouldlearnto_____.A.becomedifferentfromothersinasmanywaysaspossibleB.getintotherightseasonandbecomepopularC.findone’srealselfDrebelagainstparentsKey:A篇CAD/B篇CDDDB/C篇BBAC  倒装句型>>>1、部分倒装(助动词倒装)  是指把谓语的一部分(助动词)提到主语的前面。例:  NeverinmylifehaveIseensuchathing. 1)句首为否定词或否定意义的词语时,句子要部分倒装。  (not,notonly,never,little,seldom,hardly...) 2)hardly(scarcely),nosooner引导的部分在句首要部分倒装。 3)notonly...butalso...引导两个并列句,前倒后不倒。 4)only在句首引导状语,或notuntil引导的状语在句首,主句要部分倒装。 5)if从句中如有were(had,should),if省去后,要部分倒装。 6)as引导的让步状语从句,要部分倒装(表语、状语倒装)。 7)状语位于句首表示强调或使句子平衡,或使上下文紧密衔接,句子要部分倒装。 2、完全倒装(主谓倒装)  是指把谓语全部提到主语的前面。例:  InalecturehallofauniversityinEnglandsitsaprofessor.  1)由here,there,now,then...引导的句子,要完全倒装。 2)句首是拟声词或away,down等副词,句子要完全倒装。  (以上两种情况中的主语如是代词则不倒装) 3)介词短语作状语在句首,句子要完全倒装。 4)Sodo(am)I.或 Nor(Neither)do(am) I.   该结构是完全倒装,其主句与前一句的主语各是一人。虚拟语气和倒装练习1.CharlesDarneyinsistedthathe_____everythinghecouldtomakesureofLucie"shappiness.   A.do                B.does                C.did           D.mustdo 2.HowIwishthatthedisabled_____goodcareof.   A.willbetaken       B.wouldbetaken        C.mustbetaken        D.betaken 3.IfSydneyCarton_____CharlesDarney,thelatter_____.   A.didn"thelp;woulddie                B.hadn"thelped;mightdie   C.hadn"thelped;wouldhavedied       D.shouldn"thelp;shouldhavedied 4.Hehasnevertravelledinanybigcities,buthetalksaboutLondonasifhe_____there.   A.hasbeen           B.hasgone       C.hadbeen             D.hadgone 5.Withoutthesun,noneofthelivingthingsonearth________.   A.existed           B.wouldexist   C.wouldhavebeenexisted   D.exists    6._______tomorrow,Imightgowithyou.   A.Ifyouwillgo       B.Ifyougo        C.Ifyouwouldgo        D.Shouldyougo 7.Holmesmadeademandthatheaswellashisassistant______inthelady"sroomthatnight.   A.shouldlock       B.belocked        C.wouldbelocked        D.waslocked 8.Youhavefailedagain.Ithinkyou_____ harder.   A.oughthavestudied   B.oughttohavestudied    C.musthavestudied   D.mayhavestudied 9.You_______insuchahurry.Afterall,thestationwasquitenearthehotel.   A.musthavebeen   B.shouldhavebeenC.needn"thavebeenD.mighthavebeen 10.Hadyoutakenthedoctor"sadvice,you______allrightnow.   A.are                B.were           C.wouldhavebeen        D.mightbe 11.Idon"tthinkitistherighttimethatyou______.   A.willgo           B.went            C.go                D.mustgo 12.Itisnecessarythatyou______spokenEnglishnowandthen.   A.mightpractise       B.practise        C.shouldpractise        D.wouldpractise 13.Hisroomlooksverydirtyasthoughit_______foryears.   A.hasnotbeencleaned                    B.werenevercleaned      C.hadnotbeencleaned                    D.wasnotcleaned 14.MartinLutherKin,Jr.wasfamousallovertheworld,eventhoughhe_____hisDreamSpeech.   A.wouldn"tmake       B.didn"tmake        C.hadmade        D.hadn"tmade 15.Ontheboy"sface,therewasasweetsmile,whichsuggestedthathe_____happytogive   hislifeforhiscountry.   A.shouldbe       B.was            C.hadbeen            D.wouldbe 16.DrMonettewrotealetter,insistingthatthetwonobles_____greatwrongtothepeasantboyand his   sister.   A.haddone       B.shoulddo        C.shouldhavedone   D.did 17.You_______earlier.Thebusleftamomentago.   A.wouldhavecome   B.shouldhavecome   C.mighthavecome   D.musthavecome 18.I_______yousomemoney,butIhadn"tanyonmethen.   A.wouldhavelent   B.wouldlend        C.couldlend            D.shouldlend 19.______thattheoldmangiveupsmoking.   A.Itisrequested    B.Itishoped        C.Itiswished            D.Itisreported 20.Westartedoutearlyinorderthatwe_________intime.   A.wouldget       B.got            C.mustget            D.wantedtoget 21."Iwantanapple","______ too".   A.IB.MeC.MineD.Myself 22. ______toraintomorrow,theywouldputoffthemeeting.   A.IfitshouldB.IfwereitC.ShoulditD.wereit 23. ______gotintotheroom______ thetelephonerang.   A.Nosoonerhadhe,whenB.Hehardlyhad,then   C.Hardlyhadhe,whenD.Hehardlyhad,then 24. ______findoutwhathadhappened.   A.UntilhewokeupdidheB.Untilhewokeupto   C.NotuntildidhewakeupheD.Notuntilhewokeupdidhe. 25.Little ______abouthisownhealththoughhewasveryill.   A.hecaredB.hecaresC.doeshecareD.didhecare 26.Earlyintheday______ thenews______ theenemywere gone.   A.come,thatB.came,thatC.comes,thatD.came,what 27.Notonly______ strictwithus,butalso______ forus.   A.wastheteacher;didhecareB.wastheteacher;hecared   C.theteacherwas;didhecareD.theteacherwas;didhecare 28.______ ,heknowsalotofEnglish.   A.ChildasheisB.AsheisaChild   C.AchildasheisD.Childthoughhewas 29. ______thecat,shehastogiveittotheneighbour.   A.AsshelikesmuchB.Asshemuchlikes   C.MuchasshelikesD.Asmuchshelikes 30.Bequick!______ .   A.HerecomesthebusB.Thebusherecomes   C.ThebuscomehereD.Herethebuscomes 31.Ifyouwanttogothere,______ .   A.sowillIB.soIwillC.IwillsoD.sodoI 32.Infrontofthefarmhouse______ .   A.doesasmallboysitB.didasmallboysit   C.sitasmallboyD.satasmallboy 33.Scarcely______ downwhen______ aknockatthedoor.   A.hadhesat;didhehearB.hehadsat;didhehear   C.hehadsat;heheardD.hadhesat;heheard 34.Here______ .   A.doeshecomeB.hecomesC,comesheD.hecome 35.Only______ that .   A.canadoctordoB.adoctorcando   C.candoadoctorD.canadoctordoes(Answers:ADCCBCBBCDBBCBBABAAABDCDDBBACAADDBB)