初三英语语法专题：名词 11页

【课前检测】1.Theyarefrom______.They"ve______.A.Germany;GermansB.Germans;GermanyC.German;GermanyD.Germany;Germen2.---Doyoulike______?---No.Ipreferrose,thecolorofyourdress.A.orangeB.orangesC.carrotD.carrots3.Canyouimaginewhatlifewillbelikein______time?A.20years"B.20yearC.20-years"D.20-years4.Atnightthekoalabeargetsupandeats______.A.leafB.leavesC.leafsD.leaies5.Itisover______fromShijiazhuangtoBeijing.A.threehours"driveB.threehour"sdriveC.threehours"drivesD.threehoursdrive6.Thisis______bedroom.Thetwinsisterslikeitverymuch.A.AnneandJaneB.Anne"sandJane"sC.Anne"sandJaneD.AnneandJane7.The______parkwillopennextweek.A.children"sB.childrens"C.children8.Jennyshouldtakemore______,becauseshewasalwaysbusydoingher______atthedesk.A.exercise;exerciseB.exercises;exercisesC.exercise;exercisesD.exercises;exercise9.---Excuseme,whereare______offices?---Overthere.A.teacher"sB.teachers"C.theteacher"sD.theteachers"10.____facetothesouth.A.WindowsoftheroomB.ThewindowsoftheroomC.Theroom"swindowsD.Thewindowsinroom一、名词的定义Miketoydogschoolmanlove表示人、事物、地方、现象或抽象概念等的名称的词。二、名词的功能1)作主语ThewhitesaregoingtoBeijing.Tendayshaspassed.Howmuchisthispairofshoes?Therearetwopiecesofbreadontheplate.11 TomwithhisparentsgoestotheDisneylandeverySunday.2)作宾语Iliketoplaybasketballwithmyclassmatesverymuch.3)作介宾ShewasdancingwithadogcalledMimi.4)作表语SongChengxianismyfavoriteactorallthetime.5)作定语Theseareappletrees.asportsmeetingaclothesshopastudentteacher6)作定语ThisismyEnglishteacher,MrLi.7)名词所有格Jack’sshirtthewallofthebedroomsomefriendsofJack’ssomebooksofminethekeytothedooraticketformovie二、名词的分类1.简单名词:boygirltoybox名词复合名词:classroombirthdaymoonlight2.个体名词：girl,factory,desk,cat,country可数普通集体名词：people,police,team,clothes,group,crew名词物质名词：食品→bread,pork,cheese,chicken饮料→milk,water,Coke不可数自然物→sand,soil,fog名词抽象名词：fun,health,happiness,courage,love,care1)人名、地名、国家名JimQingdaotheSummerPalaceJapan专有2)机构、组织、团体名RedCrossSocietyofChinaWTOWHO名词3)星期、月份、节日名SaturdayNovemberChristmasDay4)电影、书名、学科名TheSoundofMusicPrideandPrejudiceEnglish三、名词的数的用法名词有单数与复数之分，中考中对名词数的考查多是针对名词复数而言的。1.可数名词的复数1)规则变化构成方式例词一般情况加-scake→orange→student→11 以s,x,ch,sh结尾的加-shbox→watch→class→以辅音字母加y结尾的去y加-iesparty→family→baby→以元音字母加y结尾的加-sboy→toy→day→以f(e)结尾的去f(e)+-vesleaf→thief→knife→直接+sbelief→proof→roof→以o结尾的+eshero→potato→tomato→+sphoto→piano→radio→【巧学妙记】巧记f(e)结尾的名词之复数变化►直接+s：证据显示，悬崖、海湾、屋顶、农奴相信首领。(proof,cliff,gulf,roof,serf,belief,chief)►去f(e)+ves：小偷妻子扫叶忙，架后发现亡命狼，命刀一下砍两半，留作晚上做羹汤。(thief,wife,leaf,shelf,life,wolf,knife,half)巧记以o结尾名词复数加-es的单词►黑人英雄爱吃芒果、土豆、西红柿。(Negro,hero,mango,potato,tomato)2)不规则变化构成方式例词改变名词中元音字母man→foot→tooth→改变名词词尾child→mouse(老鼠)→单复同形Chinese→deer→yuan→某国人的复数Japanese→Englishman→German→合成词的复数以man/woman作第一部分的，都变，否则，后变mandoctor→womandoctor→girlclassmate→appletree→中间无连字符或间隔的，后变girlfriend→boyfriend→storyteller→中间有连字符或间隔的，前变passer-by→looker-on→son-in-law→11 复合词中无名词的，最后动词后+sgrow-up→has-been(过时的人)→hang-up(麻烦，问题)→只有复数形式trousers,clothes,glasses,shorts,scissors,stockings,socks形复实单maths,physics,politics,news【巧学妙记】各国人变复数：中日瑞不变,英法荷变，其余s加后面。Chinese,Japanese,Swiss单复数同形；Englishman,Frenchman,Dutchman中man变为men；其余各国人，如German,American,Indian等均在后面直接加-s。单复数同形：中日养(羊)鱼鹿有方法。Chinese,Japanese,sheep,fish,deer,means.(注：fish表示鱼的种类时，其复数形式是fishes)2)集体名词的复数变化►形单实复的：人们在路上驱赶家禽与牛群，遇上警察民兵在维护治安，却见旁边一僧人在为死去的害虫祈祷(people,poultry,cattle,police,militia,clergy,vermin)►可单可复的：family,class,crew(船员),audience(听众),government,group,team等。当这些名词指整体时，视为单数；指组成集体的各个成员时，则视为复数。Herfamilyisgoingtomove.Herfamilyarefootballfans.2.不可数名词的复数不可数名词的复数有两种表达方式:1)some,any,no,abit,alittle等修饰语+不可数名词somewater/milk2)基数词/不定冠词+量词+of+不可数名词(数词决定量词单/复数形式)aglassofwatertwoglassesofmilkthreeboxesofpears中考常考不可数名词：information,weather,news,advice,fun等。【小试牛刀】写出下列名词的复数形式1.teacher______2.wish______3.name______4.orange______5.number______6.apple______7.bus_______8.eraser_______11 9.photo_______10.tomato______11.country_____12.friend_______13.knife______14.foot________15.boy_______16.mouse______17.toy_______18.factory_______19.family_____20.monkey_____将下列词组译成英语：1.一群孩子_________________2.两箱子苹果_______________3.一副眼镜_________________4.三张纸___________________5.四瓶橘汁_________________6.五杯茶___________________五、名词的格的用法名词的格名词+’/’s结构所有格一般词尾+’stheboy’sfather,Jack’sbooks复数名词以s结尾的+’theteachers’office,thetwins’dad不以s结尾的+’sthechildren’stoys所有关系各自的各自+’sJapan’sandAmerica’sproblem共有的最后+’sLucyandLily’sroom表“某人家、店铺”，所有格后名词省略thedoctor’s,thebarber’s,myuncle’stheteachers’of结构所有格无生命的事物常用of结构表示所属关系thewindowofclassroomapictureofthewall名词的定语较长时，有生命的事物也可用of结构alongstoryofa50-year-oldmanthestruggleofthepoor双重所有格名词+of+名词所有格ThisisanarticleofLuXun’sHeisafriendofminehis/hers名词+of+名词性物主代词特殊情况一些表距离、时间等无生命的东西的名词所有格tenminutes’walkthreedays’holidaytoday’snewspaperfor:aticketforthemovieacheckfor¥1500to:thekeytothedooranswerstothequestions小试牛刀1.Two____walkdidn’tmademetired.   A.hour         B.hours        C.hour’s       D.hours’2.Themotheroverthereis____mother.11     A.JuliaandMary   B.JuliaandMary’s    C.Julia’sandMary’s   D.Julia’sandMary3.Aftertheexam,we"llhave________holiday.　A.twoweeks   B.two-weeks   C.twoweeks"    D.twoweek"s4.Thisletterwassentby____.A.myfatherfriend       B.myfatherfriend’s    C.afriendofmyfather’s     D.afriendofmyfather5.Thisis___reading-room.A.theteacher’sB.teacher’sC.teacher’sD.theteachers’六、名词的修饰语1)修饰可数名词的常用修饰语有these,those,few,afew,many,agood[great]many,agreat[good]numberof 等。Fewpeoplewouldagreewiththis. Hehasagreatmanyfriendshere. 【注】agood[great]many 后直接跟名词，不用介词of。但是，若其后所接名词有the,these,my 等限定词修饰，则要用介词of：agreatmanyofmyfriends 2)修饰不可数名词的常用修饰语有this,that,little,alittle,abitof,much,agreatdealof,alargeamountof 等。Ihavelittletimetodoit.Hedidn’tgivememuchmoney. Agreatdealofmoneyisspentonresearch. 【注】在现代英语中，agreatamountof 后有时也接可数名词，但有许多语法学家反对，学生最好避免使用。3)修饰可/不可数名词的常用修饰语有all,some,enough,alotof,lotsof,plentyof,a(large)quantityof 等Youneedn’thurry.There’slotsoftime. Therearelotsofmenoutofwork. Weneedaquantityofbaskets. Heputasmallquantityofsugarinthemilk. 【重难点例题启发与方法总结】1.--Ihavegreat ______infinishingtheworkbymyself.Couldyouhelpme?--Noproblem.   A.fun. B.success. C.advice. D.11 difficulty.【答案】D.【解析】考查名词的含义用法和固定短语的用法。fun是“开心，快乐”，success.是“成功”，advice是“建议”，difficulty是“困难”，根据句意“我靠我自己来完成这项工作有很大的困难，你能帮助我吗？没问题。”，havedifficultyindoingsth.意为“做某事遇到了困难”，所以选D。2.I’msohungry.Pleasegiveme_________ toeat.A.threebread           B.threepiecesofbread        C.threepiecesofbreads【答案】B【解析】考查不可数名词数量的表示。句意为：我非常饿，请给我三片面包吃。Bread为不可数名词，不能用数词直接来修饰，同时不可数名词没有复数形式，故选B。3.—WhatcanIdoforyou?—Err,Iwantaglassofmilk,somebreadand_________. A.somechickens      B.anychickens      C.somechicken【答案】C【解析】考查名词的用法。chicken当鸡肉讲为不可数名词，没有复数形式，故答案为C。4.Therearetwo_______andone_______onthetable.A.apple;bananaB.apples;bananaC.apples;bananas【解析】选B。考查名词的数。数词two后应该跟可数名词的复数形式,apple的复数形式为apples，而banana则用单数，即不变。故选C。5.______fatherscan’tgototheclassmeetingbecausetheyhavegonetobusiness.A.JackandMike’s        B.Jack’sandMike’s   C.JackandMike D.Jack’sand11 Mike【答案】B【解析】考查名词所有格的用法。句意：杰克和迈克的爸爸不能去开班会，因为他们已经去做生意的了。名词所有格如果表示两个人共同的父亲时只在最后一人名上用所有格形式，如果表示各自的父亲，那么每一个人名都要用所有格形式。根据fathers用了复数，所以，此处指杰克和麦克各自的父亲，故选B。6.Lookatthemanoverthere.Heis_____uncle.A.Jim’sandTim’s             B.Jim’sandTim   C.JimandTim                D.JimandTim’s【答案】D【解析】考查名词所有格。句意为：瞧那边那个人。他是________是叔叔/舅舅/大伯。A表示吉姆和提姆各自的叔叔，后面要用复数名词；B不存在这种表达法；C人名不可直接作定语；D表示吉姆和提姆的叔叔，是两人共同的叔叔，后用单数名词。故选D。7.—Howfarisyourcousin"shomefromhere?—It"sabouttwo_______ride.A.hour"s  B.hours  C.hours"  D.Hour【答案】C【解析】考查名词的用法。根据题意：大约两个小时的车程。复数名词的所有格,twohours"ride，所以选择答案C。8.Justsearchtheinternet,youcangetalmostallthe______youneed.   A.informations    B.information    C.picture     D.story【答案】B  【解析】考查名词。句意：上网搜一下，你就能得到你需要几乎所有的信息。information，信息，不可数名词。故选B。9.Isawsome________and________dancinginthestreetthedaybeforeyesterday.A.Germen;Englishmen   B.Germans;Englishmans    C.Germans;Englishmen【答案】C 【解析】考查名词复数形式。句意：前天我看到一些德国人和英国人在街上跳舞。复数形式：德国人：Germans;英国人：Englishmen，所以选择答案C。10.Couldyoupleasegivesome_______tothe_______teachers?A.advice;manB.advices;menC.suggestion;manD.suggestions;men【解析】选D。考查名词的数及语法功能。advice作“建议”11 讲是不可数名词，suggestion作“建议”讲是可数名词，故可排除B、C项；man作定语时，其形式与所修饰的名词数的形式保持一致，故选D。【演练场】一、写出下列词的复数1.book______2.bus______3.orange_______4.baby______5.boy______6.my______7.his_______8.knife______9.watch______10.sheep______11.tooth_____12.leaf____13.German________14.Chinese_________二、单项选择()1.Weneedtocomeupwitha/an______andmakeadecisionatonce.A.informationB.adviceC.ideaD.news()2.Lookattheflowers!Theyareindifferent_______:red,yellow,pink…A.colorsB.sizesC.pricesD.names()3.–I’dlike______grapesandpears.–Oh,Ionlyneed______orangejuice.A.some;afewB.afew;someC.alittle;fewD.alittle;afew()4.—Whatwouldyouliketodrink?—________,please.A.RiceB.MeatC.WaterD.Bread()5.--Youlookveryyoung,Mrs.Green.Couldyoutellmehowoldyouare?--Oh,sorry.It’sa(n)_____.A.problemB.instructionC.secretD.business()6.Weshouldnoteat______meat.A.toomanyB.muchtooC.toomuchD.manytoo()7.Idon’tunderstandthestorythoughthereare_______newwordsinit.A.fewB.littleC.afewD.alittle()8.Thisisnotmydictionary.It’s______.Shelentittomethismorning.A.mysisterB.mysistersC.mysister’sD.mysisters()9.Whenautumncomes,______ofmosttreesturnyellowandthenfalldown.A.leaf B.leafs C.leaveD.leaves()10.--Ifeelthirsty.Iwantsomethingtodrink.Whataboutyou?--OK.Let’sgoandbuysomeA.orangeB.breadC.chocolate()11.Hurryup.Thereis_____timeleft.A.alittleB.littleC.fewD.afew()12.—Well,youlooksohappy!--BecauseI"vegotagood________.A.workB.newsC.jobD.ideas()13.Youcangetmuch_____abouttheWorldExpoontheInternet.A.mapB.pictureC.ticketD.information()14.Thecustomersarepleasedwiththe________oftherestaurant.A.balanceB.experienceC.surfaceD.service()15.–Lilyhasasilk______.Listen,sheissinginginthenextroom!--Hownice!.A.lookB.noiseC.voice()16.June1stis____Dayallovertheworld.A.Child’sB.Childs’C.Children’s D.Childrens’()17.--Wouldyoulikesome___?--No,thankyou.I’mnothungryatall.A.waterB.booksC.clothesD.bread()18.--Physics____moredifficultthanChinese,doyouthinkso?--Yes,Ithinkso.11 A.isB.areC.has()19.–Whyareyoustillwaitinginline?--I’vemissedmy_______.A.placeB.orderC.turnD.time()20.Itwasveryhardformetomakea_______butJdecidedtoleavemyjob.A.suggestionB.decisionC.planD.speech1.Inthestreetsthereare_________ofdifferentcoloursandsizes.A.taxiB.thetaxiC.thetaxisD.taxis2.Thesegirlswillbecome________.whentheygraduatefromthemedicalcollege.A.womandoctorsB.women"sdoctorsC.womendoctorsD.thewomendoctor"s3.Usually_________areverycarefulindoingexercises.A.girlstudentsB.girlsstudentsC.girls"studentsD.girl"sstudents4.Thewaitressbroughtus_______.A.glassesofjuicesB.glassesofjuiceC.glassofjuicesD.glassofjuice5.Thenewsreporterhascollected______abouttheprivateschoolsinthecity.A.lotsofinformationsB.alotofinformationC.muchofinformationD.manyinformations6.Thisis______tostudentsofEnglish.A.ausefuladviceB.usefuladviceC.oneofusefuladvicesD.apieceofusefuladvice7.Itwasfreezingcoldoutside,sowemade_______intheoffice.A.fireB.thefireC.afireD.somefire8.Weneedplentyof_______andfresh_______.A.thesun,airsB.suns,airsC.suns,airD.sun,air9.Theywerehappywiththeir_______intheirstudies.A.greatprogressesB.greatprogressC.manyprogressesD.lotofprogress10.FinallyBillygot_______asawaiterinacaféA.ajobB.apieceofjobC.aworkD.apieceofworks11.—Sorry,myhusbandisnotin.Wouldyouleaveamessage?—Allright.Pleasegiveme________.A.afewpapersB.somepiecesofpapersC.somepaperD.apaper12.Bobdropped_________ofmilkonthegroundandcuthisfingeronsomebroken______.A.aglass,glassB.aglass,glassesC.theglass,glassesD.glass,glass13.Hetookdown_______whilehewaslisteningtoradioEnglish.A.severalnewsB.anumberofnewsC.afewpiecesofnewsD.someofnews14.Let"ssitdownon_______andrestforawhile.A.thegrassB.thegrassesC.grassD.grasses15.Theship"Titanic"wentdownintotheseaandthousandsof_______werelost.A.lifesB.livesC.lifeD.thelives16.—Manythanksindeed.—It"s________.A.pleasureB.apleasureC.thepleasureD.greatpleasure17.It"sabout_______tothezoo.A.twohours"rideB.twohour"srideC.two-hoursrideD.two-hour-ride18.WeiWeishowedme.A.somestampsofhimB.thestampsofhisC.somehisstampsD.somestampsofhis19.Helefthismotorcycleoutside______andwentin.A.thedoctorB.adoctorC.doctor"sD.thedoctor"s11 20.—Doyouknowwhosethisumbrellais?—Itmaybe_____.A.SusanB.theSusanC.theSusansD.Susan"s11