初中,高中英语语法,动名词用法详细讲解 48页

V-ing形式 一.含义动词的-ing形式是非谓语动词的一种形式，不能单独充当谓语。二.构成1.构成:动词原形+-ing2.规则:①一般情况，直接+ing;②以不发音的e结尾，去e+ing;③以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词，双写这个辅音字母再加ing;④以ie结尾，变ie为y，+ing，例：die，dying；lie，lying.关键词：含义构成特征分类成分用法形式运用 三.特征1.动词的-ing形式具有名词、形容词和副词等词的特点.2.动词的-ing形式由动词变来,所以保留了动词的某些特征,如它可以有自己的宾语,状语等.Heenjoyslisteningtoviolinmusic,playingmah-jong,swimmingandreading.四.分类1.动名词:动词的-ing形式相当于名词在句中的用法.2.现在分词:具有动词的特征，可以表示一个正在进行的、主动的动作. 小结：doing为非谓语动词，由do原形+ing构成，不能单独充当谓语,可以充当1.主语2.宾语3.表语4.定语5.状语6.宾语补足语。doing现在分词动名词具有名词，动词的特性具有adj.，adv.的特性主语宾语表语定语状语宾补动名词现在分词成分形式√√√√√√√√×××× 做主语和宾语的肯定是_________；做状语和宾补的肯定是__________。Examples:1)Seeingisbelieving.(动名词做主语和宾语)2)Becarefulwhilecrossingthestreet.(现在分词做时间状语)3)IheardhersinginganEnglishsongwhenIpassedbyherroomyesterday.(现在分词做宾语补足语)动名词现在分词 1.做主语例句呈现：1.Sincethen,findingwaystogrowmorericehasbeenhislifegoal.2.Spendingmoneyonhimselforleadingacomfortablelifealsomeansverylittletohim.3.Justdreamingforthings,however,costsnothing.五.用法： 小结：1．特征：单个的动词-ing形式作主语，谓语动词用单数。2.句型：1）doing作主语句型：Doing….+V+O2）但有些含有动名词的句型，为避免句子主语太长，通常用it作形式主语，-ing形式作真正的主语。下面列举几种最常见的句型：Eg.It’snousecryingoverspilt（倾倒出）milk.①It+be+nogood/usedoing…做…无益/无用 It’sawasteoftimethinkinghardaboutthepast.②It+be+awasteoftimedoing…做…是浪费时间Thebookisworthreading.③It+be+worthdoing…做…值得Thereisnoharmindoingso.④There+be+no+n.+in+doing…做…没有… 2.作宾语(动词宾语和介词宾语）Hefinishedreadingthebookyesterday.IenjoylearningEnglish.(动词宾语）IamfondofwatchingTV.（介词宾语） 动词+宾语①只接doing②只接todo③doing和todo皆可，意义区别很大④doing和todo皆可，意义区别不大 ①以下动词须用doing做宾语1)记忆口诀：双P延期两建议否认错过了练习考虑完成不耽搁喜欢设想不介意面对坚持不放弃避免冒险请原谅对应单词：postpone,putoff,suggest,advisedeny,miss,practiceconsider,finish,delayfancy,enjoy,appreciate,imagine,mindface,insiston,giveupavoid,risk,excuse,forgive 2)need,require,want+doing=needtobedon注意:主动表被动动词want，need，require作“需要”解时，后面的动词用动名词作宾语时，且与句子主语有逻辑上的动宾关系，这个动名词的主动式表示被动意义。3)giveup,can’thelp,lookforward,havetrouble….+doingEg1.Mycoatneedswashing.=Mycoatneedstobewashed.Eg2.Ilookforwardtoreceivingyourletter. ②下列动词常以动词不定式（todo）作宾语。三个希望两答应两个要求莫拒绝设法学会做决定不要假装在选择hope;wish;want;agree;promisedemand;ask;refusemanage;learn;decidepretend;choose想要拒绝命令需要努力学习,期望同意帮助希望决定开始。want;refuse;orderneed;try;learnexpect;agree;helphope;wish;decide;begin;start ③有些动词既可接-ing，又可接todo作宾语,区别不是很大。like,love,hate,begin,start,continue,intend,prefer,etc.Helikessinging.Helikestosing. 1)Imustremembertotakemynotebookwithme.Irememberseeinghersomewherebefore.remembertodosth.记得要做某事。rememberdoingsth.记得做过某事。类似词：forget,regret,mean,stop,try,etc.④有些动词后既可以接doing又可以接todo作宾语,意思上有明显差别： 2)Iforgottoposttheletter.Iforgotpostingtheletter.forgettodosth.忘记要做某事。forgetdoingsth.忘记做过某事。3)Iregrettotellyouthatyoucan’tworkhereanymore.Iregretnottakingyouradvice.regrettodosth对马上要发生的事抱歉、遗憾，常和say,tell,inform等词连用。regretdoingsth.后悔做过某事。 4)Ididnotmeantohurtyou.Thatmeansgivingupmyjob.meantodosth.:有……的意图，打算，想……meandoingsth.:意味着……5)Hestoppedtosing.Hestoppedsinging.stoptodosth.:停下来正在做的事，去做另一件事。stopdoingsth.:停止正在做的事情。6)Wemusttrytogeteverythingdoneontime.Let’strydoingtheworksomeotherway.trytodosth.:设法、努力做某事trydoingsth.:尝试做某事 7）Hesaidnothingbutjustwentonworking.Afterherearlyteachingcareershewentontobecomeadoctor.goondoingsth.继续做同一件事goontodosth.(做完某事)接着做另一件事8）Ican’thelptofinishherwork,becauseIhaven’tfinishedmineyet.Ican’thelpcryingwhenIheardthenews.can’thelptodosth.不能帮助做某事can’thelpdoingsth.情不自禁做某事 Completethesesentences:1.Ifyoucankeep________(read)Englishnewspapers,yourEnglishwillbeimproved.2.Hehaspromised__________(come)tomybirthdayparty.3.Ihate_________________(tell)lies!4.*Iwillneverforget__________(go)toBeijingwithhimlastsummer.*Iforgot________(tell)herthenews;sosheknewnothingaboutit.readingtocometelling/totellgoingtotell 3.作表语HisjobisteachingEnglish.=teachingEnglishishisjob.Sheiswashingthedishes.≠Washingthedishesisshe.动名词做表语现在分词做表语现在分词与动名词做表语的区别：动名词做表语表示主语内容，主语表语可交换位置；现在分词做表语说明主语的性质，特征，主语和表语不可交换位置。Practice：1)Learningismyduty.2)Thenewsisencouraging.动名词做表语现在分词做表语 4.作定语a.thelaughingaudience/anamusingstoryDustinHoffmanisfamousforhisroleactingasawoman.(短语后置）Thegirlsingingonthestageismysister.CompareTheamusingplay=theplaythatisamusing.Thegirlsingingonthestage=Thegirlwhoissingingonthestage. 现在分词与动名词作定语的区别现在分词单独做定语时，放在所修饰的名词,说明其修饰名词的动作，性质或特征,它与被修饰的名词是逻辑上的主动关系，且可以转换成定语从句；动名词做定语说明被修饰名词的功能或用途，一般是单个动名词，放在被修饰名词之___，可以转换成for短语，表示“供作...之用”。前前awalkingstick(astickforwalking)(apoolforswimming)asleepingboyamovingstory_______________________(astorythatmovespeople)(aboywhoissleeping)aswimmingpool____________________ 动词-ing形式如果是短语，应放在所修饰的名词，相当于__________。1.Theyarevisitorscomingfromseveralcountries.（=whocomefromseveralcountries.）2.ThreedayslaterIreceivedaletterofferingmethejob.（=whichofferedmethejob.）3.Thegirlstandingthereismyclassmate.（=whostandsthere）4.Themanspeakingtotheteacherismyfather.后定语从句(whoisspeakingtotheteacher) Step2.Theboywhoiscomingtodinnerthiseveningisaclassmateofmine.Step1.TheboyiscomingtodinnerthiseveningHeisaclassmateofmine.Step3.Theboycomingtodinnerthiseveningisaclassmateofmine.Wrong:TheboyiscomingtodinnerthiseveningisaclassmateofmineTherearesomepeoplearewaitingatthebusstop____ 5.现在分词作状语现在分词作状语时，⑴分词的逻辑主语必须是句子的主语，⑵分词必须和句中的主语含有逻辑上的主谓关系，否则不能用现在分词作状语。但要注意它的各种形式变化：Trueorfalse:1.Seeingfromthetop,theschoollooksmorebeautiful.()2.Seeingfromthetop,wefindtheschoolmorebeautiful.()FT 主动语态被动语态一般式完成时6.形式：时态和语态doinghavingdonehavingbeendonebeingdone否定式主动语态否定式被动语态否定式一般否定式完成否定式notbeingdonenothavingdonenotdoingnothavingbeendone Eg.Hearingthebell,thestudentsbegantoentertheclassroom.听见铃声，学生们开始走进教室。（听见和进入两个动作同时或基本同时发生）Thebuildingbeingbuiltnowisournewlibrary.现在正在建造地这栋楼房室我们地新图书馆.（beingbuilt为现在分词的被动形式，表示动作正在进行之中。）Havingdonethework,hewenthome.（havingdonethework为现在分词的完成式，表示动作先于谓语动词发生。）Alltheticketshavingbeensoldout,theywentawaydisappointedly.所有的票已经卖光了，他们失望地离开了。（havingbeensoldout为现在分词的完成式，表示动作先于谓语动词发生。） Walkinginthestreet,Icameacrossanoldfriendofmine.(=WhenIwaswalkinginthestreet,Icameacrossanoldfriendofmine.)Whilewaitingforthebus,hereadacopyofChinaDaily.(=While_____________________thebus,hereadacopyofChinaDaily.)1）表时间状语Iwaswaitingfor 2)表原因状语Beingill,hedidn’tgotoschool.(=Ashewasill,hedidn’tgotoschool.)Beingastudent,youshouldstudyhard.(=Since_______astudentyoushouldstudyhard.）既然你是一个学生，你就应该努力学习。由于想到它或许在家，所以我就给他打了电话。Thinkinghemightbeathome,Icalledhim.As_________hemightbeathome,Icalledhim.youareIthought 3)表方式、伴随情况的状语：作伴随状语的分词表示的动作，必须是主语的一个动作，或是与谓语所表示的动作（或状态）同时发生，或是对谓语表示地动词（或状态）作进一步地补充说明。Eg.Hesatonthesofa,watchingTV.(=Hesatonthesofa,andwatchedTV.)①我们乘车游览了许多地方。Travellingbycar,wevisitedamanyplaces.We_______bycarandvisitedmanyplaces.traveled ②他们笑着谈着走进了教室。__________________,theywentintotheclassroom.③他斜靠(lean)着墙站着。Hestoodleaningagainstthewall.(He_______and_______againstthewall.)Laughingandtalking(They________and_________,andtheywentintotheclassroom.)laughedtalkedleanedstood 4)表结果Eg.Hermotherdiedin1990,leavingherwithheryoungerbrother.(=Hermotherdiedin1990,andleftherwithheryoungerbrother.)全国到处在传唱这首歌曲，使它成了一首最受欢迎地歌曲。Thesongissungalloverthecountry,_____________________________.makingitthemostpopularsong(=Thesongissungalloverthecountry,andthis_____itthemostpopularsong.)makes 5)表条件Usingyourhead,youwillfindaway.(=Ifyouuseyourhead,youwillfindaway.)①一直往前走，你就会看到一座白色地房子。______________,youwillseeawhitehouse.Walkingahead(Ifyou____________,youwillseeawhitehouse.Workinghard,youwillsucceed.②努力吧，你会成功的。（Ifyou____________,youwillsucceed.walkaheadworkhead 6)表让步（though/although,eventhoungh等）①尽管拼命地工作，他一点都不觉得累。Workiinghard,hedidn’tfeelabittired.（=Althoughheworkedhard,hedidn’tfeelabittired.)Knowingallthis,theymademepayforthedamage.（=Eventhoughthey________________,theymademepayforthedamage.②尽管知道了一切情况，他们还是要我赔偿损失。knewallthis 逻辑主语one’sdoingDoyoumindTim’ssmokinghere?Excusemeformybeinglate.Sheacceptedhisapologyforhisbeingrude.one’s形容词型物主代词人称代词宾格名词所有格 动名词的复合结构注意比较下面两个句子,它们有什么区别与联系Idon’tmindsmokinghere.Idon’tmindhissmokinghere.共同点:都是相当于名词不同点:动名词的复合结构有了自己的动作发出者,如,his谁抽烟,他抽 7)与逻辑主语构成独立主格：-ing形式作状语时,它的逻辑主语必须与主句的主语是一致的，如果两者不构成主谓关系,只能用独立主格结构,也就是给现在分词补充一个主语。①如果时间允许，我们将做另两个练习。Timepermitting,we"lldoanothertwoexercises.(=If____________,we"lldoanothertwoexercises)分词的逻辑主语是time,而句子的主语是I,两者不构成主谓关系,所以只能用独立主格结构,也就是给现在分词补充一个主语。②Iwaitingforthebus,abirdfellonmyheard．(=whenIforthebus,abirdfellonmyheard.)timepermitswaswaiting 独立主格中的注意事项（1）独立主格有时也可用with(without)+名词（代词宾格）+分词形式Withthelightsburning,hefellasleep.他点着灯睡着了。（2）有些固定用法作独立成分(悬垂分词)：Judgingfrom(by)hisappearance,hemustbeanactor.generallyspeaking,franklyspeaking,considering,/taking…inconsideration,totellyouthetruth,etc. 6.Doing作宾语补足语。句中的谓语动词通常为a:感官动词，如：see,notice,watch,hear,listento,feel,observe,find+sb+doingWeheardthechildrensinginginherroom.Wewatchedthechildrendivingintothewaterfromthetopboard. b.役使动词.表示“使”，“让”的意思。keepsbdoing保持..leavesbdoing使处于…getsb/sthdoing让做havesbdoing让…做..setsb/sthdoing…使…We’llsoonhaveyouwalkingagain.我们会不久让你重新走起来。Ileavethemachinerunningallday.我让机器整天运转着。 MoreexamplesStep1.Peoplesawthepolice.Thepolicewerebreakingthewindowwithahammer.（简单句）Step2.Peoplesawthepolicewhowerebreakingthewindowwithahammer.（定语从句）Step3.Peoplesawthepolicebreakingthewindowwithahammer.(doing短语作宾补） 1.Eugene"sneverwillingtoalteranyofhisopinions.It"snouse___withhim.(06年上海高考）toargueB.arguingC.arguedD.havingargued2.Victorapologizedfor____toinformmeofthechangeintheplan.(04年上海高考）A.hisbeingnotableB.himnottobeableC.hisnotbeingableD.himtobenotable7.运用：Grammarwork语法专练 3.I"llneverforget____Parisforthefirsttime.A.tovisitB.visitC.visitingD.visited4.Iregret________hardatschool.A.nottostudyB.nothavingstudiedC.notstudyD.havingnotstudied5.Theoldmanneeds________.lookafterB.lookingafterC.beinglookedafterD.tolookafter 6.Theproblemisworth_______.AdiscussingB.discussCbeingdiscussedD.discussed7.Pleaseremember___thelightsbefore_____theclassroom.A.turnoff;leaveB.toturnoff;leavingC.turningoff;leaveD.turningoff;leaving8._____isbelieving.toseeB.SeeingC.SeeD.havingseen. 9.Don’tleavethewater_______whileyoubrushyourteeth.A.runB.runningC.beingrunD.torun10.John’sbadhabitis_____withoutthoroughunderstanding.A.readB.beingreadC.tobereadD.reading 11.______inthequeueofhalfanhour.Tomsuddenlyrealizedthathehadlefthiswalletathome.A.TowaitB.HavewaitedC.HavingwaitedD.Tohavewaited12.Thepicture_____onthewallispaintedbymynephew.A.HavinghungB.hangingC.hangsD.beinghung 13._______suchheavypollutionalready,itmaynowbetoolatetocleanuptheriver.A.HavingsufferedB.SufferingC.TosufferD.Suffered14.Helookedaroundandcaughtaman______hishandintothepocketofapassenger.A.putB.tobeputtingC.toputD.putting 15.TellMarythatthere’ssomeone____forheratthedoor.A.waitingB.waitedC.waitsD.towait16.The_______waitercameuptousandsaid,“Youarewelcome.”A.smilingB.smiledC.smileD.tosmile