怎样学好英语语法 58页

HowtoLearnGrammarWellPresentedbyLuXin HowtoLearnGrammarWellHowtoLearnGrammarWellTypicalgrammaticalproblemsweoftenmeet Self-introductionLuxinAmyEmail:luxin@beiwaionline.com Severalquestions:Whichiscorrect:MaryrunsfasterthanIorMaryrunsfasterthanme?Howcanweexplainwhyit’soddwhenlearnerssay:Iamboringtoday?Howdoweexplaintheproblemin“ladygosupermarketmeetfriend”? Thegreaterpartofthisworld’stroublesareduetoquestionsofgrammar.”-----MicheldeMontaigne Whatisgrammar? Grammar:therulesbywhichwordschangetheirformsandarecombinedintosentences,orthestudyoruseoftheserules:------LongmanDictionary 语法的汉语定义：也叫“文法”。语言的结构规律。包括词法和句法。语法是人类思维长期抽象化的工作成果,是思维的巨大成就的标志。一种语言的语法具有一定的民族特点和相当的稳定性。 语言的结构规律语法是思维的巨大成就的标志语法具有民族特点和稳定性 Youcanlearnalanguageasachild.Thenyouwilllearnallthegrammar“byheart”andyouwillnoteventhinkaboutitasgrammar.Thisisthenormalwayyoulearnyourfirstlanguage. Whenyougetolderandwanttolearnanewlanguage,youuseanothercentreinyourbrains.Youlearnby:?Listeningandslowlyunderstand,phrasebyphrase?Moreandmoreyoulearnmorephrases,usefulineverydaylife IfyoulearnEnglishinthisway,congratulations!Youcanmasterthelanguage!ButnotEnglish,butthe“pigeonlanguage”(pidginlanguage) Butifyoureallywanttolearntouseaforeignlanguage,youhaveto√Learnanamountofwordssoyoucanmakeyourselfunderstood√Learnthegrammarofthelanguage,soyoucanuseit,feelcomfortableandmakeyoureallyunderstood. TheimportanceofgrammarLearningthegrammarbyheartmakesyouunderstandthereallanguageandwillmakeyoufeelthatyouaresafeandsecurewhenyouuseaforeignlanguage.Youwillfeelsafethatyouusetherightexpressionsandalsofeelthatyouusethewordingthatisusedandcommonwherenativesspeakthislanguage.Alanguageconsistsofmuchmorethanwords,italsoconsistsofgrammar,i.e.rulesofhowtousethewords. TheimportanceofgrammarHowyoucombinethesewordsandhowyouusethemisessentialforthepracticaluseofalanguage.Thebetteryoulearngrammar,thebetteryouwillunderstandthereal“soul”ofalanguageandcanavoidspeakingabadlanguage.Onlybylearningthis(byheart)youcansaythatyouspeakandreadanotherlanguage.Thereforeitisveryimportanttolearnthegrammarofanewlanguageyoulearn,inordernottoberegardedasa“lessknowingperson”. HowtoLearnGrammarWell1在课堂上认真听老师讲的语法规则，以及其名称和特点，记住它的典型例句“学习语法时，例句不必都是猫跳狗叫的，应该有真实内容的，或包含知识和智慧的例句。”---------------刘润清 E,g,Thecatischasingthedogs.一般现在时：nothingcomesfromnothing定语从句：Hethattravelsfarknowsmuch.宾语从句：IforgetwhatIwastaught,IonlyrememberwhatIhavelearned.动词不定式：Toerrishuman;toforgiveisdevine 2通过课本学习《英语自考系列》《新概念（第二册）》 3一本语法书《张道真语法》《薄冰语法》《剑桥英语语法》a.通读b.查询你想弄懂什么语法项目，就直接去看那一章。 4在阅读中发现、识别、理解语法。“与其多读语法书，不如多读文章。”---------吕叔湘 e.g1.Whetheranorganismisaplantofananimalsometimestaxesthebrainofabiologist.主语从句主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。 e.g2.ItisamatterofcommonexperiencethatbodiesarelighterinwaterthantheyareinairIt+谓语+that(whether)引导的从句先译从句，再译主句，再主句前加译“这”。 e.g3.Sunlightisnolessnecessarythanfreshairtoahealthyconditionofbody比较级 e.g4.Weretherenogravity,therewouldbenoairaroundearth.虚拟：如果If从句谓语含有had,were,should,则可省略if，并常将had,were,should提至主语前，用此倒装表虚拟。 5）要做一定量的相关练习 6）注意汉英语法的差异性Numberofnounse.g.Onebook,twobooks一本书,两本书们:人们,同志们,朋友们X猴子们,书们X三个人们 7）学习英语语法象学习母语一样，不要钻牛角尖 previousquestions:Whichiscorrect:MaryrunsfasterthanIorMaryrunsfasterthanme?Howcanweexplainwhyit’soddwhenlearnerssay:Iamboringtoday?Howdoweexplaintheproblemin“ladygosupermarketmeetfriend”? IITheproblemsweoftenmeetingrammarlearning 1.时态动词时态的使用，主要看时间状语和上下文。每种时态都有相应的时间状语。e.g.1often，usually，sometimese.g.2lastweek，yesterday，in2000e.g.3tomorrow，nextyeare.g.4already，yet，for,since e.g.5主从关系看看主句和从句的关系，根据主句可以确定从句的动词形式，根据从句也可以确定主句的动词形式。 时间、条件两种从句，使用时要特殊记：主句是一般将来时态，从句要用一般现在时态。e.g.I‘llphoneyoubackassoonasIgethome．e.g.You‘llfailifyoudon’tworkharder．其它一般都遵循"时态一致"的原则。 含宾语从句的句子，主句是现在时态，从句可以用所需要的任何时态（注：宾语从句讲的是事实或普遍真理，总是用一般现在时态）；主句是过去时态，从句也要用相应的过去时态。e.g.HesayshewillgotoShanghaisomeday.HesaidhewouldgotoShanghaisomeday. Othertipsaboutlearningtense1应准确掌握该时态的用法。即在什么情况下可以使用这种时态A.表示现在（通常指说话时）正在进行或发生的动作。e.g.Theyareplayingbasketball.B.表示当前一段时期内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作。e.g.I"mworkingwithTomforthesummer. 2要牢记时态的构成形式。主要包括以下几点：A.由助动词be的现在式（am,is,are）＋doing。B.本时态的助动词是be的现在式am,is,are，而不是was,were,更不是do,did,will等。C.牢记本时态所用的动词现在分词的构成规律e.g.work-working,close-closing,sit-sitting Howcanweavoidmakingmistakes?Practicemakesperfect! 2主谓一致谓语动词随着主语人称和数的变化而变化，这就是所谓的主谓一致。 What’swrongwiththesentence?1、Peoplelikesswimminginsummer.2、Whatareonthetwoplates?3、Thesingeranddanceraregoingtotheparty.4、NotonlyMarybutalsohersisterenjoylisteningtotheradio. 5、Thiskindofappletastegood.6、PhysicsweretaughtbyMr.Wanglastterm.7、Hisfamilyisallhealthy.8、Halfofthemoneyareyours. 9、Mr.WhitetogetherwithsomeJapanesefriends,havevisitedourschool.10、Eitheroftheanswersareright.11、Thenumberofthestudentsinourclassareoverfifty.12、Theboysandgirlseachhastheirownbooks. 13、Therearesomefishandchickenonthetable.14、Thispairoftrousersaretooshortforme.15、Betweenthetwobuildingsstandahospital.16、Twoweeksarequiteshorttimeforusfinishthework. 3终止性动词问题英语的动词有延续性和终止性之分。有一些动词表示的动作可以延续而有些动词表示的动作则是短暂的。这类动词被称为非延续性动词或终止性动词(如：close,open等) Whichoneiscorrect?Shehascaughtabadcoldforaweek.Shehashadabadcoldforaweek. 若需要表示持续一段时间时，可以用下列两种形式：1用Itis(或hasbeen)since句型；2用副词ago把句子改为一般过去时。×TheAmericanmusicianhasarrivedhereforaboutamonth.√Itis(或hasbeen)aboutamonthsincetheAmericanmusicianarrivedhere.√TheAmericanmusicianarrivedhereaboutmonthago. 除了改变句型结构外，还可对动词作相应变化。其中多数终止性动词可用be来表示延续，有些可用相应的延续性动词来代替。×MysisterhadjoinedthePartyforoversixyears.√MysisterhasbeenaPartymemberforoversixyears.×Howlonghaveyouborrowedthebook?√Howlonghaveyoukeptthebook? 常用的替换词有：comebehere,leavebeaway,diedead,beginbeon,openbeopen,becomebe,buy,have,borrowkeep,eathave,joinbein,getupbeup,getreadybeready,gettoknowknow,makefriendsbefriends,gotobedsleep,catchacoldhaveacold等。 Notice1、在否定句中，终止性动词可以转化为延续性的否定状态，因此可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。Ihaven’theardfrommybrotherformanyyears.Therainhasn’tstoppedsincethreeminutesago.2、终止性动词可以用于"表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果"这种概念的现在完成时中，说明某个动作的结果还存在，不跟表示一段时间的状语连用，但可用already,yet,before,just,ever,now,today等时间状语。Ihavealreadypostedthephotos.Haveyouseenthefilmbefore? 4反意疑问句问题反意疑问句由两部分构成，前一部分是陈述句，后一部分是简短的问句。在运用反意疑问句时，往往在简短问句这部分容易出错 1、陈述句部分的主语是名词时，简短问句的主语用人称代词来代替。e.g.Theteacherhadalongtalkwithyou,didn"the?2、主语若是指示代词this或that时，简单问句的主语用it，指示代词若是these或those时，简单问句的主语用they。e.g.Thisisausefulbook,isn’tit?e.g.Thosearen’tdesks,arethey? 3、陈述句部分主谓是"Iam…"时，简单问句用aren’tI。e.g.Iamolderthanyou,aren’tI?4、第一部分陈述句是"therebe"句型时，提问部分须保留there。e.g.Therearesomeapplesinthebasket,aren"tthere? 5、否定意义的词时，简单问句部分用肯定形式。e.g.There’snothingwrongwithit,isthere?e.g.Fewpeoplewenttotheexhibition,didthey?6、陈述句中若有通过加前缀或后缀构成否定意义的词，仍作肯定句处理，因此简短问句一般仍用否定形式。e.g.Theclothisuseless,isn"tit?e.g.Katedislikesthebook,doesn"tshe? 7、陈述句部分的主语是everyone、everybody、someone、somebody、anyone、anybody、noone、nobody及none等，简短问句部分的主语一般用they。e.g.Nobodycanworkitout,canthey?e.g.ofthestudentswentthere,didthey?※everything、nothing、something、anything等总是用单数动词。e.g.Everythinghasgonewrongtoday,hasn’tit?e.g.Nothingwasright,wasit? 8、当陈述句中有hadbetter时，简短问句一般用shouldn’t或hadn’t.e.g.You’dbetterdoitbyyourself,should’tyou?/hadn’tyou?9、若第一部分是祈使句，在它后面的疑问尾句一般为willyou或won’tyou的婉转表示请求、恳求之意，并没有反问之意。Willyou多表示"请求"，won’tyou多表示"提醒对方注意"。但是，祈使句的否定结构后面，只能用willyou。如：e.g.Lookatthepicture,willyou/won"tyou? 10、以Let’s开始的祈使句中，反意疑问句部分用shallwe或shan’twe,但是Letus(me,him),问句则用willyou或won’tyou。e.g.Let’sgoforawalk,shallwe?(shan’twe?)e.g.Letusgotothepark,willyou?(won’tyou?)11、若陈述句是主从复合句，反意疑问句部分的代词和助动词应跟主句中的主语和动词保持一致。e.g.TheyneversaidTomwouldcome,didthey?e.g.Whentheteacherspeaks,wehavetokeepquiet,don’twe? 12、陈述句若是"Ithink(believe,suppose,expect等)＋宾语从句"，反意疑问句部分应与宾语从句的主谓保持一致(特殊情况例外)，并要注意否定转移。e.g.Ibelievethey’vefinishedtheirwork,haven"tthey?e.g.Idon’tthinkheisright,ishe?e.g.Youthoughthewasanhonestman,didn"tyou?13、陈述句若是并列句，简短问句的主语一般与最接近的分句主语保持一致。e.g.WemuststudyEnglishhard,orwearen’tgoodatEnglish,arewe?e.g.Hewaslazy,andhedidn’tpasstheexam,didhe? 14、简短问句在感叹句后，动词用否定式，人称与前面的名词一致。e.g.Whatdeliciousfood,isn‘t?15、陈述句动词是wish和hope,简短问句要用may，代词与wish、hope的主语相一致e.g.Iwishtoseeafilmnow,mayI?e.g.IhopetovisitNanjingsoon,mayI? Asentenceforyou:Thereislightattheendofthelongchannel. Yourquestionswillbewelcome!