英语语法之句子成分 12页

一、句子成分（一）句子成分的定义：v构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。句子成分详解表句子成分意义充当词类例句主语表示句子说的是什么人或什么事名，代，数，不定式，动名词，短语或句子WestudyinLinziMiddleSchool.谓语说明主语做什么，是什么或怎么样动词或动词词组Sheisdancingunderthetree.宾语表示动作行为的对象同主语BothofuslikeEnglish.表语与联系动词连用，一起构成谓语，说明主语的性质或特征同主语Herfatherisachemist.Hiswordssoundreasonable.定语用来修饰名词或代词形，代，数，名,副，介词短语或句子Wehaveeightlessonseveryday.状语修饰动词，形容词，副词，表示动作发生的时间，地点，原因，目的，方式，结果等副词，介词短语或句子Heworksveryhard.TheyheldapartyinHollywood.宾语补足语逻辑上与宾语是主谓关系形容词，名词，介词短语等Shealwayskeepsthehouseclean.主语谓语是基础，宾表定状补辅助。宾主来自名代数，动词作谓不可无！（二）主语：v主语(Subject)是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在therebe结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：1.Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.（）2.WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.（）3.One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.（）4.Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.（）5.Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.（）6.Therichshouldhelpthepoor.（）7.WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.（）8.Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.（）趁热打铁一．改错：1.Doexerciseisgoodforyourhealth.2.Eatmuchmeatisbadforyourhealth.二．指出下列句中主语的中心词：Theteacherwithtwoofhisstudentsiswalkingintotheclassroom.12 三．找出下面句子的主语：1.Itisapleasuretotalktoyou.2.Cleaningthehouseneedsalotoftime.（三）谓语v谓语(Predicate)说明主语是什么，做什么或怎么样，由动词充当。主语和谓语在人称和数上必须保持一致。谓语动词有多种时态，它是句子的核心。谓语的构成如下：v1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.Theplanetookoffatteno’clock.Openthedoor,please.Don’tlaughatothers.注意：祈使句，省略主语youv2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.Hehascaughtabadcold.（2）由系动词加表语构成。如：Wearestudents.注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。趁热打铁一．找出下列句子的主谓：1.weareworking.2.Icanswimverywell.3.Thewaiterbroughtabottleofbeertome.4.Whydoesthewindblow?5.Therainhasbeenpullingdownforawholeday.6.Goandgetsomewaterforme.7.Jimaskedyoutogivehisbestwishestoeveryone.8.Youmustgetthecarreadybytomorrow.二．填空1.Itisdifficultforme__________(finish)somuchworkwithinonenight.Canyouhelpme?2.Johnwithtwoofhisfriends________(go)toplaybasketballeverySundayafternoon.3._______(get)upearthisgoodforyourhealth.4.________(get)upearly,oryouwillmissthebus.（四）表语表语(Predicative)用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份，它一般位于系动词（如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表语从句表示。例如：1.OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.（名词）2.Isityours?（代词）12 3.Theweatherhasturnedcold.（形容词）4.Thespeechisexciting.（分词）5.Threetimessevenistwentyone?（数词）6.HisjobistoteachEnglish.（不定式）7.Hishobbyisplayingfootball.（动名词）8.Themeetingisofgreatimportance.（介词短语）9.Timeisup.Theclassisover.（副词）10.Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.（表语从句）注意：系动词（Linkingverb)用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。1）状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如：Heisateacher.2）持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep,remain,stay,lie,例如：Healwayskeptsilentatmeeting. 3）表像系动词用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有seem,appear,look,例如：Heseems(tobe)verysad.  4）感官系动词主要有feel,smell,sound,taste,例如：Thiskindofclothfeelsverysoft.5）变化系动词表示主语变成什么样，主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run.例如：Hebecamemadafterthat.  6）终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove,turnout,表达"证实"，"变成"之意，例如：Therumorprovedfalse.Hisplanturnedoutasuccess.  趁热打铁一．找出下列句中的表语:①Theoldmanwasfeelingverytired.②WhyisheworriedaboutJim?③Theleaveshaveturnedyellow.④SoonTheyallbecameinterestedinthesubject.⑤Shewasthefirsttolearnaboutit.二．选出最佳答案：1._______ everyone here today?A. Be B. Are C. Is D. Am2. Harry is older than I. But he _______ youngerthan I.A. look B. looks C. looked D. looking3. It _______ like the singing of the birds.A. sounds B. looks C. smells D. tastes12 4. This kind of cake tastes _______.A. good B. well C. to be good D. to be well5. The children all looked _______ at the broken model plane and felt quite _______.A. sad, sad B. sadly, sadly C. sad, sadly D. sadly, sad6. This kind of paper _______ nice.A. feel B. felt C. is feeling D. feels7. This math problem is _______ and I can do it _______.A. easy, easily B. easily, easily C. easy, easy D. easily, easy8. Coffee is ready. How nice it _______! Would you like some?A. looks B. smells C. sounds D. feels9. In winter the days _______ colder and colder.A. gets B. getting C. got D. get10. He _______ pale at the thought.A. got B. looked C. turned D. seemedKeys：CBAADDABDC（五）宾语v宾语（Object）表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：1.Theywenttoseeanexhibitionyesterday.（）2.Theheavyrainpreventedmefromcomingtoschoolontime.（）3.Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.（）4.Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.()5.Hepretendednottoseeme.()6.Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.()7.Ithink（that）heisfitforhisoffice.()v宾语种类：v（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lendmeyourdictionary,please.To:write,tell,pass,give,send,promise,show,hand,read,tell,bring,throw等，例如：HesentthenoveltoWilliamyesterday.For:leave,buy,build,choose,cook,draw,find,get,order,post,save等，例如：Sheboughtagiftforhermother.v（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：vTheyelectedhimtheirmonitor.v下列动词只能接不定式做宾语ask,agree,care,choose,demand,dare,decide,expect,fail,help,hope,learn,manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,want,wish,desire等，如：Herefusedtolendmehisbike.v下列动词只能接动名词做宾语admit,avoid,advise,consider,enjoy,escape,finish,imagine,mind,practise,suggest等，如：Johnhasadmittedbreakingthewindow.12 v下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词做宾语，但意义不同，如stop,mean,try,remember,forget,regret等。趁热打铁一．找出下列句中的宾语：①Mybrotherhasn"tdonehishomework.②PeopleallovertheworldspeakEnglish.③Youmustpaygoodattentiontoyourpronunciation.④Howmanynewwordsdidyoulearnlastclass?⑤Someofthestudentsintheschoolwanttogoswimming,howaboutyou?⑥Theoldmansittingatthegatesaidhewasill.⑦Theymadehimmonitoroftheclass.⑧Goacrossthebridgeandyouwillfindthemuseumontheleft.⑨Youwillfinditusefulafteryouleaveschool.⑩Theydidn"tknowwho"FatherChristmas"reallyis.二．划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语：①Pleasetellusastory.②Myfatherboughtanewbikeformelastweek.③MrLiisgoingtoteachushistorynextterm.④Hereisapen.GiveittoTom.⑤Didheleaveanymessageforme?（六）宾语补足语v英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语（ObjectComplement），才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等)+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：1.HisfathernamedhimDongming.（）2.Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.（）3.Letthefreshairin.（）4.Youmustn’tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.()5.Wesawherenteringtheroom.()6.Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.()7.Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.（）趁热打铁一．找出下列句中的宾语补足语①Shelikesthechildrentoreadnewspapersandbooksinthereading-room.②Heaskedhertotaketheboyoutofschool.12 ③Shefounditdifficulttodothework.④TheycallmeLilysometimes.⑤IsawMrWanggetonthebus.⑥DidyouseeLiMingplayingfootballontheplaygroundjustnow?二．选出最佳答案：1.Thoughhehadoftenmadehislittlesister____,todayhewasmade____byhislittlesister.A.cry;tocryB.crying;cryingC.cry;cryD.tocry;cry2.Theteacherencouragedus______goodcompositions.A.WritingB.writtenC.towriteD.iswriting3.Hefoundthem____atatable_____.A.sat;toplaychessB.sitting;toplaychessC.seated;playingchessD.seat;playthechess4.Theteacheraskedus_____somuchnoise.A.don’tmakeB.notmakeC.notmakingD.nottomake（七）定语v修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语(Attribute)。定语可由以下成分表示：1.Guilinisabeautifulcity.（形容词）2.Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Americaisadevelopedcountry.（分词）3.Therearethirtywomenteachersinourschool.（名词）4.HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.（代词）5.Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.（不定式短语）6.Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.（动名词）7.HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.（介词短语）8.ThetallboywhoisstandingthereisPeter.(形容词，定语从句)趁热打铁找出下列句中的定语①TheyuseMr,Mrswiththefamilyname.②Whatisyourgivenname?③OnthethirdlapareClass1andClass3.④Iamafraidsomepeopleforgottosweepthefloor.⑤Themandownstairswastryingtosleep.⑥Iamwaitingforthesoundoftheothershoe!（八）状语v修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语（Adverbial）。可由以下形式表示：1.Lighttravelsmostquickly.()2.Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.()3.Heisproudtohavepassedthenationalcollegeentranceexamination.()4.Heisintheroommakingamodelplane.()5.Waitaminute.()6.Onceyoubegin,youmustcontinue.()12 9种状语种类如下：1.Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?()2.Lastnightshedidn’tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.()3.Ishallgothereifitdoesn’train.()4.MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.()5.Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.()vShecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.()6.Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.()7.Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.()8.Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.()9.Iamtallerthanheis.()趁热打铁找出下列句中的状语：①Therewasabigsmileonherface.②Everynightheheardthenoiseupstairs.③HebegantolearnEnglishwhenhewaseleven.④Themanonthemotorbikewastravellingtoofast.⑤Withthemedicineboxunderherarm,MissLihurriedoff.⑥Shelovesthelibrarybecauseshelovesbooks.⑦Iamafraidthatifyou"velostit,youmustpayforit.⑧ThestudentsfollowedUncleWangtoseetheothermachine.（九）同位语（Appositive）对前面的名词或代词做进一步的解释，通常由名词、数词、代词或从句担任，如：ThisisMr.Zhou,ourheadmaster.（十）插入语（Parenthesis）对一句话做一些附加的解释，通常有tobehonest,Ithink(suppose,believe---)等，如：Tobefrank,Idon’tquiteagreewithyou.句子成分练习题(一)指出下列句子中划线部分的句子成分：1.Whetherwe’llgodependontheweather.2.People’sstandardsoflivingaregoingupsteadily.3.Thatwashowtheyweredefeated.12 4.Thenurserytakesgoodcareofourchildren.5.I’llreturnthebooktoyoutomorrow.6.Wearesurethatweshallsucceed.7.Thewomanwithababyinherarmsishisother.8.TherearemanyfilmthatI’dliketosee.9.Haveyoumetthepersonaboutwhomhewasspeaking?10.Ihavealotofworktodo.11.AnywayIwon’tstopyoufromdoingit.12.Isaiditinfun.13.Wecansendacarovertofetchyou.14.Shehadtoworkstandingup.15.Seeingthis,somecomradesbecameveryworried.16.Muchinterested,heagreedtogiveitatry.17.Thebusarrivedtenminuteslate.18.Weshouldservethepeopleheartandsoul.19.Springcomingon,thetreeturnedgreen.20.Somefarmerssawsomethingstrangeinthesky.21.Wethinkitnecessarythateveryoneshouldattendthemeeting.22.It’sstrangethatshedoesn’tcometoday.23.ItwasinthelibrarythatIcometoday.24.Helikesdrawingattimeswhenheisn’tworking.25.Weleftinsuchahurrythatweforgottolockthedoor.句子成分练习题(二)A1、___sixyearssinceIbegantostudyEnglish.A.ItisB.IhavebeenC.ThereareD.Itwas2、___intheroomatthattime.A.NobodywasB.SomeonewereC.WhoisD.Heare3、IT"Sverynoisyoutside.___isgoingon?A.WhoB.WhatC.WhichD.Where12 4、___inEnglishinclasseverydayisimportant.A.SpeakB.TalkingC.SayingD.Totell5、Theremustbe____nearthefactory.A.abookstoreB.bookstoreC.booksstoreD.booksstores6、Althoughit"sraininghard,___arestillworkinginthefields.A.buttheyB.andtheyC.theyD.sincetheyB1、Thedoctoraswellasthenurses___greatconcernforthepatients.A.showB.showsC.haveshownD.areshowing2、Yoursonmustbeacleverboy,___he?A.isB.isn"tC.mustD.mustn"t3、Thecomputercenter,___lastyear,isverypopularamongstudentsinthisschool.A.openB.openingC.openedD.beingopened4、I___gototheshoptoday,forthereisalotoffoodathome.A.mustn"tB.hadtoC.can"tD.needn"t5、Don"t___excited.A.getB.isC.seemD.look6Thisroom___everymorning.A.iscleaningB.iscleanedC.cleansD.cleaningC1、Gladtomeetyou!___isyourfullname?A.WhatB.WhereC.HowD.Who2、Heis___tolifttheheavybox.A.tooweakB.weaktooC.enoughweakD.weakenough3、Thedaysare___warmerandwarmerinspring.A.gettingB.lookingC.seemingD.going4、Hisjobis____English.A.teachB.toteachC.taughtD.teaches5、Twoballsare___.A.underthedeskB.inthewallC.tohereD.atdesks12 D1、Weshouldgetready___others.A.helpingB.tohelpC.helpD.helpwith2、___interestingworkwearedoing?A.WhataB.HowC.WhatD.Whatan3、Iwant___ateacherwhenIgrowup(-fx;fc).A.tobeB.toC.beD.being4、-Wouldyouliketogoonapicnicwithmetoday?-Idon"tthinkso.Tobehonest,Ireallydon"tfeellike___onapicnic.A.goingB.togoC.goD.went5Doyouknow___?A.wheredoesheliveB.wherehelivesC.whereheliveD.ifwherehelives6Let____doitagain.A.IB.meC.heD.she7Idon"tknow___.A.howtodoB.whattodoC.wheretodoD.whentodoE1、Isawhim___basketballwithJackanhourago.A.playsB.toplayC.playedD.playo2、Sorry,we"vekeptyou___foralongtime.A.waitedB.singC.standD.waiting3、Theteachertoldus____lateagain.A.aren"tbeB.don"tbeC.nottobeD.notbe4、Wefindtheroomvery___.A.warmB.warmlyC.terriblyD.hardlyF1、Ifound___difficulttoworktogetherwithhim.A.itB.itsC.thatD.those12 2、Weallknow___ourdutytocleanourclassroomafterschooleveryday.A.thatB.thisC.whichD.it3、Hefound___veryinterestingtoplaywiththelittledog.A.whatB.itC./D.thatG()1Tomsaidhe___agooddreamyesterdayevening.A.dreamB.dreamedC.haveD.has()2Children___ahappylifeinChina.A.leadB.livingC.hasD.leadingH()1America,JapanandCanadaare___countries.A.developingB.developedC.lessdevelopedD.develop()2-___skirtisthatonthechair?-Letmesee.Oh,no,it"snotmine.A.WhoseB.WhatC.Who"sD.Which()3Doyouhaveanything___?A.sayingB.to^ayC.saidD.say()4Look,thereisan___treebythewall.A.appleB.apple"sC.apples"D.apples()5Whereis____seat?A.yoursB.yourC.youD.yourselvesI()1Theboxis___heavyforher___carry.A.very;toB.too;nottoC.too;toD.verytoo;to2-___didyoubuythenewbag?-LastMonday.A.WhereB.HowC.WhenD.Who3Youcanseethesesignsinahospital.___canyouseethem?A.WhereelseB.Whereplace12 elseC.WhereelseplaceD.Elsewhere4Theywentout___theiroldfriends.A.visitB.visitingC.tovisitD.visited5Thereisawideriver____ourvillage.A.outsideB.overC.fromD.belowJ1Theyoungman,___worksintheoffice.A.mebrotherB.mybrotherC.mybrothersD.me2OurEnglishteacher,___oftenhelpsuswithstudy.A.MrsWangB.Mrs5WangC.MrsWang"s.D.ofhim3___,somerailwayworkersarebusyrepairingthetrain.A.ThemB.HeC.TheyD.Theirs12