中考英语语法知识点难点总结-1 22页

英语语法知识难点（一）（一）形容词和副词I．要点A．形容词1、形容词的用法形容词是用来修饰、描绘名词的，通常在句中作定语、表语或宾补，有时还可作状语。如：Heishonestandhardworking.Ifoundthebookinteresting.某些形容词与定冠词连用表示一类人作主语时，谓语通常用复数形式。如：Therichandthepoorliveindifferentpartsofthecity.TheEnglishliketobewiththeirfamilies.多个形容词作定语修饰名词的顺序：冠词+序数词+基数词+性质状态（描述性）+形状大小+新旧老少+颜色+国籍+材料+名词。如：thesecondfiveinterestingbignewredChinesewallpapers.2、形容词比较等级的形式（1）规则形式一般说来，单音节词及少数双音节词在后加-er;--est来构成比较级和最高级；其他双音节词及多音节词在前加more,most.如：great-greater-greatestbusy-busier-busiestimportant-moreimportant-(the)mostimportant（2）不规则形式good(well)-better-bestbad(ill)-worse-worstmany(much)-more-mostlittle-less-least（3）形容词比较等级的用法①表示两者的比较，用形容词的比较级+than.如：Heisclevererthantheotherboys.Thisoneismorebeautifulthanthatone.②表示两者以上的比较，用"the+形容词最高级（+名词）+of(in)…"如：Heisthecleverestboyinhisclass.③表示两者是同等程度，用"as+形容词原级+as".如：HeisastallasI.Ihaveasmanybooksasyou.④越…越…例如：ThemoreIlearn,thehappierIam.⑤Youcanneverbetoocareful.越小心越好又如：Youcanneverpraisetheteachertoohighly.你怎么赞扬这个老师也不过分。⑥Ihaveneverspentamoreworryingday.那一天是最令我担心的一天。Ihaveneverhadabetterdinner.这是我吃过的最好的一顿饭。⑦MyEnglishisnobetterthanyours.我的英语和你的英语都不怎么样。B．副词1、副词的种类（1）时间副词如：ago,before,already,just,now,early,late,finally,tomorrow等 （2）地点副词如：here,there,near,around,in,out,up,down,back,away,outside等。（3）方式副词如：carefully,angrily,badly,calmly,loudly,quickly,politely,nervously等。（4）程度副词如：almost,nearly,much,greatly,abit,alittle,hardly,so,very等。2、副词比较等级的用法其用法与形容词相似，只是副词最高级前可省略定冠词。如：Ofalltheboyshesings(the)mostbeautifully.Wemustworkharder.3、某些副词在用法上的区别（1）already,yet,stillalready表示某事物已经发生，主要用于肯定句；yet表示期待某事发生，主要用于否定句和疑问句；still表示某事还在进行，主要用于肯定句和疑问句，有时也可用于否定句。如：We"vealreadywatchedthatfilm.Ihaven"tfinishedmyhomeworkyet.Hestillworksuntillateeverynight.（2）too,aswell,also,eithertoo,aswell和also用于肯定句和疑问句，too和aswell多用于口语，一般放在句末，而also多用于书面语，一般放在句中与动词连用。either用于否定句和否定的疑问句，往往放在句末。如：Hewenttheretoo.Hedidn"tgothereeither.Ilikeyouaswell.Ialsowentthere.(3)hard,hardlyhardly意为"几乎"与hard在词义上完全不同。如：Iworkhardeveryday.Icanhardlyrememberthat.(4)late,latelylately意为"最近、近来"，late意为"晚、迟"。如：Henevercomeslate.Haveyoubeentothemuseumlately?II．例题例1Tom"sfatherthinksheisalready____AhighenoughBtallenoughCenoughhighCenoughtall解析：该题正确答案是B。修饰人高用tall,而建筑物的高用high,并且enough修饰形容词要放在形容词后面。因此该题选B。例2____theworseIseemtobe.AWhenItakemoremedicineBThemoremedicineItakeCTakingmoreofthemedicineDMoremedicinetaken解析：该题正确答案为B。"the+形容词比较级+…,the+形容词比较级+…"意为越…，越…。该句意为：吃的药 越多，我的病越是加重。例3"Ihaven"tbeentoLondonyet"."Ihaven"tbeenthere____".AtooBalsoCeitherDneither解析：该题正确答案为C。A和B都用于肯定句中。D-neither本身意为否定"两者都不"，而C-either则用于否定句中，意为"也"。例4MrSmithwas____movedatthenews.AdeepBdeeplyCverydeepDquitedeeply解析：该题正确答案为B。A.deep用于副词时，修饰具体的深，如digdeep,而B-deeply则修饰表示感情色彩的词，如该题为deeplymoved.另如deeplyregret等。而D-quite和deeply均为副词，不能互相修饰。（二）介词I．要点1、介词和种类（1）简单介词，常用的有at,in,on,about,across,before,beside,for,to,without等。（2）复合介词，如bymeansof,alongwith,becauseof,infrontof,insteadof等。2、介词和其他词类的习惯搭配关系（1）和动词的搭配，如agreewith,askfor,belongto,breakawayfrom,careabout等。（2）和形容词的搭配，如afraidof,angrywith,differentfrom,goodat（3）和名词的搭配，如answerto,keyto,reasonfor,causeof,visitto等.3、介词短语可以有自己的修饰语，这种修饰语通常有right,just,badly,all,well,directly,completely等少数几个副词。如：Hecamerightafterdinner.Helivesdirectlyoppositetheschool.4、某些介词的意义与用法举例（1）at,on,in（表时间）表示时间点用at,如atfouro"clock,atmidnight等；表示不确定的时间或短期假日也用at,如atthattime,atChristmas等。指某天用on,如onMonday,ontheendofNovember,指某天的朝夕用on,如onFridaymorning,ontheafternoonofSeptemberlst等。指长于或短于一天的时段用in,如intheafternoon,inFebruary,inSummer,in1999等。（2）between,among（表位置）between仅用于二者之间，但说三者或三者以上中的每两个之间的相互关系时，也用between,如I"msittingbetweenTomandAlice.Thevillageliesbetweenthreehills.among用于三者或三者以上之间。如：Heisthebestamongthestudents.（3）beside,besidesbeside意为"在…旁边"，而besides意为"除…之外"。如：Hesatbesideme.Whatdoyouwantbesidesthis?（4）inthetree,onthetree inthetree指动物或人在树上，而onthetree指果实、树叶长在树上（5）ontheway,intheway,bytheway,inthiswayontheway指在路上intheway指挡道bytheway指顺便问一句inthisway用这样的方法（6）inthecorner,atthecornerinthecorner指在拐角内atthecorner指在拐角外（7）inthemorning,onthemorninginthemorning是一般说法onthemorning特指某一天的早晨（8）bybus,onthebusbybus是一般说法onthebus特指乘某一辆.II．例题例1Doyouknowanyotherforeignlanguage____English?AexceptBbutCbesideDbesides解析：A、B两项except等于but，意为"除了…"，C-beside意为"在…旁边"，不符合题意。而D-besides,意为"除了…之外，还有"。所以该题正确答案为D。该题意为：除了英语外，你还知道别的语言吗？例2Hesuddenlyreturned____arainynight.AonBatCinDduring解析：我们均知道，atnight这一短语，但如果night前有修饰词，表具体的夜晚，则要用介词on来修饰，故该题正确答案为A。例3I"mlookingforward____yourletter.AtoBinCatDon解析：该题正确答案为A。lookforwardto为固定搭配，意为"期望、盼望"。（三）连词I．要点1、连词的种类（1）并列连词用来连接并列关系的词、短语或分句，如and,for,or,both…and,either…or,neither…nor等。（2）从属连词用来引导从句，如that,if,whether,when,after,assoonas等。除了从属连词（引导状语从句）外，还有其它可以用来引导从句的词类。它们是连接代词和连接副词（引导名词性从句），关系代词和关系副词（引导定语从句）。2、常用连词举例(1)and和，并且Theydrankandsangallnight.(2)both…and和，既…也…BothmyparentsandIwentthere.(3)but但是，而I"msad,butheishappy.(4)either…or或…或…，要么…要么…Eitheryou"rewrong,orIam.(5)for因为Iaskedhimtostay,forIhadsomethingtotellhim.(6)however然而，可是Affirst,hedidn"twanttogothere.Later,however,hedecidedtogo.(7)neither…nor既不…也不Neithermyparentsnormyauntagreeswithyou.(8)notonly…but(also)不但…而且…Henotonlysingswell,butalsodanceswell.(9)or或者，否则Hurryup,oryou"llbelate.Areyouaworkeroradoctor? (10)so因此，所以It"sgettinglate,soImustgo.(11)although虽然Althoughitwaslate,theywentonworking.(12)assoonas一…就I"lltellhimassoonasIseehim.(13)because因为Hedidn"tgotoschool,becausehewasill.（14）unless除非，如果不Iwon"tgounlessitisfinetomorrow.（15）until直到…Hedidn"tleaveuntileleven.(瞬间动词用于not…until结构)Hestayedthereuntileleven.（16）while当…时候，而(表示对比)WhileIstayedthere,Imetafriendofmine.(while后不可用瞬间动词)Mypenisredwhilehisisblue.（17）for因为Hewasill,forhedidn"tcome.(结论是推断出来的)（18）since自从…Ihavelivedheresincemyuncleleft.（19）hardly…when一…就Ihadhardlygottothestationwhenthetrainleft.（20）asfaras就…来说AsfarasIknow,thatcountryisverysmall.Youmaywalkasfarasthelake.(一直走到湖那里)II．例题例1Johnplaysfootball____,ifnotbetterthan,David.AaswellBaswellasCsowellDsowellas解析：该题意为：John踢足球如果不比David好的话，那也踢得和David一样好。和…一样好为aswellas.故该题正确答案为B。例2ShethoughtIwastalkingaboutherdaughter,____,infact,Iwastalkingaboutmydaughter.AwhenBwhereCwhichDwhile解析：该处意为"然而"，只有while有此意思，故选D。例3Wouldyoulikeacupofcoffee____shallwegetdowntobusinessrightaway?A.andB.thenC.orD.otherwise解析：该处意为"或者"，正确答案为C。英语语法知识难点（二）（四）动词时态、语态I．要点1、一般现在时（1）表示经常发生的动作或现在存在的状态，常与sometimes,always,often,everyday等时间状语连用。如：Sometimes,wegoswimmingafterschool.（2）表示客观真理、科学事实等。如：Theearthgoesroundthesun.2、现在进行时(1)表示说话时或现阶段正在进行的动作，常与now,atpresent等时间状语连用。如：Whatareyoudoingnow?(2)和always,continually等连用，表一种经常反复的动作，常含有某种情感。如：Heisalwaysdoinggooddeeds.3、现在完成时主要表示动作发生在过去，对现在仍有影响，或动作一直延续到现在，或可能还要继续下去，常与just,already,sofar,once,never等词连用。如:HaveyoueverbeentoBeijing? 4、一般将来时表示将来某一时间要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与tomorrow,nextyear等连用。如：I"llmeetyouattheschoolgatetomorrowmorning.We"regoingtoseeafilmnextMonday.5、一般过去时表示在过去某一时间或某一阶段内发生的动作或存在的状态，常与yesterday,lastyear,in1998,amomentago等词连用。如：Ithappenedmanyyearsago.6、过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某一时期正在发生的动作。如：Whatwereyoudoingthistimeyesterday?7、过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作。如：Thetrainhadalreadyleftbeforewearrived.８、一般过去将来时表示说话人从过去的角度来看将来发生的动作。如：Hesaidhewouldcome,buthedidn"t.９、被动语态被动语态的时态，以give为例。时／式一般进行完成amamhas现在isgivenisbeingbeengivenarearehavewaswas过去givenbeinggivenhadbeengivenwerewereshallshall将来begivenhavebeengivenwillwillshouldshould过去将来begivenhavebeengivenwouldwouldII．例题例１Ilearnedthatherfather____in1950.AhaddiedBdiedCdeadDisdead解析：该题正确答案为Ｂ。从句中的谓语动词动作虽然发生在主句谓语动词的动作之前，但因从句中有明确的过去时间状语in1950,所以不用过去完成时态，而用一般过去时态。例２Thefive-year-oldgirl____byherparents.AislookedBhaslookedforCisbeinglookedforDhasbeenlooked解析：该题正确答案为Ｃ。在带有介词的动词短语用于被动语态句中，介词不能省，否则就变成了不及物动词短语，而不能用于被动语态的句子中。（五）动词虚拟语气I．要点表示说的话不是事实，或者是不可能发生的情况，而是一种愿望、建议或与事实相反的假设等。一般常用于正式的书面语中。 １、虚拟语气的构成情景条件从句的谓语动词主句的谓语动词should与现在事实相反动词过去式（be要用were）+动词原形wouldshould与过去事实相反had+过去分词+have+过去分词would１、动词过去时should与将来事实相反２、should+动词原形＋动词原形３、wereto+动词原形would注：如果条件从句谓语动词包含有were或had,should,could有时可将if省去,但要倒装。如：Hadyou(Ifyouhad)invitedus,wewouldhavecometoyourparty.２、虚拟语气在各种从句的应用（１）在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、惋惜、理应如此等，其谓语形式是"should(可省)＋动词原形"，常用于以下三种句型中。句型一：Itisnecessary(important,natural,strange,etc)that…句型二：Itisapity(ashame,nowonder,etc)that…句型三：Itissuggested(requested,proposed,desired,etc)that…如：Itisstrangethathe(should)havedonethat.Itisapitythathe(should)besocareless.Itisrequestedthatwe(should)besocareless.（２）在宾语从句中用于suggest,propose,move,insist,desire,demand,request,order,command等动词后的宾语从句中，表间接的命令和建议。其谓语形式是"(should)+动词原形"。如：Isuggestthatwe(should)goswimming.（３）在表语从句中，表示间接的命令，要求、请求、建议、决定等，主句中的主语通常是suggestion,proposal,request,orders,idea等。从句谓语形式是"(should)＋动词原形"。如：Hissuggestionisthatwe(should)leaveatonce.（４）在同位语从句中，谓语形式是"(should)＋动词原形"。如：Wereceivedorderthattheworkbedoneatonce.（５）在Itistimethat…句型中，其谓语动词形式是"动词的过去式"或"should＋动词原形",should不可省。如：It"stime(that)wewent(shouldgo)toschool.II．例题例１Wehadhopedthathe____longer.AstaysBhavestayedCstayedDwouldstay解析：该题正确答案为Ｄ。hadhoped表示"本希望"，同样用法的动词还有think,expect等，后面的句子需用虚拟语气 例２"Marywantstoseeyoutoday"."Iwouldrathershe____tomorrowthantoday."AcomesBcameCshouldcomeDwillcome解析：该题正确答案为Ｂ。wouldrather后面的从句需用虚拟语气，用动词过去时表示。例３Hadshebeenolder,she____itbetter.AhaddoneBmighthavedoneCmightdoDwoulddo解析：Hadshebeenolder=Ifshehadbeenold.故该题正确答案为Ｂ。（六）短语动词I．要点英语中有许多短语动词在意义上是一个整体，其用法有的相当于及物动词，有的相当于不及物动词，有的兼有及物动词和不及物动词的特征。英语短语动词的构成主要有以下六种：（１）动词＋介词常见的有lookfor,lookafter,sendfor,careabout,askfor,laughat,hearof(from),addto,leadto等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后。如：Don"tlaughatothers.Ididn"tcareaboutit.（２）动词＋副词常见的有giveup,pickup,thinkover,findout,handin,pointout等。这类短语动词的宾语如果是名词，既可放在副词前边，又可放在副词后边；宾语如果是人称代词或反身代词，则要放在副词前边。如：You"llhandinyourhomeworktomorrow.Pleasedon"tforgettohanditin.（３）动词＋副词＋介词常见的有lookdownupon,goonwith,breakawayfrom,addupto,catchupwith等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后边。如：Allhismoneyaddeduptonomorethan$100.Afterashortrest,hewentonwithhisresearchwork.（４）动词＋名词＋介词常见的有takecareof,makeuseof,payattentionto,makefunof等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后边。如：Youshouldpayattentiontoyourhandwriting.Weshouldmakefulluseofourtime.（５）动词＋形容词常见的有leaveopen,setfree,cutopen等。这类短语动词的宾语如果是名词，则宾语可放在形容词的前边，也可放在后边；宾语如果是人称代词或反身代词，则必须放在形容词前边。如：Theprisonersweresetfree.Hecutitopen.（６）动词＋名词常见的有takeplace,makefriends等。这类短语动词用作不及物动词。如：Thisstorytookplacethreeyearsago.Imakefriendswithalotofpeople.（7）辨析giveaway(让给，暴露)和giveup（放弃，停止）putaway（放起，收起）和putout（扑灭）turnup（出席，放大）和turnon（打开） keepout（阻止）和keepoff（不让靠近）makeup（编造，补上）和makeout（辨认）takeoff（脱，起飞）和takeout（拿出）II．例题例１Itiswisetohavesomemoney____foroldage.AputawayBkeptupCgivenawayDlaidup解析：该题正确答案为Ａ。意为"存"；keepup意为"继续"；giveaway意为"分发"；layup"贮藏"。例２Here"smycard.Let"skeepin____.AtouchBrelationCconnectionDfriendship解析：该题正确答案为A.keepintouch为短语动词，意为"保持联系"。例３____!There"satraincoming.ALookoutBLookaroundCLookforwardDLookon解析：该题选A.lookout意为"小心"。（七）动词不定式I．要点１、不定式的形式。以动词write为例。式｜语态主动语态被动语态一般式towritetobewritten完成式tohavewrittentohavebeenwritten进行式tobewriting完成进行式tohavebeenwriting２、不定式的句法功能（１）作主语Tohearfromyouisnice.Tobeagoodteacherisnoteasy.不定式作主语时，为了保持句子的平衡，往往以it作形式主语，而不定式置于谓语动词后。如：It"snicetohearfromyou.It"snoteasytobeagoodteacher.（２）作宾语通常用于want,hope,wish,like,need,hate,begin,start,remember,agree,learn,pretend,refuse,manage,help等词后。如：Iforgottolockthedoor.Pleaseremembertowritetome.（３）作表语Myjobistopickupletters.Heseemedtohaveheardnothing.（４）作定语不定式作定语时，须放在它所修饰的名词或代词后。如：Ihavetwoletterstowrite.Ihavealotofworktodo.（５）作宾补通常用于want,wish,ask,order,tell,know,help,advise,allow,cause,force等词后。如：Heorderedhertoleaveatonce.Hewasforcedtoobeyhisorder. （６）作状语Hegotupearlytocatchthefirstbus.Heworkedhardtocatchupwiththeotherstudents.（７）作独立成分Totellyouthetruth,Itoldalie.（８）"疑问词＋不定式"结构。如：Idon"tknowhowtochoosethem.Icannotdecidewheretogo.（9）不定式的否定式。如：Idecidednottogo.（10）不定式的完成式。如：HeseemedtohavecleanedtheroombeforeIcamein.Theboyissaidtohavebeensenttothehospitallastweek.（11）too…to结构。如：Hewastooexcitedtogotosleep.Hewasonlytoogladtogo.(他太高兴了，乐意去)（12）主动表被动。如：Thebookiseasytoread.Ihaveabooktoread.II．例题例１Ihaven"tgotachair____.AtositBfortositonCtositonDforsitting解析：该题选C。不定式tositon在句中作定语，修饰名词chair.因为不定式和它所修饰的名词间是"动宾关系"，所以不定式必须是及物动词，故此处on不能省略。例2Hewasmade____.AgoBgoneCgoingDtogo解析：该题选D。makesb.dosth.如果是被动形式，不定式do前的to不能省略。例3Anewfactoryis____verysoon.AtobebuiltBbuiltCtobuildDtobuilding解析：该题选A。istobebuilt意为"将要被建"。（八）动名词I．要点动名词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法功能。１、动名词的形式，以write为例。式|语态主动语态被动语态一般式writingbeingwritten完成式havingwrittenhavingbeenwritten否定式not+动名词２、动名词的用法（１）作主语 Playingfootballismyfavoritesport.Travellingwithfriendsatweekendisfun.作主语的动名词结构复杂且长时，可用it作形式主语。如：Itisfuntravellingwithfriendsatweekend.（２）作宾语IenjoyplayingPCgame.Hegaveupwritingfiveyearsago.（３）作表语Whathehatedmostwasdoingnothing.Seeingisbelieving.动名词作表语时，句子的主语常是无生命名词或what引导的名词性从句。（４）作定语There"sadiningroominmyschool.Allthepeoplewatchinglaughed.（５）动名词的复合结构"物主代词（或名词的所有格）+动名词"。如：Tom"sgoinghomelatemadehermotherangry.Wouldyoumindmyopeningthewindow?不过，动名词的逻辑主语在遇到以下情况时，必须用名词的普通格（或人称代词的宾格）。①无生命名词Thegirlswereafraidofthedoorsuddenlyclosing.Fireburnsbetterbyoxygenbeingatwork.②有生命名词，但表泛指。Haveyoueverheardofgirlssmoking?③两个以上的有生命的名词并列。Doyoustillremembermyparentsandmecomingtoseeyouthatday?3．后面常接动名词的动词和短语mind,enjoy,finish,consider,practise,magine,keep,suggest,advise,allow,permit,beworthdoing,beusedtodoing,bebusydoing,can"thelpdoing,itisnogooddoing,itisnousedoing,lookforwardtodoing,sticktodoing,payattentiontodoing,devotetodoing,leadtodoingII．例题例１Shesaysshedoesn"tfeellike____outwithyou.AgoingBtogoCforgoingDwent解析：该题正确答案为A。feellike=want,此处like为介词，后面要接名词或动名词作宾语例２Thegardenneeds____.AwaterBwateringCtowaterDwatered解析：该题正确答案为B。need=want=require.如果物作主语，此三者后要接动名词或tobedone这一结构作宾语。例３Excuseme____you.AinterruptingBtointerruptCinterruptedDtohaveinterrupted解析：该题正确答案为A。excuse后接动名词作宾语，此句中的me为动名词的逻辑主语（常用于口语中）。（九）分词I．要点分词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有形容和副词的句法功能。它分为现在分词和过去分词两类。现在分词和过去分词的主要差别在于现在分词有一般式和完成式，过去分词则只有一般式。现在分词表动作正在进行，表主动。过去分词及物动词表动作已经完成，表被动。过去分词不及物动词表动作已经完成，表主动。 过去分词的句法功能：１、作定语IliketoreadthenovelwrittenbyLuXun.Thewomansittingbesidethebrokenwindowwasafriendofmine.２、作表语WhenIcameintotheroom,Ifoundthewindowwasbroken.I"minterestedinthisbook.３、作宾语补足语I"mgoingtohavemybikerepaired.WhenIwalkedhome,Isawthethiefcaughtbythepolice.4、作状语Seenfromthetopofthemountain,thecitylookssmall.Theteachercameintotheclassroom,followedbyhisstudents.现在分词的句法功能。1、作状语Seeingfromthetopofthemountain,Ifoundthecitywasbeautiful.Walkingalongthestreet,theysuddenlysawhim.2、作宾语Ihatebeingspokenillof.HeconsideredvisitingJapanduringthewintervocation.3、作表语Seeingisbelieving.Thebookisinteresting.4、作宾语补足语Inoticedhimcrossingthestreet.Mothercaughthimsmokinginthekitchen.5、作定语Doyouknowthemanwritingaletter?Theworkerrunningamachineismybrother.分词使用中的几个问题1、现在分词的完成式Havingcleanedtheroom,Iwentout.2、现在分词的否定式Nothavingreceivedanyletter,hefeltalittleworried.3、现在分词与过去分词的不同现在分词表示主动、正在，过去分词表示被动、完成Ifoundthemankilledthere.Ifoundthemanstandingthere.4、have结构Wehavethecarrepaired.Wehaverepairedthecar.WehaveTomrepairthecar.WehaveTomrepairingthecarthewholemorning.5、分词作表语Wewereexcitedatthenews.Thefootballgameisexciting.6、独立主格结构Itbeingafineday,wewentouttovisitthepark.II．例题例1、Time_______，I"llgoonapicnicwithyou. A.permitB.topermitC.permittedD.permitting解析：该题答案为D。Timepermitting…是独立主格结构，意为"如果时间允许的话…"例2、_______ifhehadanybadhabit,sherepliedthathewasaheavysmoker.A.AskB.ToaskC.AskedD.Asking解析：该题答案为C。主语she是被问。英语语法知识难点（三）（十）情态动词与助动词I．要点助动词本身无意义，在句中帮助主要动词构成一定的时态，语态、语气，或是帮助构成否定句和疑问句，常用的助动词有be,do,have,shall(should),will(would).情态动词表一定的词义，本身并不表示动作或状态，而仅仅表达说话人的态度，它在句中须和主要动词一起构成谓语，主要的情态动词有can(could),may(might),must,haveto,oughtto,need,dare,shall,should,will,would.1、can能，可以，表说话人同意，许可还可表客观条件许可，如:Youcangonow.提建议或请求时可用canI,canyou表客气，如CanIbuyyouadrink?can和beableto表能力时的区别。can表一般具有的能力，beableto表在特定条件下的能力，如:Althoughthedriverwasbadlyhurt,hewasabletoexplainwhathadhappened.2、may（1）、可以，表说话人同意，许可或请求对方许可。Youmaygo.（2）、（现在和将来）可能，也许，只用于肯定句和否定句中，如Hemaynotberight.3、must,havetomust表主观上的必须，haveto表客观上的必须，如:It"sgettinglate.Ihavetogo.-MustIgonow.-Yes,youmust.(No,youneedn"t./No,youdon"thaveto.)4、need,dare这二词有实意动词和情态动词两种词性，如用作实意动词后接动词不定式todo，如用作情态动词后接动词原形。NeedIgonow?--Yes,youmust./No,youneedn"t.)5、shall用于第一人称疑问句中表说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请求，如，Shallwebeginourlesson?用于二、三人称陈述句，表说话人命令、警告、允诺、威胁等口吻，如:Youshallfailifyoudon"tworkharder.6、should表应该，意为有责任，有义务。如:Weshouldtryourbesttomakeourcountrymorebeautiful.7、will表有做某事的意志、意愿、安心、打算，如"Willyoulendmeyourbook?""Yes,Iwill."，8、shouldhavedone表应该做而未做musthavedone表对过去事实的肯定推测couldhavedone表本可以做某事9、判断句：肯定句用must,否定句用can"t,不太肯定用may,mightHemustbeintheofficenow.Hemusthavegonetobed,forthelightisout.Hecan"tbeintheoffice.Heisathome.Hecouldn"thavecleanedtheclassroom,becausehedidn"tcomeheretoday.Hemightbeintheoffice,Iamnotsure.Hemighthavecleanedtheroom,Isuppose. II．例题例1，They_______towalkinthestreetatmight.A.didn"tdareB.notdaredC.notdareD.darednot解析，该题答案为A，此空需选一动词作谓语，因为后面是towalk,didn"tdare是行为动词dare过去时态的否定形式。例2，Whenhewasveryold,Mr.Smith_______sitforhourswithoutsayingaword.A.wouldB.shouldC.mustD.used解析，该题答案为A,would此处表过去的倾向性，习惯性动作，意为"总是"如:Whenwewerechildren,wewouldgoswimmingeverysummer.（十一）句子种类I．要点句子按使用目的可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句；按结构又分为简单句、并列句和复合句。1、陈述句的否定（1）在含有宾语从句的主从复合句中，当主句的谓语动词是think,expect,believe,suppose,guess,fancy,imagine等，且主句主语是第一人称时，宾语从句谓语的否定习惯上要移到主句谓语上，如:Idon"tthinkheisright.（2）含有否定意义的副词never,seldom,hardly,scarcely,rarely,barely的句子应视为否定句，如:Ihaveneverbeentherebefore.2、反意疑问句（1）need和dare既可作情态动词，又可作实意动词，在反问部分须加以区别，如Weneedn"tleave,needwe?Wedon"tneedtoleave,dowe?（2）陈述部分出现否定意义的副词或代词如never,seldom,few,hardly,little等时，反问部分须用肯定形式如：Heseldomcomes,doeshe?（3）陈述部分用不定代词作主语时，反问部分的主语用it，如：Nothingcanstopme,canit?陈述部分用everybody,everyone,somebody,someone，等作主语时，反问部分常用it，有时也用they，如:Everybodyknowsthat,don"tthey?（4）陈述部分包括usedto时，反问部分可有两种形式，如:Youusedtogetupearly,usedn"t(didn"t)you?（5）陈述部分是"there+be"结构时，反问部分用there，如:There"ssomethingwrongwithyou,isn"tthere?（6）陈述部分是含有宾语从句的主从复合句时，反问部分的主语和谓语应和主句保持一致，如:Henevertoldotherswhathethought,didhe?但，如果是Ithink,Ibelieve等+宾语从句时，反问部分须和从句的动词保持一致，如，Idon"tthinkheisright,ishe?Idon"tbelievehedoesthat,doeshe?3、感叹句用what或how,Whatabeautifulparkitis.Howbeautifulaparkitis. Howbeautifultheparkis.Howweworked!4、祈使句Takecare!Don"tstandthere.Pleaseopenthedoorfortheoldlady.II．例题例1，Don"tforgettoposttheletter,_______?A.willyouB.doyouC.won"tyouD.shallyou解析：该题答案为A，在否定句、祈使句后只用"willyou"?，但肯定的祈使句后可用如，Waitforme,will(won"t,can,can"t,could)you?例2，Let"sgooutforawalk,_______?A.willyouB.won"tyouC.shallweD.dowe解析：该题答案为C，let"s…后加上shallwe来表语气婉转、客气，而在letus后加上willyou。例3，Hehardlywritestoyou,_______?A.doesn"theB.doesheC.dotheyD.hashe解析：该题答案为B，hardly否定副词，反问部分要用肯定形式。（十二）各种从句I．要点根据从句在句中的句法功能，从句可分为名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句。1、名词性从句（1）主语从句Whathewantsisapieceofpaper.Itisbelievedthathecansolvetheproblem.注：主语从句的谓语动词用单数。（2）宾语从句Idon"tknowhowtosolvetheproblem.Doyouknowwherehelives?（3）表语从句Theproblemiswhocanhelpme.ThisiswhyIcamehere.（4）同位语从句Ihavenoideawherehewent.Iheardthenewsthathewouldcome.同位语从句用that引导，常跟在fact,idea,news,promise,thought,message,hope,belief,doubt等词后，that在从句中不作任何成分。 2、定语从句在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词，或修饰整个主句的从句叫做定语从句，引导定语从句的关系代词有who,whom,whose,which,that,as,和关系副词when,where,why。（1）that指物时一般可与which互换，但在下列情况下，要用that而不用which。a.先行词有all,everything等不定代词时，如，Everything(that)hedidiswrong.b.先行词被all,every,no,some,any,little,much等修饰时，如，I"llreadallthebooks(that)youlendme.c.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时，Thisisthefirstletter(that)theboyhaswritten.d.先行词被theonly,thevery,thesame,thelast修饰时，如Heistheveryman(that)I"mlookingfor.e.只用which的情况在介词后或在非限定性定语从句中Thisisthebookaboutwhichwehavetalkedalot.Thebook,whichhegavemeyesterday,isveryinteresting.f.where和when作关系副词ThisistheroomwhereIworked.ThisistheroomwhichIstayedin.Irememberedthedaywhenwelivedthere.IrememberedthedaythatIspentthere.g.as和whichas可以放于句首，而which不可以Asyouknow,heisgoodatEnglish.threeofthem和threeofwhichIhavealotofbooks,threeofwhichareinRussian.IhavealotofbooksandthreeofthemareinRussian.3、状语从句在复合句中起状语作用的从句叫做状语从句。状语从句可分为时间状语、地点状语、原因状语、目的状语、结果状语、条件状语、行为方式状语、比较状语、让步状语等多种。II．例题例1、_______Iacceptthegiftorrefuseitisnoneofyourbusiness.A.IfB.WhetherC.EvenifD.Nomatterwhen解析：该题答案为B。whether可以和or连用，if不可以，此外if一般仅用于宾语从句。例2、Theway_______thesecomradeslookatproblemsiswrong.A.whereB.inthatC.XD.withwhich解析：该题答案为C，先行词是way，定语从句中用that或inwhich来引导或不填。例3，____alongtimesinceIsawyoulasttime.A．ItwasB.ItisC.IthadbeenD.Itcanbe解析：该题答案为B，Itis+时间数+since引导的从句是一个句型，意为"从…时候以来过了多久了。"（十三）主谓一致 I．要点谓语受主语支配，须和主语在人称和数上保持一致，这叫做主谓一致，主谓一致包括语法一致、意义上一致和就近一致。1、语法上一致（1）、以单数名词或代词，动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词要用单数，主语为复数时，谓语用复数，如，Toworkhardisnecessaryforastudent.（2）、用and或both……and连接的并列主语，谓语动词用复数，如，BothheandIareright.但并列主语如果指的是同一人，同一事物或同一概念，谓语动词用单数，如,Histeacherandfriendisabeautifulgirl.（3）、主语是单数时，尽管后面跟有aswellas,but,except,besides,with,alongwith,togetherwith,like等，谓语动词仍用单数，如，Theteacheraswellashisstudentsisexcited.（4）、某些不定代词，如做主语，谓语动词要用单数，如:Everyonehasabook.（5）、一些只有复数形式的名词，如people,cattle,clothes等作主语时，谓语动词要用复数，如，Alotofpeoplearedancingoutside.2、意义上一致（1）、表时间、距离、价格、度量衡等的名词作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数，如，Twentyyearsisnotalongtime.（2）、表示总称意义的名词public,police,cattle,clothes等作主语时，谓语动词用复数，如，Peoplearetalkingabouttheaccident.（3）、有些集合名词，如family,team等作主语，如作为一个整体看待，谓语动词用单数，如指其中每个成员，则用复数，如，Myfamilyisabigone.MyfamilyarewatchingTV.3、邻近一致用连词or,either……or,neither……nor,whether……or,notonly…butalso,等连接的并列主语，如果一个是单数，一个是复数，则谓语动词按就近一致原则，与最靠近它的主语一致，如，EitheryouorIammad.II．例题例1、Thechemicalworks_______wheremyfatherhasworkedforthirtyyearsin1949.A.wasbuiltB.werebuiltC.isbuiltD.arebuilt解析：该题答案为A。works形式上是复数，意思上是单数，因此谓语动词用单数，类似的还有news,maths,politics,physics.例2、Theyeach_______acopyofthenewphysics.A.haveB.hasC.havingD.gets解析：该题答案为A。Theyeach不等于eachof…,eachof这个词组作主语谓语用单数如eachofthestudentshandsintheirhomework，而theyeach作主语，谓语要随each前面的词来变化。英语语法知识难点（四）（十四）倒装I．要点按"主语+谓语"这种顺序排列的句子是陈述语序，如果变为"谓语（或谓语的一部分）+主语"，就是倒装语序。1、全部倒装（1）therebe句型Thereisgoingtobeameeting.Thereisabookonthetable. （2）here,there,now,then,in,out等副词置于句首时，主谓倒装，但如果主语是人称代词时，主语和谓语语序不倒装，如，Herecomesthebus.Herehecomes.（3）直接引语的部分或全部位于句首时，有时也用倒装，如，"Whathesaidmeantnothing",saidtheteacher.（4）为保持句子平衡，强调表语或状语，使上下文紧密衔接时须完全倒装，如，Infrontofthehousesatasmallboy.2、部分倒装（1）so,neither,nor置于句首说明与前者情况一致时，如，Ilikeswimming,sodoesmybrother.（2）only+状语放在句首，如，Onlythroughthismethodcanwewin.Onlyinthiswaycanwedotheworkwell.（3）含有否定意义的词置于句首，如，Hardly,scarcely,not,seldom,nosooner,never,little,atnotime,innoway,nomore等，如，NeverhadIheardthat.LittledidIknowaboutthis.（4）以often,so+形容词或副词开头的句子，如，Soheavyistheboxthathecannotcarryit.（5）用于省略if的虚拟条件句中，将had,were,should提前，如，WereIyou,Iwouldn"tdothat.Hadhecome,wewouldhavewon.（6）用于某些表示祝愿的句中，如，Mayyoubehappyforever.II．例题例1、Notonly____thismachinebut____it.A.canherun……canherepairB.canherun……hecanrepairC.hecanrun……hecanrepairD.hecanrun……canherepair解析：该题答案为B，在notonly……but(also)句型中，只有but前面的部分倒装，but后面仍是正常语序。例2、____,itisquiteeasytodrillaholeinitwithlaser（激光）.A.HardalthoughthediamondB.HardasthediamondisC.AsthediamondishardD.Hashardisthediamond解析：该题答案为B，在让步状语从句中，从属连词as可以表示though，但要用倒装语序。例3、Onlyinthisway____toimprovethesituationthere.A.canyouhopeB.youcanhopeC.hopecanD.youhope解析：该题答案为A，only和它所修饰的状语一起置于句首时，须用倒装。（十五）it与therebe的用法I．要点1、it的用法（1）用作人称代词，代替前文提到的无生命的事物，动植物、婴儿及指示代词this,that，如Ihaveanewpen.Itisbeautiful. TheBrownshaveanewbaby.It"scute.（2）用来表示时间、天气、距离等，如，It"stwelveo"clocknow.It"sfinetoday.（3）用作引导词，代替由不定式，ing形式或从句表示的真正的主语或宾语，如，It"snogoodtellinghimthat.It"snecessaryforyoutodoso.（4）用在强调结构中，构成强调句式：Itis/was+被强调部分+that/who/whom+句子其余部分，可强调除谓语以外的句子其他成分，如，ItwasthismorningthatIsawhiminthestreet.ItwasIwhosawhiminthestreetthismorning.ItwasinthestreetthatIsawhimthismorning.ItwashimwhomIsawinthestreetthismorning.2、therebe句型英语表示某时某处或某物时，常用therebe句型，这是一种倒装结构，如，Therearealotofstudentsplayingontheground.Thereisgoingtobeatestthisafternoon.当主语有两个或两个以上时，动词be常和最近的那个主语取得一致，如，Thereisapenandthreepencilsinthepencil-box.Thereisn"tadesk,abenchandthreechairsintheroom.Therearelotsofpeoplelikeit,aren"tthere?therebe句型，谓语动词除be之外，还可用其他表示存在，位置移动等意义的不及物动词或词组，如exist,stand,lie,enter,come,happentobe,appeartobe等，如，Therestandsahouseatthefootofthehill.therebe句型表示"存在"而have表"有"、"拥有"，所以therebe中be不能换成have，但当have表示事物的特征时，可用"主语+have"结构替换therebe句型，如：Therearefivedoorsinthehouse.Thehousehasfivedoors.therebe的其它句型：1、Theremustbeameetingintheoffice.2、Therehavebeengreatchangessince1979.3、Therebeingnobus,wehadtowalkhome.I．例题例１____thathewenttosleep.AItwasuntilmidnightBThatwasuntilmidnightCItwasnotuntilmidnightDThatwasnotuntilmidnight解析：该题答案为C。强调until结构时，要将否定词not移到until前。又如：Hedidn"tleaveuntiltwelve改为Itwasnotuntiltwelvethatheleft.例２Therearealotofstudents____intheclassroom.AtalkBtalkingCtalkedDtotalk解析：该题正确答案为B。Therebe句型为倒装句，可换为Alotofstudentsaretalkingintheclassroom.又如：Thereisalotofnoiseheardoutinthestreet. （十六）省略I．要点有时为了避免重复，使语言简练紧凑，在不损害结构或引起误解的原则下，往往省去一个或多个句子成分或词语。１、固定习惯用词。如：Nosmoking!Thanksslot!等。2.简单句中的省略（１）口语中，一、二、三人称的主语，有时还包括谓语都可以省略。如：（Itis）Nicetoseeyou!(Thisis)LiMingspeaking.（２）所有格后的名词如为住宅、商店、工矿、教堂等可以省略。如：I"mgoingtovisitTom"s(house).Imethimatthetailor"s(shop).（３）两个或两个以上的动词不定式并列在一起时，第一个不定式带to，后面的不定式可省to.如:Hisjobistocleanandmendthemachine.（４）主（宾）语补足语中的tobe常省略。Hewasconsidered(tobe)thebeststudentintheclass.（５）Therebe结构中therebe可同时省略，或只省略there.如：(Isthere)Anythingwrong?（６）表示年龄的yearsold,表示钟点的o"clock,minute等常省略。如：Whattimeisitnow?It"sten(o"clock).3从句中的省略（１）宾语从句，以which,when,where,how和why引起的宾语从句谓语与主句谓语如相同，可省略从句中全部谓语，甚至主语也可省略，仅保留wh－一词。如：Hewillcome,butwedon"tknowwhen(hewillcome).Hedidn"tcome,Iwonderedwhy(hedidn"tcome).（２）定语从句中可省略作宾语的关系代词，如：Theman(whom)Isawinthestreettheotherdayismyteacher.（３）状语从句，在时间、地点、让步、方式、条件状语从句中，从句主语与主句主语一致，或从句主语是it，则be动词及其主语常可省略。如：I"lltellhimthatwhen(itis)possible.Iwon"tgothereunless(I"m)invited.II．例题例１Abeamoflightwillnotbend（弯曲）roundcornersunless____todosowiththehelpofareflectingdevice（反射装置）。AmadeBbeingmadeChavingmadeDtobemade解析：该题正确答案为A。unless后省略了itis.makesb(sth)dosth变成被动语态则为sth/sbbemadetodo.例２While____myhomework,Iheardacryforhelp.AdoBdidCdoingDhavingdone解析：该题答案为C。该空处省略了I"m,相当于whileI"mdoingmyhomework.如：Whileplayingguitar,heissinging.英语语法习题检测1.Hewasagoodswimmersohe____swimtotheriverbankwhentheboatsank.A.canB.mightC.couldbeabletoD.wasableto2．AttheChristmaspartySantaClaus(圣诞老人)____thepresentsunderthetree.A.handedbackB.handedoutC.handedinD.handedto3.Tears____thelittlematchgirl"seyesasshethoughtofherkindgrandfather. A.randownB.felldownC.cametoD.rolledinto4.Achildcan"tlearn____without____.A.tospell,helpingB.spelling,helpingC.spell,beinghelpedD.spelling,beinghelped5.OnlyonemanhadeverbeenelectedPresidentfourtimes,____FranklinD.Roosevelt.A.forexampleB.suchasC.theoneofwhomD.thatistosay6.____,themedicalteamismadeupoftwelvedoctors.A.AltogetherB.EntirelyC.CompletelyD.Wholly7.----____.----Haveagoodtime.A.I"vetoseethedoctornowB.It"stimefordinnerC.IwenttotheconcertlastnightD.I"mgoingtoapartynow8.Themanlivesina____place.Thatis,helives____fromhere.A.faraway,farawayB.faraway,farawayC.faraway,farawayD.faraway,faraway9.Thepatient"sprogresswasencouragingashecould____getoutofbedwithouthelp.A.nearlyB.onlyC.hardlyD.badly10.Wehavetosetoffrightaway,____we?A.doB.don"tC.haveD.haven"t11.Thestreetlights____onwhennightfalls.A.willhaveturnedB.willhavebeenturningC.willbeturnedD.willbeturning12."Well,inthetranslation,theword____adifferentmeaning,"saidMissDianna.A.takesonB.takesupC.lookslikeD.hasalookat13.Whenhewasthrough____hegotupandleft.A.totalkB.tobetalkedC.talkingD.beingtalked14.Thetownhas____bridge.A.afineoldstone"sB.anoldfinestone"sC.afineoldstoneD.anoldfinestones15.Ididn"tbuytheapples;hegavethemtome____nothing.A.withB.forC.atD.by 16.____speaktomelikethatagain.A.NeverB.NotC.NottoD.Can"t17.Egyptis____theoldestcountriesintheworld.A.oneB.betweenC.amongD.inthemiddleof18.Theyfought____theendandwon____theend.A.in,toB.to,inC.in,inD.to,to19.I____threehoursonthetextanditwill____meanotherhourforthegrammar.A.havespent,takeB.spend,needhaveC.take,spendD.need,take20.Theplayputonbythestudentswasquitedifferent____youimagined.A.fromwhatB.tothatC.fromwhichD.towhich答案：1-5DBCDD6-10ADDAB11-15CACCB16-20ACBAA