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  • 2022-06-17 16:00:25 发布

英语语法专题名词和冠词ppt

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RevisionoftheSentenceStructures句法结构复习高三英语第一轮复习 简单句的五种基本句型句型种类主语谓语部分谓语动词表语宾语补语S+Vi(主+谓)Patarrived.S+Vt+O(主+谓+宾)Sheplaysthepiano.S+Link.V+C(主+系+表)Theyare(系动词)heroes.S+Vt+InO+DO(主+谓+双宾)Iofferedhim5dollars.(人间物直)S+Vt+O+Oc(主+谓+复合宾语)Annmademecry. 句子成分详解句子成分意义充当词类例句主语表示句子说的是什么人或什么事名,代,数,不定式,动名词,短语或句子WestudyinHuangQiaoMiddleSchool.谓语说明主语做什么,是什么或怎么样动词或动词词组Sheisdancingunderthetree.宾语表示动作行为的对象同主语BothofuslikeEnglish.表语与联系动词连用,一起构成谓语,说明主语的性质或特征同主语Herfatherisachemist.Hiswordssoundreasonable.定语用来修饰名词或代词形,代,数,名,副,介词短语或句子Wehaveeightlessonseveryday.状语修饰动词,形容词,副词,表示动作发生的时间,地点,原因,目的,方式,结果等副词,介词短语或句子Heworksveryhard.TheyheldapartyinHollywood.宾语补足语逻辑上与宾语是主谓关系形容词,名词,介词短语等Shealwayskeepsthehouseclean.主语谓语是基础,宾表定状补辅助。宾主来自名代数,动词作谓不可无! 句子的分类分类说明例句简单句由一个主语或并列主语和一个谓语或并列谓语构成的句子。即一套主谓关系。1.TomandIfoundherthere.2.Weallbreathe,eatandwork.并列句由并列连词(and,so,but,or等)把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起而构成的句子。1.Helikeseggs,buthedoesn’tlikechickens.2.Workhardoryouwillfallbehind.复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子1.Ibelieveyouareright.2.Ifyoustudyharder,youwillpasstheexam. 复合句的种类1.____makesthisshopdifferentisthatitoffersmorepersonalservices.(06辽宁)A.WhatB.Who C.WhateverD.Whoever2.Seetheflagsontopofthebuilding?Thatwas____wedidthismorning.(06全国I)A.whenB.whichC.whereD.what 复合句的种类3.Pleaseremindme____hesaidhewasgoing.Imaybeintimetoseehimoff.(06全国I)A.whereB.whenC.howD.what4.Enginesaretomachines____heartsaretoanimals.(06山东)A.asB.thatC.whatD.which 复合句的种类5.Hespokeproudlyofhispartinthegame,withoutmentioning____histeammateshaddone.(06上海)A.whatB.whichC.whyD.while6.---It’sthirtyyearssincewelastmet.---ButIstillrememberthestory,believeitornot, ___  wegotlostonarainynight.A.whichB.that C.what D.when 复合句的种类7.Nobodybelievedhisreasonforbeingabsentformtheclass____hehadtomeethisuncleattheairport.(06重庆)A.whyB.thatC.whereD.because8.Theotherday,mybrotherdrovehiscardownthestreetat____Ithoughtwasadangerousspeed. A.asB.whichC.whatD.that 复合句的种类9.____leavestheroomlastoughttoturnoffthelights.(88) A.AnyoneB.Theperson C.WhoeverD.Who10.CarolsaidtheworkwouldbedonebyOctober,____personallyIdoubtverymuch.A.itB.thatC.whenD.which 高中英语语法复习专题之02名词和冠词海丰县梅陇中学许玮俊 专有名词(ProperNouns)和普通名词(CommonNouns)专有名词是某个(些)人,地方,机构等专有的名称,如Beijing,China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词,如:book,sadness等。名词的分类 1)个体名词(IndividualNouns):表示某类人或东西中的个体,如:apple。2)集体名词(CollectiveNouns):表示若干个个体组成的集合体,如:family。3)物质名词(MaterialNouns):表示无法分为个体的实物,如:milk。4)抽象名词(AbstractNouns):表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,如:work。普通名词又分为四类 个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算,称为可数名词(CountableNouns)物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算,称为不可数名词(UncountableNouns)所以一般情况下我们所说的名词复数指的就是可数名词的复数问题 归纳表格如下||专有名词|||名||个体名词||||||可数名词||||集体名词||||普通名词||||词||物质名词||||||不可数名词||||抽象名词|| 一般情况加-s1.清辅音后读/s/map-mapsbook-books2.浊辅音和元音后读/z/bag-bagscar-cars名词复数的规则变化(1) 以s,sh,ch,x等结尾的词加-es读/iz/bus-buseswatch-watchesbridge-bridges以ce,se,ze,(d)ge等结尾的词加-s读/iz/exercise-exercises名词复数的规则变化(2) 以y结尾的专有名词,或元音字母+y结尾的名词变复数时,直接加-s变复数:twoMarystheHenrysmonkey---monkeysholiday---holidays以辅音字母+y变y为i结尾的词再加es读/z/baby---babies名词复数的规则变化(3) 以f或fe结尾的名词变复数时:a.加-sroof---roofsb.去f,fe加-veshalf---halvesknife---knivesleaf---leaveswolf---wolveslife---livesthief---thievesc.均可handkerchief--handkerchiefs/handkerchieves名词复数的规则变化(4)一个首领(chief)带着一个农奴(serf)在海湾(gulf)的悬崖(cliff)上发现一个屋顶(roof)上面有个保险箱(safe)。一个贼人(thief)的妻子(wife)冒着生命(life)危险用半(half)片树叶(leaf)似的小刀(knife)杀死了一只狼(wolf)。 atomatosometomatoessomepotatoessomeheroesHeroeslovetomatoesandpotatoes.名词复数的规则变化(5) foot--feetchild-childrentooth--teethmouse--mice名词复数的不规则变化(1) 名词复数的不规则变化(2)man--menwoman--womenmendoctorswomenteachers aGermansomeGermansAmerican--AmericansAustralian--AustraliansCanadian--CanadianssomepolicemenapolicemanEnglishman–EnglishmenFrenchman--Frenchmen一些需要强调的表示人的名词复数 onesheeptwosheepaChinesetwoChineseaJapaneseseveralJapanese名词复数的不规则变化(3):单复数形式相同 onefish一条鱼fishes不同种类的鱼/各种各样的鱼threefish三条鱼somefish一些鱼肉可数名词不可数名词名词复数的不规则变化(4):好玩的“fish” ⑤有些名词的复数形式表示特别的意义。papers(报纸,稿件)works(工厂,作品)times(时代)drinks(饮料)manners(礼貌)⑥部分物质名词可以用复数表示种类。silksfruitsfoods⑦word用做“消息”“通知”不与冠词连用,也不用复数。WordcamethatthemeetingwouldbeheldonFriday.keepone’swordhaveaword/afewwordswithsb.havewordswithsb.leavewordinawordinotherwords备注:有些名词只有复数形式。例如。goods(货物)glasses(眼镜)compasses(圆规)thanks(感谢)clothes(衣服)remains(遗物,遗体)trousers(裤子)守信与某人说句话与某人吵嘴留言简而言之换句话说 必须注意的若干名词方面的问题(1)a.有些词既可数又不可数但意思不同:paper报纸/试卷/文件/讲义–纸张time次数/倍数–时间glass玻璃杯–玻璃room房间–空间fish鱼–鱼肉…b.有些词虽以-s结尾但却是单数:news,math(s),physics,politics,...c.有些词始终是复数形式:people(人们),clothes,trousers,glasses(眼镜),works(著作),goods(货物),times(时代)...有些词通常都是复数形式:shoes,gloves,… d.people有两种意思:人/人们;民族Thereare56peoplesinChina.民族(加-s构成复数)Thereare56peopleintheroom.人(们)(本身就是复数)e.这些是最常见的不可数名词,一般都没有复数形式news,information,weather,work(工作),bread,knowledge,advice,fun但是可以加上一些表示单位的名词来够成短语:a____ofpaper/bread/meat/work/advicea____oftea/coffeea____ofwater/milka____ofglasses/trousers/gloves必须注意的若干名词方面的问题(2)piececupglass/bottlepair a.“数词+名词”构成的合成词作定语时该名词用单数形式atwo-monthholidayan8-year-oldboy试比较theboys’400-metreracetheboys’400metres必须注意的特殊用法b.关于几个表示数量的单位词hundreds/thousands/millionsofpeople(表示约数时)9hundred/thousand/millionpeople(表示准确数量时) 名词的格在英语中有些名词可以加’s来表示所有或所属关系,带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格,如:ateacher’sbook。名词所有格的规则如下:(修饰有生命的名词用’s,无生命的一般用of结构)1)单数名词词尾加’s,复数名词词尾没有s,也要加‘s,如theboy’sbag男孩的书包,men‘sroom男厕所。专有名词s结尾(一般应加’s)Charles’sjob2)若名词已有复数词尾-s,只加’s,如:theworkers‘struggle工人的斗争。3)凡不能加“’s”的名词,都可以用“名词+of+名词”的结构来表示所有关系,如:thetitleofthesong歌的名字。4)在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时,名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词,如:thebarber‘s理发店。5)如果两个名词并列,并且分别有’s,则表示“分别有”;只有一个‘s,则表示’共有‘。   如:John’sandMary‘sroom(两间)JohnandMary"sroom(一间)6)复合名词或短语,"s加在最后一个词的词尾。   如:amonthortwo"sabsence 双重所有格在英语中,-’s所有格与of所有格放在一起使用所构成的结构叫双重所有格。例如:Somephotosofmyparents’willbeputaway.Anoldfriendofherswrotealettertoherlastweek.Alotofclothesofmyaunt"swereboughtinShanghai.双重所有格的用法(1)of前面的名词之前通常有一个限定词,如a/an,any,some,no,few,several,two等。例如:somebooksofLuXun"s鲁迅的一些作品afewfriendsofmine我的一些朋友severaltoysofthechild‘s这个孩子的几件玩具(2)of前面的名词通常可以用指示代词this,that来强调某种感情色彩。如ThisballofHuPing’sisnotexpensive.胡平的这个球不贵。I’mnotpleasedwiththatanswerofhers.我对她的答案感到不满意。 (3)of后带-’s的名词通常是表示具体的人的名词,或是名词性物主代词。例如:That"sthespiritoftheworker"s.Thisisadaughteroftheirs.3)of所有格与双重所有格结构的区别(1)侧重点不同。试区别:Sheisasisterofmyfather"s.(侧重说明父亲的妹妹不止一个)Sheisasisterofmyfather.(侧重说明“她”是父亲的惟一一个妹妹)(2)当of前的名词是picture等词时,含义不同。试区别:Itisapictureofmymother"s.这是我妈妈收藏的一幅画。Itisapictureofmymother.这是我妈妈的一张照片。 名词的句法功能:名词在句中可以做主语,表语,宾语,宾语补足语,定语,状语,同位语和呼语等.如:Yesterdayaboycametoseeyou.(主语)Edisonwasaworld-famousinventor.(表语)Wouldyoulikesomebananas?(宾语)Wechosehimmonitorofourclass.(宾语补足语)Theywillmeetattheschoolgate.(定语)Thenewfilmwilllasttwohours.(状语)MrSmith,myfirstteacher,diedyesterday.(同位语)Boysandgirls,pleaselookattheblackboard.(呼语) 高考题选:Iwrotealettertoshowmy___ofhisthoughtfulness.A.achievementB.agreementC.attentionD.appreciation2.Weallknowthat_____speakslouderthanwords.A.movementsB.performancesC.operationsD.action3.Myparentsalwaysletmehavemyown___ofliving.A.wayB.methodC.mannerD.fashion4.Thenewlawwillcomeinto__onthedayitispassed.A.effectB.useC.serviceD.existence 高考题选:5.You’llfindthismapofgreat_____inhelpingyoutogetroundLondon.A.priceB.costC.valueD.usefulness6.–Whodidyouspendlastweekendwith?--______.A.Palmer’sB.ThePalmers’C.ThePalmersD.Thepalmer’s7.I’lllookintothematterassoonaspossible.Justhavealittle__.A.waitB.timeC.patienceD.rest8.Thenumberofpeopleinvited____fiftybutanumberofthem___absentfordifferentreasons.A.were,wasB.was,wasC.was,wereD.were,were 高考题选:9.Asaresultofdestroyingtheforestsalarge____ofdesert____coveredtheland.A.number,hasB.quantity,hasC.number,haveD.quantity,have10.Hereismycard.Let’skeepin____.A.touchB.relationC.connectionD.friendship11.Wehavemissedthelastbus.I’mafraidwehaveno___buttotakeataxi.A.wayB.choiceC.possibilityD.selection12.Wehaveworkedouttheplanandnowwemustputitinto____.A.factB.realityC.practiceD.dead13.–HowcanIrepairit?---Well,lookatthe_____.A.explanationsB.expressionsC.instructionsD.introductions RevisionoftheArticles冠词复习高三英语第一轮复习语法专题之02 1(2005.湖南)Ican’trememberwhenexactlytheRobinsonsleft____city.Ionlyrememberitwas___Monday.A.the;theB.a;theC.a;aD.the;a2(2004.全国)Ifyoubuymorethanten,theyknock20percentoff______.A.apriceB.priceC.thepriceD.prices说听双方均知晓的事物或定指的事物用定冠词;泛指用不定冠词考点1考查不定冠词和定冠词的基本用法 不定冠词的特殊考查要点11(2006.I)-Hello,couldIspeaktoMr.Smith?-Sorry,wrongnumber.Thereisn’t____Mr.Smithhere.2(2004)-John,thereis____Mr.Wilsononthephoneforyou.-I’minthebath.A./B.aC.theD.one1、不定冠词放在姓名前=acertain,意为“某一(个)”。 不定冠词的特殊考查要点2Johnhadmadeuphismindtogiveitup,buton___secondthoughthedeterminedtotry____thirdtime.A./;aB./;/C.a;aD.the;a2、不定冠词放在序数词前表“再一,又一”。 1Onewaytounderstandthousandsofnewwordsistogain____goodknowledgeofbasicwordformation.A./B.theC.aD.one2Chinafirst-everF1racehasproved__greatsuccess.Itprovides___platformforChinesecompaniestoconnectwiththeinternationalmarket.A.a;aB./;aC./;theD.the;the不定冠词的特殊考查要点33.抽象名词具体化和不可数名词具体话常加定冠词asuccess/failure/shame/surprise/honor/pleasure 1.(2005安徽)AfterdinnerhegaveMr.Richardson___ridetotheCapitalAirport.2.Thedriverwasat___losswhenwordcamethathewasforbiddentodriveforspeeding.A.a;B./C.theD.one不定冠词的特殊考查要点44、常用于一些固定搭配中 常考不定冠词使用搭配amostimportanttip,a17thcenturycottage,haveagiftfor,acollectionof,aworldof,givesb.aride(载某人一程),keepupagoodstateofmind(处于良好的状态或情形),beataloss,inamess,ameansof,makealiving,haveabetterunderstandingof…,therewasatimewhen…..,makeadiscovery,withoutsayingaword, 常考不定冠词搭配onasecondthought,haveabreak,makeastudyof,makeastir(产生轰动),take/haveawalk,allofasudden,keepitasecret,developaninterestin,inahurry,payavisitto,anaverageof….,manya+n(不止一个) 定冠词的特殊考查要点11(2005安徽)AfterdinnerhegaveMr.Richardson__rideto___CapitalAirport.A.the;aB.a;theC.a;/D.the;/2(2004重庆)Themostimportantthingaboutcottoninhistoryis___partitplayedin___IndustrialRevolution.A./;/B.the;/C.the;theD.a;the1、由普通名词构成的专有名词前加定冠词。thegreatwall,theWHO等 (山东模拟)InChina,____carisbecoming____popularmeansoftransportation.A.the;aB.a;/C.the;theD.a;the(2004广东)Whilehewasinvestigatingwaystoimprovethetelescope,Newtonmade__discoverywhichcompletelychanged___man’sunderstandingofcolor.A.a;/B.a;theC./;theD.the;a定冠词的特殊考查要点22、the+可数名词单数特指某一类别。注意:man表示“人类”时只能用单数,不能加冠词。 -Whoinvented____computer?-Idon’tknow.A.aB.theC./D.one定冠词的特殊考查要点33、发明创造物前加定冠词the。 (2000北京春)Summerin___southofFrancearefor____mostpartdry.A./;aB.the;/C./;/D.the;the定冠词的特殊考查要点44、表示方位的名词前加定冠词the。但在atowneastofChongqing等结构中方位名词前不用冠词。 Thecleaningwomengetpaidby__hour.A./B.theC.anD.one定冠词的特殊考查要点55、按….方式的表达中。getpaidbythehour/theday…注意:besoldbyweight/time…bythe+度量衡单位名词=in+名词复数by+度量衡名词 -Thisisoutof___questionanexampleofanimportantrulethatappliestoallmachines.-Thankyouforyourexplanation,butitleftmenone____wiser.A.the;aB.a;theC./;theD.a;/定冠词的特殊考查要点66、在固定短语和搭配中 knock10%offtheprice,onthephone,thesame,theformer….thelatter….,breakthesilence,intheSouthofChina,forthemostpart(整体上,多半),theChinese/Japanese/Frenchlanguage,thefirstone,thelargestone,theSmiths,nonethe+比较级(一点也不比….),thecityofLondon/Shanghai,makethemostof,forthemoment(暂时),intheeventof….(=incaseof),playthepianothesun/moon/universe常考定冠词的固定搭配 Fiveyearsagoherbrotherwas____universitystudentof____physics.A.a;theB.,an;theC.an;/D.a;/零冠词的特殊考查要点11、在学科名词前不用冠词。 (北京模拟)Infaceof____failure,itisthemostimportanttokeepup____goodstateofmind.A./;aB.a;/C.the;/D./;the零冠词的特殊考查要点22、在专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词前不用冠词。如:Australia,wool,air,life,love,education,society,failure等等。但注意抽象名词具体化前加冠词。 Hewaselected____presidentoftheUSA.JorgeBush,____presidenttotheUSA,isvisitingChina.零冠词的特殊考查要点33、独一无二的头衔、职位名词作表语,补语或同位语。 1._____wordcomesthatChinahaswontheFIFAWorldcup.A./B.OneC.AD.The2.(广东)Whilehewasinvestigatingwaystoimprovethetelescope,Newtonmade___discoverywhichcompletelychanged___man’sunderstandingofcolor.A.a;/B.a;theC./;/D.the;a零冠词的特殊考查要点44、word表“消息”man表“人类”前不用冠词。 1.Hisdreamwastoturn____doctor.2.____childasheis,heknowsalot.A./B.theC.aD.one零冠词的特殊考查要点55、turndoctor/teacherturn表当….名词前不用冠词;在as引导的让步状语从句中,提前的名词前无冠词。Childasheis,….. (2004年天津)Whenheleft____college,hegotajobas____reportinanewspaperoffice.A./;aB./;theC.a;theD.the;the零冠词的特殊考查要点64、零冠词的常见考查短语 零冠词的常考短语leaveschool/college,incaseoffire,withoutdoubt,bytrain/bus=inabus,onfoot,takeoffice(就职),inquantity(批量地),indanger,introuble,underpressure,gotobed,turndoctor,putsbinprison,outofdate,takesbprisoner,listentomusic,liveinpeacewith…,beinuse,atsea,underconstruction,indebt,cometopower,ingoodcondition,intimeof,inhonorof,infavorof, 1._____boxcannotbeliftedbyaboyoffive.A.SoaheavyB.SoheavyaC.AsuchheavyD.Suchheavya2.Itisgenerallybelievedthatteachingis____itisascience.A.anartmuchasB.muchanartasC.asanartmuchasD.asmuchanartas冠词的位置 冠词的位置1、how/that(那么)/so/as+adj+a/an+n;2、quite/rather/what/such/many+a/an+(adj)+n;3、all/both/half/twicethe+n….例如:soheavyabox=suchaheavybox;thatexpensiveacar=suchanexpensivecar;allthestudents;twicethesizeof...Heisasgoodastudentasyou.Shesangquiteabeautifulsong. 冠词与比较级(2006全国)Yourstoryisperfect;I’veneverheard___before.A.thebetteroneB.thebestoneC.abetteroneD.agoodoneMr.Smithowns______collectionofcoinsthananyoneelseIhaveevermet.A.largerB.alargerC.thelargerD.alarge -Didyouenjoyyourselfattheparty?-Yes.I’veneverbeento______  onebefore.A.amoreexcited B.themostexcitedC.amoreexcitingD.themostexciting 总结目前高考试题单纯考冠词的定指、泛指等较少,多数结合具体语境进行考查。在做题是不可一味套用冠词用法的固定规则,而需要根据具体语境判断定指还是特指;判断抽象名词具体化的各种情况;有些名词被形容词修饰则前面可用定冠词或不定冠词。总之,根据语境解题符合表达习惯是解题的最根本手段。 Homework:抄写模块1Unit1的安妮日记部分,划出其中的名词和冠词,并说明其用法。 Seeyounexttime!