英语语法教学课件：英语句子概论 31页

英语句子概论 英语句子概论基本成分附属成分独立成分省略成分连接成分简单句并列句复合句 主语＋不及物动词（S+Vi）主语＋及物动词＋宾语(S+Vt+O)主语＋系动词＋表(S+LV+predicative)主语＋双宾动词+间宾+直宾(S+Vt+IO(人)+DO(物))主语＋宾补动词＋宾语＋宾语补语(S+Vt.+O+OC)There+be/stand/lie/live...简单句的五种基本句型主语、动词（不及物动词、及物动词、双宾动词、系动词、宾补动词)、宾语及补语可以称为基本句子成分。完整的句子一般至少包含2个基本成分，至多4个基本成分。 nounadj./adv.infinitiveV-ingV-edetc.主语谓语宾语宾语宾补表语宾语(间)宾语(直)VtV-lViNoun/PronounThe+adjV-ing/ClauseInfinitiveNoun/Pronoun/The+adjV-ing/Clause/Infinitive英语句子基本成分示意图be/feel/seem/lookappear/liebecome/get/grow/turngo/come/remain/keeptaste/smelletc.nounpronounadj./adv.infinitiveV-ing/V-edclauseetc. 主语＋不及物动词Shecame．/Myheadaches.主语＋及物动词＋宾语ShelikesEnglish.主语＋系动词＋主语补语Sheishappy．主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语ShegaveJohnabook．Sheboughtabookforme.主语＋宾补动词＋宾语＋宾语补语Shemakeshermotherangry．Theteacheraskedmetoreadthepassage.There+beThereliesabookonthedesk.简单句基本句型实例 附属成分基本成分的修饰语。可以是：定语：即用来修饰名词的单词、短语或从句状语：即用来修饰名词或代词以外的词的单词、短语或从句。定语PoorJohntotteredtowardahospitalnearby．ShelikesorangesimportedfromtheUSA.JohngaveMarymanybooks，whicharefullofillustrations．Haveyouseenthebookonthedesk?Theboyplayingoverthereismybrother.Peopletherelikesports. Johnoftencametochatwithme．Johnlikesorangesverymuch．Wheneverhegetsdrunk，JohnmakesMaryveryangry．Hearingthenews,hejumpedwithjoy.Ashewasill,hedidn’tcometoclassyesterday.Sheissittingatthedesk,doingherhomework.Myfatherworkedinthisschooltenyearsago.You’dbetterstayhere.状语 Examples:Oh！Whatisthat！（惊叹词）Hehas，alas，failedagain．Comehere，John．（呼语）Rollon，Ocean，rollon．句中可以去掉的成分，去掉后不影响句子的完整性。这种成分和句子的其他词没有语法的关系。独立成分 （You）Comehere．（Iwishyou）Goodluck！Somegavehimpraises，butothers（gavehim）rotteneggs．Herunsasfastas,if(hedoes)not(run)faster,thanyou.(I)Hopeyoulikeit.JohnshouldcleantheroomtodayandPeter(shouldcleanit)tomorrow.句中被省略的成分，虽然未说出来，却在句中表示一定的意思：省略成分 连接成分实际上是一个连词，用来连接两个或几个平行的词、短语和分句。这种连词叫做并列连词。另一类连接成分是用来连接两个句子、且一个句子从属于另一个句子（即从句）的连词。这类连词叫从属连词。从属连词主要用于引导各种从句。一个完整的句子（主句或从句）必须包含2个到4个基本成分，此外，如果意思上有需要，还可包含一个或更多其他的句子成分。连接成分 简单句简单句只有一个限定动词（即只有一个主谓结构），它是最小的句子单位。主要起下列四种作用中的一种。作一种陈述提出一个问题发出一种命令或请求表示一种感叹Examples:Theboyhitthedog./Thedogbittheboy.Thegirlreadthebooks./Thebookspleasedthegirl.Stephenapologizedatonce.Doestheshopcloseat7tonight?Shutthedoor.Whataslowtrainthisis! 简单句的基本词序主语动词部分宾语状语（谓语）方式地点时间Iboughtahatyesterday.Thechildrenranhome.Thetaxidrivershoutedatmeangrily.Weateourmealinsilence.Thecarstoppedsuddenly.Ayounggirlwalkedconfidentlyintheroom.Theydrovehimawayinapolicecar. 简单句的扩展成份简单句的主语、宾语可以加上一个短语（如定语）来扩展，及物动词或不及物动词也可以与其它短语（如状语）连用进行扩展。Thedogjumpedthroughthewindow.Heissavinguptobuyamobilephone.Abrightlittleboywithrosycheeksputthreebottlesofmilkquietlyonmydoorstepbeforeseveno’clock.HeworkedlikeamadmaninthegardenonSaturday.Theyounggirlwithlongblackhairseemstobeveryhappy. 两个简单句的主语可以连词and、but、both..and、either…or、neither…nor、notonly…butalso等连词连接组成一个简单句，但应注意主语和谓语动词的一致性。ThebossisflyingtoParis.HissecretaryisflyingtoParis.ThebossandhissecretaryareflyingtoParis.BoththebossandhissecretaryareflyingtoParis.ThebossisflyingtoRome.HissecretaryisnotflyingtoRome.ThebossbutnothissecretaryisflyingtoRome.ThebossmaybeflyingtoBerlin.HissecretarymaybeflyingtoBerlin.EitherthebossorhissecretaryisflyingtoBerlin.ThebossisnotflyingtoYork.Hissecretaryisn’tflyingtoYork.NeitherthebossnorhissecretaryisflyingtoYork.主语、谓语、宾语的合并 两个简单句的宾语可由and、both…and等连词连接组成一个简单句。ImetJane.Imetherhusband.ImetJaneandherhusband.ImetbothJaneandherhusband.Itwascold.Itwaswet.Itwascoldandwet.Ididn’tmeetJane.Ididn’tmeetherhusband.Ididn’tmeeteitherJaneorherhusband.ImetneitherJanenorherhusband.两个或两个以上限定动词也可合并为一个简单句。Wesangallnight.Wedancedallnight.Wesanganddancedallnight.主语、谓语、宾语的合并 并列句需把几个意思连接在一起时，可用分号或把两个或几个简单句用并列连词连接起来，这种结构即构成一个并列句。用分号：Wefishedallday;wedidn’tcatchathing.用分号，后跟一个连接副词：Wefishedallday;however,wedidn’tcatchathing.用并列连词（如and、but、so、yet等）Wefishedallday,but(we)didn’tcatchathing. 并列句常用并列连词coordinatingconjunctions平行并列连词:转折并列连词：因果并列连词:选择并列连词:and,both…and,notonly…butalso,neither…nor,andthenbut,however,while,yetfor,soor,either…or,neither…nor 并列句并列句的词序：并列句基本上保留了简单句的词序。主语谓语宾语连词主语动词表语Jimmyfelloffhisbikebut(he)wasn’thurt.五种简单句型可用并列连词连接起来组成并列句。主谓状（方式）连主谓表Frankworkedhardand(he)becameanarchitect.主谓宾连主谓地点I’vegotacold,soI’mgoingtobed.主谓宾宾补连主谓宾Theymadehimchairman,but(they)didn’tincreasehissalary. Exercise:请用合适的并列连词把每组句子合并为一个并列句。Hewastired,sohewenttobed.1.Hewastired.Hewenttobed.2.Thechildhidbehindhismother"sskirt.Hewasafraidofthedog.3.Hemadeapromise.Hedidn’tkeepit.Hemadeapromise,butHedidn’tkeepit.Thechildhidbehindhismother"sskirt,forhewasafraidofthedog. 由一个主句和一个或者一个以上从句所构成的句子。在英语书面语中应用广泛。主句是一个完整的句子,它可以独立存在。从句是一个不完整的句子,它必须和一个主句连用，不能独立存在。复合句可以通过把两个以上简单句连接在一起构成,但复合句的各组成部份并非同等重要，其中一个句子由从属连词引导（从句），用以修饰另一句子（主句）。复合句=主句+从句复合句 复合句是在简单句的基础上，通过从属连词将两个或两个以上简单句连接在一起而构成。从属连词所引导的从句起形容词、名词、副词的作用。复合句主要包含以下类型从句：1.主语从句2.宾语从句3.表语从句4.定语从句5.状语从句6.同位语从句英文写作中最常使用的从句宾语从句状语从句定语从句 复合句与简单句：复合句=简单句+从属连词+简单句Hetoldmethenews.thatthematchhadbeencancelled.宾语howmuchhewaspreparedtopayformycar.thatIcouldhavethemoneywithoutdelay.howmuchhewaspreparedtopayformycarandthatIcouldhavethemoneywithoutdelay.whenhewasleavingforParis.thathisfatherwasworkinginthatschool.宾语从句 复合句与简单句：复合句=简单句+从属连词+简单句Idon’tknowhim.Hehasfinishedhisworkthathehasfinishedhiswork.whetherhehasfinishedhiswork.宾语从句HeisleavingforWashington.thatheisleavingforWashington.whenheisleavingforWashington.whyheisleavingforWashington.howheisleavingforWashington.whetherheisleavingforWashington. 复合句与简单句：复合句=简单句+从属连词+简单句thepeoplesurprisedThatWhathesaidwhathedid主语Thathedidn’tknowtheanswerintheroom.定语whoweresittingintheroom.whowerepresent.whosesonswereatwar.whohadsignedthecontract. 复合句与简单句：复合句=简单句+从属连词+简单句Thatisthefact.表语whatheneeds.whathegaveme.whyhewaslate.becausehewasill.whathashappened. 复合句与简单句：复合句=简单句+从属连词+简单句Heworkedinthatfactorythreeyearsago.地点状语时间状语wherehisfatherworkedinthatfactorywhereIlivedwhenhelivedthereHisfatherworkedthere.Ilivedthere.Helivedtherethreeyearsago. 复合句与简单句：复合句=简单句+从属连词+简单句Putthebookonthedesk.whereyoutookit.whereitwas.地点状语whereyoufoundit.Youcan’tcamphere.wheretherearealotoftrees.whereveryoulike. 指出下列各从句的类型Ibelievethateverythingisgoingonwell.ShewasreadinganovelwhenIcamein.Sheisthegirlwhosingsbestinmyclass.宾语从句状语从句定语从句Practice 用所给连词连接句子。Hehasfoundout.Shewaslate.(why)Hehasfoundoutwhyshewaslate.Istillremembertheday.IfirstwenttoYorkonthatday.(when)IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstwenttoYork.将各组句子连接为一个含有状语从句的复合句。PracticeHedidn’tcomeyesterday.Hewasill.(原因)Hedidn’tcomeyesterdaybecausehewasill. I’llgivethelettertohim.Iseehim.（时间）Itissuchabigbox.Nobodycanmoveit.（结果）We’llgotothegreatwall.It’sfinetomorrow.(条件)Weshouldnotgothereallthetime.Theplaceisquitepleasant.(让步）Itissuchabigboxthatnobodycanmoveit.We’llgotothegreatwallifit’sfinetomorrow.Althoughtheplaceisquitepleasant,weshouldnotgothereallthetime.I’llgivethelettertohimwhenIseehim.I’llgivethelettertohimassoonasIseehim.I’llgivethelettertohimthemomentIseehim. THEEND