英语语法知识体系 94页

ENGLISHGRAMMARSchoolofForeignLanguagesJiangsuTeachersUniversityofTechnology IntroductionWhatislanguage?Whatessentialelementsdoesalanguageconsistof?Whatisgrammar?Whydowehavetolearngrammar?Howdowelearngrammar? 英语语法知识体系语法词法句法名词代词动词形容词副词数量词冠词介词连词感叹词句子成分独立成分省略倒装转换合并标点句子类型 目　　　录名词代词动词形容词副词数量词冠词介词连词感叹词句子成分主谓一致句子类型独立成分倒装省略转换与合并标点 名词可数/不可数单数/复数规则变化/不规则变化阴性/阳性所有格功用 1.抽象名词的具体化Itisalmostaprofessiontobeacelebrity．Hehasagoodpracticalknowledgeofcomputerscience．Hemadeanearnestinvestigationwithreferencetoagricultureinthatarea．名词 2．具体名词的抽象化Hewasprincipalofouruniversity．Manisthemasterofhisownfate．Womanplaysanequallyimportantpartasman．Morningisthebesttimeforstudy． 3.外来语名词的复数形式die：---dies货币等的印模---dice骰子formula：---formulas俗套话---formulae公式genius：---geniuses天才人物---genii神仙，恶魔index：---indexes索引---indeces指数medium：---fmediums巫师---media手段，媒介物 4.双重所有格的使用Hefoundaboneofthedog’s．Hefoundaboneofthedog．Hefoundthedog’sbone．IsawaportraitofShakespeare’s．IsawaportraitofShakespeare．IsawShakespeare’sportrait． 5.名词状语的语法意义Thegroundissnowwhite．(=Thegroundisaswhiteassnow．)Chinaisworldfamousforthebeautyofnaturalscenery．(=Chinaisfamousforthebeautyofnaturalsceneryintheworld．) 6.名词向动词的转化Bustraystodishroom．Shemotheredherbrotherandsister．Hehurriedlypencilledthetimeonit．Pleasewheeltherubbishouttothedump． 7.名词与形容词做定语的意义区别aChinanewsman一位在中国的新闻记者(未必是中国人)aChinesenewsman一位中国籍的新闻记者(未必在中国)Chinaedition专门销售到中国的版本(未必是中文本)Chineseedition中文版本(此版本未必专门销售到中国)Chinapolicy对华政策Chinesepolicy中国政策 代词类型主格/宾格特指/泛指不定代词 1.指上文/下文提到的人或物Therearetwoclassesofpeople:theselfishandtheselfless:thesearefoundinworkingclass,whilethoseinthecapitalists. 2.宾格还是主格---Yououghttodoit.---What,me! 3.人称代词名词化Inoticedthat,asusual,thereweremoreshesthanhesinthisroom. 4.we的特殊用法We’llnowexplainthetext.(代替I) 5.You的特殊用法Itwasnotabadlife.Yougotupatseven,hadbreakfast,wentforawalk,andatnineo’clockyousatdowntowork.(暗指某人) 6.第三人称的特殊用法He,whoknowsnothingbutpretendstoknoweverything,isindeedagood-for-noting.(用于谚语中) 7.人称代词的排列顺序You,heandIhavebeenchosen.Iandhe/Heandyouaretoblame. 8.反身代词与介词的连用Tenenemywillnotperishofthemselves.Onecannotdosuchathingforoneself.Theymadethemodelplanesallbythemselves.Thisproblemgetsachaptertoitself.Diamondishardinitself.Hewasbesidehimselfwithjoy. 课堂练习请判断这四种说法哪一个不正确？theother’s/others’/theothers’/other’scopytheother’s/others’/theothers’homeworkcopyother’shomeworkDickisnothonestatall.Heoftencheatsbycopyingother’shomework. 动词时态语态语气功用：谓语/非谓语 不表示一般现在时的一般现在时结构HeleavesforAmerica,andgetsbacksoon.Ihandyouthisletter.Johnarriveshomenow.heseeshiswife.Shecriesbitterly,buthedoesnotseemtorecognizeher.Explanationofkeyanddifficultpoints动词的时态 不表示正在进行时的正在进行时结构Theflowerisopening.Imustbegoingnow.Wearesimplydefendingourownbenefit.Heislacking（=deficient）incourage.Wearewonderingifyoucanjoinus.动词的时态 不表示现在完成时意义的现在完成时结构We’llstartattwelveifithasstoppedrainingbythattime.Theyoftenplaybasketballaftertheyhavehadsupper.动词的时态 过去完成时的特殊用法IhadexpectedtoseethefilmbutIcouldn’tgetaticket.（…wanted/hoped/thought/supposed/meant…）动词的时态 将来进行时的某些用法表示事情正有进展，其动作是由客观情况决定的。---I’veforgottentopostthisletter.---Don’tworry.I’llbepassingthepostoffice.生动、形象地表现将来动作的情景。Ifyoudon’twrite,theywillbewonderingwhathashappenedtoyou.表示未来某动作迟于所安排的第一个动作。TheyarestudyingBook2nextterm,andlaterthey’llbestudyingBook3. 强调未来动作的持续。Ihopeitwon’traintomorrow.表示推测或语气较委婉的命令。Motherwillbeexpectingme,andgettinguneasy.表示一种无意图的动作。He’lldohisbest.用于特殊疑问句，表示礼貌。Whatareyougoingtohaveforbreakfast?用于一般疑问句，用来提出一个有礼貌的问题。Willyou（please）cometoseemesoon? 非将来时形式表示将来时间〖表示将来时形式的多种形式〗will/shall＋动词原形begoingto＋动词原形beto＋动词原形be＋V-ingbeabout＋不定式will/shallbeV-ing一般现在时 〖一般现在时表示将来时〗Waitandseewhatfollows.〖一般过去时表示将来时〗Don’tforgettocalltoletusknowyouarrivedsafely.Iwonderedifyouwerefreetonight. “动词+a/an+名词”的结构特点havea+n.takea+n.givea+n.makea+n.doa+n.动词短语 不能变为被动句的主动句Themanpossessedgreatwealth.Thejarholdsoil.WordsfailustoexpressourloveandrespectforPremierZhou.动词的语态 被动形式表示主动意义be+excited(attached,occupied,charged,stationed,dressed,seated,……)动词的语态 主动形式表示被动意义Goodmedicinetastesbitter.Ripeorangespeeleasily.Thestoneshavewornsmooth.Theworkdoesnotpay.动词的语态 被动结构与系表结构的区别Thewaywaslostbetweenthetrees.（系表结构）Thebridgewascompletedin1999.（被动结构）动词的语态 “情态动词+不定式完成式”1.must+havev-ed2.can/could+havev-ed3.may/might+havev-ed4.should/oughtto+havev-ed5.will/would+havev-ed6.needn’t+havev-ed情态动词 由情态动词引起的问句的肯定和否定回答CanI…?MayI…?MustI…?NeedI…?情态动词 shall和will不一定都表示将来时IshalldiewhenIamold.（表示自然规律，不是任何人的愿望）2.Iwilldie,Ihatetolive.（表示说话人自己的愿望）3.IpromiseIwillpayyou.（表示意愿）4.Youshallnotsmoke.（表示禁止）情态动词 形容词和副词功用和位置比较级和最高级规则变化/不规则变化 名词化形容词的用法一类人theyoung(old,sick,wounded,poor,rich,weak,strong…)一类事/物thegood(beautiful,true…)在固定搭配中frombadtoworse,frombigtoinfinite,atone’sbusiest… 单个形容词做后置定语在由any,some,no,every所构成的复合代词之后Thereissomethingwrongwithmyradio.但形容词前有定冠词的则不必后置Andthere,glowingwithfaintbluelightintheglasstest-tubesonthetables,wasthemysterioussomethingwhichtheyhadworkedsohardtofind:Radium.大多数以-able和-ible结尾的形容词Thisistheonlyfuelavailable. 以a开头的某些形容词Theyarethemosthappymenalive.某些外来词allthestudentsandteacherspresent表示时间的某些形容词intimepast形容词化的过去分词，视情况而定I’llnevergetmarried---Idon’twanttospendmylifesurroundedbyscreamingchildren. 前置或后置，意义有别Afterdueconsideration,hetookupthestudyofJapanese.Thebillduetodayistoohigh.后置的形容词可与不定式、介词短语或从句等连用Heisamandifficulttoworkwith. 动态形容词和静态形容词动态形容词可用于以be开头的祈使句。Don’tbesorudewiththechildren.动态形容词可用于动词be的进行时态之后作表语。Theyounggirlisbeingsweet.动态形容词常用于“it+is+adj.+of…”的机构中，静态形容词一般用于“it+is+adj.+for…”的结构中。Itiskindofyoutohelpme.Itiseasyforyoutodothework.静态形容词可以构成“the+adj.”的短语，表示一类人或物。 副词的非状语功能作表语Theriveris500metersacross.作定语Theonlywayoutistofight.作介词宾语Hedidnotknowtheansweruntilquiterecently.作补语Iamgladtoseeyouupandabout. 副词up与down的用法Itgetshotwhenthesuncomesup.Itgetscoldwhenthesungoesdown.Hehasgoneupnorth.Hehasgonedownsouth.Herspiritswentup.She’sdowninspirits. 形容词和副词的异类比较同类比较Irunfasterthanyourbrother.异类等量比较Thereisasmuchmilkaswaterinthiscup.异类不等量比较HeknowsmoreaboutmusicthanIknowaboutliterature.异质同等程度比较Theroomisaslongaswide.异质不同等程度比较Theyaremorebravethanwise. 比较级的各种表达方式1.as...as…2.more…than…3.themoreofthetwo…4.senior(junior,superior,inferior,anterior,posterior)to5.通过上下文暗中比较6.用over,above,nextto,comparewith等词汇手段表示7.在句中插入nottospeakof,nottomention,tosaynothingof,letalone等否定结构，可表示比较意义。8.动词prefer…to,choose…before可表示比较意义。 单音节形容词比较等级的构成1.由过去分词、现在分词演变而来的形容词Youaremorelearnedthanhe.2.表示国籍的形容词转义表示该国人的行为举止时HeismoreEnglishthantheEnglish.3.只作表语的双音节形容词Iammoreafraidofyouthanhe. 4.形容词之后接定语或宾补Theyfounditmoreeasytorememberthetextthantheindividualwords.5.比较在同一人或物内进行的Theboyismoreshythanunsocial.6.形容词在句中只表示强调不表示比较的Theypreferamoresweettypeofbeerduringthewinter.7.复合形容词只在第一个形容词此尾加-er,-est构成Thechangehereisevendeeper-rooted.8.在“the+比较级，the+比较级”结构中可用moreThemoreoldheis,themorewisehebecomes. 没有比较等级的形容词表示方位的形容词表示终极意义或绝对概念的形容词某些表示绝对状态的形容词某些表示时间概念的形容词表示事物性质、物质材料或结构成分的形容词表示顺序或含有明确数学概念的形容词表示独一无二的形容词表示几何形状的形容词表示国籍的形容词以a开头的形容词 比较等级的分量/程度加强语+as…as…Whatyoudidisjustasfitaswhatyouhadsaid.加强语+morethan…ShearrivedearlierthanIbyfiveminutes.加强语+themostTheYellowRiveristhesecondlongestoneinChina. 数量词基数词/序数词实际应用 序数词的某些表达法thefirst(street)floorthegroundfloorthesecond(next)beststudent 数词的某些特殊作用和意义用于文学作品中，表示夸张、渲染…yetforyou,Iwouldbetrebledtwentytimesmyself…构成固定词组或成语Itissixofoneandhalfadozenoftheother.构成谚语Twoofatradeneveragree.表示某些特定意义ten-twenty-thirty 某些数词的特殊用法All,both,one,half,aquarter,treble,quadruple,athird,double,sixtimes的用法.onethirdhispricedozen,score,hundred,thousand,million,billion的用法ascoreofthesepeople 数词的复数形式做简单乘法时表示“几十年代”时表示“几十几岁”时表示复数概念时表示“成百上千”，“成千上万”，“几亿”，“无数”等时many(afew,several,some…)+hundred(s)of…表示“多少人一组或一排”时表示分数时序数词表示“第几名”时在固定用语中 倍数的表达法“倍数+as+形容词（副词）+as”“倍数+as+形容词（副词）+as+数字”“倍数+thesize(length,height…)of…”“倍数+比较级+than”“increase(decrease,reduce)+by+数字(倍数)”“increase(decrease,reduce)+to+数字(倍数)”“倍数+upon(over)”“exceed(increase,decrease,reduce)+bythefactorof+倍数”“倍数+what从句” 比例、乘方、方根、分数、小数的表示法比例的表示法Heearned$700permonthtoMary’$600.乘方、方根的表示法105：thefifthpoweroften,tentothefifth分数、小数的表示法3/7：threesevenths …long/wide/high/thick/deep/round……inlength/width/height/diameter/circumference……by…inches…squaremiles…quarts/gallons/pints/litersof…sth.weighs……ounces/pounds/stone长、宽、高、深、重、面积、体积等的表示法 年龄的表示法Heistwenty(years/months/daysold).Heistwentyyearsofage.Heisagedtwenty.Heisatwenty.Heisatwenty-year-oldboy.…at20/attheageof20/aged20/age20 冠词分类用法 1.不定冠词的选用A．以u开头的单词前的不定冠词Heisa/anundergraduate．B．以h开头的单词前的不定冠词I’llwaitherefora/anhalfhour．C．以ew和eu开头的单词“Passaway”isa/aneuphemismfor“die”．D．one和once之前的不定冠词Thatwasa/anonceprovinceoftheNortheast．E．缩略语前的冠词a/anIATAmembera/anFIATmanagerF．带引号的字母前的冠词Thereisa/an“h’’intheword“hour”．G．发音以[h]开头的两个音节以上的单词前的不定冠词a（an）historicalessay冠词 A．such(many,what)+a/an+n.Thetentwasnowabitcrowded,asthecamelhadsuchalongneck．B．as(so,too,how,however)+adj.+a/an+n.Itisasbigaparkaswehaveneverseenbefore．C．half+a/an+n.I’llbebackhalfanhourlater．D．quite（rather，noless）+a/an+adj.+n.Swimmingbecameratherapopularexercise(aratherpopularexercise)nowadays．E．当even，only等副词修饰或限定单数名词时，不定冠词要置于这些词之后。Evenachildcartunderstandthebook．F．当名词由all或both修饰时，定冠词须置于其后。Boththewindowsarenotopen．2.冠词倒置的几种情况 3.人名前的冠词A．HeisnowadifferentJamesfromwhathewasfiveyearsago．B．LuXunwaslikenedtotheGorkyofChina．C．ThechildissittingintheFord． D．“SheisadistantrelativeofHenryFord.”“Isshe,indeed?TheHenryFord?”“Yes,theHenryFord.”E．ThattheMissLucasesandtheMissBennetsshouldmeettotalkoveraballwasabsolutelynecessary．F．HewasaStuart．G．“AHubert!AHubert!”shoutedthepopulace． 4.作表语的名词前用与不用冠词的区别A．Hewasa/principalofourcollege．B．Heusedtobeateachertillheturnedwriter．C．Sheismoremotherthanwife.D．Hewasnephewoftheking．E．HeisaNewtonoftoday．F．Thecarrierwasinhighspirits，goodfellowhewas．G．Thoughsheisayounggirl,sheknowsalot. 5.形容词最高级前不用定冠词的情况A．Wheredidyougetthisbiggestdictionaryofyours?B．WearebusiestonSundays．C．Heshoutedhisloudestshout．D．Shetoldusamosttouchingstory.E．Shortestthoughheis,hecanjumphighest．F．Kindestregardstoyourfamily．G．Sheistheyoungestbut(the)tallestgirlinourclass.H.Icanpaytenyuanat(the)most． 6.序数词前不用定冠词的情况A．Thefirsttimberbeingthuslaid,asecondandathirdwerefixed．B．HewasonlyachildwhenIfirstsawhim．C．Susan’sfirstthingtodowastohaveameal．D．Heboughtathird-classticketandtravelsthird-class．E．Onethirdofstudentsinourschoolaregirls． F．Hetookafirstintheexam．G．Itisclothofsecondquality．H．Twenty-fourthStreetI．InPhiladelphia，theUnitedStatesofAmericawasbornandGeorgeWashingtonservedasfirstPresident．J．Hecomestoseemeeverysecondmonth．K．TheseventeenthofMarch,1938istheverydaythatIwillnotforget. 7.方位词与定冠词A．OnthenorthandeastofChinaareKorea，theRussiaandtheRepublicofMongolia．B．Hefoughtnorthandsouthwhenhewasyoung．C．TheSouthiswarmerthantheNorth．D．SouthAmericaisjoinedtoNorthAmerica，andonlyanarrowstraitseparatesNorthAmericafromAsia． TranslationExercise(C-E)年轻人大都喜欢流行音乐；我的一些年轻朋友还写关于自己和校园生活的歌。“stoping”这个单词漏掉了字母“p”。 AnalysisofGrammaticalErrors错误案例分析案例1长城参观券上的英文简介：ThebuildingoftheGreatWallstartedinSeventhCenturyB.C.whichcoversatotallengthofmorethan6,000kilometers. 介词分类与其他词的搭配与副词的区别（略） 连词分类与用法与介词的区别（略） 感叹词使用场合（略） 句子成分主语谓语宾语定语状语补语表语 四六级写作常见语法错误句子成分残缺不全We always working till late at night before taking exams.(误)We should read books may be useful to us. (误)句子成分This test is end, but there is another test is waiting foryou. (误)The driver of the red car was died on the spot. (误) ExamplesMyguideis/arethestars.EnglishandFrenchgrammarare/isdifferent.Sweetandsourporkare/isdelicious.Allworkandnoplaymakes/makeJackadullboy.Mary,andherparentstoo（oralso,likewise,aswell）,is/arefondofJohn.主谓一致 □Subject:pluralorsingle?Sevenwere/waskilled,fourwounded,andtwomissing.Alittleis/areenough.Thereis/areenough…… □Whenanumeralisusedasasubject……Theremonthsseems/seemalongtimetoyou,butashorttimetome.Thelast3yearshas/havebeenfullofsurprises. Translation(C—E):一切顺利。所有人都到齐了。他家不是一个大家庭。他的家人都是音乐爱好者。 四六级写作常见语法错误主谓不一致Someone/Somebody think that reading should beselective. (误)My sister go to the cinema at least once a week. (误)动宾搭配不当We must pay attention to it and make solutions to the problem. (误)It also may help you to make success. (误) 句子的类型按结构分简单句、并列句、复合句、并列复合句按功能分陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句 五种基本句型1. S十V “主语＋谓语”结构We all breathe.2. S十V十P “主语＋系动词＋表语”He was a strange little man.3. S十V十O “主语＋谓语＋宾语”结构I have bought some chocolate for you.4. S十V十O1十O2 “主语＋谓语＋双宾语”结构Mr. Smith taught us English.5. S十V十O十C “主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构He could make his lessons lively and interesting. 不是疑问句的疑问句Howareyou?Howdoyoudo?Whoknows?Whodoesnotknow? 独立成分感叹语Silence!HerecomesMr.Li.呼语Waiter,fourbottlesofbeer,please.插入语Thatboy,Ithink,isfromGuangxi. 独立分词Comingtothequestionofgrammar,Ihavesomethingtosay.独立不定式Togetbacktooursubject,grammarisneithereasynordifficulttolearn.独立副词Seriously,whydon’tyouworkharder? 倒装倒装的形式倒装的原因（略） 省略省略的形式省略的原因为避免重复语法上允许习惯上需要（略） 标点标点符号的分类和用法与汉语标点符号的区别 标点符号的使用常见的标点符号错误把英文的句号与中文的句号混淆。句号的使用过于随意。逗号与句号的使用不分规矩。众所周知的组织、机构、电台等的缩写词一般不用句号，例如，CCTV,VOA,UN。如用句号必须全写。常见的错误是，缺少最后一个句号。如C.I.T.S（中国国际旅行社）U.S.A中文的书名号和篇名号《》被用到英文当中。 THANKYOU.Goodbye!