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一、听写、讲解高一第二单元单词二、讲解例文lesson7三、讲解练习:非谓语动词练习四、讲解语法:主谓一致五、讲解语法:介词四、主谓一致(二)语法一致:1.由and连接的两个名词或代词做主语:(1)这部分主语表示的是两个人或两件不同的事物,谓语动词用复数形式。例句:①MybrotherandIhavebothseenthatfilm.②BothriceandwheataregrowninthispartofChina.③Thepoetandthenovelistwerebothpresentatthemeeting.④Reading,writingandarithmeticarecalledthethreeR’s.(2)这部分主语表示具有两个身份或性质的同一个人或一个完整的事物,谓语动词用单数形式。例句:①Theprofessorandwriterisspeakingatthemeeting.②Warandpeaceisaconstantthemeinhistory.③Onemoreknifeandforkisneeded.④Thestatesmanandpoetwasengagedinwarfareallhislife.⑤Lawandorderhasbeenestablished.⑥Breadandbutterisourdailyfood.⑦Fishandchipsisapopularfastfood.⑧ThestarsandstripesisthenationalflagofU.S.A.(3)这部分主语前面有each,every,manya,no等修饰时,谓语动词一般用单数形式。例句:①Eachdoctorand(each)nursewasgivenanewshirt.②Nosoundandnovoiceisheard.③Manyaboyandgirlhasmadethesamemistake.④Everyminuteandeverysecondisprecious.2.动名词,不定式,主语从句做主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。例句:①Readingisagreatpleasureinlife.②Tolivemeanstocreate.③Thatweneedmoretimeisobvious.④Whatisneededisfoodandmedicine.3.表示时间,金钱,距离,重量的复数名词表示数量做主语时,被视为一个整体,谓语动词用单数形式。例句:①Threethousandmilesisalongdistance.②Eighthoursofsleepisenough.4.不定代词anyone,anything,everyone,everything,someone,something,noone,nothing,
eachtheother等做主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。例句:①Isanybodygoingtotellhimthenews?②Someonewantstoseeyou.(三)就近原则由连词or,either…or,neither…nor,notonly…butalso,连接的两个名词或代词做主语时,谓语动词和离它最近的哪个名词或代词的人称和数一致。例句:1.EitheryouorJeanistobesenttoNewZealand.2.NotonlyhisfamilybutalsohelikesChaplin’smovies.3.NeitherTomnortheBrownsenjoytheirjourneytoBeijingowingtothebadweather.4.GeorgeorTomiswanted.注意:Therebe句型中be的形式由它后面的第一个名词的数决定。例句:1.Therearen’tanylettersinthemailforyoutoday.2.Thereisalamp,twopensandthreebooksonthedesk.3.Herearesomeenvelopesandpaperforyou.名词后面带有with,alongwith,togetherwith,besides,except,but,like,including,aswellas,ratherthan短语共同做主语时,谓语动词与这些短语前面的那个名词的数一致。例句:1.Allbutonewereherejustnow.2.Alibrarywithfivethousandbooksisofferedtothatnationasagift.3.Anexpert,togetherwithsomeassistants,wassenttohelpinthiswork.4.YouaswellasIarewrong.(四)意义一致1.代词none,neither,all的不可数形式还是复数形式由它们指的内容决定例句:(1)Allhopehasgone.(2)Allareagreedonthispoint.(3)—Isthereanymilkinthefridge?—No,thereisnone.(4)Nonehasreturnedfromthemeeting.2.集合名词group,class,family,army,enemy,team等名词的单,复数形式根据它们强调的内容而定。例句:(1)Theclasswereallcheerful.(2)Theteamweretakingoversomenewplays.(3)Thegrouparereadingthenewspapers.(4)Thearmyisgoingtoremaininthistown.(5)Thearmyhaverescuedthetravelers.3.限定词短语allof…;noneof…;alotof…;以及分数/百分数+of….修饰名词构成的名词短语做主语时,谓语动词的形式由of后面的名词形式决定。例句:
(1)Noneofthesesuggestionsareveryhelpful.(2)Idon’tthinkanyofuswantstoworktomorrow.(3)Two-fifthsofthestudentsintheclassarefromArabic-speakingcountries.难点突破1.主谓一致的考查主要体现在单项选择和短文改错两个题型中。同学们在练习和应试时,遇到这样的题时,要牢记主谓一致的三个基本原则。一定要根据句子内容抓住关键的主语部分。同时还要考虑句子的时态和语态。2.oneof+复数名词做定语从句的先行词时,定语从句中的谓语动词与复数名词一致。theonlyoneof+复数名词做定语从句的先行词时,定语从句中的谓语动词用单数形式。例句:Jimwasoneoftheboyswhowerelateforclass.Jimwastheonlyoneoftheboyswhowaslateforclass.【典型例题】[例1]E-mail,aswellastelephones,_____animportantpartindailycommunication.A.isplayingB.haveplayedC.areplayingD.play分析:带有aswellas短语的名词做主语时,谓语动词与这个名词的人称和数一致,不受aswellas短语内容的影响。E-mail是单数形式,故选择A。[例2]EitherJohnorhisfriends_____toblameforthebadresults.A.areB.isC.wasD.hasbeen分析:either…or..连接两个名词做主语时,其谓语动词与离它最近的名词的数和人称一致,本题中hisfriends决定了谓语动词的形式,故选择A。[例3]Theconductorandcomposer_____byacrowdofpeople.A.aregreetedB.isgreetedC.greetsD.havebeengreeted分析:根据句意,主语部分的Theconductorandcomposer是指一个人即:乐队指挥兼作曲家,所以主语的内容是单数形式,故选择B。[例4]—Thetrousers_____youwell,madam.—Butthecolour_____me.A.fit;don’tsuitB.fits;doesn’tsuitC.fits;don’tsuitD.fit;doesn’tsuit分析:trousers,clothes,glasses,等名词本身就是复数形式。谓语动词用复数形式。Colour是单数,谓语用单数,故选择D。[例5]TheSmith’sfamily,which_____ratheralargeone,_____veryfondoftheiroldhouse.A.were;wereB.was;wereC.were;wasD.was;was分析:family指“家庭”为单数,指“家庭成员”为复数形式。第一空格前的which指“家庭”谓语用was.第二空格后的fondof指“家庭成员喜欢他们的老房子”谓语为were,故选择B。[例6]Heistheonlyoneofthestudentswho_____awinnerofscholarshipforthreeyears.A.isB.areC.havebeenD.hasbeen
分析:当定语从句先行词是“oneof+复数形式”时,其后的从句谓语动词用复数形式。而当one之前有theonly时,定语从句则强调theonlyone,谓语动词用单数。另外,题目中的时间状语forthreeyears表明从句的时态为现在完成时,故选择D。[例7]Threefifthsofthepolice_____intheschoolnearthetown.A.hastrainedB.havetrainedC.hasbeentrainedD.havebeentrained分析:分数+名词做主语时,谓语动词的形式由分数所指的名词的形式(可数名词或不可数名词)决定,police是集合名词为复数形式,根据句子意思,police与train为被动关系,应用被动语态,故选择D。短文改错片段:1.Nowmypictureandtheprizeishanginginthelibrary.分析:本句中主语Nowmypictureandtheprize是复数形式,谓语动词is应改为are.2.Sometimes,wetalkedtoeachotherverywellinclass,butafterclasswebecomestrangeratonce.分析:本句第一行,根据全篇内容的语境,应当是一般现在时,所以谓语动词talked改为talk.第二行:根据句意:我们下课后立刻又成了陌生人。Stranger应当与主语we一致,改为复数形式,strangers.3.Butnotallinformationaregoodtosociety.分析:主语information是不可数名词,are应改为is【模拟试题】1.—Isthereanybodyintheclassroom?—No,theteacher,togetherwiththestudents_____totheplayground.A.goB.wentC.hasgoneD.havegone2.—Aretheseyoursheep?—No.Mine_____ongrassatthefootofthehill.A.arefeedingB.feedC.isfedD.isfeeding3.Sittingatthebackoftheroombutinfrontofsomeoldmenandwomen_____averyshygirlwithtwobrighteyes.A.wasB.areC.wereD.therewas4.Mr.Bush,togetherwithhiswifeanddaughter_____goingtoJapannextweek.A.areB.isC.willbeD.wouldbe5.Nottheteacherbutthestudents_____excited.A.isB.hasC.areD.have6.AsIhaveameetingatfour,tenminutes_____allthatIcansparetotalkwithyou.A.areB.wasC.isD.were7._____ofthelandinthatdistrict_____coveredwithtreesandgrass.A.Twofifth;isB.Twofifths;areC.Twofifth;areD.Twofifths;is【试题答案】1.C分析:
本题考查的主谓一致的内容与上一题相同,从句子的语境判断,应当用现在完成时。2.A分析:mine指mysheep为复数形式。是主动语态。3.A分析:本句为倒装句。主语是averyshygirlwithtwobrighteyes.核心主语是averyshygirl,为单数,全句为过去时。4.B分析:全句的核心主语是Mr.Bush,为单数,全句为将来时。5.C分析:运用就近原则,谓语动词和主语thestudents一致,此处为主系表结构,用be动词。6.C分析:主语tenminutes表示时间,被视为一个整体,为单数形式。全句是现在时。7.D分析:本句核心主语是land,为单数形式,同时注意分数的表达形式。一、讲解语法:介词1.常见介词用法介词是用在名词、代词等前面,表示名词、代词等与句中其他词的关系的词,介词是一种活跃的虚词。介词后面的名词、代词(用宾格)或相当于名词的东西叫做介词宾语。介词和它的宾语合称介词短语。(1)by:表示“通过,靠……途径,借助于,按照,根据”。如:例494:Wecameherebyroad/sea.(由陆路、乘船)比较:例495:Thepoorboymakesalivingbysellingnewspapers.例496:Onlybythismeanscanwegetintouchwiththem.例497:FinallyIgottheinformationbymeansofcomputer.例498:Mikelikestowritebythenicebrightlightatnight.例499:Youshouldn’tjudgeapersonbyhislooks.例500:Tomatoesaresoldbyweight.例501:Wearepaidbythehour.例502:Ididthejoballbymyself.例503:Whattimeisitbyyourwatch?例504:Whatdoyoumeanbythis?表示“到……为止,到……之前”,主句常用过去完成时态或将来完成时态。如:例505:Ihadlearnt22unitsbytheendoflastterm.例506:Bythetimehereturns,wewillhavefinishedit.表示“在……旁”,例如:例507:Welivebytheroad/sea.(2)in:表示“用,以,以……方式、口气、心态、形式”。如:例508:ThearticlewaswritteninEnglish(inChinese,inone’sownwords)
例509:Thiscanbedoneinthisway/inadifferentway.(in…way例510:Hespokeinanexcitedvoice.(in…voice)例511:Theywentthereinhiscar.例512:Thepasser-bylookedatmeinsurprise/silence.表示地点,在某范围或某空间内。例如:例513:They’llstayinShanghaiforfivedays.例514:Thereisasmallhole/windowinthewall.表示一段时间或表示年、月、季节。例如:例515:I’msurethey’llbehereinhalfanhour.例516:Somebirdsflyawaytothesouthinwinter.(1)on:表示“在……时候”(某一天或某天的上午、下午或晚上)。例如:例517:ThefamilygotochurchonSundays.例518:WemetagainonNov.1st,1999.例519:Ithappenedonawinternight.表示“在……上(地点)”,例如:例520:Apictureishungonthewall.例521:Yourvoicesoundsquitedifferentonthephone.(类似的如onthephone/radio/television)表示“有关……”,例如:例522:ProfessorHunterwillgiveusatalkoneducationinAustralia.表示“是……成员”,例如:例523:Areyoustillontheschoolfootballteam?(on=beingamemberof)(2)at:表示“在……时刻,在……点钟,在……岁(时)”等。例如:例524:Thespeakerwillarriveattheairportat11:00am.例525:Attheageoffive,shewasacceptedintothenewfamily.表示:在……地点,在……方面,在……场合。例如:例526:Johnsonlivesat101OxfordStreet.表示:因为,由于(说明引起某种情绪的原因),例如:例527:Mostofusgotexcitedattheexcitingnews.例528:Thebabywasfrightenedatthesightofthesnake.表示:处于(某种状态),进行(某种活动)。例如:例529:TheGreensareattablenow.(atschool,atwork,atsea,atmeeting,atwar.等等)表示指向和目标:向……,对……,如:例530:Thehuntershotatthebearbutdidn’tshootit.(瞄准)类似的词如:aimat,lookat,stareat,glanceat,laughat,smileat等。表示:以……速度或代价,例如:例531:Thecarisnowmovingat(thespeedof)120mph.例532:Iboughtthebookat50acopy.
(5)for:与表示离开、启程的动词连用,表示方向和目标,例如:例533:Weareleaving/driving/sailing/settingout/startingoffforthatcityrightnow.表示一段时间,如:例534:I’llstayhereforafewdays.表达“为了”,如:例535:--Whatdoyoureadthebookfor?--Justforpleasure.例536:Hopeforthebest,andpreparefortheworst.表达“就……来说”,例如:例537:It’sbadforyourteeth.例538:Jennyistallforherage.表示“给”,如:例539:Hereisaletterforyou.表示原因。如:例540:Forsomereason,hehadtomoveonagain.表示赞成。例如:例541:Areyoufororagainsttheplan?(1)off:表示离开。例如:例542:Theislandisthreemilesoffthecoast.例543:Pleasekeepoffthegrass.注意下面的例句里off用作副词,表达同样的意思。例如:例544:----I’mafraidImustbeoffnow.----Oh,areyoustartingoff/settingoffforJamestown?----Yes,Andmyplanetakesoffat11:15.----Thenletmeseeyouoff.----Thankyoujustthesame.Jackwilldrivemeofftotheairport.(2)to:表示对某人的态度:例545:Thebossisverykindtous.表示:致,致使。如:例546:Tooursurprise,hegotAgradeintheexamthistime.表示方向和目标(与表示来往的动词连用)如:例547:Let’sgo/walk/runtotheshoppingcenter.表示:给……,于……。如:例548:Towhomdidyousendthemessage?表示对比。例如:例549:Thescorewas6to2.表示目的。例如:例550:Heoftencomestoourhelp.(他常来帮我们)表示关联、联系,意为“对于、至于、关于”。例如:例551:Wateristofishwhatairistoman.(水对鱼的关系正如空气对人)
例552:Whereisthekeytothedoor/exercise?(类似的用法还有answer,approach,explanation,introduction,invitation,key,memorial,monument,note,solution等)表示物体或道路的方向。意为“通向”。例如:例553:Let’smeetattheentrancetothetheatre.(类似用法还有access,entrance,guide,road等)表示适应、遵照,意为“按、按照、随同、伴随”。例如:例554:Pleasedaddsalttoyourtaste.例555:He’ssingingtothepiano.(1)with:带复合结构(with+宾语+宾语补足语)。注意句中的宾语补足语:例556:Theteachercamein,withabookinhishand.(介词短语)例557:Iliketosleepwiththelighton.(副词)例558:Iliketosleepwiththewindowsopen.(形容词)例559:Withsomuchworktodo,Ihavetogetupearlytomorrow.(不定式)例560:Withthedaygoingon,everythingwillbeallright.(现在分词。随着时间的推移,一切都会好的。句子中的withthedaygoingon相当于asthedaygoeson.)例561:Withhismoneyandfriendsgone,hefeltverylonely.(过去分词)表示:具有,带有。例如:例562:ThemanwiththickglassesinProfessorHunter.表示使用的工具、手段等。例如:例563:Allthiswasdonewithourhands.(byhand.)表示:相处、合作。例如:例564:Davidishardtoworkwith.表示原因。例如:例565:Heturnedredwithanger.例566:Withtheteacher’shelp,JoanmadegreatprogressinEnglish.表示:在……方面。例如:例567:CouldyouhelpmewithmyEnglish?表示:随着。例如:例568:Withthesewords,helefttheroomangrily.(2)during例569:DuringmystayintheStates,IoftenthoughtofmyfriendLiHua.(句子中的duringmystayinthestates.可用从句when/whileIstayedintheStates来表达,但不可用duringIstayedintheStates,因为介词during不带句子)(3)but:例570:WhobutCartwoulddothat?例571:Theyhadnochoicebuttogivein.例572:Mycatdoeseverythingbutspeak.
Except,besides,including和except,exceptfor,exceptthat,exceptwhen两组介词的比较。Except:除……外,没有。指的是同类人、事、物的比较;另外,其搭配exceptfor指的是不同类的人、事、物比较,exceptthat,exceptwhen后接的是从句。例如:例807:AllthearticleswerewellwrittenexceptAnn’s.(同类物相比,即安的作文写得还好)例808:Ann’sarticlewaswellwrittenexceptforsomespellingmistakes.(不同类相比,即只不过有些拼写错。)例809:Theoldladyoftentakesawalkexceptwhenitisraining.(跟从句,即下雨时不散步)But::除……外,没有。与except同义,但只用于who,all,noone,nobody,nothing,everyone,everything等代词后,例如:例811:WhobutCarlwoulddothat?例812:Theyhadnochoicebuttogivein.例813:Hedoeseverythingbutcook.(他什么都行,就是不会做饭。此处的but前面有行为动词do,其后的动词应不带to.)Besides:作介词,意思为“除……外,还有“;作副词,意思为”况且,再说“。例如:例814:Allthestudentswerebesidestheirteachers.例815:It’sgettingdark;besides,it’sgoingtorain.Including/included:包括。注意它们不是介词,、including是动词include的ing形式,included则是形容词。例如:例816:Allthestudentswent,includingLiHua/LiHuaincluded.(后者是独立主格,相当于andLiHuawasincluded.)1.ThespeechbythemayorofShanghaibeforethefinalvotingforExpo2010isstronglyimpressed_______mymemory. A.to B.over C.by D.on2.Thetreesinthatthickforestaresodosetogetherthatthereishardlyanyroomtomove ______them. A.between B.in C.among D.across3.Sofar,severalshipshavebeenreportedmissing_____thecoastofBermudaIsland.A.off B.along C.on D.around4.Itwaseasiertomoveabout______thefringeofthecrowd.A.at B.in C.on D.to5.Formilesaroundmethereisnothingbutadesert,withoutasingleplantoftree_____.A.insight B. ontheearth C.atadistance D.inaplace6.Iwantedtwoseats______MadameGurieforFridaynight,soIrangthecinematoseeifIcouldbooktwotickets. A.of B.about C.to D.for7.---Hasthetrainarrived? ---No,itallwillbelate______halfanhour.A.at B.for C.in D.by8.Iliketravelingbysea______itisnotrough.A.unless B.incase C.aslongas D.although9.---PoorTom!Hewillhavetoworkallthenextmonth.---Luckily,_______thebasketballgamesareheld.A.except B.exceptthat C.exceptwhen D.exceptfor10.______sickorwell,mygrandfatherisalways
cheerful.A.Either B.Nomatter C.Evenif D.whether11.Theoilmustbeusedup,_______thelightwentout.A.for B.because C.since D.as12.Thetwocountrieswere______between1989and1992.A.peace B.atnowar C.atpeace D.atpeaceful13.Thebridgeis1000meters_______length.A.with B.in C.at D.on14.Lookout_______thetrafficwhencrossingtheroad.A.at B.of C.for D.with15.WeoftencallMartinLutherKingM.L.King_______ .A.inshort B.forshort C.atshort D.toshort16.______theendoflastterm,everystudentintheschool,Ithink,hastakenatleastfivemathstests. A.By B.Since C.From D.In17.---HowcanIgettotheislandyoumentioned?---Youcan’tgetthere_____byswimming.A.otherthan B.morethan C.ratherthan D.lessthan18.---Ifindreadingcomprehensionthehardestinlearningaforeignlanguage. ---Well,______you’dbetterpractisereadingshortpassageeveryday.A.sothat B.nowthat C.forthat D.withthat19.---Doyoulikecoffeeormilk?---Both.ButIprefercoffee______milk.A.to B.for C.with D.from20.Spiderwasupandstandingatthedoor,witheveryhairofherbody_____.A.stoodup B.onitsend C.onend D.ontheend答案:1---5DBACA 6---10DDCCD 11---15ACBCB 16---20BACCC
Lesson8Thebestandtheworst最好的和最差的课文内容:JoeSandershasthemostbeautifulgardeninourtown.Nearlyeverybodyentersfor‘TheNicestGardenCompetition’eachyear,butJoewinseverytime.BillFrith"sgardenislargerthanJoe"s.BillworksharderthanJoeandgrowsmoreflowersandvegetables,butJoe"sgardenismoreinteresting.Hehasmadeneatpathsandhasbuiltawoodenbridgeoverapool.Ilikegardenstoo,butIdonotlikehardwork.EveryyearIenterforthegardencompetitiontoo,andIalwayswinalittleprizefortheworstgardeninthetown!Notesonthetext课文注释1JoeSandershasthemostbeautifulgardeninourtown.
乔·桑德斯拥有我们镇上最漂亮的花园。在第1册的第107-112课中,我们讲到了英文中形容词和副词的比较级和最高级。本课的主要句型仍是形容词和副词的比较级和最高级。如果形容词或副词有两个以上音节,其比较级和最高级是在形容词或副词前加上more或most,如moreinteresting,themostbeautiful。2enterfor,报名参加(各种竞赛,考试等活动)3moreflowersandvegetables,更多的花卉和蔬菜。英语中有些形容词或副词的比较级和最高级并不规则,如课文中的good----better----best,bad----worse----worst,many----more----most。4fortheworstgardeninthetown是介词短语作定语,修饰prize。参考译文乔·桑德斯拥有我们镇上最漂亮的花园。几乎每个人都参加每年举办的“最佳花园竞赛”,而每次都是乔获胜。比尔·弗里斯的花园比乔的花园大,他比乔也更为勤奋,种植的花卉和蔬菜也更多,但乔的花园更富有情趣。他修筑了一条条整洁的小路,并在一个池塘上架了一座小木桥。我也喜欢花园,但我却不愿意辛勤劳动。每年的花园竞赛我也参加,但总因是镇上最劣的花园而获得一个小奖!