仁爱版七年级英语语法 53页

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  • 2022-06-17 16:01:18 发布

仁爱版七年级英语语法

  • 53页
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薂蚀螃羇蒈蝿袅膂莄螈羇羅芀螇蚇膀膆螇衿羃薅螆羁艿蒁螅肄肂莇螄螃芇芃螃袆肀薂袂羈芅蒈袁肀肈莄袁螀芄芀蒇羂肆芆蒆肅莂薄蒅螄膅蒀蒄袇莀莆蒄罿膃节薃肁羆薁薂螁膁蒇薁袃羄莃薀肅膀荿蕿螅肂芅蕿袇芈薃薈羀肁葿薇肂芆莅蚆螂聿芁蚅袄芄膇蚄羆肇薆蚃螆芃蒂蚃袈膆莈蚂羁莁芄蚁肃膄薂蚀螃羇蒈蝿袅膂莄螈羇羅芀螇蚇膀膆螇衿羃薅螆羁艿蒁螅肄肂莇螄螃芇芃螃袆肀薂袂羈芅蒈袁肀肈莄袁螀芄芀蒇羂肆芆蒆肅莂薄蒅螄膅蒀蒄袇莀莆蒄罿膃节薃肁羆薁薂螁膁蒇薁袃羄莃薀肅膀荿蕿螅肂芅蕿袇芈薃薈羀肁葿薇肂芆莅蚆螂聿芁蚅袄芄膇蚄羆肇薆蚃螆芃蒂蚃袈膆莈蚂羁莁芄蚁肃膄薂蚀螃羇蒈蝿袅膂莄螈羇羅芀螇蚇膀膆螇衿羃薅螆羁艿蒁螅肄肂莇螄螃芇芃螃袆肀薂袂羈芅蒈袁肀肈莄袁螀芄芀蒇羂肆芆蒆肅莂薄蒅螄膅蒀蒄袇莀莆蒄罿膃节薃肁羆薁薂螁膁蒇薁袃羄莃薀肅膀荿蕿螅肂芅蕿袇芈薃薈羀肁葿薇肂芆莅蚆螂聿芁蚅袄芄膇蚄羆肇薆蚃螆芃蒂蚃袈膆莈蚂羁莁芄蚁肃膄薂蚀螃羇蒈蝿袅膂莄螈羇羅芀螇蚇膀膆螇衿羃薅螆羁艿蒁螅肄肂莇螄螃芇芃螃袆肀薂袂羈芅蒈袁肀肈莄袁螀芄芀蒇羂肆芆蒆肅莂薄蒅螄膅蒀蒄袇莀莆蒄罿膃节薃肁羆薁薂螁膁蒇薁袃羄莃薀肅膀荿蕿螅肂芅蕿袇芈薃薈羀肁葿薇肂芆莅蚆螂聿芁蚅袄芄膇蚄羆肇薆蚃螆芃蒂蚃袈膆莈蚂羁莁芄蚁肃膄薂蚀螃羇蒈蝿袅膂莄螈羇羅芀螇蚇膀膆螇衿羃薅螆羁艿蒁螅肄肂莇螄螃芇芃螃袆肀薂袂羈芅蒈袁肀肈莄袁螀芄芀蒇羂肆芆蒆肅莂薄蒅螄膅蒀蒄袇莀莆蒄罿膃节薃肁羆薁薂螁膁蒇薁袃羄莃薀肅膀荿蕿螅肂芅蕿袇芈薃薈羀肁葿薇肂芆莅蚆螂聿芁蚅袄芄膇蚄羆肇薆蚃螆芃蒂蚃袈膆莈蚂羁莁芄蚁肃膄薂蚀螃羇蒈蝿袅膂莄螈羇羅芀螇蚇膀膆螇衿羃薅螆羁艿蒁螅肄肂莇螄螃芇芃螃袆肀薂袂羈芅蒈袁肀肈莄袁螀芄芀蒇羂肆芆蒆肅莂薄蒅螄膅蒀蒄袇莀莆蒄罿膃节薃肁羆薁薂螁膁蒇薁袃羄莃薀肅膀荿蕿螅肂芅蕿袇芈薃薈羀肁葿薇肂芆莅蚆螂聿芁蚅袄芄膇蚄羆肇薆蚃螆芃蒂蚃袈膆莈蚂羁莁芄蚁肃膄薂蚀螃羇蒈蝿袅膂莄螈羇羅芀螇蚇膀膆螇衿羃薅螆羁艿蒁螅肄肂莇螄螃芇芃螃袆肀薂袂羈芅蒈袁肀肈莄袁螀芄芀蒇羂肆芆蒆肅莂薄蒅螄膅蒀蒄袇莀莆蒄罿膃节薃肁羆薁薂螁膁蒇薁袃羄莃薀肅膀荿蕿螅肂芅蕿袇芈薃薈羀肁葿薇肂芆莅蚆螂聿芁蚅袄芄膇蚄羆肇薆蚃螆芃蒂蚃袈膆莈蚂羁莁芄蚁肃膄薂蚀螃羇蒈蝿袅膂莄螈羇羅芀螇蚇膀膆螇衿羃薅螆羁艿蒁螅肄肂莇螄螃芇芃螃袆肀薂袂羈芅蒈袁肀肈莄袁螀芄芀蒇羂肆芆蒆肅莂薄蒅螄膅蒀蒄袇莀莆蒄罿膃节薃肁羆薁薂螁膁蒇薁袃羄莃薀肅膀荿蕿螅肂芅蕿袇芈薃薈羀肁葿薇肂芆莅蚆螂聿芁蚅袄芄膇蚄羆肇薆蚃螆芃蒂蚃袈膆莈蚂羁莁芄蚁肃膄薂蚀螃羇蒈蝿袅膂莄螈羇羅芀螇蚇膀膆螇衿羃薅螆羁艿蒁螅肄肂莇螄螃芇芃螃袆肀薂袂羈芅蒈袁肀肈莄袁螀芄芀蒇羂肆芆蒆肅莂薄蒅螄膅蒀蒄袇莀莆蒄罿膃节薃肁羆薁薂螁膁蒇薁袃羄莃薀肅膀荿蕿螅肂芅蕿袇芈薃薈羀肁葿薇肂芆莅蚆螂聿芁蚅袄芄膇蚄羆肇薆蚃螆芃蒂蚃袈膆莈蚂羁莁芄蚁肃膄薂蚀螃羇蒈蝿袅膂莄螈羇羅芀螇蚇膀膆螇衿羃薅螆羁艿蒁螅肄肂莇螄螃芇芃螃袆肀薂袂羈芅蒈袁肀肈莄袁螀芄芀蒇羂肆芆蒆肅莂薄蒅仁爱版七年级英语语法单项选择1.Ourschoolis_________aparkandabiglibrary.A.betweenB.nextC.acrossD.in2.TomandMikeenjoy_______TV.A.seeB.watchC.watchingD.towatch3.Let’s__________________.A.goshoppingB.wentshoppingC.goesshoppingD.goingshopping4.Theywant_________thezooverymuch.A.togoB.togotoC.gotoD.goingto5.There______someChinesegirlsinMissGao’sclass.A.isB.areC.amD.will6._________doyoucomefrom?China.A.WhenB.WhereC.WhyD.Who7.Wehadfunin______games.A.playB.playsC.toplayD.playing8._______itgoing?Prettygood!A.How’sB.What’sC.HowD.Where’s9.Thankyouverymuch.________.A.You’rewelcomeB.That’srightC.You’rerightD.Don’tthankme10.Thankyoufor_____ussomuchhelp.A.givingB.giveC.togiveD.gives11.Canyoutell_____thewaytotheshop?A.heB.hisC.herD.she12.You’dbetter_____ataxitothepark.A.totakeB.takesC.takeD.taking13.______you_____acupoftea?Yes,please.A.Are,likeB.Does,likeC.Do,likeD.Would,like14.Idon’tlikecabbage_______.A.atallB.alittleC.alotofD.very15.Howmany____doyouwant?A.riceB.tomatosC.piecesofbreadD.potato16.Myworkisinteresting,but_____dangerous.A.akindofB.akindC.kindsofD.kindof17.Let’s_____TVnow.A.towatchB.watchC.lookD.see18.Motheroftengoes______onSundays.A.shopB.ashopC.buyD.shopping19.Weoftenplay____afterschool.A.abasketballB.thebasketballC.basketballD.afootball20.Heisveryhungry.Hebuys____hamburgers.A.manyB.muchC.alotsofD.allof them21."Whatdoeshedo?"means____________A.whoisheB.WhereisheC.WhatisheD.whatishedoing22.Thegirlwants______adoctor.A.beingB.toC.tobeD.todo23.Please_____lateforschoolnexttime.A.don’tbeB.aren’tC.doesn’tbeD.benot24.Myparentsoftencooknoodles____me.A.toB.forC.inD.of25.Oneofthechildren_____intheriverlastsummer.A.wasswimmingB.isswimmingC.areswimmingD.wereswimming26._______arethebooks?Theyare20yuan.A.HowmuchB.WhatC.HowmanyD.Howmoney27.Sorry,I’mlate______school.A.forB.toC.atD.from28.She_____lunchathomeyesterday.A.doesn’tB.didn’thaveC.doesn’thaveD.hasn’t29.Wouldyoulike_____orangejuice?Yes,pleaseA.someB.anyC.aD.many30.We_____toamovielastSunday.A.goB.wentC.didgoD.wasgo31.What_____yoursister_____?Sheisanactor.A.does,doesB.do,doesC.does,doD.do,do32.Whynot______seethesmartdolphins?A.cometoB.tocomeC.comingandD.coming33.Wecan______taxitothetown.A.byB.takeC.rideD.takea34.Welcometoourschool!____________!A.FineB.ThankyouC.Itdoesn’tmatterD.Verygood35.Weoften_____TVafterschool.A.arewatchB.watchC.watchesD.watching36.Whattimeisit?__________.A.It’sfineB.It’sOKC.It’sTuesdayD.It’snine37.Let’stakesome________.A.photoB.photoesC.photosforyou38.Yesterday,there______nobodyintheroom.A.isB.wasC.areD.were39.Whattimedoyouleaveschool______theweekend?A.inB.onC./D.of40.Youcan_____itinEnglish.Hecan______Englishwell.A.speak,speakB.tells,sayC.say,speakD.talks,say41.What______youdoovertheweekend?A.areB.doC.didD.does42.______Yes,I’dlikeacupof tea.A.Excuseme.B.CanIhelpyou?C.AreyouOK?D.Goodmorning!43.DidyouplayfootballlastFriday?____________.A.No,wedon’tB.No,wedidn’tC.No,wearen’tD.Yes,weplay44.______doyouusuallygotoschool?A.WhatB.HowC.WhoD.Where45.She_______herhomeworkonSunday.A.didn’tB.doesn’tC.didn’tdoD.doesn’tdid46.Mr.Smithisbadlyill.Nowheis______hospital.A.intheB.inC./D.the47.Whatdoyouwant________?A.todoB.doC.beD.doing48._______doesthechild_______?A.Where,comesfromB.Where,fromC.Where,comefromD.Where,isfrom49.Yourdressisverybeautiful.___________.A.ThankyouB.You’rerightC.Don’tsaysoD.yes,itis50.________booksarethereonthedesk?A.HowmuchB.HowmanyC.HowaboutD.Howfar51.Let______help_______.A.they,youB.us,yourC.her,theirD.us,you52.Iwanttocooksomefood______dinner.A.inB.forC.atD.on53.Whatdoyoudo?Iama______.A.hospitalB.workC.postofficeD.worker54.Mary______dosportslastweek.A.isn’tB.doesn’tC.didn’tD.does55.Whereisthebank?Itis______themarket.A.onB.nextC.orD.nextto56.Lilycan_______allkindsofthings.A.doesB.doC.didD.doing57._______youlike?Acupoftea,please.A.WhatwouldB.WhatC.WouldD.Howmany58._______yourfavoritesinger?SheisSunYue.A.What’sB.Who’sC.Where’sD.Who59.LiPingisn’there.Let’sgo______findhim.A./B.andC.orD.but60.______Mary_______bananas?A.Is,likeB.Do,likesC.Does,likeD.Do,like61.Look!Theman______therightis______Africa.A.on,fromB.from,fromC.on,inD.to,in62.Wehavenotime______homeforlunch.A.goB.goingC.togoD.togoto63.Shelikesto_______ jokes.A.talkB.tellC.sayD.speak64.Mr.Greenisashortman_____longhair.A.withB.inC.hasD.grows65.I’dlikeyou______myfriendsTom.A.meetB.tomeetC.meetingD.meets66._______doyoulikeEnglish?Verymuch.A.WhatB.HowC.WhichD.Where67.EveryoneinChina_______eatingdumplings.A.likeB.likingC.tolikeD.likes68.Whatdoesyourmother______?Sheistallandthin.A.lookB.likeC.looklikeD.belike69.Hehas________friendsatschool,sohefeelsunhappy.A.afewB.fewC.alittleD.little70._______heoftendohishomeworkathome?A.DoB.DoesC.IsD.Would71.I’dlike_____you.A.playwithB.toplayC.toplaywithD.playingwith72.There_____sometomatoesandmilkinthebox.A.isB.wereC.wasD.have73.TheyoftenwatchTV_______Sundayevening.A.atB.inC.onD.of74.Ihelpedhim_____hispen.A.tofindB.findingC.findsD.found75.________theweatherinAustralianow?A.WhatB.WhenC.HowD.How’s76.Ican’t______thecoldweather.A.likeB.needC.standD.want77.Doyouenjoy_______thestorybooks?A.seeingB.readingC.toreadD.tolook78.When_____theKing_______toChina?A.was,comeB.did,cameC.did,comeD.was,came79.What______theboyandgirl______?A.is,doB.is,doingC.are,doD.are,doing80.Itoften_______hereinautumn.A.rainedB.willrainC.rainsD.israining81.Canyouhelpme_____myhomework?A.ofB.withC.toD.for82.Theboyissitting____thetree,therearemanyapples____thetree.A.in,onB.on,inC.in,ofD.on,83.______there______meatonthetable?A.Is,someB.Are,anyC.Is,anyD.Are,some84.Whocanplayping-pong_______me?A.toB.ofC.withD. for85.Welcome_______ourtalkshow!A.forB.atC.toD.of86.Look!They______inthehallway.A.runB.runningC.arerunningD.areruning87.Wehaveclassed______Monday______Friday.A.to,fromB.from,toC.on,onD.on,andof88._______yourmother______thenewhouse?A.Whatis,likeB.Whatdo,thinkofC.Whatdoes,likeD.Whatdoes,thinkof89.Lucydoesn’tmind_______thedishesafterdinner.A.washB.washingC.towashD.washed90.Thereare______onthedesk.A.threecupsofteasB.threecupC.threecupsofteaD.threeteas91.Whatareyoudoingnow?I_____myhomework.A.goB.doC.doingD.amdoing92.Whatcolorisyourcat?___________.A.Yes,it’sredB.No,itisn’tredC.It’sredD.Itsred93.What______shelooklike?A.isB.doC.doesD.doing94.Theweatheris________.A.sunnyB.rainC.cloudD.wind95.Isyourmotheraworker______adoctor?A.andB.orC.withD.too96._______doyoulikekoalas?Becausetheyarecute.A.WhyB.WhydoC.WhatdoD.Wheredo97.Oh,it’stime______home.A.togoB.forgoC.goingD.wouldgo98.Iwanttogoshopping._______you?A.HowareB.WhataboutC.CanIhelpD.Would99._______here.A.Don’tsmokingB.NosmokeC.NosmokingD.Doesn’tsmoke100.Doyouhaveto_____by10o’clock?A.gobedB.togobedC.gotobedD.goingtobed答案1—5ACABB6—10BDAAA11—15CCDAC16—20DBDCA21—25CCABA26—30AABAB31—35CADBB36—40DCBBC41—45CBBBC46—50BACAB51—55DBDCD56—60BABBC61—65ACBAB66—70BDCBB71—75CBCAD76—80CBCDC81—85BACCC86—90CBDBC91—95DCCAB96—100AABCC11.动词的时态 11.1一般现在时的用法1)经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。时间状语:every„,sometimes,at„,onSunday。例如:Ileavehomeforschoolat7everymorning.每天早上我七点离开家。2)客观真理,客观存在,科学事实。例如:Theearthmovesaroundthesun.地球绕太阳转动。ShanghailiesintheeastofChina.上海位于中国东部。3)表示格言或警句。例如:Pridegoesbeforeafall.骄者必败。注意:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例:Columbusprovedthattheearthisround.哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。4)现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如:Idon’twantsomuch.我不要那么多。AnnwritesgoodEnglishbutdoesnotspeakwell.安英语写得不错,讲的可不行。比较:NowIputthesugarinthecup.把糖放入杯子。Iamdoingmyhomeworknow.我正在做功课。第一句用一般现在时,用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作,表示言行的瞬间动作。第二句中的now是进行时的标志,表示正在进行的动作的客观状况,所以后句用一般现在时。返回动词的时态目录11.2一般过去时的用法1)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如:时间状语有:yesterday,lastweek,anhourago,theotherday,in1982等。例如:Wheredidyougojustnow?刚才你上哪儿去了?2)表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或习惯性的动作。例如: WhenIwasachild,Ioftenplayedfootballinthestreet.我是个孩子的时候,常在马路上踢足球。WhenevertheBrownswentduringtheirvisit,theyweregivenawarmwelcome.那时,布朗一家无论什么时候去,都受到热烈欢迎。3)句型:Itistimeforsb.todosth"到„„时间了""该„„了"。例如:Itistimeforyoutogotobed.你该睡觉了。Itistimethatsb.didsth."时间已迟了""早该„„了",例如Itistimeyouwenttobed.你早该睡觉了。would(had)rathersb.didsth.表示’宁愿某人做某事’。例如:I’dratheryoucametomorrow.还是明天来吧。4)wish,wonder,think,hope等用过去时,作试探性的询问、请求、建议等,而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去,现已不复存在。例如:Ithoughtyoumighthavesome.我以为你想要一些。比较:Christinewasaninvalidallherlife.(含义:她已不在人间。)Christinehasbeenaninvalidallherlife.(含义:她现在还活着)Mrs.DarbylivedinKentuckyforsevenyears.(含义:达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)Mrs.DarbyhaslivedinKentuckyforsevenyears.(含义:现在还住在肯塔基州,有可能指刚离去)注意:用过去时表示现在,表示委婉语气。1)动词want,hope,wonder,think,intend等。例如:Didyouwantanythingelse?您还要些什么吗?Iwonderedifyoucouldhelpme.能不能帮我一下。2)情态动词could,would。例如:Couldyoulendmeyourbike?你的自行车,能借用一些吗?返回动词的时态目录11.3usedto/beusedto usedto+do:"过去常常"表示过去习惯性的动作或状态,但如今已不存在。例如:Motherusednottobesoforgetful.老妈过去没那么健忘。Scarfusedtotakeawalk.斯卡夫过去常常散步。beusedto+doing:对„„已感到习惯,或"习惯于",to是介词,后需加名词或动名词。例如:Heisusedtoavegetariandiet.Scarfisusedtotakingawalk.斯卡夫现在已习惯于散步了。典型例题----Yourphonenumberagain?I___quitecatchit.----It’s69568442.A.didn’tB.couldn’tC.don’tD.can’t答案A.本句虽没有明确的时间状语,但从语意上看出,在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去,因此应用过去时。返回动词的时态目录11.4一般将来时1)shall用于第一人称,常被will所代替。will在陈述句中用于各人称,在征求意见时常用于第二人称。例如:WhichparagraphshallIreadfirst?我先读哪一段呢?Willyoubeathomeatseventhisevening?今晚七点回家好吗?2)begoingto+不定式,表示将来。a.主语的意图,即将做某事。例如:Whatareyougoingtodotomorrow?明天打算作什么呢?b.计划,安排要发生的事。例如:Theplayisgoingtobeproducednextmonth。这出戏下月开播。 c.有迹象要发生的事。例如:Lookatthedarkclouds,thereisgoingtobeastorm.看那乌云,快要下雨了。3)be+不定式表将来,按计划或正式安排将发生的事。例如:WearetodiscussthereportnextSaturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告。4)beaboutto+不定式,意为马上做某事。例如:HeisabouttoleaveforBeijing.他马上要去北京。注意:beabouttodo不能与tomorrow,nextweek等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。返回动词的时态目录11.5begoingto/will用于条件句时,begoingto表将来,will表意愿。例如:Ifyouaregoingtomakeajourney,you’dbettergetreadyforitassoonaspossible.Nowifyouwilltakeoffyourclothes,wewillfitthenewclothesonyouinfrontofthemirror.返回动词的时态目录11.6beto和begoingtobeto表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事,begoingto表示主观的打算或计划。例如:Iamtoplayfootballtomorrowafternoon.明天下午我去踢球。(客观安排)I’mgoingtoplayfootballtomorrowafternoon.明天下午我想去踢球。(主观安排)返回动词的时态目录11.7一般现在时表将来1)下列动词come,go,arrive,leave,start,begin,return的一般现在时可以表示将来,主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。例如:Thetrainleavesatsixtomorrowmorning.火车明天上午六点开。Whendoesthebusstar?Itstarsintenminutes.汽车什么时候开?十分钟后。2)以here,there等开始的倒装句,表示动作正在进行。例如:Herecomesthebus.=Thebusiscoming.车来了。Theregoesthebell.=Thebellisringing. 铃响了。3)在时间或条件句中。例如:WhenBillcomes(不是willcome),askhimtowaitforme.比尔来后,让他等我。I’llwritetoyouassoonasIarrivethere.我到了那里,就写信给你。4)在动词hope,takecarethat,makesurethat等的宾语从句中。例如:Ihopetheyhaveanicetimenextweek.我希望他们下星期玩得开心。Makesurethatthewindowsareclosedbeforeyouleavetheroom.离开房间前,务必把窗户关了。返回动词的时态目录11.8用现在进行时表示将来下列动词come,go,arrive,leave,start,begin,return等现在进行时可以表示将来。例如:I’mleavingtomorrow.明天我要走了。Areyoustayingheretillnextweek?你会在这儿呆到下周吗?返回动词的时态目录11.9现在完成时现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态,其结果的影响现在还存在;也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成:have(has)+过去分词。返回动词的时态目录11.10比较一般过去时与现在完成时1)一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作;现在完成时为过去发生的,强调过去的事情对现在的影响,强调的是影响。2)一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用,而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用,或无时间状语。一般过去时的时间状语:yesterday,lastweek,„ago,in1980,inOctober,justnow等,皆为具体的时间状语。 现在完成时的时间状语:for,since,sofar,ever,never,just,yet,till/until,uptonow,inpastyears,always等,皆不确定的时间状语。共同的时间状语:thismorning,tonight,thisApril,now,already,recently,lately等。3)现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态,动词一般是延续性的,如live,teach,learn,work,study,know.。一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come,go,leave,start,die,finish,become,getmarried等。例如:Isawthisfilmyesterday.(强调看的动作发生过了)Ihaveseenthisfilm.(强调对现在的影响,电影的内容已经知道了)Whydidyougetupsoearly?(强调起床的动作已发生过了)Whohasn’thandedinhispaper?(强调有卷子未交,疑为不公平竞争)HehasbeenintheLeagueforthreeyears.(在团内的状态可延续)HehasbeenaLeaguememberforthreeyears.(是团员的状态可持续)句子中如有过去时的时间副词(如yesterday,last,week,in1960)时,不能使用现在完成时,要用过去时。(错)Tomhaswrittenalettertohisparentslastnight.(对)Tomwrotealettertohisparentslastnight.返回动词的时态目录11.11用于现在完成时的句型1)Itisthefirst/secondtime....that„结构中的从句部分,用现在完成时。例如:ItisthefirsttimethatIhavevisitedthecity.这是我第一次访问这城市。Thisisthefirsttime(that)I’veheardhimsing.这是我第一次听他唱歌。注意:Itwasthethirdtimethattheboyhadbeenlate.2)Thisis+形容词最高级+that„结构,that从句要用现在完成时。例如:ThisisthebestfilmthatI’ve(ever)seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。典型例题(1)---Doyouknowourtownatall?---No,thisisthefirsttimeI___here.A.wasB.havebeenC.cameD.amcoming答案B.Thisisthefirsttime后面所加从句应为现在完成时,故选B。(2)---Haveyou____beentoourtownbefore?---No,it’sthefirsttimeI___here.A.even,comeB.even,havecomeC.ever,comeD.ever,havecome答案D.ever意为曾经或无论何时,反意词为never,此两词常用于完成时。注意:非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。(错)Ihavereceivedhisletterforamonth.(对)Ihaven’treceivedhisletterforalmostamonth.返回动词的时态目录11.12比较since和forSince用来说明动作起始时间,for用来说明动作延续时间长度。例如:Ihavelivedhereformorethantwentyyears.我住在这儿二十多年了。IhavelivedheresinceIwasborn.我从出生起就住在这儿了。注意:并非有for作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。Iworkedhereformorethantwentyyears.(我现在已不在这里工作。)Ihaveworkedhereformanyyears.(现在我仍在这里工作。)注意:用句型转换的方法,很容易排除非延续动词在有for/since结构的完成时中的误用。1)(对)TomhasstudiedRussianforthreeyears.=TombegantostudyRussianthreeyearsago,andisstillstudyingitnow.2)(错)Harryhasgotmarriedforsixyears.=Harrybegantogetmarriedsixyearsago,andisstillgettingmarriednow.显然,第二句不对,它应改为Harrygotmarriedsixyearsago.或Harryhasbeenmarriedforsixyears. 返回动词的时态目录11.13since的四种用法1)since+过去一个时间点(如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980,lastmonth,halfpastsix)。例如:Ihavebeenheresince1989.1989起,我一直在这儿。2)since+一段时间+ago。例如:Ihavebeenheresincefivemonthsago.我在这儿,已经有五个月了。3)since+从句。例如:Greatchangeshavetakenplacesinceyouleft.你走后,变化可大了。Greatchangeshavetakenplacesincewewerehere.我们走后,变化可大了。4)Itis+一段时间+since从句。例如:ItistwoyearssinceIbecameapostgraduatestudent.我考上研究生有两年了。返回动词的时态目录11.14延续动词与瞬间动词1)用于完成时的区别延续动词表示经验、经历;瞬间动词表示行为的结果,不能与表示段的时间状语连用。例如:Hehascompletedthework.他已完成了那项工作。(表结果)I’veknownhimsincethen.我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历)2)用于till/until从句的差异延续动词用于肯定句,表示"做”„直到„„"瞬间动词用于否定句,表示"到„„,才„„"。例如:Hedidn’tcomebackuntilteno’clock.他到10点才回来。Hesleptuntilteno’clock.他一直睡到10点。 典型例题1.Youdon’tneedtodescribeher.I___herseveraltimes.A.hadmetB.havemetC.metD.meet答案B.首先本题后句强调对现在的影响,我知道她的模样,你不用描述。再次,severaltimes告知为反复发生的动作,因此用现在完成时。2.---I’msorrytokeepyouwaiting.---Oh,notatall.I___hereonlyafewminutes.A.havebeenB.hadbeenC.wasD.willbe答案A.等待的动作由过去开始,持续到现在,应用现在完成时。返回动词的时态目录11.15过去完成时1)概念:表示过去的过去----|----------|--------|---->其构成是had+过去分词构成。那时以前那时现在2)用法a.在told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词后的宾语从句。例如:Shesaid(that)shehadneverbeentoParis.她告诉我她曾去过巴黎。b.状语从句在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中,发生在先,用过去完成时;发生在后,用一般过去时。例如:Whenthepolicearrived,thethieveshadrunaway.警察到达时,小偷们早就跑了。c.表示意向的动词,如hope,wish,expect,think,intend,mean,suppose等,用过去完成时表示"原本„,未能„"。例如:Wehadhopedthatyouwouldcome,butyoudidn’t.那时我们希望你能来,但是你没有来。 3)过去完成时的时间状语before,by,until,when,after,once,assoonas。例如:HesaidthathehadlearnedsomeEnglishbefore.他说过他以前学过一些英语。Bythetimehewastwelve,Edisonhadbegantomakealivingbyhimself.到了十二岁那年,爱迪生开始自己谋生。Tomwasdisappointedthatmostoftheguestshadleftwhenhearrivedattheparty.汤姆失望了,因为他到达晚会时,大部分客人已经走了。典型例题Thestudents___busilywhenMissBrownwenttogetabookshe___intheoffice.A.hadwritten,leftB,werewriting,hasleftC.hadwritten,hadleftD.werewriting,hadleft答案D."把书忘在办公室"发生在"去取书"这一过去的动作之前,因此"忘了书"这一动作发生在过去的过去,用过去完成时。句中when表示的是时间的一点,表示在"同学们正忙于„„"这一背景下,when所引导的动作发生。因此前一句应用过去进行时。注意:hadhardly„when还没等„„就„„。例如:IhadhardlyopenedthedoorwhenIhehitme.我刚打开门,他就打了我。hadnosooner„than刚„„就„„。例如:Hehadnosoonerboughtthecarthanhesoldit.他刚买了这辆车,转眼又卖了。返回动词的时态目录11.16用一般过去时代替过去完成时1)两个动作如按顺序发生,又不强调先后,或用then,and,but等连词时,多用一般过去时。例如:Whenshesawthemouse,shescreamed.她看到老鼠,就叫了起来。MyauntgavemeahatandIlostit.姑妈给了我一顶帽子,我把它丢了。2)两个动作相继发生,可用一般过去时;如第一个动作需要若干时间完成,用过去完成时。例如:WhenIheardthenews,Iwasveryexcited.3) 叙述历史事实,可不用过去完成时,而只用一般过去时。例如:OurteachertoldusthatColumbusdiscoveredAmericain1492.返回动词的时态目录11.17将来完成时1)构成willhavedone2)概念a.状态完成:表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。例如:Theywillhavebeenmarriedfor20yearsbythen.到那时他们结婚将有二十年了。b.动作完成:表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前,已经完成的动作或获得的经验。例如:YouwillhavereachedShanghaibythistimetomorrow.明天此时,你已经到达上海了。返回动词的时态目录11.18现在进行时现在进行时的基本用法:a.表示现在(指说话人说话时)正在发生的事情。例如:Wearewaitingforyou.我们正在等你。b.习惯进行:表示长期的或重复性的动作,说话时动作未必正在进行。例如:Mr.Greeniswritinganothernovel.他在写另一部小说。(说话时并未在写,只处于写作的状态。)c.表示渐变,这样的动词有:get,grow,become,turn,run,go,begin等。例如:Theleavesareturningred.叶子在变红。It’sgettingwarmerandwarmer.天越来越热了。d.与always,constantly,forever等词连用,表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态,往往带有说话人的主观色彩。例如:Youarealwayschangingyourmind. 你老是改变主意。典型例题Mydictionary___,Ihavelookedforiteverywherebutstill___it.A.haslost,don’tfindB.ismissing,don’tfindC.haslost,haven’tfoundD.ismissing,haven’tfound.答案D.前句是一个仍在持续的状态,应用进行时,由于没有找到,其影响仍然存在,应用完成时,瞬间动词用于否定式时可用于完成时。返回动词的时态目录11.19不用进行时的动词1)表示事实状态的动词,如have,belong,possess,cost,owe,exist,include,contain,matter,weigh,measure,continue等。例如:Ihavetwobrothers.我有两兄弟。Thishousebelongstomysister.这房子是我姐的。2)表示心理状态的动词,如know,realize,thinksee,believe,suppose,imagine,agree,recognize,remember,want,need,forget,prefer,mean,understand,love,hate等。例如:Ineedyourhelp.我需要你的帮助。Helovesherverymuch.他爱她很深。3)瞬间动词,如accept,receive,complete,finish,give,allow,decide,refuse等。例如:Iacceptyouradvice.我接受你的劝告。4)系动词,如seem,remain,lie,see,hear,smell,feel,taste,get,become,turn等。例如:Youseemalittletired.你看上去有点累。返回动词的时态目录11.20过去进行时1)概念:表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。2)过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景;一个长动作延续的时候,另一个短动作发生。3)常用的时间状语有thismorning,thewholemorning,alldayyesterday,fromninetoten lastevening,when,while等。例如:Mybrotherfellwhilehewasridinghisbicycleandhurthimself.我兄弟骑车时摔了下来,受了伤。Itwasrainingwhentheyleftthestation.他们离开车站时,正下着雨。WhenIgottothetopofthemountain,thesunwasshining.我到达山顶时,阳光灿烂。典型例题1)Mary___adresswhenshecutherfinger.A.madeB.ismakingC.wasmakingD.makes答案C.割伤手指是已发生的事情,应用过去时。同时,when表时间的同时性,"玛丽在做衣服时"提供事情发生的背景,因此用过去进行时。2)Asshe___thenewspaper,Granny___asleep.A.read;wasfallingB.wasreading;fellC.wasreading;wasfallingD.read;fell答案B.句中的as=when,while,意为"当„„之时"。描述一件事发生的背景时,用过去进行;一个长动作发生的时候,另一个短动作发生。句意为"在她看报纸时,奶奶睡着了。"句中的fell(fall的过去时),是系动词,后跟形容词,如:fallsick。八年级上1.Should建议某人做某事.(情态动词)用来提建议,表示应该的意思.后接动词原形(Should+动词原形„..)2.take/havearest翻译为:好好休息.take/have可以互换.3.Shouldn’t=Shouldnot不应该4.see/watch/hear为感官动词.1.后接sb.dosth.表示看/听到某人在做某事.①表示经常性地或者是习惯性的动作.②看到或听到的这个动作的整个过程.2.后接sb.doingsth.表示看/听到某人正在做某事.一般是指看到/听到这个动作正在进行.do/doing用来宾语补足语.5.cherrsb.on当中sb.用人名或者是人称代词的宾格形式代替.翻译为:为某人加油/喝彩.6.begoingto结构: (用来表示:将来的计划或者是打算.)翻译为:打算去做某事,计划去做某事.肯定句:主语+be(am/is/are)+goingto+动词原形„..否定句:主语+be(am/is/are)+not+goingto+动词原形„..疑问句:be(is/are)+主语+goingto+动词原形„..特殊疑问句:疑问词+be+主语+goingto„?7.prefer+名词/动名词/代词/宾语从句/不定式8.join=becomeamember翻译为加入.表示加入某个组织或者团体.9.playfor效力于„.10.arrive+in+大地方/arrive+at+小地方同义的是:getto/reach翻译为:到达某地11.go.come.leave表示位置转移,可用现在进行时来表示将来的动作.12.makesb./sth.+形容词使某/人某物怎么样13.begoodfor对„..有益bebadfor对„..有害14.keepsth./sb.+形容词使某人/某物保持某一种状态15.主语+spend+时间+onsth./(in)doingsth.某人花了时间/金钱做某事16.pretty=very或者quite翻译为:很,非常17.Therebe句型的一般将来时:翻译为(某地将要发生某事)①There+begoingto+be„„(begoingto句型)②There+will+be„„(will句型,没有人称和数的变化)18.besure+that(从句)/todosth.翻译为:确信19.dosb.afavor/helpsb./givesb.ahand经常用来表示寻求帮助20.oneof+名词复数形式/代词的宾格翻译为:„..中之一如果oneof做主语,谓语动词用第三人称单数21.Wouldyoumind+doingstn.?做„..你介意吗?Wouldyoumind+not+doingstn.做„„你不介意吗?英语中,表示委婉请求的表达方式回答:①接受:1.notatall没问题2.ofcoursenot没问题②拒绝:1.I’msorry,I’mafraidyou’dbetternot对不起,恐怕你不能这样做22.need+todosth.翻译为:需要做某事23.keepdoingsth.翻译为:继续做某事24.losethegame输了这场比赛25.beangrywithsb.翻译为:生某人的气with为介词,sb.接人称代词的宾格形式26.haveafight争吵;打架fight做名词讲27.saysorrytosb.翻译为:向某人道歉sb.接名词/人称代词的宾格形式28.withone’shelp/withthehelpofsb.翻译为:在某人的帮助下29.keepsb.doingsth.翻译为:使某人一直做某事30.will句型的一般将来时:(will没有人称和数的变化,适用于任何人称)①肯定句型:主语+will+动词原形翻译为:计划,打算去做某事②否定句型:主语+will+not+动词原形翻译为:不打算,不计划去做某事③疑问句型:Will+主语+动词原形„?翻译为:打算,计划去做某事吗?回答:1.肯定回答Yes,主语+will2.否定回答:No,主语+won’t/willnot.31.belatefor来晚了;迟到32.besorryfor+sth./doingsth. 翻译为:为„„而感到抱歉33.beimportanttosb.翻译为:对某人说是重要的34.quite+abit/alot表示频率后接of用来修饰名词35.enjoydoingsth.喜欢做某事36.start/begin+todosth./doingsth.翻译为:开始做某事37.also用于句中用于肯定句Either用于句末一般用于否定句Too用于句末一般用于肯定句aswell用于句末一般用于肯定句全部都表示”也”的意思38.get动词,gettiredeasily中做系动词,后接tired(形容词)做表语.39.buildsb.up翻译为:增强某人的„„sb.接人称代词的宾格形式和名词40.havefundoingsth.从„„中得到乐趣41.havefun/haveagoodtime/enjoyoneself翻译为:玩得愉快,开心42.havefundoingsth./enjoydoingsth.翻译为:乐于做某事43.fillout=fillin填写fillsb.out填写„„sb.为名词/人称代词的宾格形式44.bewith和„„相处;和„„在一起45.befriendlytosb.翻译为:对某人友好46.makefriendswithsb.翻译为:和某人交朋友47.prefer„to..翻译为:比起„„来,更喜欢„„48.maybe是副词,表示大概,也许或者可能的意思在句子中做状语maybemay是情态动词,加上be翻译为:可能是,大概是在句子中做谓语49.howabout/whatabout+名词/动名词翻译为:„„怎么样50.befree反义bebusy翻译为:空闲的繁忙的51.every+基数词+复数名词翻译为:”每„„”52.befondof+名词/动名词=like+动名词/名词翻译为:喜欢;乐意做某事what’swrongwith„=what’sthematter=what’sup?询问对方的情况haveacold=catch/getacold患感冒Whynot+动词原形„?Whydon’tyou„?两者都是同义句,都用于提建议4.hadbetter+动词原形翻译为:最好做某事用于任何人称hadbetter+not+动词原形翻译为:最好别做某事没有任何和数的变化.5.takesb./sth.+to+地点翻译为:带某人/某物去某地6.sth.withsth.翻译为:加入某物的物品7.toomany+可数名词的复数形式„toomuch+不可数名词,用于动词后,修饰动作„muchtoo+形容词/副词„8.形容词修饰不定代词:不定代词+形容词10.sick用于名词前,修饰名词做定语翻译为:生病ill不能做定语两者都可在句子中做表语11.worryabout+人称代词宾格形式/名词„12.both„and„做主语,谓语动词用复数13.plentyof=lotsof/alotof=many=much 翻译为:一些,大量的many+可数名词的复数形式much+不可数名词„14.tellsb.todosth.告诉某人做某事15.giveupdoingsth.=stopdoingsth.放弃/停止做某事16.enough翻译为:足够的用法:①做形容词讲时,放在名词前.后②做副词讲时,用来修饰动词或者形容词,只能放于所修饰词后.17.talkwith/tosb.和某人洽谈Talkabout谈论关于„18.among表示在三者或三者以上between表示两者之间,和and搭配翻译为:在„„之间19.doone’sbest尽(某人)全力,one’s接名词所有格.物主代词20.dosomedoingsth.做„„事21.must句型:(must+主语„?)①肯定回答:—Yes,主语+must.②否定回答:1.—No,主语+don’t/doesn’t+haveto.2.—No,主语+neednot.22.keepawayfromsth.翻译为:远离某物23.ringsb.up=callsb.=givesb.acall/ring/phone翻译为:给某人打电话24.careforsb.翻译为:照顾某人25.It’s+形容词/名词+todosth.翻译为:做„是„的26.teachoneself=learnbyoneself翻译为:自学27.hate+动名词/名词/代词翻译为:讨厌„„28.helpsb.(to)dosth.翻译为:帮助某人做某事29.enjoyoneself=haveagoodtime=havefun翻译为:过得愉快30.byoneself翻译为:亲自,自己31.helponeselfto+食物翻译为:请随便吃点„„32.saytooneself翻译为:自言自语;心里想八年级上册Unit1topic1SectionA1.Iyouplay常见的感官动词有:see,watch,hear,smell(嗅觉),feel等。后可接①动词ing形式,表此动作正在发生。②动词原形,不表此动作正在发生,表此动作已完成或存在的事实。①Doyousmellsomething?(burn)答案:burning②Ioftenseehimbasketballafterclass.(play)答案:play2.Therebe句型:表某地有某物.而have表示某人有…(1)Thereis/are..表现在某地有某物,is/are取决于后面的名词是单数还是复数,单数用is复数用are,如①Thereisapenandtworulersonthedesk.②Therearetworulersandapen…(2)Therewas/were…表过去某地有某物。was/were的用法也遵循就近原则。(3)Therewillbe或Thereis/aregoingtobe表某地将有某事物。不能说成Therewillhave…(题)amatchinourschoolbetweenClassThreeandClassFournextweek.3.WouldyoulikeSure,I’dloveto.(1)Wouldyoulike+不定式?表建议或邀请。常用I’dloveto来回答,不同意也常用“I’dloveto,but…”来拒绝别人。如:Wouldyouliketoplaybasketballwithme?---I’dlove to,butIhavealotofhomeworktodo.(2)在肯定句中wouldlike=want如:I’dliketohavearest.=Iwanttohavearest.4.Iourteamwillwin.----Me,too.(=SodoI.)①hope+that从句,that可省去。IhopethatIcanseeyousoon.②hopetodosth.Ihopetoseeyousoon.注意:(1)wish(愿)与hope的用法一样,后既可以接从句也可以接不定式,但不能说hopesb.todosth.(hope后不接双宾语,但wish可以),如:Ihopeyoutohelpme(错)Ihopethatyoucanhelpme.(对)(2)hope后接的从句常用将来时态表可以实现的愿望,而wish后接的宾语从句常用过去时态表难以实现的愿望,如:①Ihopeyouwillcome.②IwishIcouldflytothemoon.5.Irowing.(1)prefer(过去式过去分词需双写prefeed)后可直接接动词ing形式或动词不定式,表更喜欢…,用法同like/love:①Ipreferswimming(更喜欢经常游泳)②Iprefertoswim.(更喜欢这一次去游泳)(2)prefer(doing)Ato(doing)B相当于:like…betterthan…Ipreferswimmingtoskating.==Ilikeswimmingbetterthanskating.(3)后接不定式时与rather(在一定能够程度上,颇)than或insteadof连用,如:Hepreferredtodieratherthan(to)steal./Hepreferredtodieinsteadofstealing.他宁死也不去偷窃。6.-----Doyourowmuch?你经常划船吗?是的,经常。quiteabit/alot经常/许多,大量.①quiteabitof后接不可数名词,如:quiteabitofmoney。②quitealotof后既可接可数名词复数也可以接不可数名词,如:quitealotofbooks/information。而③quiteafew=many表“相当多”后接可数名词复数,如:quiteafewstudents④quitealittle=much表许多,后接不可数名词,如;quitealittlemoney⑤veryfew/little很少很少。7.?①join加入(人群,组织)②takepartin参加(活动,比赛)注意:(1)join可与in连用,后接活动,即takepartin=joinin=bein后都接活动。如:①Hethegame;②③I’llbeintherelayrace.(2)Joinsb.indoingsth.表加入某人的活动。如:Willyoujoinusinplayingbasketball?SectionB1.Howtallishe,doyouknow?-----Yes.Heis2.26meterstall.与how构成的疑问词有:Howtall(身高)多高;howhigh(山)多高;howheavy多重;howlong多长;Howwide多宽;howdeep多深;howold多大….对应的回答常用“数词+量词+形容词”,如:1.70meterstall;2kilometershigh;3kilosheavy;20yearsold2.playfor为某个队效力;playagainst与某个队比赛;playwith玩某物/与某人玩(比较:playbasketball打篮球;(玩弄一个篮球)3.whatareyougoingtobewhenyougrowup?=whatdoyouwanttobe…?你长大想干什么?5.DavidBeckham,afamoussoccerstar,arrivedinBeijingwithhisteamyesterday.表到达的有:①arriveat+(小地名);arrivein+(大地名)②getto③ reach6.(1)excited表“感到激动的、兴奋的”,常只作表语,主语常为人。如:Weareexcited.类似的有:interested有趣的;tired感到疲劳的;bored感到厌烦的(2)exciting表“令人激动兴奋的”既可作定语,也可作表语;作表语时,主语常为事物,如:①aninterestingbook;②Thebookisinteresting.类似的有:interesting令人有趣的;tiring令人感到疲劳的;boring令人感到厌烦的7.It’stoobadthattheyaren’tgoingtostayinBeijingforlong.主语是斜体that从句部分,前用it来代替它。因此这是一个含主语从句的复合句。It’stoobadthat…=It’sapitythat…=It’sashamethat..很遗憾…..8.在英语中有一些表示位置移动的词,如:go,come,leave,arrive,fly可用现在进行时态表将来。如:TheyareflyingtoWuhantomorrow.(表将飞往武汉而不是正去武汉)TheyareleavingforJapan.=TheywillleaveforJapan.9.theworld’sbestforChina.(1)oneof表…中的一个,后接可数名词的复数,如:oneofmyfriends(2)名词作定语修饰名词时,一般用单数形式,如:twobookshops,twoshoeshops,但man,woman,sports修饰可数名词复数时,常用复数形式,如:twomenteachers;sportsmeet(3)winagoldmedal赢得一枚金牌;winaprize赢得奖品;winthefirstplace赢得第一名10.Whatashame!=Whatapity多么遗憾!类似的有:Whatfun!多么有趣!11.breaktherecord打破纪录;keeptherecord保持纪录12.writeback回信SectionC1.onceaweek,一周一次twiceaweek一周两次,三次或三次以上用“数字+times”如:threetimesayear,fourtimesaday,fivetimesaweek,…..2.go+v-ing形式的短语表“去做某事”如:gohiking去徒步旅行,goshopping去购物,goskating去滑冰,goskiing去滑雪;gofishing去钓鱼。3.当exercise指“体操、练习”时,是可数名词,如:domorningexercises做早操;doEnglishexercises做英语练习题;但exercise指“锻炼,运动”时,是不可数名词。如:doexercise做运动。exercise还可作动词,指“锻炼,运动”如:Sheexerciseseverymorning.4.prettywell=verywell相当好5.begoodat…=dowellin…擅长…如:IamgoodatEnglish.=IdowellinEnglish.begoodfor…对…有好处,Runningisgoodforyourhealth.反义词为:bebadat=dobadlyin不擅长….bebadfor对…有害类似短语:begood/badtosb.对某人好/不好6.Theyaresurethatshewillwin.①besure+(that)从句,表“确信…”如:I’msure(that)eatingtoomuchisbadforyou.②besuretodosth..确信做某事Wearesuretowinnexttime.③besureof/about(doing)sth.表确信(做)某事I’msureofthat.7.Howoftendoesshegocycling?(1)go+动词ing形式,表进行某种户外活动,如:goswimming,gofishing,goclimbing.(2)Howoften问多久一次,频率。常用sometimes,seldom,twiceayear等回答。Howlong问多久。常用“(For)一段时间”来回答Howsoon问多快(时间),用于将来时态。常用“Inanhour在一小时isitfromyour hometoyourschool?------It’stwokilometersaway.(2)istheroom?------It’stwometerswide.(3)isthetree?-------It’sthreemetershigh.8.Becauseitmakesmestronganditispopularallovertheworld.因为它使我强壮并且它流行make,let,have当表“使,让”时是使令动词,后接动词原形。如:makemecrymake后还可以接形容词,名词,如:makemestrong,makehimourmonitor,10.keephealthy=keepfit保持健康(healthy=fit都是形容词,health是名词)SectionD1.Haveagoodday!祝你今天玩得高兴Haveagoodjourney!旅途愉快Haveagoodtime!祝你过得愉快Haveagoodweekend!周末愉快八年级上册Unit1topic2SectionA1.(1)Couldyouplease=Wouldyouplease…?意为“请你…好吗?”后接动词原形(2)dosb.afavor=helpsb.=givesb.ahand帮某人的忙。2.(1)Oneof+可数名词复数,表“…..中之一”当它作主语时,是单数第三人称。如:类似的短语有:Someof…;中的一些mostof…中的大多数;(2)fallill生病(强调动作)beill病了(强调状态)如:Hefellillyesterday,andnowheisillinbed.3.你介意教教我吗?----不介意。(1)Wouldyoumind(not)doingsth.你介意(别)做某事吗?(礼貌地请求某人做或别做某事)回答去做的有:Notatall或Ofcoursenot或Certainlynot回答不去做的有:Sorry,Iwon’t./Yes,pleasedon’t./You’dbetternot.(2)Wouldyoumindmy/mesmokinghere?(常用物主代词my,her,his,our等,少用代词宾格me,he,us等)4.Let’sgoand让我们去练习practice+名词/动词ing,表练习什么/做什么,如:①WeoftenpracticespokenEnglish.(英语口语)②Let’spracticedancing.5.Sorry,I’llputitsomewhereelse别的某个地方somewhere是不定副词,else是形容词。形容词修饰不定副词、不定代词时,常放在其后。如:somethingsweet甜食;Anythingelse?还有别的吗?Nothingserious不严重6.Don’t,Iwon’t.(对不起,我将再也不会了)①belate迟到,如:Youarelateagain.②belatefor…做…迟到如:Hewaslateforschool.(3)回答否定祈使句常用:Sorry,Iwon’t.如:Don’tshoutatme!----Sorry,Iwon’t.回答肯定祈使句常用:OK,Iwill.如:Pleasestudyhard.----OK,Iwill.7.你能用英语说一下它吗?①Wouldyouplease(not)dosth(请求某人做某事)②Wouldyouliketodosth.(提建议)③Wouldyoumind(not)doingsth(请求)8.That’sverykindofyou,butIcan太感谢你了,但我会自己处理的。manage作“管理,处理”时,结构为:managesb./sth.如:Shemanagedthehotelwell.manage作“设法做成某事”时,结构为:managetodosth.如:it’stoonoisyhere,I’llmanagetoleave here.注意比较trytodosth.努力去做某事"Itis+形容词+ofsb.todosth.."和"Itis+形容词+forsb.todosth.."这两个句型容易混淆。什么情况下用of或for是一个考点。实际上前者的形容词用来描述某人的,因此可以转换成:Sb.+be+形容词+todosth.Todosth.is+形容词。如:Itisrightofyoutodomorereading.=Youarerighttodomorereading.(right用来描述you)Itiseasyforyoutofinishthework.=Tofinishtheworkiseasyforyou.SectionB1.always除了用于一般现在时态中,也可用于进行时态中,bealwaysdoingsth.总是….常用来赞扬某人,如:Sheisalwayshelpingothers.2.Youmissedagoodchance.(错过一个好机会)miss意为”思念,错过”如:①Imissmymotherverymuch.②Shemissedtheearlybus.3.Hedidhisbest.他尽力了。a)doone’sbest=tryone’sbest尽某人最大努力②Doone’sbesttodosth.=tryone’sbesttodosth.某人尽力去干某事Wewilldo/tryourbesttostudyEnglishwell.4.Kangkang,wouldyoumindsayingsorrytoMichael?你介意向Michael道歉吗?①Saysorrytosb向某人道歉②sayhellotosb.向某人打招呼/问候。③saygoodbyetosb.向某人道别。5.IamsorryforwhatIsaid.我为我所说的道歉。for后面的whatIsaid(我所说的)是一个宾语从句。类似的还有:whatIsaw(我所见的),whatIthoughtabout(我所考虑的)a)Besorryfor表为….道歉,后面接名词、代词、从句或动名词。②Besorrytodosth.抱歉去做某事。有时①②可互换如:I’msorryfortroublingyou.=I’msorrytotroubleyou.6.(1)Keepdoingsth.坚持做某事;keepsb.doingsth.让某人一直干某事;keepondoingsth.=goondoingsth.继续做某事(2)①besuretodosth.确信要做某事(表将来)如:It’ssuretorain.肯定要下雨。②besure+(that)从句,如:Wearesurethatwewillwinnexttime.③besureaboutsth.对某事确信,如:I’msureabouttheanswer.7.beangrywithsb.生某人的气beangryatsth.因某事而生气,如:Hewasangryatwhathehadsaid.Withthehelpofsb.=withone’shelp在某人的帮助下WithMariaandJane’shelp,….9.(1)turnon打开(电器、龙头等);turnoff关;(2)turnup调大音量turndown调小音量10.pleasetakeaseat.请坐Takeone’sseat=haveone’sseat坐某人的座位如:Hetookhisseatandreadabook.11.bebusywithsth.为某事而忙碌。如:Kangkangisbusywithhisexam.bebusydoingsth.忙于做某事如:HeisbusypreparingforChristamas.12.Nevermind.=Itdoesn’tmatter.=That’sOK/allright.=Notatall.没关系。都可以用来回答“I’msorry.”如:I’msorryIdidn’tcallyoulastnight.---Nevermind.Iguessyouwerebusy.SectionC1.很精彩?是的,但也很累。表“也”的有下列词,用法如下:①aswell/too用于肯定句末.I’mastudent.Heisastudentas well/too.②also用于肯定句中(位于系动词、情态动词之后,行为动词之前)如:HeislikesEnglish.③either用于否定句末。I’mnotastudent,heisn’tastudenteither.2.Heinventedanindoorgameforhisstudentssothattheycouldplayeveninbadweather.(1)sothat①为了,以便Hegotupearlysothathecouldcatchtheearlybus.②结果,以致Helefthisbookathomesothathewentbackhomeagain.so+形容词/副词+that从句:如此….以致…Sheissosuch+名词短语+that从句:如此….以致…Sheissuchhim.(2)①invent(动词)发明②inventor(名词)发明家③invention(名词)发明Inventorshaveinventedmanygreatinventions发明家已经发明了许多伟大的发明。3.在比赛中得分)score进球,得分①名词:Thefinalscoreis2-1.最后得分为2比1。②动词:Noonescoredinthefirsthalf.没人得分在上半场。SectionD1.Iama15-year-oldboy.我是一个15岁大的男孩。用连接号“—”构成的词常做一个形容词,放在名词前作定语,此结构中数词后的词不用复数,不能说成15-years-old,但不是一个词时,year要用复数。如:Heis15yearsold.2.①insteadof代替...,是一个副词短语,不能放主语后独立作谓语动词,只能放在动词后作谓语,它后可接名词/代词/动名词(v-ing)。如:Youshouldplayoutinsteadofworkingindoors.a)instead代替…放句尾或句首。Idon’tlikeswimming,let’sgohikinginstead.3.Ihavegreatfunrunning.fun是不可数名词,意为“乐趣”,词组havefundoingsth.在做某事中得到乐趣,如:WehavegreatfunlearningEnglish.注意:havefun=enjoyoneself=hadgoodtime.4.Before和after既可作介词,后接动词ing形式。也可作连词,后接时间状语从句。如:开始跳高前,我们必须弄清楚如何跳得高。①Beforestartingjumping,wemustgettoknowhowtojumphigh.(介词)②Beforewestartjumping,wemustgettoknowhowtojumphigh.(连词)5.短语:①shoutatsb朝某人吼(不礼貌地);shouttosb.朝某人大声地喊②beimportanttosb./sth.对某人是重要的。如:Englishisimportanttous.③buildsb/oneselfup增强某人体质如:Runningcanbuildourselvesup.④立刻,马上:inaminute=rightnow=rightaway=atonce=soon八年级上册Unit1topic3SectionA1.I’llbeinthelongjumpandthehighjump.bein+活动,表“参加某活动,相当于takepartin和joinin2.maybe和maybe①maybe=perhaps副词,表“可能,也许,大概”,在句中作状语,通常放句首,也可以放动词之前。如:Maybeyouare right.(可能你是对的)②maybe表“可能是”常放句中,如:Youmayberight.(你可能是对的)3.动词放句首的几种情况:①动词原形放句首,用于祈使句。如:Readthedialogueloudly,please.②动词ing形式(动名词)放句首作主语,把它当作单数第三人称对待。如:Readinginthesunisbadforyoureyes.③动词不定式也可以放句首作主语,如:Totalkwithhimisagreatpleasure.当然,通常我们把不定式放句后,前用形式主语it来代替它。因此这句话常说成:Itisagreatpleasuretotalkwithhim.(跟他交谈是一种莫大的乐趣)4.cheersbon为某人加油。5.(1)makefriends交朋友(2)makefriendswithsb.和某人交朋友,如:Iwantomakefriendswithyou.(3)sportsmeet运动会6.Iwilldomybest.Iwon’tlose①输(反义词为:win)IamafraidIwilllosethegame.②丢失Ilostmybook.7.It’smyfirsttimetotakepartinthehighjump.It’sone’sfirsttimetodosth.是某人第一次做…如:It’sherfirsttimetocookdinner.SectionB1.Let’sgotoplanttreesthen.那么让我们去植树吧。plant和grow都表“种植”,一般可互换,但grow比plant更需要精心的培育。常说:planttrees,growrice.2.Let’smakeithalfpastsix.我们约定6:30吧。(这是约定时间的常用表达法.)3.enough的用法:(1)enough(足够的/地)修饰形容词或副词必须放在它的后面。如:bigenough(大的足够)slowlyenough(慢地足够)enough修饰名词时,即可放其前,也可放其后。如:enoughmoney或moneyenough.(2)enoughtodosth.足够…..可以做….此句式还可以与so…..that….;too…to….互换。Sheisn’toldenoughtogotoschool.==Sheissoyoungthatshecan’tgotoschool.=Sheistooyoungtogotoschool.她太小了而不能上学。4.takephotos=takepictures照相SectionC1.We’resorrythatwethehighjump,butwe’resurewecandobadlyin=bebadin在…方面做得差(badly是副词,修饰动词do;bad是形容词)dobetterin=bebetterin做得更好,更擅长于….(better是well,good的比较级)2.ThePeople’sRepublicofChinatookpartintheOlympicsforthefirsttime第一次如:IwenttoBeijingforthefirsttimelastsummerholiday.短语:(1)takeplace发生,举办(2)everyfouryears每4年一次SectionDasymbolof…的一种象征YellowwasasymbolofimperialpowerinancientChina.standfor代表…ThedragonstandsfortheChinesenation.3.Youcaneasilyfindatleastoneofthesecolorsintheflagofeverycountry.atleast至少=over=morethan如:Thereareatleast400studentsinourschool.4.improveourenvironment改善我们的环境(1)improve改善,提高Idon’tknowhowtoimprovemy English.(2)improveoneself自我提高weshouldstudyhardtoimproveourselves八年级上册Unit2topic1SectionA1.What’swrongwithyou?你怎么了?同义句有:What’sthematter/troublewithyou?(matter/trouble是名词,前用the;wrong是形容词,前不用the)2.短语:haveacold=catchacold患感冒;haveacough患咳嗽;haveafever发烧;头痛haveasorethroat喉咙疼(注意这两个特殊点的)Ihaveaheadache.=Ihaveanacheinmyhead.(ache指持续的疼痛,pain指肉体上的剧烈疼痛,sore常指发炎而引起的肌肉痛)3.takearest=havearest休息一下4.lift①举起liftthebox②消散Thecloudswillliftsoon③电梯getoutofthelift.系动词有:be是;look看起来,smell闻起来,sound听起来,taste尝起来,feel觉得,turn/get/become变;他们后常接形容词作表语,系动词常可用动词be来退换。如:Themusicsoundswonderful.=Themusiciswonderful.(1)takesomemedicine=havesomemedicine服药(2)seehowitgoes看它如何发展(go表事情的进展,如:Everythingisgoingwell。)dayandnight日日夜夜8.Idon’tfeellikedoingsth.=wanttodosth.想要做…如:Ifeellikerunning.9.You’dbetterdrinkhotteawith加…的,without没有…如:Chineseteawithnothing=Chineseteawithoutanything10.Yliedown躺下,lie的现在分词为lying,过去式为lay11.You’dbetternoteat(1)toomuch修饰不可数名词,还可以用来修饰动词,如:①toomuchmoney;②Stayinbedanddon’tmoveyourlegtoomuch.(2)toomany修饰可数名词复数,如:toomanystudents(3)muchtoo修饰形容词或副词,如:muchtooexpensive12.Youshouldbrushyourteethtwiceaday.brushone’steeth刷牙(tooth的复数teeth)SectionCcheckover=lookover检查正误,检查身体如:①Canyoucheckovermyhomework.②Thedoctorcheckedheroverandshewasfine.2.Here,takethesepills.给,服下这些药片。pill药片,服药用动词take/have.3.I’msorrytotellyouthatIhadanaccidentyesterday.haveanaccident发生一场事故stayinbed待在床上(inbed常指生病在床上,onthebed常指物品在床上) .(1)askforaleave请假(2)askforaweek’sleave请一周的假(3)askthreedays’leave6.IhopeI’llgetwelland(1)returnto+某地=go/comebackto…表返回某地,如:KangkangreturnedtoBeijing.(2)returnsth.tosb.=givebacksth.tosb.表归还某物给某人,如:Youmustreturnittomesoon.=Youmustgiveitbacktomesoon.SectionD1.Icouldn’treadit否定句+until...表不能做某事,直到什么时候才能做。如:Ican’thelpyouuntilyoutellmethetruth.我不能帮助你,直到你告诉我真相我才帮你。Sick和ill都表“病的“,但sick即可以作定语也可以作表语,如:①asickgirl;②Thegirlissick.而ill只能作表语,如:Thegirlisill.因此sick>ill.3.Don’tus.worryaboutsth./sb.为…担心4.Youshoulddrinkboiledwater.plentyof=alotof许多的;大量的,可接可数名词的复数或不可数名词5.Howareyoufeelingtoday?你今天感觉如何?---Muchbetter.好多了。但是我的左腿仍然痛,当我动的时候。hurt①疼痛:Myleghurts②伤害Hehurthislegwhenhefell.八年级上册Unit2topic2SectionA1.What’sup?=What’shappening?=What’swrong?=What’sthematter/trouble?怎么了?2.late(1)stayup=situp熬夜,如:westayedupuntilmidnighttoseetheNewYearcoming.(2)动词ing形式(动名词)可直接放句首作主语,谓语动词用单三形式。3.toolittle太少;toomuch太多;都用来修饰不可数名词。4.goingtoschool不吃早饭去上学。SectionBinthesun在阳光下(此处不能用underthesun)2.Imustaskhimtosmoking.giveupdoingsth.=stopdoingsth.放弃做某事3.Don’tthrowabout到处扔,如:throwlitterabout=throwaboutlitter(litter是名词,即可以放后也可以放中间,但代词只能放中间,如:throwitabout)4.goforawalk去散步;takeawalk=haveawalk散步duringtheday.(1)keep+宾语+补语(补语可以是:动词ing形式;形容词;介词短语)①I’msorryto使某人一直做某事)②Keepthedooropen,please.(keepsb/sth+形容词表示某人/某事物保持怎样的状态)③(keepsb+介词短语表示某人呆在某地)(2)duringtheday=inthedaytime在白天SectionC(1)showsb.sth.=showsth.tosb.向某人展示某物pleaseshowmeyournew book.(2)showsb.around某地表带某人参观某地:I’llshowyouaroundourschooltomorrow.onanemptystomach空腹(1)getinto进入,陷入;如:getintotrouble陷入麻烦(2)①through从物体asweknow=itiswellknow众所周知therightkindsoffood正确种类的食物3.Weshouldeatmorefruitandlessmeat.Eatmore….andless…多吃…少吃…(1)food,fruit等词常作不可数名词,后不加s,但当强调多种食物或水果时,常用复数形式,如differentfoods.(2)indifferentways以不同的方式5.It’snecessaryforustohavehealthyeatinghabits.句型:Itis+形容词+forsb.todosth.(it代替后面的不定式)对于某人来说,去做某事是…的,如:It’susefulforustolearnEnglishwell.八年级上册Unit2topic3SectionA(1)①hurryup赶快,表催促②hurrytodosth.=dosth.inahurry匆忙地做某事Hehurriedtofinishthework.=Hefinishedtheworkinahurry.③hurryto+某地:表匆匆地去某地,如:Hehurriedtothehospital.=Hewenttothehospitalinahurry.(2)beonTV某人或某事物上电视。(1)疑问句和否定句中,表“一些”,常用any,不用some.但当此疑问句表建议或请求时,Some不改成any.如:Wouldyoulikesometea?(2)goahead请开始吧3.SARSspreadseasilyamongpeople.(1)spread(spread,spread)传播,传开Thediseasespreadalloverthecountry.(2)among表在多者之间,between在两者之间,常用:betweenAandB4.短语:①buildupourbodies使我们的身体强健②crowdedplaces人群拥挤的地方③takeone’sadvice=acceptone’sadvice接受某人的建议(advice不可数名词)5.Must开头提出的问句,否定回答不用mustn’t来回答,常见的回答如:MustIgonow?(我必须得走吗?)肯定回答:Yes,youmust.(是的,你必须);否定回答:No,youneedn’t./No,youdon’thaveto.(不,你不必)(needn’t=don’thaveto)keep…awayfrom…让…远离….如:You’dbetterkeepthechildawayfromthefire.SectionB1.Justamoment,please=waitamoment=Holdon,please.请稍等(打电话常用语)rightnow用两种意思:①现在=now②马上=rightaway;inaminute;atonce;(1)examine=checkover检查(2)patient表“①病人②有耐心的”4.短语:①getthroughtosb和某人接通电话②leaveamessageforsb.给某人留口信③givesb.amessage=takeamessageforsb.给某人捎口信④callsb.back给某人回电话⑤ ask/tell/ordersb(not)todosth.叫某人(不)去做某事SectionC(1)takeanactivepartin基金参加….(2)against介词,与…对抗carefor=takecareof=lookafter照顾,照看3.Itismydutytosavethepatients.(1)此句为主语从句,it代替tosavethepatients(2)save有3种意思:①救②储存savemoney③节约savewater4.Longtimenosee!好久不见你在家是如何度过的?spend+时间:表度过…IspentmyholidayinBeijing(1)teachoneself=learnbyoneself自学MichaellearnedEnglishbyhimself.(2)注意teach的用法:teachsb.sthMrLiuteachesourEnglish.(改错)→正确)SectionD1.must除了表示“必须”,还表示“一定”,如:一定是)mustn’t只指“不准”,canbe/maybe可能是;can’tbe不可能是。2.反身代词的用法见语法表。八年级上册Unit3topic1SectionAofgreatvalue意为“很有价值的”,相当于valuable.“Of+名词”表“有…的”,相当于一个形容词。如:Itisofimportance.=Itisimportant.(1)usedto+动词原形,表过去经常做某事(现在不了),否定形式为didn’tuseto或usednotto,如:Hedidn’tusetodrinkbeer.=Heusednottodrinkbeer.其疑问句即可用助动词did,也可以用used,如:DidheusetoliveinBeijing?=UsedhetoliveinBeijing?(2)love的用法同like,后即可以接动词ing形式,也可以接动词不定式。(3)picture广义的图画,包括painting(水彩画),drawing(简笔画)beinterestedin对…感兴趣dancetomusic随着音乐跳舞befondof喜爱SectionBInone’ssparetime=inone’sfreetime在某人空闲时间里(1)表建议的句型有:Whynot=Whydon’tyou,后接动词原形,如;Whynot/Whydon’tyougoout?Whatabout=Howabout后接动词ing,如:What/Howaboutgoingout?Shallwe+动词原形,如:Shallwegoout?(2)dosomeoutdooractivities做户外活动change①名词,改变,如:agreatchange。②动词,改变,如:改了他的主意)③名词,零钱,如:Here’syourchange.4.waterflower浇花(water在此为动词,表“给…浇水”)5.含time的短语:①allthetime一直②atthesametime同时③attimes有时④intime及时⑤ontime准时⑥atthattime在那时⑦fromtimetotime不时6.not…atall一点也不,如:Idon’tlikeitatall.Notatall不用谢;没关系sharesthwithsb.同某人分享某事物,如:Iwanttosharemyhappinesswithyou.SectionCvacation=holiday假期infrontof在(某物体外面的)前面,如:Thereare sometreesinfrontofmyhouse.inthefrontof在(某物体里面的)前面,如:Thereisablackboardinfrontoftheclassroom.3.Howclever!感叹句:(1)How+形容词/副词(+主语+谓语)!感叹句中主语和谓语常省去。如:①Howtall(thetreeis)!②Howfast(heruns)!(2)What+(a/an)+形容词+名词(+主语+谓语)!当名词为可数名词单数时,用a/an,如:Whatatalltree(itis)!当此名词为复数或不可数名词时,不要a/an,如:①Whattalltrees(theyare)!②Whatbadweather(itis)!keeppets养宠物(keep有养,保存的意思)feedpets喂宠物(feed指给东西它吃)5.suchas通常放句中,后接几个并列名词,如:Icanspeakmanylanguages,suchasEnglish,FrenchandJapanese.而forexample可放句中,句首或句尾,后常接一个句子或短语并与它用逗号隔开,如:Forexample,Australiawasunknowndaily=everyday每天的,日常的。如:inourdailylife=inoureverydaylife7.well(1)副词,好地,如:HespeaksEnglishwell(2)形容词,身体好的,如:Iamwell.SectionDlight(1)颜色浅的,反义词dark(2)重量轻的,反义词为heavy(3)灯(1)He和she也可以表动物的雌雄,指祖国时用she.(2)takeabath=haveabath洗澡3.Hedoesn’tmindwhether和if表是否时,常可以互换,但在以下情况只能用whether,不能用if.(1)whether可以和or(not)合在一起使用,也可以分开使用,但if可以只能在口语中与ornot分开使用。(2)whether后可接不定式,而if不能。如:(3)whether可置于句首引导主语从句,而if不能。如:(4)whether可用在介词之后,引导宾语从句,而If则不能。如:(5)whether可引导表语从句,if则不能。如:(6).在有些动词(如discuss)之后,只能用whether,而不用if引导宾语从句。如:八年级上册Unit3topic2SectionA1.Iamgoingtoaconcert.短语:①gotoaconcert去听音乐会②give/holdaconcert举行音乐会③ataconcert在音乐会上takealesson=havealesson上课givesb.alesson给某人上课/给某人一个教训(1)lendsthtosb.把某物借给某人(2)borrowsthfromsb从某人那里借进某物4.乐器前要用the,如:playthepiano;球类前不用the,如:playbasketball5.art艺术;artist艺术家;artistic艺术的SectionB1.It’shardtosay.很难说。It’s+形容词+todosth.(it=不定式)2.like…bestofall最喜欢…,如:LiXianglikesjazzbest.=JazzisLiXiang’ sfavorite.3.Popmusicoftencomesandgoesquickly.comeandgo来去,来来往往befamousfor因…而闻名ChinaisfamousfortheGreatWall.befamousas以…身份而出名LuXunisfamousasawriter.SectionCformaband组成乐队setupaband建立乐队Closefriends密友(close亲密的)continuetodosth=continuedoingsth.继续做某事,如:Hecontinuedreading/toreadwhenIspoketohim.4.ThemembersofthebandareallfromEngland.member成员,如:amemberofthefamily=afamilymember家庭的一员SectionDasksb.todosth.叫某人去做某事;asksb.forsth.向某人寻求某物例:Heaskedthepoliceforhelp八年级上册Unit3topic3SectionA1.Holdtheline,please.Holdtheline=holdon=waitamoment=justamoment为打电话用语,意为“等一会”2.nobody=not…anybody;如:Thereisnobodyintheroom.=Thereisnotanybodyintheroom.no=not…any如:Ihavenofriends.=Idon’thaveanyfriends.3.takeashower=haveashower洗淋浴takeabath=haveabath洗澡SectionB1.watchamovie/film=seeamovie/film看电影;gotothecinema/movietheater去电影院2.agree的用法:(1)agreewith后常接人或what引导的从句,表同意某人,如:①Iagreewithyou.②Iagreewithwhatyousaid.(2)agreetosth.,表“同意某事”,接表示建议、计划、条件、安排等的词。如:Iagreetotheplan.(3)agreetodosth表“同意去做某事”,如:Iagreetohelpyou.(4)agreeon/aboutsth.关于某事方面表示同意,如:Iagreeonthematter.(5)agree+that从句,如:TheyagreedthatIshouldbuythebook.handsome英俊的(常指男士),beautiful漂亮的(常指女士)sad悲伤的,难过的;sadly副词;sadness悲伤(名词)makefaces=makeaface做鬼脸givesb.alesson/lessons给某人上课SectionCSundaywasthe“holyday”.表“世纪或年代”用“in+the+(年数s)”如:Inthe1800s在19世纪;inthe1960s在20世纪60年代;(注意:要用the,年数后加s,而表示具体的某一年不用the,也不加s,如:in2009 )2.短语比较:solvetheproblem解决难题;answerthequestion回答问题(question才是问的问题,而problem不是)3.Atoneo’clockeveryonestopdoingsth.停止正在做的事情;stoptodosth.=stopdoingAtodoB停下来去做另件事类似的有:goondongsth.继续做某事(同件事);goontodosth.接着去做某事(另件事)thebeginningof表“…的开始”atthebeginningof表“在…的开始”如:atthebeginningofthemonth在月初SectionD短语:talkabout谈论talkwith/to与某人交谈八年级上册Unit4topic1SectionA1.名词复数特殊的几种:(1)单复数同形的名词有:fish鱼,deer鹿,sheep绵羊,Chinese中国人;Japanese(2)不规则变化:child---children;foot---feet,tooth---teeth牙齿;goose---geese鹅mouse---mice老鼠;man---men;woman---women注意:与man和woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是-men和-women。如:anEnglishman,twoEnglishmen.但German(德国人)不是合成词,故复数形式为Germans;(3)只有复数形式的名词:trousers裤子,pants裤子,shorts短裤glasses眼镜,2.形容词和副词的比较级前可用much,alittle,even,far来修饰,但不能用more,very。如:much/farmorebeautiful;alittletaller.3.复习比较级和最高级(见语法表)SectionB1.Theygiveusjoy.它们给我们快乐。giveusjoy=giveushappiness/pleasure(joy=happiness=pleasure表快乐,都是名词)sharesth.withsb.与某人分享某物,如:Iwanttosharemyhappinesswithyou.①feedon以…为食;Tigersfeedonmeat.②liveon以食…为生:Weliveonrive③feed喂:Myjobistofeedanimals.SectionC6%oftheearth’ssurface.(1)cover覆盖;(2)cover…with…,用…覆盖…,如:Hecoveredhisfacewithanewspaper.(3)becoveredwith…被…覆盖:Thelandiscoveredwithsnow.thousandsof成千上万的…thousandsandthousandsof千千万万的(比前者更多)controltheclimate控制气候4.Theycan’tliveWithout没有,是介词,后不能接句子,只接名词,动名词或代词。如:Iwon’tbehappywithouther.makeup组成,bemadeupof由…组成,如:Ourteamismadeupof11players.比较:bemadeof(from)由…制成save(1)节约savemoney(2)救saveone’slife救某人的命drop(1)动词,掉Abottledroppedontothefloor.(2)名词,滴adropofwater.7.Withoutwater,therecouldbenolifeonearth.onearth(1)=intheworld在世界上 (2)用于疑问词或否定词后,表“究竟,到底”,如:Whatonearthdidyoudothatfor?SectionDlivingintheworld(正生活在世界上的)现在分词短语可放所修饰的名词后,相当于一个定语从句(thatare)livingintheworld.be+in+名词,用来表示”处于…之中”如:beindanger,beintrouble,beinhealth.those在此指代“theplants”。包含比较级的句子必须是同类事物才能比较,为了避免重复,用that(代单数名词)或those(代复数名词)代替前面出现的词或短语:TheclimateofKunmingisbetterthanBeijing.(改错,天气不能和北京比)→TheclimateofKunmingisbetterthanthatofBeijing.(that=theclimate)4.题:SuzhouismostbeautifultouristcityandIbelieveI’llcomeforsecondtime.A.the,aB.a;aC.the;theD.a;the解析:形容词的最高级前面要加the,序数词前一般也加the,表“第几”,如:thefirstlesson.但序数词前也可用a,表“再第几次”,如:Hehadtriedforsixtimes,buthefailed,thenhetriedaseventhtime.(他再试了第七次),故答案为:A八年级上册Unit4topic2SectionAinvent(动词)发明;inventor(名词)发明家;invention(名词)发明如:Edisonwasagreatinventor.Heinventedmanyinventions.2.Butbeforethat,somethinglikearobotappeared.appear出现;disappear消失Thegirldisappearedintheforest.(1)taketheplaceof…=takeone’splace代替…(动词短语,可放主语后做谓语)如:Hetooktheplaceofmetoanswerthequestion.(2)insteadof代替(介词短语,不能作谓语,应放在谓语动词后)如:Heanswerthequestioninsteadofme.4.Areyousure?(1)besureof/aboutsth.确信…Heissureofhissuccess.(2)besuretodosth.一定会做某事:Itissuretorain.(3)besure+that从句I’msurethathewillcome.5.repair和mend都有“修理,修补”的含义,但mend一般用于修理小东西、简单东西,如门窗、鞋袜、道路等。而repair用于修理复杂、精密的东西,如:机器,手表,车辆等。SectionB(1)flyover飞跃,over表“在物体的正上方”,如:Thereisabridgeovertheriver.(2)walktoward(s)朝…方向走去(3)while①当„时侯②与此同时;表此两种意思时,可与when退换,常与经行时态搭配使用:HeiswatchingTVwhile/whenIamdoingmyhomework.While还可表“然而”,如:HelikesBeijingwhileIlikeChongqing.livingthings生物loseone’sjob失业;findajob找工作;getajob得到一份工作(1)mistakeAforB错把A当做B:HeoftenmistakesmeforJim.(2)makeamistake/makesomemistakes犯错Hemadeamistakeinanexam.(3)bymistake错误地HecalledmeJimbymistakehelp….callfor①=askfor要求:Hecalledforhelp.②提倡,号召:PublicgreenOlympics.公众呼吁绿色奥运。(1)wakeup醒来Shewokeupat9:00this morning.(2)wakesbup弄醒某人Mymotherwakesmeupat6:00everymorning.(3)beawake醒着的Iwasawakeallnight.SectionCUsesth.fordoingsth.=usesth.todosth.用某物去做某事2.Butweshouldn’tSb.spendsometime/money(in)doingsth.某人花费时间或金钱做某事Sb.spendsometime/moneyonsth.某人花费时间或金钱在某事物上3.Thewordsindictionariesareinalphabeticalorder.inalphabeticalorder按字母顺序;in…order表“以….的顺序”如:Putthewordsintherightorder.4.lookup查找,可以说“lookupaword”或“lookupawordinadictionary”但不能说lookupadictionary5.payattentionto(doing)sth.注意(做)某事。to在此为介词。6.beginwith=startwith以…开始;endwith以…结束SectionD1.You’dbetteraskourcomputerteacherforhelp.Asksb.forsth.向某人要某物Heoftenaskshisfatherformoney.Asksb.forhelp向某人求助2.Ofcourse,butit’suseless无用的,反义词useful.八年级上册Unit4topic2SectionAThereusedtobe某地曾经有某物短语:①pulldown拆毁②bewornout不能再用了,被穿破了:Myshoesarewornout.③wearout穿破Childrenwearouttheirshoesveryquickly.SectionBordersb.todosth.命令某人去做某事models,didn’tthey?live/laiv/adj.①活的,主要指动物,livefish.②(电视)直播的(it指自由女神像)stand①站;②耸立;③忍受(后接名词或动词ing)SectionCbemadeupof由…组成Thefootballteamismadeupofelevenplayers.(1)weigh(动词)重,它的对应名词为weight(重量),形容词为heavy,如:①CaoChongweighedtheelephant.②loseweight减肥(2)long(形容词)长的;length(名词)长度(3)high(形容词)高的;height/hait/(名词)高度join…together把…连接起来:jointhepiecesofpapertogether.SectionD初中英语18种特殊的反意疑问句1.当陈述部分含有以下这些含有否定意义的词时:few,little,seldom,hardly,never,not, no,noone,nobody,nothing,none,neither等,其反意疑问句需用肯定结构。例如:Heisneverlateforschool,ishe?他上学从不迟到,是吗?2.祈使句。祈使句后一般加上willyou或won’tyou构成反意疑问句,用willyou多表示“请求”,用won’tyou多表示提醒对方注意。例如:Lookattheblackboard,willyou/won’tyou?Let引导的祈使句有两种情况:(1)Let’s...,后的反意疑问句用shallwe例如:Let’sgohome,shallwe?回家吧,好吗?(2)Letus/me...后的反意疑问句用willyou例如:Letmehaveatry,willyou?3.陈述部分的主语是everything,nothing,anything或something时,反意疑问句的主语应用代词it。例如:Somethingiswrongwithmyradio,isn’tit?我的收音机出毛病了,是吧?4.陈述部分的主语是everybody,everyone,anybody,anyone,somebody,someone,nobody,noone,none,neither时,其反意疑问句的主语需用复数代词they。例如:Everyoneishere,aren’tthey?大家都到了,是吗?Nooneknowsaboutit,dothey?没有人知道这件事,对吗?5.感叹句。感叹句后加反意疑问句时,其反意疑问句需用be的一般现在时态的否定形式。例如:Whatfineweather,isn’tit?多好的天气啊,是吧?6.陈述部分主、谓语是Iam...时,反意疑问句用aren’tI,例如:I’mworkingnow,aren’tI?7.当陈述部分所含的形容词是通过加前缀或后缀构成的,不能视为否定词。例如:①Itisunfair,isn’tit?②Sheisunhappy,isn’tshe?8.当陈述部分主语是从句、不定式(短语)、动词-ing形式时,反意疑问句的主语应该用it。例如:Whatyouneedismoreimportant,isn’tit?你需要的东西更重要,是吧?9.当陈述部分含Ithink(believe,suppose...)that...结构时,其反意疑问句须与从句的主、谓语保持一致,例如:Idon’tthinkhewillcome,willhe?我认为他不会来,对吗?10.陈述部分有haveto时,其反意疑问句要用助动词的否定形式。例如:Youhavetowaterthevegetableseveryday,don’tyou?你每天都要浇菜,对吧?11.陈述部分有hadbetter时,反意疑问句中要用hadn’t。例如:Wehadbettergotoschoolatonce,hadn’twe?我们现在最好马上去上学,好吗?12.当陈述部分含有情态动词must时,我们便要分析一下must的含义。如果must作“必须”讲,反意疑问句须用needn’t;而当must作推测意义“一定是;必定”讲时,反意疑问句则需根据must后的动词原形选用相应的形式。例如:Hemustworkhardatphysics,needn’the?他必须努力学物理,是吧?Tommustbeathome,isn’the?汤姆一定在家,是吧?反意疑问句练习及答案1.Threehoursoughttobeenoughtime,______?a.oughtn’tthreehoursb.didn’ttheyc.shouldn’titd.shouldn’tthreehours2.Theyhavetostudyalot,______?a.don’ttheyb.haven’ttheyc.didtheyd.hadn’tthey3.I’msuredirty,______?a.amIb.isn’tIc.aren’tId.amnotI4.Idon’tthinkyoujudgedyourability,______you?a.dob.didc.don’td.didn’t5.Hehashishaircuteverymonth, ______?a.hasheb.hasn’thec.doeshed.doesn’the6.Yourfriendneedstocomeearlier,______?a.doesheb.doesn’thec.needhed.needn’the7.Thelittleboydarenotgotochurch,______?a.dareheb.daren’thec.doeshed.doesn’the8.Everyone’shavingagoodtime,______?a.isheb.isn’teveryonec.doeshed.aren’tthey9.Tellmehowtooperatetheelectroniccomputer,______?a.willyoub.shan’tyouc.doyoud.don’tyou10.Let’slistentotheradioprogramthattheteachermentioned,______?a.doweb.don’twec.shallwed.shan’twe11.Janetusedtotakepartinlaborinthatvillage,______?a.usedsheb.didshec.didn’tshed.shouldshe12.Whatbeautifulweather,______?a.isitb.isn’titc.won’titd.doesn’tit13.Weneverdaredtoaskhimaquestion,______?a.didweb.didn’twec.daredwed.daren’twe14.Nobodywillbelievehowdifficulthisworkhasbeen______?a.willheb.won’tnobodyc.willtheyd.won’tthey15.Learninghowtorepaircomputerstakesalongtime,______?a.isn’titb.aren’ttheyc.doesn’titd.don’tthey16.Jackhascoffeewithbreakfast,______?a.hasn’tJackb.hasn’thec.doesn’tJackd.doesn’the17.Thereisn’tanythingwrongwiththeradio,______?a.isthereb.isitc.doesitd.doesthere18.Youmustbehungry,______?a.mustyoub.mustn’tyouc.areyoud.aren’tyou19.Hehasneverriddenahorsebefore,___?A.doesheB.hasheC.hasn’theD.doesn’the20.—Heseldomcamehere,_____?—Yessir.A.didn’theB.doesheC.doesn’theD.didhe21.Everythingseemsallright,_____?A.doesitB.don’ttheyC.won’titD.doesn’tit22.Noonefailedintheexam,_____?A.washeB.didoneC.didtheyD.didn’the9.I’malittle23.NeitheryounorIamaartist,_____?A.amIB.aren’tweC.areweD.ain’tI24.Hecan’tbeherfather,_____he?A.isB.isn’tC.canD.can’t反意疑问句练习答案1.C2.A3.C4.B5.D6.B7.A8.D9A10.C11.C12.B13.A14.C15.C16.D17.A18.D19.B20.D21.D22.C23.C24A 八年级上英语语法点滴1)leave的用法1.“leave+地点”表示“离开某地”。例如:WhendidyouleaveShanghai?你什么时候离开上海的?2.“leavefor+地点”表示“动身去某地”。例如:NextFriday,AliceisleavingforLondon.下周五,爱丽斯要去伦敦了。3.“leave+地点+for+地点”表示“离开某地去某地”。例如:WhyareyouleavingShanghaiforBeijing?你为什么要离开上海去北京?2)情态动词should“应该”学会使用should作为情态动词用,常常表示意外、惊奇、不能理解等,有“竟会”的意思,例如:HowshouldIknow?我怎么知道?Whyshouldyoubesolatetoday?你今天为什么来得这么晚?should有时表示应当做或发生的事,例如:Weshouldhelpeachother.我们应当互相帮助。我们在使用时要注意以下几点:1.用于表示“应该”或“不应该”的概念。此时常指长辈教导或责备晚辈。例如:Youshouldbeherewithcleanhands.你应该把手洗干净了再来。2.用于提出意见劝导别人。例如:Youshouldgotothedoctorifyoufeelill.如果你感觉不舒服,你最好去看医生。3.用于表示可能性。should的这一用法是考试中常常出现的考点之一。例如:Weshouldarrivebysuppertime.我们在晚饭前就能到了。Sheshouldbehereanymoment.她随时都可能来。3)What...?与Which...?1.what与which都是疑问代词,都可以指人或事物,但是what仅用来询问职业。如:Whatisyourfather?你父亲是干什么的?该句相当于:Whatdoesyourfatherdo?Whatisyourfather’sjob?Which指代的是特定范围哪个是皮特?---TheboybehindMary.玛丽背后的那个男孩。2.What...?是泛指,所指的事物没有范围的限制;而Which...?是特指,所指的事物有范围的限制。如:Whatcolordoyoulikebest?(所有颜色) 你最喜爱什么颜色?Whichcolordoyoulikebest,blue,greenoryellow?(有特定的范围)你最喜爱哪一种颜色?3.what与which后都可以接单、复数名词和不可数名词。如:WhichpicturesarefromChina?哪些图片来自中国?4)频度副词的位置1.常见的频度副词有以下这些:always(总是,一直)usually(通常)often(常常,经常)sometimes(有时候)never(从不)2.频度副词的位置:a.放在连系动词、助动词或情态动词后面。如:Davidisoftenarriveslateforschool.大卫上学经常迟到。b.放在行为动词前。如:Weusuallygotoschoolat7:10everyday.我们每天经常在7:10去上学。c.有些频度副词可放在句首或句尾,用来表示强调。如:SometimesIwalkhome,sometimeIridesabike.有时我步行回家,有时我骑自行车。3.never放在句首时,主语、谓语动词要倒装。如:NeverhaveIbeenthere.5)everyday与everyday1.everyday作状语,译为“每一天”。如:Wegotoschoolat7:10everyday.我们每天7:10去上学。IdecidetoreadEnglisheveryday.我决定每天读英语。2.everyday作定语,译为“日常的”。ShewatcheseverydayEnglishonTVafterdinner.她晚饭后在电视上看日常英语。What’syoureverydayactivity?你的日常活动是什么?6)什么是助动词1.协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词(AuxiliaryVerb)。被协助的动词称作主要动词(MainVerb)。助动词自身没有词义,不可单独使用,例如:Hedoesn’tlikeEnglish.他不喜欢英语。(doesn’t是助动词,无词义;like是主要动词,有词义)2.助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用,可以用来:a.表示时态,例如:Heissinging.他在唱歌。Hehasgotmarried.他已结婚。b.表示语态,例如:HewassenttoEngland.他被派往英国。c.构成疑问句,例如:Doyoulikecollegelife?你喜欢大学生活吗?DidyoustudyEnglishbeforeyoucame here?你来这儿之前学过英语吗?d.与否定副词not合用,构成否定句,例如:Idon’tlikehim.我不喜欢他。e.加强语气,例如:Docometothepartytomorrowevening.明天晚上一定来参加晚会。Hedidknowthat.他的确知道那件事。3.最常用的助动词有:be,have,do,shall,will,should,would7)forgetdoing/todo与rememberdoing/todo1.forgettodo忘记要去做某事。(未做)forgetdoing忘记做过某事。(已做)Thelightintheofficeisstillon.Heforgottoturnitoff.办公室的灯还在亮着,它忘记关了。(没有做关灯的动作)Heforgotturningthelightoff.他忘记他已经关了灯了。(已做过关灯的动作)Don’tforgettocometomorrow.别忘了明天来。(tocome动作未做)典型例题----Thelightintheofficeisstillon.----Oh,Iforgot___.A.turningitoffB.turnitoffC.toturnitoffD.havingturneditoff答案:C。由thelightisstillon可知灯亮着,即关灯的动作没有发生,因此用forgettodosth.而forgetdoingsth表示灯已经关上了,而自己忘记了这一事实。此处不符合题意。2.remembertodo记得去做某事(未做)rememberdoing记得做过某事(已做)Remembertogotothepostofficeafterschool.记着放学后去趟邮局。Don’tyourememberseeingthemanbefore?你不记得以前见过那个人吗?8)It’sforsb.和It’sofsb.1.forsb.常用于表示事物的特征特点,表示客观形式的形容词,如easy,hard,difficult,interesting,impossible等:It’sveryhardforhimtostudytwolanguages.对他来说学两门外语是很难的。2.ofsb的句型一般用表示人物的性格,品德,表示主观感情或态度的形容词,如good,kind,nice,clever,foolish,right。It’sveryniceofyoutohelpme.你来帮助我,你真是太好了。3.for与of的辨别方法:用介词后面的代词作主语,用介词前边的形容词作表语,造个句子。如果道理上通顺用of,不通则用for。如:Youarenice.(通顺,所以应用of)。Heishard.(人是困难的,不通,因此应用for。)9)对两个句子的提问新目标英语在命题中有将对句子划线提问这一题型取消的趋势,现在采取的作法是对一个句子进行自由提问。例如:句子:Theboyinbluehasthree pens.提问:1.Whohasthreepens?2.Whichboyhasthreepens?3.Whatdoestheboyinbluehave?4.Howmanypensdoestheboyinbluehave?很显然,学生多了更多的回答角度,也体现了考试的灵活性。再如:句子:Heusuallygoestotheparkwithhisfriendsat8:00onSunday.提问:1.Whousuallygoestotheparkwithhisfriendsat8:00onSunday?2.Wheredoesheusuallygowithhisfriendsat8:00onSunday?3.Whatdoesheusuallydowithhisfriendsat8:00onSunday?4.Withwhomdoesheusuallygototheparkat8:00onSunday?5.WhattimedoesheusuallygototheparkwithhisfriendsonSunday?6.Whendoesheusuallygototheparkwithhisfriends?10)so、such与不定冠词的使用1.so与不定冠词a、an连用,结构为“so+形容词+a/an+名词”。如:Heissofunnyaboy.Jimhassobigahouse.2.such与不定冠词a、an连用,结构为“such+a/an+形容词+名词”。如:Itissuchaniceday.Thatwassuchaninterestingstory.11)使用-ing分词的几种情况1.在进行时态中。如:HeiswatchingTVintheroom.Theyweredancingatnineo’clocklastnight.2.在therebe结构中。如:Thereisaboyswimmingintheriver.3.在havefun/problems结构中。如:WehavefunlearningEnglishthisterm.Theyhadproblemsgettingtothetopofthemountain.4.在介词后面。如:Thanksforhelpingme.Areyougoodatplayingbasketball.5.在以下结构中:enjoydoingsth乐于做某事finishdoingsth完成做某事feellikedoingsth想要做某事stopdoingsth停止做某事forgetdoingsth忘记做过某事goondoingsth继续做某事rememberdoingsth记得做过某事likedoingsth喜欢做某事keepsbdoingsth使某人一直做某事findsbdoingsth发现某人做某事see/hear/watchsbdoingsth看到/听到/观看某人做某事trydoingsth试图做某事needdoingsth需要做某事preferdoingsth宁愿做某事minddoingsth介意做某事practicedoingsth练习做某事bebusydoingsth 忙于做某事can’thelpdoingsth禁不住做某事missdoingsth错过做某事12)英语中的“单数”1.主语的第三人称单数形式,即可用“he,she,it”代替的。如:he,she,itmyfriend,histeacher,ourclassroom,Tom,Mary’suncle2.名词有单数名词和复数名词。如:man(单数)---men(复数)banana(单数)---bananas(复数)3.动词有原形,第三人称单数形式,-ing分词,过去式,过去分词。如:go---goes---going---went---gonework---works---working---worked---workedwatch---watches---watching---watched---watched当主语为第三人称单数的时候,谓语动词必须用相应的第三人称单数形式。如:Theboywantstobeasalesassistant.OurEnglishteacherisfromtheUS.Theirdaughtermakesherbreakfastallbyherself.12)英语中的“单数”1.主语的第三人称单数形式,即可用“he,she,it”代替的。如:he,she,itmyfriend,histeacher,ourclassroom,Tom,Mary’suncle2.名词有单数名词和复数名词。如:man(单数)---men(复数)banana(单数)---bananas(复数)3.动词有原形,第三人称单数形式,-ing分词,过去式,过去分词。如:go---goes---going---went---gonework---works---working---worked---workedwatch---watches---watching---watched---watched当主语为第三人称单数的时候,谓语动词必须用相应的第三人称单数形式。如:Theboywantstobeasalesassistant.OurEnglishteacherisfromtheUS.Theirdaughtermakesherbreakfastallbyherself.13)名词的复数构成的几种形式名词复数的构成可分为规则变化和不规则变化两种。I名词复数的规则变化1.一般在名词词尾加-s。如:pear---pearshamburger---hamburgersdesk---deskstree---trees2.以字母-s,-sh,-ch,-x结尾的名词,词尾加-es。如:class---classesdish---disheswatch---watchesbox---boxes3.以字母-o结尾的某些名词,词尾加-es。如:potato---potatoestomato---tomatoesNegro---Negroeshero---heroes4.以辅音字母加-y结尾的名词,将-y变为-i,再加-es。如:family---familiesdictionary---dictionariescity---citiescountry---countries5.以字母-f或-fe结尾的名词,将-f或-fe变为-v,再加-es。如:half---halves leaf---leavesthief---thievesknife---knivesself---selveswife---wiveslife---liveswolf---wolvesshelf---shelvesloaf---loaves但是:scarf---scarves(fes)roof---roofsserf---serfsgulf---gulfschief---chiefsproof---proofsbelief---beliefsII名词复数的不规则变化1.将-oo改为--ee。如:foot---feettooth---teeth2.将-man改为-men。如:man---menwoman---womenpoliceman---policemenpostman---postmen3.添加词尾。如:child---children4.单复数同形。如:sheep---sheepdeer---deerfish---fishpeople---people5.表示“某国人”的单、复数变化。即“中日瑞不变英法变,其它国把-s加后面”。如:Chinese---ChineseJapanese---JapaneseSwiss---SwissEnglishman---EnglishmenFrenchman---FrenchmenAmerican---AmericansAustralian---AustraliansCanadian---CanadiansKorean---KoreansRussian---RussiansIndian---Indians6.其它。如:mouse---miceappletree---appletreesmanteacher---menteachers14)双写最后一个字母的-ing分词初中阶段常见的有以下这些:1.let→letting让hit→hitting打、撞cut→cutting切、割get→getting取、得到sit→sitting坐forget→forgetting忘记put→putting放set→setting设置babysit→babysitting临时受雇照顾婴儿2.shop→shopping购物trip→tripping绊stop→stopping 停止drop→dropping放弃3.travel→travel(l)ing旅游swim→swimming游泳run→running跑dig→digging挖、掘begin→beginning开始prefer→preferring宁愿plan→planning计划15)肯定句变否定句及疑问句要变化的一些词1.some变为any。如:Therearesomebirdsinthetree→Therearen’tanybirdsinthetree.但是,若在表示请邀请、请求的句子中,some可以不变。如:Wouldyoulikesomeorangejuice?与此相关的一些不定代词如something,somebody等也要进行相应变化。2.and变为or。如:Ihaveaknifeandaruler.→Idon’thaveaknifeoraruler.3.alotof(=lotsof)变为many或much。如:Theyhavealotoffriends.(可数名词)→Theydon’thavemanyfriends.Thereislotsoforangeinthebottle.(不可数名词)→Thereisn’tmuchorangeinthebottle.4.already变为yet。如:Ihavebeentherealready.→Ihaven’tbeenthereyet.16)in与afterin与after都可以表示时间,但二者有所区别。1.in经常用于将来时的句子中,以现在为起点,表示将来一段时间。如:HewillleaveforBeijinginaweek.一周后他会动身去北京。2.after经常用于过去时的句子中,以过去为起点,表示过去一段时间。如:HeleftforBeijingafteraweek.一周后他动身去了北京。不过,如果after后跟的是具体的时刻,它也可用于将来时。如:Wewillfinishtheworkafterteno’clock.十点后我们会完成工作的。3.注意区分以下的in的用法。I’llvisithiminaweek.一周后我会去拜访他。I’llvisithimtwiceinaweek.一周内我会去拜访他两次。17)不定冠词a与an的使用1.a用在以辅音音素开头的单词前。如:Thereisa"b"intheword"book".单词book中有个字母b。类似的字母还有:c,d,g,j,k,p,q,t,u,v,w,y,z。Shehasasmallknife.她有一把小刀。2.an用于以元音音素开头的单词前。如:Thereisan"i"intheword"onion".单词onion中有个字母i。类似的字母还有:a,e,f,h,l,m,n,o,r,s,x。Doyouhaveanumbrella?你有一把雨伞吗?3.以元音字母开头的单词前面不一定都用an;以辅音字母开头的单词前面也不一定都用a。如:auseful bookauniverseaone-letterwordanhouranuncleanumbrellanhonestperson18)如何表达英语中的“穿、戴”?英语中表示“穿、戴”的表达方法有好几种,常见的有以下这些:1、puton主要表达“穿”的动作。如:Heputonhiscoat.他穿上了他的外套。You’dbetterputonyourshoes.你最好穿上你的鞋子。2、wear主要表示“穿、戴”的状态。如:Theoldmanwearsapairofglasses.老人戴着一副眼镜。Thegirliswearingaredskirt.那女孩穿着一条红色的短裙。3、dress可作及物动词,有“给......穿衣”的意思,后接“人”,而不是“衣服”。如:Pleasedressthechildrenrightnow.请立即给孩子们穿上衣服。dress也可作不及物动词,表示衣着的习惯。如:Thewomanalwaysdressesingreen.那位妇女总是穿绿色的衣服。4、bein表示穿着的状态。如:Johnisinwhitetoday.约翰今天穿白色的衣服。Themaninblackisafootballcoach.19)alittle,afew与abit(of)alittle,afew与abit(of)都有“一些、少量”的意义。他们的区别在哪里呢?1.alittle意为“一些、少量”,后接不可数名词。如:Thereisalittlewaterinthebottle.瓶子里有一点水。还可以接形容词。如:Heisalittleshy.他有些害羞。2.afew意为“一些、少数”,后接复数的可数名词。如:Thereareafewpeopleintheroom.房间里有一些人。3.abit意为“一点儿”,后接形容词。如:It’sabitcold.有点冷。abitof后接不可数名词。如:Hehasabitofmoney.他有一点儿钱。4.alittle表肯定意义,little表否定意义;afew表肯定意义,few表否定意义。如:Thereisalittlesodaintheglass.杯子里有一点儿汽水。Thereislittlesodaintheglass.杯子里几乎没有汽水了。IhaveafewChinesefriends.我有一些中国朋友。Fewpeoplelikehim.几乎没有人喜欢他。5.alittle=abitof,后接不可数名词;alittle=abit=alittlebit=kindof,后接形容词,意为“有点儿”。20)关于like的用法like可以作动词,也可以作介词。1、like作动词,表示一般性的“爱好、喜欢”,有泛指的含义。如:Doyoulikethecolor?你喜爱这种颜色吗?like后可接不定式(liketodosth),也可接动词的-ing分词(likedoingsth),有时意思不尽相同。如:Shelikeseatingapples.她喜爱吃苹果。(习惯)Shelikestoeatan apple.她喜爱吃一粒苹果。(平常不喜欢吃)like与would连用,后接不定式,表示愿望或客气的请求。如:Wouldyoulikeacupoftea?您愿意喝杯茶吗?“喜欢某人做某事”可以用结构“likesbtodosth/doingsth”。如:Theyalllikemetosing/singingEnglishsongs.他们都喜欢我唱英文歌。2、like作介词,可译成“像......”。如:Sheisfriendlytouslikeamother.她对我们友好,就像母亲一样。Itlookslikeanorange.它看起来像个桔子。3、区分以下句子:A.Whatdoeshelooklike?B.Whatishelike?A句译为“他长相如何?”指一个人的外貌特征;而B句译为“他人怎么样?”指人的性格特点。C.TheboylikePeterisoverthere.D.AboylikePetercan’tdoit.A句指外貌相似,而D句指性格相似。21)stoptodosth与stopdoingsth1.stoptodosth意为“停下来去做某事”。如:Thestudentsstoptolistentotheirteacher.学生们停下来去听他们老师讲话。2.stopdoingsth意为“停止做某事”。如:Thestudentsstoppedtalking.学生们停止了谈话。与它们相反的句式是:goontodosth“继续做某事(与刚才一事不同)”和goondoingsth“继续做某事(与刚才同一件事)”。如:HefinisheshishomeworkandgoesontostudyEnglish他完成了作业,接着继续去念英语。Theywentonplayinggames.他们继续玩游戏。22)tell,speak,say与talk1.tell意为“告诉、讲述”,指某人把某一件事、一条信息传送给别人或讲述一件事。如:Hetellsmethathewantstobeateacher.他告诉我说他想成为一位教师。Fatheralwaystellsinterestingstoriestous.爸爸总是给我们讲有趣的故事。tellsbsth意为“告知某人某事”。如:Hetoldmesomethingabouthispast.他告诉我一些他的往事。tellsbtodosth意为“告诉某人去做某事”。如:Davidtoldhissontodothehomework.大卫要他的儿子去做作业。2.speak意为“说话、讲话”,后面主要接语言。如:HecanspeakEnglishandalittleChinese.他能讲英语和一点汉语。speakto意为“和.....讲话、谈话”。如:CanIspeaktoMrZhang?我能和张先生讲话吗?speakof意为“提到、说起”。如:Thebookspeaksofmyhometown.那本书提到我的家乡。3.talk意为“谈话、讲话”,如果只有一方对另一方说话时,一般用talkto;如果双方或多方交谈,多用with。如:Pleasetalktohimrightnow.请立即同他谈话。Heistalkingwithhisfriend.他在和朋友交谈。talkabout意为“谈论......”。如:Theyaretalkingaboutthemovie.他们在谈论那部电影。haveatalkwith意为“与......交谈”。如:CanIhaveatalkwithyou? 我可以和你交谈吗?4.say意为“说”。如:CanyousayitinEnglishoncemore?你能用英语再说一遍吗?sayto意为“对......说”。如:Hesaidtohisstudentsthattheywouldhaveatest.他对他的学生说他们将有一个测试。Itissaidthat...意为“据说”。如:Itissaidthathecouldstayunderthewaterforalongtime.据说他能呆在水里很长时间。23)Excuseme!与I’msorry!1.Excuseme!意为“打搅了!对不起!”,一般是为了与陌生人搭话,或者要打断对方所说(做)的事。如:Excuseme,isthereahotelintheneighborhood?请问,附近有旅馆吗?Excuseme,couldIsaysomething?打搅一下,我能说一些吗?2.I’msorry!意为“对不起!”,表示道歉。如:I’msorry,MrZhang.Iwon’tdoitagain.对不起,张先生。我不会这么做了。24)表示时间的in、on与atin,on与at都可以和表示时间的词(组)连用。1.in表示时间的一段或较长的时间。如:inthemorning在上午inMay,2004在2004年五月inaweek在一周之Romewasnotbuiltinaday.罗马不是在一天在星期天onMayDay在“五一”节onahotafternoon在一个炎热的下午HearrivedinBeijingonApril26,2004.他于2004年4月26日到达北京。3.at表示时间的一点或比较短的时间。如:at8:00在八点noon在中午Ialwaysgetupat6:00everymorning.我总是每天早晨六点起床。It’salwayswarmatthistimeofyear.每年的这个时候总是暖和的。25)Other及其用法Other及其相近的词(组),如others,theother,theothers,another,anyother等,一直是中学生朋友们比较困扰的问题,平常的考试、作业中经常出错。下面是它们的一些用法:1、other指其余的人或物,所有格是other’s,复数形式是others,theother指“两个人或物中的另一个”,其复数形式是theothers,others相当于“other+名词”,所以不能充当定语,修饰名词。others指整体中去掉一部分后剩余的部分,但不是全部的,即some...others(一些...其余的人...)。theothers强调整体中除去一部分后剩余的全部,即some...theothers.2、another泛指三个以上的不定数目中的“另外一个”。由an和other合并构成,所以不能和冠词连用。another修饰单数名词,比如:anotherpencil.3、anyother指除去本身以外的“任何其他的人或物”,后面要用名词的单数形式。26)look短语常见的look短语有以下这些:1.lookat朝......看PleaselookatthemapofChina.请看中国地图。(lookat=havealookat)2.lookfor寻找Theoldmanislookingforhisdog.老人在寻找他的狗。3.looklike看起来像Nancylookslikehermother南希看起来像她母亲。4.lookthesame看上去一样LiPingandLiJinglookthesame. 李萍和李晶看上去一样。5.lookup查找Pleaselookupthewordinthedictionary.请在词典中查找这个单词。6.lookover仔细检查ThedoctorlookedoverMarycarefully.医生仔细检查了玛丽。7.lookafter照顾,照看Youmustlookafteryouroldfather.你必须照顾你的老父亲。8.lookaround到处寻找、查看Welookedaround,butwefoundnothingstrange.我们四处查看,但是我们没有发现奇怪的东西。27)too,also与either1.too用于肯定句和疑问句,一般放在句尾,其前常加逗号。如:Weareinthesameschool,too.我们也在相同的学校。Doyouplaysoccereveryday,too?你也每天踢足球吗?2.also用于肯定句和疑问句,一般位于实义动词前、be动词后。如:SandraisalsoaKoreanstudent.Sandra也是一个韩国学生。3.either用于否定句,一般放在句末。如:Theydon’tknowtheanswer,either.她们也不知道答案。4.aswellas也有“也”的意思。如:Wehavegreatmushroompizzaaswellassoda.Heisahappyboyaswell.28)hard与hardly1.hard既可作形容词,也可作副词。如:It’sahard(adj.)question.(=difficult)这是一个难的问题。Theboystudiesveryhard(adv.).那男孩学习非常努力。句子结构:It’shardforsbtodosth做某事对某人来说是难的。如:It’shardforhimtofinishthework.完成那项工作对他来说很难。注意区分:hardwork困难的工作workhard努力工作2.hardly是频度副词,表示否定的意思。(=almostnot)通常用在形容词、副词和动词之前。如:Icanhardlyseeit.我几乎看不到它。29)sometime,sometimes,sometime与sometimes1.sometime是时间副词,指不确定的将来或过去某一点时间(某时候或任何时候),不指一段时间。如:We’llgotoBeijingsometimenextmonth.我们下个月某一时候会去北京。2.sometimes是频度副词,指“有时”、“不时”的意思(=attimes)。如:SometimesIgetupverylateonSundaymorning.有时候我在星期天早晨起得很晚。3.sometime是名词词组,指一段时间(一些时间或若干时间)。如:Ittookhimsometimetofinishthebook.她花了一些时间去完成作业。4.sometimes指“几次”。如:Hemetthewomansometimeslastmonth.上个月他见过那妇女几次。30)exercise的一些用法1.作不及物动词,译为“运动,锻炼”。如:Davidexerciseseverymorning. 大卫每天早晨进行锻炼。2.作及物动词,译为“训练”。如:Swimmingexercisesthewholebody.游泳能使身体得到全面的锻炼。3.作名词,译为“体育锻炼、运动、体操、练习题”等。如:It’sgoodtodoeyeexerciseseveryday.每天做眼保键操对眼睛有好处。Pleasedomoreexercisefromnowon.从今以后请多做运动吧。Ihavelotsofhomeworktodotonight.今晚我有很多的作业要做。4.注意:exercise指具体运动或体操时是可数名词,复数形式为exercises;泛指运动时是不可数名词。31)maybe与maybe1.maybe是副词,译为“也许、可能”,相当于“perhaps”。如:Maybehecananswerthequestion.也许他能回答那个问题。HemaybeisfromtheUSA,too.他可能也来自美国。2.maybe中的may为情态动词,译为“可能是......”。如:HemaybefromtheUSA,too.他可能也来自美国。ShemaybeourEnglishteacher.她可能是我们的英语老师。32)same与different1.same指“相同的”,前面通常要有一个定冠词the,但是如果same前面已经有this,those等词,就不能再与the连用了。如:Weareinthesameclass.我们在同一个班级。结构:thesameas与......一样如:Hismarkisthesameasmine.他的分数和我的分数一样。2.different译为“不同的”,其后的可数名词应为复数形式。如:Weareindifferentclasses.我们在不同的班级。结构:bedifferentfrom与......不同如:Thissweaterisdifferentfromthatone.这件毛衣与那一件不同。different的名词形式为difference,复数形式为differences。33)动词want的用法1.wantsth.想要某物Theywantsomehelp.他们需要一些帮助。2.wantsb.todosth.想要某人去做某事Myfatherwantsmetohelphimonthefarm.我父亲要我在农场上帮他。3.wanttodosth.想要做某事IwanttostudyEnglishinEngland.我想要在英国学习英语。4.wantdoing需要...Yoursweaterwantswashing.你的运动衣该洗了。34)begood(bad)for、begoodat的相关用法1.begoodfor对......有益Doingmorningexercisesisgoodforyourhealth.做早操对你们的建康有益。2.begoodat擅长于......LiPingisgoodatbasketball.李平擅长于篮球。=LiPingisgoodatplayingbasketball.李平擅长于打篮球。begoodat=dowellin如:I’mgoodatmath.=Idowellinmath.我擅长于数学。3.begoodto对......好Parentsarealwaysgoodtotheirchildren.父母亲总是对他们的孩子好。35)howmany与howmuch1.how many表示“多少”,对数量提问,后面接可数名词的复数形式。如:Therearefourpeopleinmyfamily.---Howmanypeopleareinyourfamily?你家里有几个人?Wehavesevenclasseseveryday.---Howmanyclassesdoyouhaveeveryday?你们每天上几节课?2.howmuch也是表示“多少”,但它对不可数名词进行提问。如:Thereissomemilkinthebottle.---Howmuchmilkisthereinthebottle?瓶子里有多少牛奶?3.howmuch还可以对价格提问,表示“多少钱”的意思。如:TheyellowT-shirtisonly35yuan.---HowmuchistheyellowT-shirt?那件黄色的T恤衫多少钱?36)with的几个用法1.with表“和、同、与”。如:Canyougototheparkwithme?你能和我一起去公园吗?2.with表“用、以、被”。如:Don’twritewiththeredpen.不要用那支红色的钢笔写字。3.with表“随着”。如:Climatevarieswiththetimeoftheyear.气候随着时令的不同而不同。4.with表“带有、有......的”。如:Thegirlwithlonghairismyclassmate.长头发的女孩是我的同学。5.with表“因为、由于”。如:Theywereangrywithhardwork.他们因为艰难的工作而生气。6.一些with结构:playwith与......一起玩beangrywith对......生气talkwith与......交谈getonwellwith与......相处融洽37)alotof(lotsof)与many,much1.alotof意为“许多、大量”。相当于lotsof。它既可以修饰可数名词,又可以修饰不可数名词。如:IhavealotoffriendsinChina.我在中国有很多朋友。Theoldmanhaslotsofmoney.那位老人有很多的钱。2.many意为“许多”。它用来修饰可数名词。如:Doyouhavemanybeautifulskirts?你有很多漂亮的裙子吗?3.much意为“大量”。它用来修饰不可数名词。如:Thereismuchwaterinthelake.湖里有大量的水。4.alotof(=lotsof)用在肯定句中,而many,much不受限制。如果将一个含有alotof(=lotsof)的肯定句改为否定句或疑问句,要将它们改为many或much。如:Wecanseealotofbirdsinthetree.---Wecan’tseemanybirdsinthetree.我们在树上看不到很多鸟儿。Hewantslotsofsoda.---Doeshewantmuchsoda? 他需要许多汽水吗?38)help用法举例help既可以作名词,也可以作动词。1.help作名词,意为“帮助”。如:Heneedssomehelp.他需要一些帮助。2.help作动词,也是“帮助”的意思。如:Canyouhelpme?你能帮帮我吗?3.help的结构:helpsb(to)dosth帮助某人做某事=helpsbwithsth帮助某人做某事如:Theywanttohelptheboycarrytheheavybox.=Theywanttohelptheboywiththeheavybox.他们想要帮助那位男孩搬那个重箱子。39)well的用法well可以作副词,也可以作形容词。1.well作副词,意为“(某事干得)好”。如:Theboydrawsverywell.男孩画得很好。2.well作形容词,意为“健康、安好”。如:I’mnotfeelingwell.我觉得不舒服。40)ago与beforeago与before都表示“......以前”,但用法有所区别。1.ago意为“以前”,表示从此刻算起的若干时间之前,常用于过去时的句子中。如:Hetookaphotoaweekago.他一周前照了一张相片。2.before作为副词时表示:a.从过去某一时刻算起的若干时间以前,用于过去完成时的句子中。如:Theboyhadalreadyseenthecomedybefore.那男孩以前已经看过那部喜剧片了。b.笼统的“以前”,用于一般过去时或现在完成时的句子中,一般单独使用,而ago不可以单独使用。如:He’sreadthisnovelbefore.他以前读过这部小说。41)need的用法1.need作实义动词,意为“需要”。如:Doyouneedtostayathome?你要呆在家里吗?2.need作情态动词,一般用于对must的否定回答。如:--Mustheleavenow?他必须离开吗?---No,heneedn’t.不,他不必。3.区分:a.need作实义动词。Heneedstogo.Hedoesn’tneedtogo.Doesheneedtogo?Yes,hedoes./No,hedoesn’t.b.need作情态动词,一般不用于肯定句。Heneedn’t go.Needhego?Yes,heneed./No,heneedn’t.42)decide的几种句式1.decidetodosth决定去做某事Theydecidetoflykiteonweekend.他们决定在周末去放风筝。2.decideondoingsth决定做某事Theydecideonflyingkites.他们决定放风筝。3.decideonsth就某事决定......Bettydecidedontheredskirt.贝蒂选定了那条红裙子。4.decide的名词形式为decision,结构:makeadecision,意为“做决定”。如:Hehasmadeadecision.他已经做一个决定了。43)toomany,toomuch与muchtoo1.toomany意为“太多”,用于修饰可数名词的复数。如:Therearetoomanystudentsinourclass.我们班上有太多的学生。2.toomuch意为“太多”,用于修饰不可数名词。如:Wehavetoomuchworktodo.我们有太多的工作要做。3.muchtoo表示“太”,用来修饰形容词或副词。如:Theboxismuchtooheavy,soIcan’tcarryit.箱子太重了,所以我搬不动它。44)can的用法1.表示能力。如:Wecancarrytheheavybox.我们可以搬得动箱子。WhocansinganEnglishsong?谁会唱英文歌?2.表示惊讶、不相信等态度,主要用于否定句和疑问句中。如:Canitbetrue?这会是真的吗?Youcan’tbeserious?你不会当真吧?3.表示允许,意思与may相近,主要用于口语中。如:CanIsmokehere?我可以在这儿吸烟吗?CanIgowithhim?我可以跟他一起去吗?......莅螅肁膅蒇羁羇膄薀螄袃膃蚂薆芁膃蒁螂膇膂薄蚅肃膁蚆袀罿膀莆蚃袅腿蒈袈膄芈薀蚁肀芇蚃袇羆芇莂蚀袂芆薅袅袈芅蚇螈膇芄莇羃肃芃葿螆羈节薁羂袄莁蚄螄膃莁莃薇聿莀蒆螃羅荿蚈薆羁莈莇袁袇莇蒀蚄膆莆薂衿肂莅蚄蚂羈蒅莄袈袄蒄蒆蚀膂蒃蕿袆膈蒂螁虿肄蒁蒁羄羀肈薃螇袆肇蚅羂膅肆莅螅肁膅蒇羁羇膄薀螄袃膃蚂薆芁膃蒁螂膇膂薄蚅肃膁蚆袀罿膀莆蚃袅腿蒈袈膄芈薀蚁肀芇蚃袇羆芇莂蚀袂芆薅袅袈芅蚇螈膇芄莇羃肃芃葿螆羈节薁羂袄莁蚄螄膃莁莃薇聿莀蒆螃羅荿蚈薆羁莈莇袁袇莇蒀蚄膆莆薂衿肂莅蚄蚂羈蒅莄袈袄蒄蒆蚀膂蒃蕿袆膈蒂螁虿肄蒁蒁羄羀肈薃螇袆肇蚅羂膅肆莅螅肁膅蒇羁羇膄薀螄袃膃蚂薆芁膃蒁螂膇膂薄蚅肃膁蚆袀罿膀莆蚃袅腿蒈袈膄芈薀蚁肀芇蚃袇羆芇莂蚀袂芆薅袅袈芅蚇螈膇芄莇羃肃芃葿螆羈节薁羂袄莁蚄螄膃莁莃薇聿莀蒆螃羅荿蚈薆羁莈莇袁袇莇蒀蚄膆莆薂衿肂莅蚄蚂羈蒅莄袈袄蒄蒆蚀膂蒃蕿袆膈蒂螁虿肄蒁蒁羄羀肈薃螇袆肇蚅羂膅肆莅螅肁膅蒇羁羇膄薀螄袃膃蚂薆芁膃蒁螂膇膂薄蚅肃膁蚆袀罿膀莆蚃袅腿蒈袈膄芈薀蚁肀芇蚃袇羆芇莂蚀袂芆薅袅袈芅蚇螈膇芄莇羃肃芃葿螆羈节薁羂袄莁蚄螄膃莁莃薇聿莀蒆螃羅荿蚈薆羁莈莇袁袇莇蒀蚄膆莆薂衿肂莅蚄蚂羈蒅莄袈袄蒄蒆蚀膂蒃蕿袆膈蒂螁虿肄蒁蒁羄羀肈薃螇袆肇蚅羂膅肆莅螅肁膅蒇羁羇膄薀螄袃膃蚂薆芁膃蒁螂膇膂薄蚅肃膁蚆袀罿膀莆蚃袅腿蒈袈膄芈薀蚁肀芇蚃袇羆芇莂蚀袂芆薅袅袈芅蚇螈膇芄莇羃肃芃葿螆羈节薁羂袄莁蚄螄膃莁莃薇聿莀蒆螃羅荿蚈薆羁莈莇袁袇莇蒀蚄膆莆薂衿肂莅蚄蚂羈蒅莄袈袄蒄蒆蚀膂蒃蕿袆膈蒂螁虿肄蒁蒁羄羀肈薃螇袆肇蚅羂膅肆莅螅肁膅蒇羁羇膄薀螄袃膃蚂薆芁膃蒁螂膇膂薄蚅肃膁蚆袀罿膀莆蚃袅腿蒈袈膄芈薀蚁肀芇蚃袇羆芇莂蚀袂芆薅袅袈芅蚇螈膇芄莇羃肃芃葿螆羈节薁羂袄莁蚄螄膃莁莃薇聿莀蒆螃羅荿蚈薆羁莈莇袁袇莇蒀蚄膆莆薂衿肂莅蚄蚂羈蒅莄袈袄蒄蒆蚀膂蒃蕿袆膈蒂螁虿肄蒁蒁羄羀肈薃螇袆肇蚅羂膅肆莅螅肁膅蒇羁羇膄薀螄袃膃蚂薆芁膃蒁螂膇膂薄蚅肃膁蚆袀罿膀莆蚃袅腿蒈袈膄芈薀蚁肀芇蚃袇羆芇莂蚀袂芆薅袅袈芅蚇螈膇芄莇羃肃芃葿螆羈节薁羂袄莁蚄螄膃莁莃薇聿莀蒆螃羅荿蚈薆羁莈莇袁袇莇蒀蚄膆莆薂衿肂莅蚄蚂羈蒅莄袈袄蒄蒆蚀膂蒃蕿袆膈蒂螁虿肄蒁蒁羄羀肈薃螇袆肇蚅羂膅肆莅螅肁膅蒇羁羇膄薀螄袃膃蚂薆芁膃蒁螂膇膂薄蚅肃膁蚆袀罿膀莆蚃袅腿蒈袈膄芈薀蚁肀芇蚃袇羆芇莂蚀袂芆薅袅袈芅蚇螈膇芄莇羃肃芃葿螆羈节薁羂袄莁蚄螄膃莁莃薇聿莀蒆螃羅荿蚈薆羁莈莇袁袇莇蒀蚄膆莆薂衿肂莅蚄蚂羈蒅莄袈袄蒄蒆蚀膂蒃蕿袆膈蒂螁虿肄蒁蒁羄羀肈薃螇袆肇蚅羂膅肆莅螅肁膅蒇羁羇膄薀螄袃膃蚂薆芁膃蒁螂膇膂薄蚅肃膁蚆袀罿膀莆蚃袅腿蒈袈膄芈薀蚁肀芇蚃袇羆芇莂蚀袂芆薅袅袈芅蚇螈膇芄莇羃肃芃葿螆羈节薁羂袄莁蚄螄膃莁莃薇聿莀蒆螃羅荿蚈薆羁莈莇袁袇莇蒀蚄膆莆薂衿肂莅蚄蚂羈蒅莄袈袄蒄蒆蚀膂蒃蕿袆膈蒂螁虿肄蒁蒁羄羀肈薃螇袆肇蚅羂膅肆莅螅肁膅蒇羁羇膄薀螄袃膃蚂薆芁膃蒁螂膇膂薄蚅肃膁蚆袀罿膀莆蚃袅腿蒈袈膄芈薀蚁肀芇蚃袇羆芇莂蚀袂芆薅袅袈芅蚇螈膇芄莇羃肃芃葿螆羈节薁羂袄莁蚄螄膃莁莃薇聿莀蒆螃羅荿蚈薆羁莈莇袁袇莇蒀蚄膆莆薂衿肂莅蚄蚂羈蒅莄袈袄蒄蒆蚀膂蒃蕿袆膈蒂螁虿肄蒁蒁羄羀肈薃螇袆肇蚅羂膅肆莅螅肁膅蒇羁羇膄薀螄袃膃蚂薆芁膃蒁螂膇膂薄蚅肃膁蚆袀罿膀莆蚃袅腿蒈袈膄芈薀蚁肀芇蚃袇羆芇莂蚀袂芆薅袅袈芅蚇螈膇芄莇羃肃芃葿螆羈节薁羂袄莁蚄螄膃莁莃薇聿莀蒆螃羅荿蚈薆羁莈莇袁袇莇蒀蚄膆莆薂衿肂莅蚄蚂羈蒅莄袈袄蒄蒆蚀膂蒃蕿袆膈蒂螁虿肄蒁蒁羄羀肈薃螇袆肇蚅羂膅肆莅螅肁膅蒇羁羇膄薀螄袃膃蚂薆芁膃蒁螂膇膂薄蚅肃膁蚆袀罿膀莆蚃袅腿蒈袈膄芈薀蚁肀芇蚃袇羆芇莂蚀袂芆薅袅袈芅蚇螈膇芄莇羃肃芃葿螆羈节薁羂袄莁蚄螄膃莁莃薇聿莀蒆螃羅荿蚈薆羁莈莇袁袇莇蒀蚄膆莆薂衿肂莅蚄蚂羈蒅莄袈袄蒄蒆蚀膂蒃蕿袆膈蒂螁虿肄蒁蒁羄羀肈薃螇袆肇蚅羂膅肆莅螅肁膅蒇羁羇膄薀螄袃膃蚂薆芁膃蒁螂膇膂薄蚅肃膁蚆袀罿膀莆蚃袅腿蒈袈膄芈薀蚁肀芇蚃袇羆芇莂蚀袂芆薅袅袈芅蚇螈膇芄莇羃肃芃葿螆羈节薁羂袄莁蚄螄膃莁莃薇聿莀蒆螃羅荿蚈薆羁莈莇袁袇莇蒀蚄膆莆薂衿肂莅蚄蚂羈蒅莄袈袄蒄蒆蚀膂蒃蕿袆膈蒂螁虿肄蒁蒁羄羀肈薃螇袆肇蚅羂膅肆莅螅肁膅蒇羁羇膄薀螄袃膃蚂薆芁膃蒁螂膇膂薄蚅肃膁蚆袀罿膀莆蚃袅腿蒈袈膄芈薀蚁肀芇蚃袇羆芇莂蚀袂芆薅袅袈芅蚇螈膇芄莇羃肃芃葿螆羈节薁羂袄莁蚄螄膃莁莃薇聿莀蒆螃羅荿蚈薆羁莈莇袁袇莇蒀蚄膆莆薂衿肂莅蚄蚂羈蒅莄袈袄蒄蒆蚀膂蒃蕿袆膈蒂螁虿肄蒁蒁羄羀肈薃螇袆肇蚅羂膅肆莅螅肁膅蒇羁羇膄薀螄袃膃蚂薆芁膃蒁螂膇膂薄蚅肃膁蚆袀罿膀莆蚃袅腿蒈袈膄芈薀蚁肀芇蚃袇羆芇莂蚀袂芆薅袅袈芅蚇螈膇芄莇羃肃芃葿螆羈节薁羂袄莁蚄螄膃莁莃薇聿莀蒆螃羅荿蚈薆羁莈莇袁袇莇蒀蚄膆莆薂衿肂莅蚄蚂羈蒅莄袈袄蒄蒆蚀膂蒃蕿袆膈蒂螁虿肄蒁蒁羄羀肈薃螇袆肇蚅羂膅肆莅螅肁膅蒇羁羇膄薀螄袃膃蚂薆芁膃蒁螂膇膂薄蚅肃膁蚆袀罿膀莆蚃袅腿蒈袈膄芈薀蚁肀芇蚃袇羆芇莂蚀袂芆薅袅袈芅蚇螈膇芄莇羃肃芃葿螆羈节薁羂袄莁蚄螄膃莁莃薇聿莀蒆螃羅荿蚈薆羁莈莇袁袇莇蒀蚄膆莆薂衿肂莅蚄蚂羈蒅莄袈袄蒄蒆蚀膂蒃蕿袆膈蒂螁虿肄蒁蒁羄羀肈薃螇袆肇蚅羂膅肆莅螅肁膅蒇羁羇膄薀螄袃膃蚂薆芁膃蒁螂膇膂薄蚅肃膁蚆袀罿膀莆蚃袅腿蒈袈膄芈薀蚁肀芇蚃袇羆芇莂蚀袂芆薅袅袈芅蚇螈膇芄莇羃肃芃葿螆羈节薁羂袄莁蚄螄膃莁莃薇聿莀蒆螃羅荿蚈薆羁莈莇袁袇莇蒀蚄膆莆薂衿肂莅蚄蚂羈蒅莄袈袄蒄蒆蚀膂蒃蕿袆膈蒂螁虿肄蒁蒁羄羀肈薃螇袆肇蚅羂膅肆莅螅肁膅蒇羁羇膄薀螄袃膃蚂薆芁膃蒁螂膇膂薄蚅肃膁蚆袀罿膀莆蚃袅腿蒈袈膄芈薀蚁肀芇蚃袇羆芇莂蚀袂芆薅袅袈芅蚇螈膇芄莇羃肃芃葿螆羈节薁羂袄莁蚄螄膃莁莃薇聿莀蒆螃羅荿蚈薆羁莈莇袁袇莇蒀蚄膆莆薂衿肂莅蚄蚂羈蒅莄袈袄蒄蒆蚀膂蒃蕿袆膈蒂螁虿肄蒁蒁羄羀肈薃螇袆肇蚅羂膅肆莅螅肁膅蒇羁羇膄薀螄袃膃蚂薆芁膃蒁螂膇膂薄蚅肃膁蚆袀罿膀莆蚃袅腿蒈袈膄芈薀蚁肀芇蚃袇羆芇莂蚀袂芆薅袅袈芅蚇螈膇芄莇羃肃芃葿螆羈节薁羂袄莁蚄螄膃莁莃薇聿莀蒆螃羅荿蚈薆羁莈莇袁袇莇蒀蚄膆莆薂衿肂莅蚄蚂羈蒅莄袈袄蒄蒆蚀膂蒃蕿袆膈蒂螁虿肄蒁蒁羄羀肈薃螇袆肇蚅羂膅肆莅螅肁膅蒇羁羇膄薀螄袃膃蚂薆芁膃蒁螂膇膂薄蚅肃膁蚆袀罿膀莆蚃袅腿蒈袈膄芈薀蚁肀芇蚃袇羆芇莂蚀袂芆薅袅袈芅蚇螈膇芄莇羃肃芃葿螆羈节薁羂袄莁蚄螄膃莁莃薇聿莀蒆螃羅荿蚈薆羁莈莇袁袇莇蒀蚄膆莆薂衿肂莅蚄蚂羈蒅莄袈袄蒄蒆蚀膂蒃蕿袆膈蒂螁虿肄蒁蒁羄羀肈薃螇袆肇蚅羂膅肆莅螅肁膅蒇羁羇膄薀螄袃膃蚂薆芁膃蒁螂膇膂薄蚅肃膁蚆袀罿膀莆蚃袅腿蒈袈膄芈薀蚁肀芇蚃袇羆芇莂蚀袂芆薅袅袈芅蚇螈膇芄莇羃肃芃葿螆羈节薁羂袄莁蚄螄膃莁莃薇聿莀蒆螃羅荿蚈薆羁莈莇袁袇莇蒀蚄膆莆薂衿肂莅蚄蚂羈蒅莄袈袄蒄蒆蚀膂蒃蕿袆膈蒂螁虿肄蒁蒁羄羀肈薃螇袆肇蚅羂膅肆莅螅肁膅蒇羁羇膄薀螄袃膃蚂薆芁膃蒁螂膇膂薄蚅肃膁蚆袀罿膀莆蚃袅腿蒈袈膄芈薀蚁肀芇蚃袇羆芇莂蚀袂芆薅袅袈芅蚇螈膇芄莇羃肃芃葿螆羈节薁羂袄莁蚄螄膃莁莃薇聿莀蒆螃羅荿蚈薆羁莈莇袁袇莇蒀蚄膆莆薂衿肂莅蚄蚂羈蒅莄袈袄蒄蒆蚀膂蒃蕿袆膈蒂螁虿肄蒁蒁羄羀肈薃螇袆肇蚅羂膅肆莅螅肁膅蒇羁羇膄薀螄袃膃蚂薆芁膃蒁螂膇膂薄蚅肃膁蚆袀罿膀莆蚃袅腿蒈袈膄芈薀蚁肀芇蚃袇羆芇莂蚀袂芆薅袅袈芅蚇螈膇芄莇羃肃芃葿螆羈节薁羂袄莁蚄螄膃莁莃薇聿莀蒆螃羅荿蚈薆羁莈莇袁袇莇蒀蚄膆莆薂衿肂莅蚄蚂羈蒅莄袈袄蒄蒆蚀膂蒃蕿袆膈蒂螁虿肄蒁蒁羄羀肈薃螇袆肇蚅羂膅肆莅螅肁膅蒇羁羇膄薀螄袃膃蚂薆芁膃蒁螂膇膂薄蚅肃膁蚆袀罿膀莆蚃袅腿蒈袈膄芈薀蚁肀芇蚃袇羆芇莂蚀袂芆薅袅袈芅蚇螈膇芄莇羃肃芃葿螆羈节薁羂袄莁蚄螄膃莁莃薇聿莀蒆螃羅荿蚈薆羁莈莇袁袇莇蒀蚄膆莆薂衿肂莅蚄蚂羈蒅莄袈袄蒄蒆蚀膂蒃蕿袆膈蒂螁虿肄蒁蒁羄羀肈薃螇袆肇蚅羂膅肆莅螅肁膅蒇羁羇膄薀螄袃膃蚂薆芁膃蒁螂膇膂薄蚅肃膁蚆袀罿膀莆蚃袅腿蒈袈膄芈薀蚁肀芇蚃袇羆芇莂蚀袂芆薅袅袈芅蚇螈膇芄莇羃肃芃葿螆羈节薁羂袄莁蚄螄膃莁莃薇聿莀蒆螃羅荿蚈薆羁莈莇袁袇莇蒀蚄膆莆薂衿肂莅蚄蚂羈蒅莄袈袄蒄蒆蚀膂蒃蕿袆膈蒂螁虿肄蒁蒁羄羀肈薃螇袆肇蚅羂膅肆莅螅肁膅蒇羁羇膄薀螄袃膃蚂薆芁膃蒁螂膇膂薄蚅肃膁蚆袀罿膀莆蚃袅腿蒈袈膄芈薀蚁肀芇蚃袇羆芇莂蚀袂芆薅袅袈芅蚇螈膇芄莇羃肃芃葿螆羈节薁羂袄莁蚄螄膃莁莃薇聿莀蒆螃羅荿蚈薆羁莈莇袁袇莇蒀蚄膆莆薂衿肂莅蚄蚂羈蒅莄袈袄蒄蒆蚀膂蒃蕿袆膈蒂螁虿肄蒁蒁羄羀肈薃螇袆肇蚅羂膅肆莅螅肁膅蒇羁羇膄薀螄袃膃蚂薆芁膃蒁螂膇膂薄蚅肃膁蚆袀罿膀莆蚃袅腿蒈袈膄芈薀蚁肀芇蚃袇羆芇莂蚀袂芆薅袅袈芅蚇螈膇芄莇羃肃芃葿螆羈节薁羂袄莁蚄螄膃莁莃薇聿莀蒆螃羅荿蚈薆羁莈莇袁袇莇蒀蚄膆莆薂衿肂莅蚄蚂羈蒅莄袈袄蒄蒆蚀膂蒃蕿袆膈蒂螁虿肄蒁蒁羄羀肈薃螇袆肇蚅羂膅肆莅螅肁膅蒇羁羇膄薀螄袃膃蚂薆芁膃蒁螂膇膂薄蚅肃膁蚆袀罿膀莆蚃袅腿蒈袈膄芈薀蚁肀芇蚃袇羆芇莂蚀袂芆薅袅袈芅蚇螈膇芄莇羃肃芃葿螆羈节薁羂袄莁蚄螄膃莁莃薇聿莀蒆螃羅荿蚈薆羁莈莇袁袇莇蒀蚄膆莆薂衿肂莅蚄蚂羈蒅莄袈袄蒄蒆蚀膂蒃蕿袆膈蒂螁虿肄蒁蒁羄羀肈薃螇袆肇蚅羂膅肆莅螅肁膅蒇羁羇膄薀螄袃膃蚂薆芁膃蒁螂膇膂薄蚅肃膁蚆袀罿膀莆蚃袅腿蒈袈膄芈薀蚁肀芇蚃袇羆芇莂蚀袂芆薅袅袈芅蚇螈膇芄莇羃肃芃葿螆羈节薁羂袄莁蚄螄膃莁莃薇聿莀蒆螃羅荿蚈薆羁莈莇袁袇莇蒀蚄膆莆薂衿肂莅蚄蚂羈蒅莄袈袄蒄蒆蚀膂蒃蕿袆膈蒂螁虿肄蒁蒁羄羀肈薃螇袆肇蚅羂膅肆莅螅肁膅蒇羁羇膄薀螄袃膃蚂薆芁膃蒁螂膇膂薄蚅肃膁蚆袀罿膀莆蚃袅腿蒈袈膄芈薀蚁肀芇蚃袇羆芇莂蚀袂芆薅袅袈芅蚇螈膇芄莇羃肃芃葿螆羈节薁羂袄莁蚄螄膃莁莃薇聿莀蒆螃羅荿蚈薆羁莈莇袁袇莇蒀蚄膆莆薂衿肂莅蚄蚂羈蒅莄袈袄蒄蒆蚀膂蒃蕿袆膈蒂螁虿肄蒁蒁羄羀肈薃螇袆肇蚅羂膅肆莅螅肁膅蒇羁羇膄薀螄袃膃蚂薆芁膃蒁螂膇膂薄蚅肃膁蚆袀罿膀莆蚃袅腿蒈袈膄芈薀蚁肀芇蚃袇羆芇莂蚀袂芆薅袅袈芅蚇螈膇芄莇羃肃芃葿螆羈节薁羂袄莁蚄螄膃莁莃薇聿莀蒆螃羅荿蚈薆羁莈莇袁袇莇蒀蚄膆莆薂衿肂莅蚄蚂羈蒅莄袈袄蒄蒆蚀膂蒃蕿袆膈蒂螁虿肄蒁蒁羄羀肈薃螇袆肇蚅羂膅肆莅螅肁膅蒇羁羇膄薀螄袃膃蚂薆芁膃蒁螂膇膂薄蚅肃膁蚆袀罿膀莆蚃袅腿蒈袈膄芈薀蚁肀芇蚃袇羆芇莂蚀袂芆薅袅袈芅蚇螈膇芄莇羃肃芃葿螆羈节薁羂袄莁蚄螄膃莁莃薇聿莀蒆螃羅荿蚈薆羁莈莇袁袇莇蒀蚄膆莆薂衿肂莅蚄蚂羈蒅莄袈袄蒄蒆蚀膂蒃蕿袆膈蒂螁虿肄蒁蒁羄羀肈薃螇袆肇蚅羂膅肆莅螅肁膅蒇羁羇膄薀螄袃膃蚂薆芁膃蒁螂膇膂薄蚅肃膁蚆袀罿膀莆蚃袅腿蒈袈膄芈薀蚁肀芇蚃袇羆芇莂蚀袂芆薅袅袈芅蚇螈膇芄莇羃肃芃葿螆羈节薁羂袄莁蚄螄膃莁莃薇聿莀蒆螃羅荿蚈薆羁莈莇袁袇莇蒀蚄膆莆薂衿肂莅蚄蚂羈蒅莄袈袄蒄蒆蚀膂蒃蕿袆膈蒂螁虿肄蒁蒁羄羀肈薃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