39--大学英语语法--语法精简内容---总结版Microsoft Word 文档 6页

1.Ihadnosoonerclosedthedoorthansomebodyknocked.2.Hardlywerethewordsutteredwhenhebegantoregretthemv.用于hardly/scarcely...when;no sooner ...than 句型中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。 vI had hardly finished my work when he came to see me. vNo sooner had I arrived home than the telephone rang. v3.有些单数形式的集体名词通常当作复数名词用。ve.g.police,people,cattle,livestock.vThepolicehavecaughtthemurderer.v4.某些集体名词，看做一个整体时做单数用，看做组成该集体的成员时，做复数用。ve.g.audience,class,committee,crowd,family,group,majority,public,staff,team.vMyfamilyisverylarge.vMyfamilyarealltall.v5.人名复数表示某一家人，动词用复数。vThewilsonsliveupstairs.v6.单复数同形的名词做主语，要根据意义来决定动词。ve.g.aircraft,deer,fish,means,species,sheep.vTherearenumerousspeciesoffish.vThisspeciesofroseisveryrare.v7.复数名词做专有名词，动词用单数。vTheUnitedStatesisabigcountry限定词+名词做主语时的主谓一致v1.alotof,lotsof,plentyof等，+复数名词时动词用复数；+不可数名词时动词用单数。vPlentyofeggsfalloutofthebasket.vPlentyoftimehasbeenwasted.v2.many,several,few,afew,anumberof,these等+复数名词，动词用复数。vAnumberofstudentsarefromthesouthv3.much,little,alittle,agreatdealof,alargeamountof,aquantityof等+不可数名词，动词用单数。vAlargeamountofcashwasstolen.v4.apairof+名词，动词用单数。vThispairoftrousersismadeinChina.v5.manya/morethanone+单数名词表示复数含义，动词用单数。vManyamanhasmadethesamemistake.v6.定冠词+形容词做主语表示一类人时，动词用复数。vTheoldarewelllookedafterbythegovernment.v7.thenumberof+名词作主语，动词用单数。vThenumberofstudentsisincreasing.v8.数词+量度/时间/金钱作主语，动词用单数。vTenyearsisalongtime.vMorethanonepersonhasfoundthekey.v9.单数名词+with/alongwith/aswellas作主语，动词用单数。vJackyaswellashistwosisterswasinvitedtoattendNancy’sweddingceremony. v10.or/either…or/neither…nor+名词/代词作主语，谓语符合就近原则。vNeithertheprincipalnorhisassistantsaretoattendtheparty.v11.notonly…butalso作主语，谓语就近。vNotonlyhiswifebutalsohischildrenhavearrived.v12.and/both…and+两个名词作主语时，谓语用复数。vJohnandhisfatherarewatchingtelevision.v13.and+两个名词表同一事物，动词用单数。vThedirectorandphotographerwaspresentattheShanghaiMovieFestivalv其他句式主谓一致v1.therebe句型中，be的单复数取决于紧跟其后的名词的单复数。vTherearesomestudentsintheclassroom.vThereisabook,twopensandthreepencilsonthedesk.v2.不定式，动名词及从句作主语时，动词用单数。vSeeingisbelieving.vWhetherwegotogetherorseparatelydoesn’tmatter.Presentperfect现在完成时v1.表示过去发生的，已经完成并对现在造成影响的动作v2.常用的时间状语有:already,yet,just, never,before, recently, till now,vso far, these days, for + 时间段,since + 时间点vI have learned English for ten years.vIthasbeenalongtimesincetheylastmeteachotherv3.表示第几次做某事，或在It is the best (worst, most interesting ) +名词 ＋that 后面跟现在完成时。vThis is my first time that I have visited China.  vThis is the most interesting film I have ever seen. Simplepast（pastindefinitetense）一般过去时v1.表在过去某个特定时间发生的动作，或过去习惯性动作v2.常跟明确的过去时间连用，如：yesterday,last week,in 1945,at that time,once,theotherday,a few days ago,when,justnowvWhenIwasachild,IoftenwenttoQingdaointhesummerv一般过去时和过去完成时的区别在于：v过去完成时强调一个动作完成后另一个动作才开始。vIcamehereafterIfinishedmiddleschool.(两个动作没间隔)vIcamehereafterIhadfinishedmiddleschool.(强调先后概念)vWhenshesangshesatdown.(表示唱着坐下)vWhenshehadsungshesatdown.(表示唱完坐下)Simplefuture一般将来时v1.表在将来某个时间会发生的动作或情况。常和tomorrow, next year, in 2008等表示将来的时间状语连用v2.will/shall侧重于当时的反应或决定vWe will/shall begin our class as soon as the teacher comes. v3.begoingto表示打算要做的事或可能要发生的事。vItisreportedthatthereisgoingtobeathunderstormtomorrowv4.betodo表示必须、必然或计划将要做的事。vWearetomeetattheschoolgate.v5.beabouttodo表示很快就要发生的动作。vIwasabouttoleavewhenthetelephonerang.v6.一般现在时表将来v7.现在进行时表将来被动语态的主要用法•5.let,make,hear,see,have等后面作宾语补语的不定式，在被动语态中须保留to。•Theteachermademeanswermanyquestions.•→Iwasmadetoanswermanyquestions•Theysaythatheisanhonestman.•→Itissaidthatheisanhonestman.•→Heissaidtobeanhonestman•注意：同某人结婚，用marrysb.或getmarriedtosb.均可•e.g.Hemarriedarichgirl.他与一个富妞结婚了。•e.g.Hegotmarriedtoarichgirl.用should+动词原形的情况(should可省略)：•4.itis/was+adj.+that从句中：•advisable,desirable,important,necessary,preferable,reasonable,urgent,proper•E.g.Itisnecessarythatsomeimmediatemeasuresshouldbetaken.•Withthesocietydevelopingveryfast,it’squiteurgentthatweshouldhaveagoodknowledgeofEnglishandcomputer•5.itis+apity/ashame/nowonder后的主语从句中：•E.g.It’sapitythatsheshouldmissthechance.•Itisnowonderthatwebepresentatthediscussion.•6.itis+amazing/incredible/odd/ridiculous/strange/surprising/unthinkable后的主语从句中，表示惊奇，不满的语气：•E.g.Itisridiculousthatheshouldbehavelikethat.•还可以用should+have+ved：•E.g.Itisverystrangethatheshouldhaveleftwithoutsayinggood-bye.•7.在目的和条件状语从句中：•lest,incase,forfearthat,inorderthat,sothat,unless,supposing,provided,onconditionthat•E.g.Wespokeinwhispersforfearthatweshouldwakethebaby.•Lestyoushouldnothaveheardall,Ishallbeginatthebeginning.•1)were/过去式(对现在的假设)•2)had+过去分词(对过去的假设)•3)would/could/might+动原(对将来的假设) •1.主+wish+that+从句主语+1)/2)/3):•E.g.SometimesIwishIwerelivinginadifferenttimeandadifferentplace.•Hedidn’tgototheparty,buthedoeswishhehadbeenthere.•IwishIcouldremaincalmfacingtheenemy.2.ifonly+主+1)/2)/3):(要是…就好了)e.g.Ifonlywestudentsdidn’thavesomuchhomework!IfonlyIhadhadmoremoney,thenIcouldhaveboughtabettercar.3.asif/though+从句主语+1)/2)/3):(方式)e.g.Shelookedaftertheboyasifhewereherownson.Theytalkedasiftheyhadbeenfriendsforyears.•4.suppose/supposing+主+1)/2)/3):(假如)•E.g.SupposeyouweregivenachancetostudyinAmerica,wouldyouaccept?•5.主+wouldrather/sooner/prefer/justassoon+从句主语+1)/2)/3):(宁愿)•E.g.Iwouldpreferyoupostedtheletterrightaway.•6.itisabout/hightime+that+从句主语+动词过去式:(该是…的时候了)•E.g.Itishightimethatwedidsomethingtoimproveourenvironment.•Iwouldratheryouhadreturnedthebookyesterday.•1)Without/with/butfor+名词短语/2)butthat+从句/3)…,otherwise/or+主+would/should/could/might+动原/have+ved•E.g.Withalittlemoretrainingandabettermanager,Nelsoncouldhavewonthegame.•Hedidnotpasstheentranceexam,otherwisehewouldhavebeenstudyingattheuniversity.形容词的一般用法•1.作定语，一般放在所修饰词的前面。例如，It’sacoldandwindyday.•2.作表语，放在系动词的后面。例如，Helookshappytoday.•3.形容词修饰something，anything，nothing，everything等复合不定代词时，须放在其后。•Wouldyoulikesomethinghottodrink？•4.表示长、宽、高、深及年龄的形容词，应放在相应的名词之后。例如，Howlongistheriver？It’sabouttwohundredmetreslong.•5.只能作表语的形容词：afraid,alone,asleep,awake,alive,well健康的；ill病的；frightened害怕的•Themanisill.(正)•Theillmanismyuncle.(误)形容词，副词的比较级、最高级 •原级常用的句型结构•(1)“甲+be+(倍数)+as+形容词原级+as+乙”表示“甲和乙程度相同”或“甲是乙的几倍”•TomisasoldasKate.•TomistwiceasoldasKate.•“甲+实意动词+(倍数)+as+副词原级+as+乙”表示“甲和乙程度相同”或“甲是乙的几倍”•TomrunsasfastasMike.•TomrunstwiceasfastasMike.•(2)“甲+be+not+as/so+形容词原级+as+乙”甲不如乙…•Thisroomisnotas/sobigasthatone.•“甲+助动词+not+动词原形+as/so+副词原级+as+乙”甲不如乙…•Hedoesn’twalkasslowlyasyou.•(1)“甲+be+(倍数)+形容词比较级+than+乙”表示“甲比乙…”或“甲比乙…几倍”•TomistallerthanKate.•Thisroomisthreetimesbiggerthanthatone.•“甲+实意动词+(倍数)+副词比较级+than+乙”表示“甲比乙…”或“甲比乙…几倍”•Igotupearlierthanmymotherthismorning.•Herunsthreetimesfasterthanhisbrother.•(2)“甲+be+形容词比较级+than+anyother+单数名词(+介词短语)”表示“甲比同一范围的任何一个人/物都……”，含义是“甲最……”。•TheYangtzeRiverislongerthananyotherriverinChina.•“甲+实意动词+副词比较级+than+anyother+单数名词(+介词短语)”表示“甲比同一范围的任何一个人/物都……”，含义是“甲最……”。•Mikegetstoschoolearlierthananyotherstudentinhisclass.•(3)“甲+be+the+形容词比较级+ofthetwo+……”表示“甲是两者中较……的”。•Lookatthetwoboys.Mybrotheristhetallerofthetwo.•(4)“比较级+and+比较级”表示“越来越……”。•Heisgettingtallerandtaller.•Hedoeshishomeworkmoreandmorecarefully•(5)“the+比较级，the+比较级”表示“越……，越……”。•Themorecarefulyouare，thefewermistakesyou’llmake.•(6)“特殊疑问词+be+形容词比较级，甲or乙？”•Whichisbigger，theearthorthemoon？•“特殊疑问词+实意动词+副词比较级，甲or乙？”•Whodrawsbetter，JennyorDanny？•(1)“主语+be+the+形容词最高级+单数名词+in/of短语”表示“……是……中最……的”。•Tomisthetallestinhisclass./ofallthestudents.•“主语+实意动词+(the)+副词最高级+单数名词+in/of短语”表示“……是……中最……的”。•Ijump(the)farthestinmyclass.•(2)“主语+be+oneofthe+形容词最高级+复数名词+in/of短语”表示“……是……中最……之一”。 •BeijingisoneofthelargestcitiesinChina.•(3)“特殊疑问词+be+the+最高级+甲，乙，or丙？”用于三者以上的比较。•Whichcountryisthelargest，China，BrazilorCanada？•straighter和fatter已是比较级形式，因此前面不能再加more，但可加much。much/far/alot加比较级，意为“多得多a.只有复数形式的单词：1.表示成对的名词：Scissors,pants/trousers,shorts2.以-ing结尾形式的名词：belongings,doings,findings,savings,earnings3.其他词。如:arms，forces部队，fireworks,ashes,riches,thanks,stairs等。b.以-s结尾形式，实际是单数含义：News,physics,mathematics,politics