- 142.00 KB
- 2022-06-17 16:03:06 发布
- 1、本文档共5页,可阅读全部内容。
- 2、本文档内容版权归属内容提供方,所产生的收益全部归内容提供方所有。如果您对本文有版权争议,可选择认领,认领后既往收益都归您。
- 3、本文档由用户上传,本站不保证质量和数量令人满意,可能有诸多瑕疵,付费之前,请仔细先通过免费阅读内容等途径辨别内容交易风险。如存在严重挂羊头卖狗肉之情形,可联系本站下载客服投诉处理。
- 文档侵权举报电话:19940600175。
【MeiWei81-优质实用版文档】大学英语语法汇总一、名词(一)以S结尾的名词做主语的主谓一致1、以s结尾的疾病和游戏arthritis,bronchitis,rickets,measles,mumps,diabetes,darts,marbles做主语时谓语动词应使用单数形式。例:Arthritiscausespaininthejoints.特殊情况:有一些疾病/游戏名词作谓语动词可单可复:measles,ricketsCards做主语动词用复数;darts,marbles指游戏使用的具体的镖和弹子意义时,谓语动词marbles可单可复,darts用复数形式。例:Measlesalwayscccur/occursamongkids.Ninedartsarethrownateachturn.2、以s结尾的学科名称physics,mathematics,optics,acoustics,politics,athletics,tactics,linguistics,etc做主语时谓语动词使用单数。例:Mathematicsisalwaysaheadacheforgirls.Politicsalwaysattractsboys.特殊情况:如果这些词并不是只带“学科”等意义,谓语动词便可做复数使用。例如,mathematics运算能力,athletic体育运动,acoustics音响效果,tactics策略,economics经济学意义。例:TheacousticsinBonJovi’sTulsaconcertwerebeyondcriticismlastspring.3、以s结尾的地理名称TheStates,theunitedstates,theNetherlands,thePhilippines,theUnitedArabEmirates,theUnitedNation做主语时,谓语动词使用单数。例:TheNetherlandsisaEuroupeancountry.TheSatesisadevelopedcountry特殊情况:如果主语是群岛archipelago,山脉mountains,海峡straits,瀑布waterfalls,运动会games等,谓语动词则使用复数。例:TheNanshaIslands(TheSpratlyIslands)areintegralpartofChina.TheWuyimountainsarepicturesque.TheOlympicGamesareheldeveryfouryears.4、其他以S结尾的名词(1)成双成对出现的名词做主语时:例如jeans,compasses(圆规)scissors,pincers,glasses,pants,shorts,trousers,slacks,suspenders等谓语动词使用复数.例:Theslacksaresocompleteful.TheHengdaliglassesaresopricey.但是加上单位词则使用单数。例:Onepairofglassesisfarfromenoughwhenyoutravelabroad.(2)英语中还有一些以s结尾的名词,如archives,arms,clothes,contents,eaves,fireworks,firecrackers,goods,morals,thanks等,谓语动词使用复数。例:Thefirecrackersaresoloud.Manythanksgotomywifeandherfloks.(3)Ings结尾的名词谓语动词一般使用复数。如,clippings,diggings,earnings,fillings,sweepings,etc例:Hisearningsareprettygood.特殊情况:tidings(旧)做主语时谓语动词可单可复。【MeiWei81-优质实用版文档】
【MeiWei81-优质实用版文档】例Goodtidingsarecheerful.(1)英语中有一些词,单复数同形,例如barracks,headquarters,means,series,species,works,sheep,deer谓语动词根据实际情况而定。例:Thismeansoftransportationdoesnotworkforme.Thismeanshavebeentried.TheseendangeredspeciesarewellprotectedinmainlandChina.(2)少数的名词做单数和复数时意义不一样。例:Whatistheodds?(有什么要紧)Theoddsareinourfavors.(形式对我们有利)特殊情况:Remains做“遗体”时,谓语动词使用复数,如果当“遗迹”“剩余物”时,谓语动词可单可复。例:Theprimeminister’sremainswereburiedinthevicinityofthechurch.Thereremainsoftheancientcapitalhasbeenreducedtodebrisafterthemassivequake.Theremainsofthemealwas/werefedtothedog.(二)集体名词做主语的主谓一致1、通常做复数的集体名词police,people,cattle,militia,poultry,personal,clergy,vermin等做主语时谓语动词使用复数。例:Theclergyremaindividedontheissueofwomenpriests.Thepersonal(总称:员工)arereluctanttoaltertherules.2、通常做单数的集体名词:foliage(叶子总称),machinery,equipment,furniture,merchandise,clothing(clothes),poetry(poem,poet),baggage,luggage,scenery,jewellery(jewel).例:AllthemachineryismadeinChina.Thewoodenfurnitureisunaffordable.3、可单可复的集体名词:congregation,family,government,public,crew,class,committee,audience,couple,nation,population等谓语动词根据实际情况对待。例:Thefamilyisalargeone.Thefamilyareeatingsalmonattable.4、Acommittee/panel/boardof+pl.,谓语动词通常使用单数。例:ApanelofeGpertsistogiveitsopiniononwaystotacklecongestion.(三)problemsofconcordwithacoordinatesubjiect1、and连接的是一个人/一件事例:Theteacherandinterpreterhasbeenlaidupforacoupleofdays.Earlytobedearlytorisemakesamanhealthy,wealthy,andwise.2、and连接成对出现的名词:knifeandfork,cartandhorse,needleandthread,lawandorder,breadandbutter,hamandeggs,cerealandmilk,fishandchips,pancakesandsyrup,etc.例:Breadandbutterisatastybreakfastinwesternculture.Fishandchipsisapopularytake-awayfoodthatoriginatedintheUnitedKingdom.3、and连接every/each/no/manya+单数名词,谓语动词使用单数。【MeiWei81-优质实用版文档】
【MeiWei81-优质实用版文档】例:Everymaleandeveryfemalehastoevacuatefromthepowerplant.Manyamanandwomaninthiscommunityfindshimselforherselfinneed.Noboyandnogirlisplayingtennis.1、and连接专有名词:theStarsandStripes,theBatandball.例:ThebatandBallisadelightfulInnwithlotsofeGposedbeams,flagstonefloors,roaringlogfires&cathedralcandlesallcreatingatraditionalvillageatmosphere.TheStarsandStripeswasadoptedastheflagoftheUnitedStatesonJune14,1777.2、or/either...or.../not..but../notonly..butalso../neither..nor..连接的主语按TheprincipleofproGiomity(就近原则)例:EitheryouorIamwrong.AreeitheryouorIwrong?3、主语+asmuchas/ratherthan/morethan/nolessthan/aswellas/inadditionto/with/alongwith/togetherwith/eGcept/but,etc.例:Ateacher,withhisstudents,iswatchinganEnglishmovie.Theking,withthelordsandcommons,constitutestheirgovernment.Hiscousinratherthanhisparentsisheldresponsibleforthisinhumanemassacre(四)ProblemsofconcordwitheGperessionsofquantityassubject1、DefiniteQuantity(确定数量)①时间、数量、金钱、距离、重量等做主语时作为整体看待例:100dollarsmeansalottoakindofhisage.300poundsmakesanobeseguy.②Therebe句型例外:Thereare10dollaresinhispocket.③Fraction分数/percentage百分数+of,谓语动词和of后的名词保持一致例:Twothirdsoftheappleisrotten.Eightpercentofthestudentshavebeenmuggedinthisarea.④population例Fifty-fivepercentofChina’spopulationliveintheruralarea⑤operations运算Addition加:plus,andAubtraction减:minus,subtractedbyMultiplication乘:(multiplied)by,timesDivision除:dividedby都可以使用单数,但是加法和乘法有时候可以用复数。Fortyminustwentyleavestwenty.TwotimesequalssiGteen.⑥onein/outofn.一般使用单数,有时使用复数例:Oneintengirlsdatesincollege.2、IndefiniteQuantity(不确定数量)①all/some/none/half/mostof+n.谓语动词根据of后面的名词来定例:Mostofthemoneyhasbeenspentontravelingabroad.MostoftheAmericanhighschoolboyshavedates.NonebutthebestcoffeeisgoodenoughforLynne.②aportion/series/pile/panelof,of后面的名词一般使用单数例:Apileoflogsispilingup.ApanelofeGpertsisunabletoreachanagreement.③akind/type/sortof,of后面通常跟不可数名词或者单数名词,谓语动词使用单数。【MeiWei81-优质实用版文档】
【MeiWei81-优质实用版文档】Thistypeofsportscarisreallycostly.但Carsofthistypearecostly.④these/thosekindof+pl.谓语动词使用单数例:Thesekindofbirdsaresorareforthishighlatitude.⑤manya/morethanone谓语动词使用单数例:Manyastudenthasfiledcomplaints.MorethanonecarcompanyhaslodgedclaimsagainstKumhoTires.1、OtherproblemsofS-Vconcord①NominalClause名词性从句谓语动词一般使用单数例:Howhecameherewasamystery.Howhecamehereandwhyhecamehereweremysterious②SVC结构中,如果C是名词复数,那么谓语动词可单可复。例:Whatisofimportancetomeis/arethedetailsofmywife’slife.③Non-finiteClauses,doing/todo做主语谓语动词使用单数例:Toseeistobelieve.TotakeMandarintakescourage.④RelativeClauses,定语从句中的谓语动词和先行词保持一致。例:Janeisoneofthefewgirlswhodon’tlikeproms.⑤GGGoneof...,the(very/only)oneof...例:Janeistheonlyoneofthefewgirlswhodoes’slikeproms.⑥CleftSentences,强调句谓语动词和主语一致。例:It’sIwhoammistanken.⑦EGistentialSentences,TheprincipleofproGimity(就近原则)例:Thereisathank-younoteandtwowristbandsonthetable.2、Miscellaneous(其他)①The+adj.:thedead/rich/living/wealthy/wounded/blind/deafect谓语动词复数例:Thedeadarehauntingthegirlslivingonthatcornoroftheneighborhood.②a(the)numberof,a(the)totalof区分Anumberoffarmersareprotestingagainstbuildinganewairportonthefarmland.③Oneandahalf做主语时谓语动词常用单数形式。例:Oneandahalfbananasisleftonthetable.④LargequantitiesofsandhavebeentransportedtotheYangtzeRiver.(四)CollectiveNouns1、有的集体名词只做复数:people,police,cattle,verminect.有的集体名词只做单数:mankind,furniture,machinery,merchandiseect.有的集体名词可单可复:family,crew,governmentect.特殊情况:有一些集体名词具有个体意义:Thecossetedcouplehavefourfamiliestosupport.Thefamilyareeatinglunch.Thefamilyiscomposedofthreepeople.Beforeliberation,Chinausedtohavetwogovernmentsforawhile.Thegovernmentistryingtocurbonlinecrimes.Thegovernmentarenegotiatingthein-depthdetailswiththeforeignentyepreneur.2、MaterialNouns,物质名词一般为不可数名词,没有单数、复数之分。【MeiWei81-优质实用版文档】
【MeiWei81-优质实用版文档】特殊情况:物质名词如果作为复数出现,意义不同。haveabeer?HavetwobeershaveteaLongjingisaworld-famoustea.whitehairHehasafewwhitehairs.sandsands沙沙滩waterwaters水大片水体food/fruitfoods/fruits食物/水果多种食物/水果coffee/twocoffees咖啡/两杯咖啡rubber(橡皮胶鞋)橡胶Wewearrubbersonourfeetwhenitrains.stone(石头)石料Marbleisapreciousstone.Egg(鸡蛋)蛋渍Thereissomeeggonhisnose.Lamb(羔羊)羊羔肉Thereislambontoday’smenu.onion(洋葱头)洋葱味Yousmellofonion.Wood(树林)木材Thechairsaremadeofwood/thelostmanyelled,hopingthatsomeinthewoodscouldhearhim.iron(熨斗)铁Ihaveonesteamiron.Paper(论文,报纸)纸张Ihaveapapertoweite.Glass(玻璃杯)玻璃Thisisamadeoftemperedglass.cloth(一块布)布料Thisisaclothforthetable.Chicken(小鸡)鸡肉Mynieceraisesachickenasherpet.Fire(火灾)火Afirebrokeoutinthetrailerparklastnight2、AbstractNouns,抽象名词没用单复数之分,因为不能计数。例:Knowledgeispower.Beautyistruth.Kindnessisavirtue.但是有的抽象名词使用单数和复数意义不同。sympathy(同情、怜悯)sympathies(慰问、同情、怜悯)eGperience(经验)eGperiences(经历)relation(关系)relations(亲戚)youth(青春)youths(男青年)worry(忧愁、烦恼)worries(烦恼事)distraction(心烦)distractions(心烦得事)business(商业、交易)bussinesses(商店、商行)kindness(仁慈)kindness(善行)Success(成功)Successes(成功者、成功得事)【MeiWei81-优质实用版文档】
【MeiWei81-优质实用版文档】failure(失败)Failures(失败者、失败的事)Space(空间)Aspace(空格)disappointment(失望)disappointments(令人失望得事)4、family,room,mouth,ear在某些搭配中可以表示抽象概念。例:havetoomuchfamily/winter/mouthHavetoolittleear,makeroomfor,feelthepatriotrise5、man,croward,coquette,politician,sportsman,scholar,poet,fool等词在某些搭配中成了不可数名词。例:tobefoolenough,moreofafoolthan,asmuchofafoolas,toomuchofafool,enoughofaman,somethingofacelebrity6、专有名词有时候具有可数名词来使用。例:TheSongsusedtoholdswayinChina.IwishtobecomeanEdison.IwillbuyaFord/Lincoln.TheTwoChinasPolicycannotbebrookedbytheChinesepopulation.(五)IndependentGenitive(独立属格):thedooroftheclassroom/thedog’sower/TomandJohn’sroom/Tom’sandjohn’sbooks/themapoftheworld(六)DounleGenitive(双重属格):afriendofmymother’s必须满足三个条件:of前不能特指,即不得加the,但是可以使用this/that/some/anyetc;of后面必须指人;of后必须特指。例:somebooksofmine/afriendsofmine/acaroftony’s注意区别:aportraitofChairmanMao/aportraitofChairmanMao’sthispictureofMarvin/thispictureofMarvin’s(七)Determiners(形容词排序)县官行令杀国才限定词观看形状年龄颜色国别材料less/least在非正式英语中可以用来修饰可数名词复数。例:Lessandlessstudentsgoabroadforthepurposeofoverseaseducation.Ginjianghastheleastpeoplepersquareme.fewFewlocalsvisitlocalpointsofinterest.修饰可数名词表否定意义,修饰不可数名词表肯定意义afewAfewcouplesgetmarriedinfrontofthetownhall.littleThereislittlewaterleftinthethermalbottle.Theyaresuchlittlechildrenthattheydontn’tqualify.修饰不可数名词表否定意义AlittleThereisstillalittleroomforus.修饰可数名词表肯定意义all,both,every,always,entirely,altogether,completely,quite,allthe【MeiWei81-优质实用版文档】
【MeiWei81-优质实用版文档】time等词和否定词连用表示部分否定。如果表示完全否定,则用no,none,neither,noone,never,not(never)..atall例:Allthatglittersisnotgold.Thisflowerisnotseeneverywhere.Bothgirlsarenottall.AllareleavingfortheU.S.Alliswellwithme.代词的排序问题:单数人称代词并列做主语时,其顺序为you,his/she/it,I例:You,heandIshouldreturnontime.复数人称代词做主语时,其顺序为we,you,they例:We,youandtheyareallsupposedtodefendourmotherlandintimesofwar.特殊情况:在下列情况中,第一人称放在前面。①在承认错误,承担责任时:ItwasandJohnwhoupsettherowdykids.②在长辈对晚辈,长官对下属说话时,如长官为第一人称:Iandyoushouldtrytogetitfinishedbytomorrowevening.(七)PresentPerfect(现在完成时):have/hasdone1、for/since/already/just/never/ever/before/yet/lately/recently/sofar/inthelast(past)fewyears/uptillnowetc.2、Don’tconfuseHavebeentoandHavegoneto例:HergreatunclehasbeentotheIvoryCoast.(点动词、短暂性动词)Hismother-in-lawhasgonetotheBalticcountyies(段动词、延续性动词)3、点动词:but/borrow/leave/join/die/marry/come/go/lose/begin/stop/arrive/lend但是,如果现在完成时的谓语动词是点动词的否定形式,那么这种动作是可以延续的。例:Hehasn’tlefthomeforonemonth.Ihaven’tseenyouforsolong.4、It’s(time)since...例:It’sbeen2yearssinceIleftmyhomecity.It’sbeen2yearssinceIlivedinhere.It’s2weekssinceIcaughtacold.It’s3monthssinceIgotmarried.It’sbeen6weekssinceIwasmarried.5、Itisthefirst/second...lasttime+thatclause从句一律使用完成时例:ItisthefirsttimethatIhaveeverbeendrugtested.LastyearwasthefirsttimethatIhadtraveledtoOceania.(九)PastPwrfect(过去完成时):haddone,hardly/scarcelyhad...when,nosoonerhad...than例:Hardlyhadwemadeittherewhenthebumbegantofilecomplints.1、hope/think/eGpect/intend/mean/suppose/want使用过去完成时,可以表示过去未实现的希望、打算、意图。例:Ihadhopedtoseatmyselfwithoutbeingrecognized.Ihadintendedtocomevisityourfamilylastweek,butIgotsosick.2、ConstructionsdenotingfuturetimeWill/shalldo,begoingtodo/bedoing/beabouttodo/betodo3、PassiveVoicebedone,am/is/aredone,was/weredone,willbedone/begoingtobedone,has/have/hadbeendone,bebeingdone,besupposedtodo【MeiWei81-优质实用版文档】
【MeiWei81-优质实用版文档】1、无被动语态:happen,look,appear,die,last,lie,breakout,cometrueect.例:Mydreamshavecometrue.Thecarwreckhappenedthismorning.2、It’s+pastparticiple+that:It’ssaid/believed/knownthat...3、CausativeVerbs:let/make/have例:Myschooldistrictmakesthestudentgovernmentpostadsonthebillboards.Thestudentgovernmentismadetopostadsonthebillboards.4、Senseverbs:see/watch/observe/lookat/hear/listento/noticeetc.例:Hisstepmomhearshimplaythepianoeverymornong.Heisheardtoplaythepianoeverymorning.HissisterheardhimplayingpercussioninstrumentsneGtdoor.HewasheardplayingpercussioninstrumentsneGtdoor.5、PassiveVoice:need/require/want/demand/bewroth后跟ing可表示被动概念。例:Theblockbusteriswellworthwatching.Therockingchairrequiresrepairing.Thediaperneedschanging.6、主动结构表被动。例:Tomatoesbruiseeasily.Thewindowwon’tshut.Thedoordoesn’tlock.Thefoodstoreclosesat5pm.Thematerialwon’twear.HarryPotteersellswell.Potatoescookslowly.Hisworksareprionting.7、不及物动词无被动语态,但有时候be+vi.pastpartisiple是系表结构。Thegalisgone.Thesunisalreadyrisen.Theleavesareallfallen.Thedogisreturned.(十)SubjunctiveMood(虚拟语气)英语中的三种语气:陈述、祈使、虚拟。虚拟语气(SubjunctiveMood)表示说话人说的不是事实,而是一种假设、愿望、怀疑、或推测。例:Iftherewerenosubjunctivemood,Englishwouldbealoteasiertolearn.1、If条件句中的虚拟语气时间谓语动词的虚拟形式现在动词过去式(be多用were)would/should/could/mifht+have+过去分词过去had+过去分词would/should/could/might+have+过去分词将来动词过去式或should/wereto+动词原形would/should/could/might+动词原形2、suppose,supposing有时候可以替换if例:Tfitwerenotrainingnow,wewouldgoforapicnic.IfheknewEnglish,hewouldn’tturntomeforhelp.Shewouldhavegonetothepartyifshehadbeeninveted.Ifmumhadn’tcalledme,Iwouldhaveoversleptthismorning.IfIhadenoughmoney,Iwouldbuyanewcar.IfIshouldfail,Iwouldtryagain.IfIweretobeadmittedtouniversityneGtyear,IwouldmajorinFrench【MeiWei81-优质实用版文档】
【MeiWei81-优质实用版文档】2、在省略If的条件状语从句的虚拟语气中的助动词提前例:1.Ifyouhadcomeafewminutesearlier,youwouldhaveseenhim.Hadyoucomeafewminutesearlier,...2.Ifitshouldraintomorrowwewouldn’tgoout.Shoulditraintomorrow,...3.Ifitweretoraintomorrow,wewouldnotgoout.Wereittoraintomorrow,...(十一)Ariant1、含蓄条件句:虚拟条件暗含在短语或上下文中,从句不表现。这时,必须根据句中表述的意义以及某些特定的信息词,如:介词without,butfor;副词otherwise,连词or,orelse等句型:ifitwerenotfor...(现在或将来)ifithadn’tfor...(过去)例:Withoutelectricity,humanlifewouldbequitedifferenttoday.YesterdayJanewalkedawayfromthedission.Otherwise,shemighthavesaidsthshewouldregretlater.2、时间错综句:Iftheflowerhadbeenwatered,itwouldn’tdienow.Ifhistelevisionsethadnotbeenstolenyesterday,hewouldbewatchingTVnow.3、虚实错综句:虚拟现象与客观事实错综交织在一起的句子。例:Theymighthaveleftearlier,butthecarwasn’tready.Wecouldhavewalkedtothestation;itwassonear.Yes.AtaGiwasn’tatallnecessary.(十二)should+verb型虚拟语气虚拟语气在名词性从句中的使用:一坚持,二命令,三建议,四要求及其他inist,order,command,decree;suggest,propose,advise,move,recommend;demand,require,request,ask;resolve,decide,prefer,vote,resolve,desire,urge1、用于宾语从句例:Themanisistedheshouldbesenttothefront.Isuggestedthatweshouldstartoutearlier.当inist表示对已发生过的事物的看法,或当suggest为“说明”“暗示”时,从句用陈述语气而不用虚拟语气。例:TheArabinistedthathehadn’tseenthecamel.Hissmilesuggestedthathewashappy.2、在主句从句中用以表示惊奇、惋惜、理应如此,构成Itis过去分词/natural/important/necessary/strange/advisable/vital/apity/ashame/inperative/desirable/appropriate/essential/fitting/impossible/obligatory/properetcthat句型例:It’snaturalthathemakeanapologytohim.It’sapitythathebesocareless.It’ssostrangethatshethinksso.3.表语从句:这类名词有suggestion,request,order,advice,resolution,motion,decision,decree,demand,instruction,requirement,idea等“坚持/命令/要求”。例:Theofficer’sorderwasthathissoldiersshouldgointothesubjectatfull【MeiWei81-优质实用版文档】
【MeiWei81-优质实用版文档】length.Myadviceisthatnocollegestudentdateinclass.4、同位语从句:suggestion,request,order,advice,resolution,motion,decision,decree,demand,instruction,requirement,idea等“坚持/命令/要求”。例:Ididnotreceivetheorderthatyoushoulddepartatonce.Hissuggestionthatyoushouldkeepsilentsoundsquitereasonable.(十三)一般过去时句型:一般过去时表示现在或将来,用过去完成时表示过去。1、使用could,would等过去式表示委婉语气。Couldyoupleasehelpmeout?2、用于sothat,inorderthat,forfearthat,incase,lest等引导目的状语从句。Themeetingwillbeputoffincaseit(should)rain.Theyclimedhighersothat/inorderthattheycouldseethewholecity.Sheisworkinghardforfearthatshecould/mightlagbehindothers.(incase不一定使用虚拟:IncaseIamlate,startwithoutme.)Shepulledawayfromthewindowlestanyone(should)seethem.GG从句若为否定,一般用shouldn’t.Helockedthedoorofhisroominorderthatheshouldn’tbedisturbedbysomeone.3、Itis(high/about)timethat...例:It’stimethattheproblemwereboss.It’shightimethatweshutdownforbed.4、asif/asthoughHebehavesasifheweremyboss.TheyarestaringatmeasifIwerecrazy.Hedeliveredthespeechasiftosaythathewasapunditinthisfield.Itisasifhewerenotanalien.5、WishIwishIwereabird.Iwishyouhadn’tgotmarried.IwishIcouldhavegonetothemovielastnight.6、IfonlyIfonlyIcouldfly/IfonlyIhadrememberedtogetsomegumforeveryday.7、wouldrather/hadrather/wouldsooner/hadsooner/would(just)assoonIwouldratherthatmycousinhadn’tbeenintoGicatedlastnight.Ihadratherthematterwerenotmadepublic.Iwouldrathernottellyou.(十四)动词原型:该类虚拟语气谓语动词用动词原形,第三人称也不加s1、表示强烈愿望:Godsaveme.LongliveChairmanMao!2、may放在句首表示说话人对对方的祝福。Mayyoubehappy.Mayyouprosper.3、让步虚拟语气:as或whether...or...谓语多用be的原形,引导让步虚拟从句,这种用法通常采用倒装结构。Churchasweusethewordreferstoallreligiousinstitutions,betheyChristian,Islamic,Buddhist,Jewish,andsoon.Thebusinessofeachday,beitsellinggoodsorshippingthem,wentquitesmoothly.(十五)NominalClause(名词性从句)1、①Statement陈述句:Hiishonest.Webelievethatheishonest.Paymentshouldbemadewithinfive【MeiWei81-优质实用版文档】
【MeiWei81-优质实用版文档】days.Thesellerdemandedthatpaymentshouldbemadewithinfivedays.②陈述句变宾语从句:加that并且时态要发生变化。例:Connerisanalien.Mr.HanconfirmedthatConnorwasanalien.③如果是客观真理,时态不用变化。Theearthrevolvesroundthesun.Thegeographyteachertaughtusthattheearthrevolvesroundthesun.④否定前移:当主句的主语为第一人称且动词是think,believe,suppose,guess,imagine,eGpect,suspect等时,若从句是否定句,应当把否定词转移到主句上来。Idon’tthinkyouareright.Ididn’tsupposeyoucare.Wedidn’tguessthegirl’steamwouldwin.⑤如果宾语从句是两个陈述句,那么第二个从句中的that不可省略。Healwayssays(that)hedoesn’ttakedrugsandthathedoesn’tminglewiththegang.1、GeneralQuestion(一般疑问句):Areyoualocal?Mr.Hanaskedmewhether/ifIwasalocal.Doyoustillworkedinthatchemicalplant?Myspouseaskedmewhether/ifIstillworkedinthatchemicalplan.①加whether/if可以把一般疑问句变为宾语从句,保持陈述句语序,时态与主语一致。whether/if区别:做介词宾语时只能使用whether(Itdepentsonwhethertherainwillletuptomorrow);和不定式连用的时候只能用whether(Idon’tknowwhethertovacationornot);和ornot连用时一般使用whether(It’snotcertainwhetherheisaconvictornot);如要表达“如果”的意思,只能使用if(Iamwonderingifwewillhavethesportsmeetifwehaveaduststormtomorrow);在discuss,wonder后做宾语从句时,用whether引导(Wearediscussingwhetherwewillputoffthemeeting);如果宾语从句放在句首,一般使用whether(Whetherhewilldivorce,Iamnotcertain);用在主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句中时只能使用whether(Whetheritistrueremainsaquestion.Thequestioniswhetherthejurorhasanopenmind.ThequestionwhetherwehavetodispatchforcesisstillpendingintheSenate);wherter/if和that(Idoubtwhether/if我怀疑。。。是否Idon’tdoubtthat...我毫不怀疑。。。)2、SpecialQuestion(特殊疑问句)①Howdoyoulocatemyhouseongoogleearth?②HewantedtoknowhowIlocatedhishouseongoogleearth.③Whoisresponsibleforthecross-bordercrime?④Interpolarewonderingwhoisresponsibleforthecross-brodercrime.⑤sum-up:从句使用陈述句语序,从句语态和主语时态保持一致,从句人称要和主语保持逻辑上的一致。3、SubjectClauses①Thattherenownedprofessorwilldeliveralectureiscertain.②It’ssaidthatAnyangisoneofthefestestgrowingcitiesinCentralChina’s【MeiWei81-优质实用版文档】
【MeiWei81-优质实用版文档】HenanProvine.③Whetherhewillremaryornothasn’tbeendecied.④Ithasnotbeendecidedwhetherhewillremaryornot.⑤WhythegirlisnotinterestedinCaucasianguysismyquestion.⑥Whatresultedinthebigfireisstillamysrery.⑦Whoeverleavesthecofficehastoshutthedoor.⑧注意whoever/whatever/however的用法1、Appositiveclauses①TheideathatwewilleGtendaninvitationsoundsprettynice.②Thequestionwhetherwecangotothemovieshasn’tbeensettled.2、Subjectcomplement①That’swhatwearesupposedtodo.②Thequestioniswhetherwecangettherewithin3hours.③WhatIamthinkingisthatweshouldleaveforBeijingrigutaway.(十六)ModalVerbs:一般情况下,情态动词没有人称和数的变化,即情态动词第三人称单数不加S。1、can/beableto表示先天的能力;可能(过去时用could),只用于现在式和过去式(could)。beableto可以用于各种时态。TheywillbeabletowatchFoGnews.IhavebeenabletospeakbrokenJapanese.2、只用beableto:位于助动词之后;情态动词之后;表示成功地做了某事,只能用was/wereableto,不能用could。HewasabletofleeEuropebeforeWWIIbrokeout.=HemanagedtofleeEuropebeforethewarbrokeout.Imaybeabletoaffordacopterinthefuture.TheladyshouldbeabletohaveababyneGtyear.3、could/can:提出委婉的要求(注意在回答中不可用could);在否定/疑问句中表示推测或怀疑。4、may和might:表示允许或请求;没有把握的推测;may放在句首表祝愿。注意might表推测时,不表时态。只是可能性比may小。mightaswell,后面接不带to的不定式,意为“不妨”。Might(力量),mighty(力量大的),almighty(万能的)。Maygodblessyou.Hemightbeathome.Wemayaswelltry.5、haveto和must:两词都是“必须”的意思,haveto表客观,must表主观;haveto有人称、数、时态的变化,而must只有一种形式。但must可用于间接引语中表示过去的必要或义务;在否定结构中:don’thaveto表“不必”,must表“禁止”。Mybrotherthrewupatschool,soIhadtocallforadpctor.Hesaidthattheymustworkhard.Thedoctorhastoattendhissisterafterschool.Youdon’thavetobuyanLVforme.Youmustn’tplaysocceronthestreet.6、Must表示肯定推测,否定推测用can’t/couldn’t,不可以使用mustn’t.7、其他情态动词的推测用法:shouldn’t/oughtto/can/could/need(not)/can/could/may/might/musthavedone.8、should和oughtto都为“应该”的意思,可用于各种人称。9、hadbetter表示“最好”,相当于一个助动词,后面跟动词原形。Hadbetterdo,hadbetternotdo;hadbetterhavedone【MeiWei81-优质实用版文档】
【MeiWei81-优质实用版文档】sth表示与事实相反的结果,意为“本来最好”。Itisprettycold.You’dbetterputonmycoat.She’dbetternotplaywiththedog.Youhadbetterhavecomeearlier.1、wouldrather表示“宁愿”,wouldratherdo,wouldrathernotdo,wouldrather...than宁愿...而不愿。还有wouldsooner,hadrather,hadsooner都表示“宁愿”、“宁可”的意思。IfIhaveachoice,Ihadsoonernotcontinuemysttudiesatthisschool.Iwouldratherstayherethangohome=Iwouldstayhereratherthangohome.2、Will和would:wouldliketodo=wanttodo;will/wouldyou...?wouldyoulike...?表示肯定含义的劝说时,疑问句中一般用some而不是any;否定结构用will,一般不用would,won’tyou是一种委婉语气;would比will更委婉。Wouldyouliketogowithme?Wouldyoulikesomecake?Won’tyousitdown?Wouldyoupleaseclosethewindowforme?3、Need和dare这两个词既可做实意动词,又可做情态动词。作为情态动词,两者都只能用于疑问句、否定句和条件句。Need作实义动词时后面的不定式必须带to,而dare作实义动词时,后面的to时常可以被省略。①实义动词:need(需要,需求),need+n./todosth②情态动词:只用原形need后加do,否定式为neednot。③need+doing可表被动,类似的词还有want,demand,require,beworth后面接doing也可以表被动:needdoing=needtobedone。④如何区分情态和实义动词:是否有s;是否可以直接加not;其后是否有to。4、usedto:didn’tuseto=usen’tto;ausedbook/car(旧书、旧车);be/getusedtodoing(习惯于做...);beusedtodo(被用来做...);beusedfor(被用来...);beuseas(被用作...);beusedup(被用完)5、Would和usedto:would只与动态动词连用;而usedto可以和动态动词、静态动词连用。Iusedtosuspecthewasamugger.Girlswouldplaysoftballinhighschool.6、半情态动词:besupposedtodo/beabouttodo/beabletodo/beboundtodo/bedueto/beliableto/besureto/beto/hadbetter/hadbest/haveto/failto/getto/tendto/becertainto/belikelyto/appearto/chanceto/happento/seemto/turnoutto(十七)Infinitive1、ing/todo/done与have/get:have...do/doing/done补语,get...todo/doing/done补语,getgoing/moving例:AclusterofmisconductallegationshastheSanDiegopolicechieffumingandofficialsscramblingforreform.Marahadherfingersburnedwhilecooking.IwillgetmyChryslergoing.2、不定式的被动式Thenewplaytobeputontonightwillbealotoffun.Thelaundryistobewashedassoonaspossible.3、不定式的否定式(never/nottodo):Iwarnthemnevertosmokeinthefacilities.Irecommendpeoplenottoeatjunkfood.【MeiWei81-优质实用版文档】
【MeiWei81-优质实用版文档】1、不定式做主语It’supliftingtoreceiveamessagefrommybosseveryonceinawhile.It’ssofoolishofyoutodropcoinsinthefaceofsuchbrazenbeggars.(如果形容词是说明逻辑主语的性格特征,应用of取代for:wise,clever,kind,nice,silly,rude,cruel,wrong,right,foolish,stupid,careless,natural,politeetc)比较:It’snatural(天性)ofadogtobiteastranger.It’snatural(自然的)forpeopletohelpeachotherintimesofdifficulty.2、不定式做宾语agree/aim/apply/arrange/choose/claim/decide/demand/desire/determine/endeavor/ecpect/hope/learn/manage/offer/pledge/prepare/pretend/profess/promise/refuse/resolve/seek/swear/threaten/undertake/venture/voluteer/vowect.Theyseektocurbtheinflation.Vickyofferedtogivemearideonadailybasis.Thekidsvolunteeredtofeedthestraydog.Iresolvenevertoseeheragain.Laden’sacolytevowedtoavengehisdeath.3、不定式做补语think/consider/believe/suppose/feel/find/imagine/prove/declare/find/discover/feel/judge/understand等动词后可以使用tobe结构作补语,也可省略。Weallconsiderourmotherlandtobeinfluentialintheworldatena.TaiwanisthoughttobeaninalienablepartofChina.Weinagine/supposehertobeover50.4、不定式结构中的省略①IshallcomeifIwantto.Hedoesn’tdancenow,butheusedto.②to被省略的情况:whynot...Whynottakeapairofrainbootswithyou?③使役动词(causativeverbs):make/let/have;感官动词(senseverbs):see/hear/observe/notice/feel/watch/listento/lookat.Letmemeasureyou,sir.Wefeltthehouseshakeatlunchtime.④使役、感官动词的被动变被动语态时需要加上toThekidismadetofinshuphisassignment.WesawLeeweep.Leewasseentoweep.WesawLeesobbing.Leewasseensobbing.⑤to被省略的情况hadbetterdo/hadbetternotdo,wouldratherdo/wouldrathernotdo等情态动词后Ihadbetterputonmygloves.⑥haveknown+宾语之后Ihaveneverknownthatladysmile.HaveyoueverknownMarvintellalie.⑦but/eGpect句型中如果前面有do,后面要省略to.Hedoesnothingbutcomplain.Icouldn’tdoanythingelseeGceptsitthereandpray.Icouldn’tsayanythingbuttolisten.5、SVC句型中,如果主语部分有do的某种形式,那么表语可带to也可以不带。Allyouhavetodonowis(to)waitandsee.TheleastIcandois(to)driveeverybodyelseclosertotheissuewhetherBinLadenhasbeenkilled.6、不带to的叠加结构makebelieve/makedowith/makedoon/letdrop/letfall/letfly(at)/letsilp/letgo(of)/leavegoof/heartell(of)/(let...)gohangIt’shardtoletgoofmyeGgirlfriend.Themanmakesbelieveheisamultimillionaire.【MeiWei81-优质实用版文档】
【MeiWei81-优质实用版文档】1、一些口语短语中Govisityourfolks.Comelook.Iwilltryhelp.Tryeatalittlebit.Gomailthepackage.helptodo=helpdo.helpsb.todo=helpsb.do.cannothelpbutdo(不得不)Icannothelpbutadmirehistalent.2、不定式符号to与介词to的辨别whenitcomesto,submitto,admitto,clingto,resortto,bereducedto,bedevotedto,getdownto,withaviewto,owingto,asto,thanksto,withaneyeto,inadditionto,beresignedto(听任),bereconciledto(安心于)etc.Whenitcomestotraveling,I’drathersharemythoughts.Weadheretotherules.Headmittedtohavingstolentheofferings.TheBaptistchurchwasreducedtodebrisafterthedevastatingtornadoinNorman.Heisresignedtolosingthegame.Iamnowquiterecomciledtolivinginthehistoricalcity.(十八)-ingparticiple,-edparticiple1、只能接ing做宾语的动词【MeiWei81-优质实用版文档】