英语语法16种时态 33页

动词的时态一般进行完成完成进行现在一般现在时现在进行时现在完成时现在完成进行时过去一般过去时过去进行时过去完成时过去完成进行时将来一般将来时将来进行时将来完成时将来完成进行时过去将来过去将来时过去将来进行时过去将来完成时过去将来完成进行时时式 动词的时态一般进行完成完成进行现在过去将来过去将来时式 动词的时态一般进行完成完成进行现在do/doesam/is/aredoinghave/hasdonehave/hasbeendoing过去didwere/wasdoinghaddonehadbeendoing将来will/shalldowillbedoingwillhavedonewillhavebeendoing过去将来woulddowouldbedoingwouldhavedonewouldhavebeendoing时式 一、一般现在时的用法1)describesthingsthathappenonaregularbasis,oftenusedwithadverbsoffrequency时间状语：every…,sometimes,　at…,onSundayIleavehomeforschoolat7everymorning.Hecyclestoworkeveryday.2)describespermanentsituationsTheearthmovesaroundthesun.ShanghailiesintheeastofChina.Waterboilsat100°Centigrade.3）describesfixedeventsinthefutureTheplanetakesoffat9:00tomorrowmorning. 4)表示格言或警句中。Pridegoesbeforeafall.骄者必败。注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例如：Columbusprovedthattheearthisround.5)现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。Idon"twantsomuch.AnnWangwritesgoodEnglishbutdoesnotspeakwell.比较：NowIputthesugarinthecup.Iamdoingmyhomeworknow.第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。再如：Nowwatchme,Iswitchonthecurrentandstandback.第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况。6）祈使句中（togivedirectionsorinstructions)Godownthestreet,andthentakethesecondturningontheleft. 知识扩展：一般现在时表将来1）下列动词：come,go,arrive,leave,start,begin,return的一般现在时表将来。这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情(timetabledorfixedevents)。Thetrainleavesatsixtomorrowmorning.Whendoesthebusstart?Itstartsintenminutes.2）倒装句，表示动作正在进行，如：Herecomesthebus.=Thebusiscoming.Theregoesthebell.=Thebellisringing.3)Itwillbe+(aperiodoftime)+before+(thepresentsimpletense).Itwillbeayearbeforewetakepartintheuniversityentranceexaminations. 4）在时间或条件句中。WhenBillcomes(不是willcome),askhimtowaitforme.cf.Idon’tknowwhenBillwillcome.I"llwritetoyouassoonasIarrivethere.由if引导的条件状语从句中可以用shall或will表“意愿”，但不表示时态。Ifyouwillacceptmyinvitationandcometoourparty,myfamilywillbepleased.如果你愿意接受并参加我们的舞会，我的家人会非常高兴。I’llappreciateitifyouwilldomeafavour.5）在动词hope,takecarethat,makesurethat,seetoitthat等后。Ihopetheyhaveanicetimenextweek.Makesurethatthewindowsareclosedbeforeyouleavetheroom. 6)在themore…themore…句型中，从句也要用一般现在时取代将来时。eg:2.Theharderyouwork,themoreyouwillget..7)主句为将来时，nomatterwhat/who/which/when/…whatever/whoever/whichever/whenever从句中用一般现在时Whateveryousay,Iwillnotchangemymind.Nomatterwhichyoulike,I’llgiveittoyou. 二、现在进行时1.表示现在(指说话人说话时)正在发生的事情。例如：Wearewaitingforyou.2.短期内正在进行的动作(withinatemporaryperiod)，说话时动作未必正在进行。例如：Mr.Greeniswritinganothernovel.HeisnowlivinginShanghai.(Theactionistemporary.)cf.HelivesinShanghai.SheislearningpianounderMr.Smith.Iamfeedingtheneighbour’scatthisweekwhileshe’sinhospital.Idon’treallyworkhere；Iamjusthelpingoutuntilthenewsecretaryarrives. 3.表示渐变的动词有：get,grow,become,turn,run,go,begin等。Theleavesareturningred.It"sgettingwarmerandwarmer.表示当前的动向与趋势Technologyisdevelopingrapidly.Playingcomputergamesisbecomingmoreandmorepopularwithyoungpeople.4.表示动作正在进行，但倒装句中用一般现在时如：Herecomesthebus.=Thebusiscoming.Theregoesthebell.=Thebellisringing. 5.与always,constantly,forever等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。Youarealwayschangingyourmind.YouarealwaysdoingwellHe’salwaysaskingthesamequestion.6.状态动词的进行时后面接形容词brave;careful;stupid;clever;foolish;polite;kind;shy等时，为主语所表现的非一般惯性特点或故意的行为。eg:1.Youarebeingveryclevertoday.2.Heisbeingpolite.3.Mysonisbeingagoodboyatthemoment. 7.usedtoexpressarrangementsinthefutureWe’respendingnextwinterinAustralia.She’sleavingforShanghaitomorrow.(oftenwithwordslikearrive,come,go,leave) Theactionislikelytocontinueafterthetimeofspeaking,butislikelytostopatsomepoint.Itistemporary.eg.I’llbewithyouinaminute.I’mjustfinishingsomethinginthekitchenI’mwritingtotellyouthat… 知识扩展：不用进行时的动词1)事实状态的动词。如：have,belong,possess,cost,owe,exist,include,contain,matter,weigh,measure,continueIhavetwobrothers.Thishousebelongstomysister.2)心理状态的动词。如：know,realize,thinksee,believe,suppose,imagine,agree,recognize,remember,want,need,forget,prefer,mean,understand,love,hateIneedyourhelp.Helovesherverymuch.3)瞬间动词。如：accept,receive,complete,finish,give,allow,decide,refuse.Iacceptyouradvice.4)系动词。如：seem,remain,lie,see,hear,smell,feel,taste,get,become,turnYouseemalittletired. 三、一般过去时的用法1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。时间状语有：yesterday,lastweek,anhourago,theotherday,in1982等。Wheredidyougojustnow?IsawTominthestreetyesterday.IboughtthisTVsetinBeijinglastyear.2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。WhenIwasachild,Ioftenplayedfootballinthestreet.Healwayswenttoworkbybus.Heusedtoactlikethat. 3）用过去时表示现在，表示语气委婉礼貌。（1）动词want,hope,wonder,think,intend等。例如：Didyouwantanythingelse?Iwantedtoaskyouaboutthat.Didyouwanttospeaktomenow?Iwonderedifyoucouldhelpme.（2）情态动词could,would，例如：Couldyoulendmeyourbike?4）用在条件句中表示与现在或将来事实不符的虚拟语气。IfIwereabird,IwouldflytoBeijing.Ifhewereherenow,wecouldturntohimforhelp. 注意比较下列句型：◎Itistimeforsb.todosth“到……时间了；该……了”，例如：Itistimeforyoutogotobed.你该睡觉了。◎Itistimesb.didsth.“时间已迟了；早该……了”，例如：Itistimeyouwenttobed.你早该睡觉了。◎would(had)rathersb.didsth.表示“宁愿某人做某事”，例如：I"dratheryoucametomorrow.◎Itis/hasbeen+一段时间+since–分句Itistwoyearssincehejoinedthearmy.一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。Christinewasaninvalidallherlife.　(含义：她已不在人间。)Christinehasbeenaninvalidallherlife.　(含义：她现在还活着)Mrs.DarbylivedinKentuckyforsevenyears.(含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)Mrs.DarbyhaslivedinKentuckyforsevenyears.(含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去) usedto与wouldusedto----describeactionswhichhappenedregularlyinthepastbutnolongerhappenusedtobe----describespaststatesthathavechangedHeusedtobeateacher.（）Hewouldbeateacher.（×）would----describeactionswhichhappenedregularlyinthepastbutnowhappenwithmoreorlessfrequencycf.be/getusedto----be/becomeaccustomedto√ Sometimesthetimebecomesdefiniteasaresultofaquestionandanswerinthepresentperfecteg.1)---Wherehaveyoubeen?---I’vebeentotheopera.---Didyouenjoyit?2)---Ihaveboughtadictionary.---Wheredidyoubuyit?/Whendidyoubuyit?3)---Haveyouseenmystamps?---Yes.Isawthemonyourdeskaminuteago. 主句为过去时态，宾语从句中的运用Ididn’tknowyouwerehere.语境中的“刚刚，在过去”---Comeonin,Peter.Iwanttoshowyousomething.---Oh,howniceofyou.Ineverthoughtyouweregoingtobringmeagift.Yourphonenumberagain?Ididn’tquitecatchit. 三、过去进行时1）概念：表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。2）过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。3)常用的时间状语有：thismorning,thewholemorning,alldayyesterday,fromninetotenlastevening,when,while例句：Mybrotherfellwhilehewasridinghisbicycleandhurthimself.Itwasrainingwhentheyleftthestation.WhenIgottothetopofthemountain,thesunwasshining. ShewaswatchingTVwhileherbrotherwaslisteningtotheradio.TheWhiteswerehavingdinnerwhentherewasaknockonthedoor.Iwaswonderingifyoucouldgivemealift.Iwashelpingmymotherinthekitchenalldayyesterday.Shewaswritingabooklastyear.ButIdon’tknowwhethershehasfinishedit.cf.Shewroteabooklastyear.Ithassoldwell. 四、一般将来时1)shall常用于第一人称cf.Shallhecomein?(Doyouwanthimtocomein?)will可以用于各种人称Hewillbeeighteennextmonth.2)begoingto+不定式，表示将来。a.主语的意图，即将做某事或打算做某事(事先考虑好）。Whatareyougoingtodotomorrow?b.计划，安排要发生的事。Theplayisgoingtobeproducednextmonth.c.有迹象要发生的事Lookatthedarkclouds;itisgoingtorain.Sheisputtingonweight.Sheisgoingtobequitefat.3)be+不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。WearetodiscussthereportnextSaturday. 4)beaboutto+不定式，意为马上做某事。HeisabouttoleaveforBeijing.注意：beaboutto不能与tomorrow,nextweek等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。5)bedoing---adefinitearrangementinthenearfutureI’mtakinganexaminOctober.(implies:Ihaveenteredforit.)BobandBillaremeetingtonight.(implies:Theyhavearrangedit.)cf.begoingto---anexpressionofintentionI’mgoingtosellthecar.(Imyselfplantosellit.)Whenhefindsabuyer,hecansay:I’msellingthecar. 6)willbedoing---Itmerelystatesthatthisactionwillhappen.Itimpliesanactionwhichwilloccurinthenormalcourseofevents.eg.I’llbeseeingTomtomorrow.(perhapstheyworktogether)cf.I’mseeingTomtomorrow.(ItimpliesthatTomandthespeakerhasdeliberatelyarrangedthemeeting.)IamgoingtoGuangzhou.I____________Kate.(see)Doyouhavesomethingto___________toher?(take)willbeseeingbetaken ☆beto和begoingto的用法之比较：beto表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。而begoingto则表示主观的打算或计划。例如：Iamtoplayfootballtomorrowafternoon.(客观安排)I"mgoingtoplayfootballtomorrowafternoon.(主观安排)祈使句+并列连词+简单句的句式中，常用一般将来时。eg:Hurryupandyouwillgetthelastbus ☆begoingto/will的用法之比较：用于条件句时，begoingto表将来，will表意愿。例如：Ifyouaregoingtomakeajourney,you"dbettergetreadyforitassoonaspossible.Nowifyouwilltakeoffyourclothes,wewillfitthenewclothesonyouinfrontofthemirror.预见You’llfeelbetteraftertakingthismedicine.意图（说话时才考虑到的）---Youforgottoturnthelightoff.---SoIdid.Iwillgoandturnitoff. IinLondonformanyyears，butI’veneverregrettedmyfinaldecisiontomovebacktoChina.（06重庆）A.livedB.waslivingC.havelivedD.hadlived 典型例题1)Mary___adresswhenshecutherfinger.A.made　B.ismaking　C.wasmaking　D.makes答案C.割伤手指是已发生的事情，应用过去时。同时，when表时间的同时性，"玛丽在做衣服时"提供事情发生的背景，因此用过去进行时。2)Asshe___thenewspaper,Granny___asleep.A.read;wasfalling　B.wasreading;fellC.wasreading;wasfalling　D.read;fell答案B.句中的as=when,while，意为"当……之时"。描述一件事发生的背景时，用过去进行；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。句意为"在她看报纸时，奶奶睡着了。"句中的fell(fall的过去时)，是系动词，后跟形容词，如：fallsick。 1.—Look!Howwonderfulmycaris!Oh,Jack.Whatareyouthinkingabout?Don’tyoulikeit?—I’msorryI______anyremarkaboutitintime.Icertainlythinkit’ssmart.A.wasn’tmaking    B.don’tmakeC.won’tmake        D.didn’tmake2.TofindthestreetwhereIlivedinmychildhoodisnoeasytaskbecausethecity______sorapidlyalltheseyears.A.ischanging        B.haschangedC.willhavechanged        D.willchange3.He______quitewell,buthehasn’thadtimetoswimsincethissummer.A.willswim      B.haveswum   C.swam           D.swims4.Jimmysaidthathewouldcometopickmeup,buthe____bynow.A.hasn’tturnedup    B.doesn’tturnupC.won’tturnup        D.hadn’tturnedup 5.I’mterriblysorryforbeinglate,butI_____thewrongbus.A.catch         B.hadcaught      C.caught             D.catching7.Thetruth,sir,isthattheoldman_______acrosstheroadwhenmycarhithim.A.wastowalk        B.hadbeenwalkingC.walked          D.waswalking8.Ireallydon’tthinkRosewillbeupset,butIwillgoandseeherincaseshe_____.A.is                  B.does          C.willbe              D.hasbeen9.Thecomputersmadebyourcompanysellbest,butseveralyearsagonoonecouldhaveimaginedtheroleinthemarketsthatthey_________.A.wereplaying          B.weretoplayC.hadplayed            D.played 10.—Kateisinhospital.—Oh,really?I_______.________visither.A.didn’tknow;I’llgoand      B.don’tknow;I’llgoandC.don’tknow;I’mgoingto        D.didn’tknow;I’mgoingto11.—Where_______theguidebook?Ican’tseeitanywhere.—I_______itrighthere,butnowit’sgone.A.didyouput;haveput            B.hadyouput;haveputC.haveyouput;put                  D.wereyouputting;put14.—Doyouliveinthiscity?—No,we______itforholidays.A.justvisit    B.justvisited  C.arejustvisiting  D.havevisited15.—Howistheoldmannow?—Sorry,he______thoughtheydidalltheycouldtosavehim.A.wasdead        B.haddied      C.hasbeendead      D.died 16.Thelakewillbefurtherpollutedunlesssomemeasures______.A.willbetaken    B.aretaken     C.weretaken  D.hadbeentaken17.I’mafraiditwillbetwomonths______.A.whenIcomeback  B.whenI’llcomebackC.beforeIcomeback  D.beforeI’llcomeback18.Theworkers_____busilywhenthebosscametolookforsomethinghe______intheoffice.A.hadworked,hadleft  B.wereworking;hadleftC.working;hadleft  D.hadworked;left21.Thenotice______“Nosmoking”.A.istold    B.reads          C.tells      D.isread