高中英语语法词法知识讲解—虚拟语气： 28页

高中英语语法词法知识详解——虚拟语气一、动词的语气和种类:语气(mood)是一种动词的形式，用以表示讲话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。英语中的语气(mood)有三种，分别是陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。1.陈述语气(indicativemood):陈述语气一般用来叙述事实或就事实提出询问，主要用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。 eg.①Wherethereisawill,there"saway.有志者事竟成。④ChinaliesintheeastofAsia.②Canyouhelpmecarrytheboxupstairs你能帮我把箱子搬到楼上吗？③HowImissedthelifeinthecountryside!我多么想念乡村的生活啊！2.祈使语气(imperativemood):祈使语气表示说话人向对方提出请求或下达命令。eg.①Comethisway,please!请这边走。②Don"tmakeanynoise,willyou别吵，行吗？③Dobecarefulwhencrossingthestreet.过马路时一定要小心。④Makeyourselfathome.3.虚拟语气(subjunctivemood):虚拟语气(thesubjunctivemood),又称假设语气,是谓语动词的一种形式,表示说话人叙述的内容与事实相反,在现实中并不存在,或实现的可能性很小。虚拟语气是表示假设、愿望、建议、请求、命令、猜测、可能或主观打算等的一种语气,是每年高考必考的一个语法项目。eg.①IfIwereabird,Icouldflyintheair.如果我是一只小鸟，我就能在空中飞行。②Iwishitwerespringalltheyearround.但愿四季如春。④Weonlywishwecouldhelp.(表愿望)③Maygoodluckbeyours!祝你好运！⑤Iftherewerenogravity,weshouldnotbeabletowalk.(表假设)⑥Hesuggestedthatweshouldallgotoseethefilm.(表建议)二、虚拟语气的形式:(1)动词原形,用于一切人称和数。eg.①LonglivetheCommunistPartyofChina!②Ifthatbeso,weshalltakeactionatonce.(2)动词的过去式,用于一切人称和数,be的过去式用were。eg.①Ifyoulovedme,youwouldn’tsaythat.②IfIwereyouinyourshoes,I’daccepttheterms.(3)had+过去分词,用于一切人称和数。eg.①Wewouldhavecalledacab,ifHaroldhadn’tofferedusaridehome.假如哈罗德没有驾车送我们回家，我们就得叫出租汽车了。②Ifwehadleftearlier,wewouldn’thavemissedthetrain.(4)助动词(should)+动词原形,用于一切人称和数。eg.①Theysuggestedthatwe(should)meetatthestation.②IfyoushouldseeCelia,givehermybestwishes.(5)助动词(should)+have+过去分词,用于一切人称和数。eg.①Ifthesteamer(should)haveleftportatnoon,itwillbepassingthroughthecanalnow.②Itisstrangethatshe(should)havedoneit.(6)助动词should(第一人称)和would(第二、三人称)+动词原形eg.①IfIwereyou,Ishouldtakehisadvice.②HesaidhewouldgoifIwent.(7)助动词should(第一人称)和would(第二、三人称)+have+过去分词。(注意：美国英语常用would代替should)eg.①Iffatherhadn’tsentme,Ishouldn’thavecome.②Youwouldn’thaveseenherifithadn’tbeenforhim.三、虚拟语气的具体用法:虚拟语气主要用于条件句即状语从句，还可用主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句和定语从句等。I.状语从句的虚拟语气：A.条件句和结果主句的虚拟：(1).if条件句的虚拟→条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件两种。 @真实条件句所表示的假设是可能发生或实现的,句中的条件与结果主句皆用陈述语气。eg.①Ifit’sfinetomorrow,we’llgoouting.②IfIhaveenoughmoneynextyear,IwillgotoJapan.③Ifhedoesn"tcomeat8,wewon"twaitforhim.如果他八点不来，我们就不等他了。④Ifafloodhappenedinthepast,therewasusuallyagreatlossoflifeandproperty. 过去发生洪水的话，常有很大的生命和财产损失。⑤Weshallgothereunlessitrainstomorrow.如果明天不下雨，我们将去那里。⑥I"llletyouusemybikeonconditionthatyoukeepitclean.如果你能保持车子干净，我就让你用我的自行车。@非真实条件句所表示的假设则是不可能发生或实现的,句中的条件从句与结果主句皆须用虚拟语气。在含有虚拟条件句的复合句中，主从句的谓语都要用虚拟语气，现将其形式列表如下：动词形式(时间)if条件从句结果主句与现在事实相反if+S.+动词的过去式(be的过去式用were)I/We+should/might/could+动词其他各人称+would/might/could原形与过去事实相反if+S.+had+过去分词I/we+should/might/could+have其他各人称+would/might/could+过去分词与将来事实可能相反①if+S.+动词的过去式(be的过去式用were)②if+S.+were+todosth.③if+S.should+doI/we+should/might/could+动词其他各人称+would/might/could原形【注】条件从句用动词的过去式(be动词用were),主句用should(第一人称)或would(全部人称)+动词原形。可用情态动词could,might代替should,would表示情态。@.表示与现在事实相反的假设和结果: eg.①IfIwereyou,Ishould(would,could,might)tellhimthetruth.要是我是你，我就会告诉他真相了。(事实上我不是你)②Ifshehadtime,shewould(could,might)helpme.如果她有时间，她就会帮我了。(事实上她没有时间)③IfitwereSundaytomorrow,Iwouldgoandseemyfriends.明天要是星期天的话，我就去看望我的朋友。④IfIwereyou,Ishouldgoandtry.我要是你，我就去试试。⑤Ifwisheswerehorses,beggarsmightride.如果幻想能成为马匹，叫花子都有了坐骑⑥Iwouldgoiftheytreatedmelikeaslave.要是他们把我当奴隶对待，我就走。@.表示与过去事实相反的假设和结果:eg.①IfIhadknownyourtelephonenumberyesterday,Ishould(would,could,might)havetelephonedyou.如果昨天我知道了你的电话号码，我就会给你打电话了。(事实上我昨天不知道你的电话号码。)②Ifyouhadtakenmyadvice,youwouldn’t(couldn’t)havefailedintheexam.如果你听了我的建议，你就不会考试不及格。(事实上你根本没听我的。)③Ifithadnotrainedthismorning,Ishouldhavegoneshopping.今天早上要是没下雨,我就去买东西了。④Thefloodmighthavecausedgreatdamagestothepeopleifwehadnotbuiltsomanyreservoirs.倘若我们没有修建这么多的水库，洪水就会使人民遭受巨大的损失。@.表示与将来事实可能相反的假设和结果:表示在将来不太可能实现的条件从句有三种形式：(i)were/did:eg.①Ifhewereheretomorrow,Iwouldspeaktohim.明天如果他在这里的话，我就和他谈谈。②Ifyoudroppedtheglass,itwouldbreak.你要是把杯子掉下来，会打碎的。③Ifshehadtime,shecouldhelpme.她要是有时间，就会帮我了。④---WhatwouldhappenifIputthepaperonthefire?---我若把只放在火上会怎么样?---Itwouldburn.---纸会烧着。(ii)shoulddo:条件从句中不管什么人称都用shoulddo，可表示有偶然实现的可能性。eg.①Ifitshouldrain,thecropscouldbesaved.假如下雨,庄稼可能就有救了。 ②Wewouldtrusthimifheshouldbehonest.如果他真是诚实的,那我们就相信他。 (iii)weretodo:条件从句用were+todo。这种形式比较正式,常出现在书面语中,其假设成份很大,实现的可能性很小。eg.①IfIweretodothework,Ishoulddoitinadifferentway.要是我做这项工作,我就会以不同的方式去做。②Iftheheadmasterweretocome,whatwouldwesaytohim假如校长来了,我们对他说什么呢？对比：将来不太可能实现的三种非真实条件句中的虚拟语气对比eg.①Ifitsnowedtomorrow,Iwouldstayathome.如果明天下雪的话，我就留在家里。(常用形式)②Ifitshouldsnowtomorrow,Iwouldstayathome.如果明天下雪的话，我就留在家里。(可能性较小)③Ifitweretosnowtomorrow,Iwouldstayathome.如果明天要下雪的话，我就留在家里。(可能性最小)【注】:在表示与将来事实可能相反的条件从句中,wereto+动词原形比较正式,常用于书面语中。eg.IfyouweretogotoBeijing,youwould(could,might)haveachancetovisitTianAnMenSquare.(2)．连词if省略:在书面语中，非真实条件句中有were,had,should时，可以省略if，而把were,had,should放在主语前，用倒装结构。eg.①Wereitnecessary,Imightgowithoutdelay.如果需要的话，我可以立即去。(=Ifitwerenecessary......)②Hadyoutakenmyadvice,youwouldn"thavefailedintheexam.你要是听了我的建议,就不会考试不及格了。(=Ifyouhadtakenmyadvice......)③ShouldIhavetime,Iwouldcallonher.要是有时间,我就去看她。(=IfIshouldhavetime......)(3)．省略if条件句:eg.①Youmightstayhereforever(ifyouwantedto.)②Wewouldhavesucceeded(ifwehadkepttrying.)③Yourreputationwouldberuined(ifyoushouldacceptit.)④Iwouldappreciatealittleofyourtime(ifyouweresokindastogivemealittleofyourtime.)⑤Youcouldhavedoneityourself(ifyouhadwantedto.)(Youdidn’tdotheworkyourselfbecauseyoudidn’twantto.)⑥Iwouldn’tsmoke(ifIwereyou.)(Yousmokeoften.Iadviseyounottosmokemore.)(4)．省略主句:非真实的条件句如省去结果主句,则表示一种不可能实现的愿望。这种条件句常用ifonly来引导。Ifonly......:Ifonly位于句首引起的感叹句用虚拟语气，动词用一般过去时表示目前的愿望，用过去完成时表示过去的愿望，用would或could表示将来。eg.①Ifonlyheknewtheanswer.他要是知道答案就好了。(用过去时表示现在)②IfonlyIcouldspeakseveralforeignlanguages！我要是能讲几种外语就好了！(用would/could表示将来)③Ifonlyyouhadtoldmethetruthbefore.  要是你以前告诉我真相就好了。(用过去完成时表示过去)④Ifonlyyouwouldlistentoreason.⑤Ifonlyhewerehere./IfIhadnevermarried.⑥Ifmyoldfriendwerewithme.⑦Ifyouhadseenthewonderfulfilm.注意：ifonly和wish的用法相同，表示的意愿也基本相同。eg.①Ifonlyitwouldrain.但愿天能下点儿雨！=HowIwishitwouldrain.②IfonlyIhadknownherearlier!要是我早点儿认识她就好了！=IwishIhadknownherearlier.(5)．Ifitwerenotfor…(对现在的虚拟)这是两个特殊的虚拟结构,表示一种特殊的情况改变了一切。Ifithadn’tbeenfor…(对过去的虚拟)常译成“要不是有了……就……”。eg.①IfitwerenotfortheParty,wecouldn’tlivesuchahappylife.②Ifithadn’tbeenforthecaptain,theywouldhavedied.③Ifitwasn’tforme,you’dhavetakenthewrongpathatimeago.④Wereitnotfortheteacher,wecouldn’tlearnsomuchknowledge.【注意】(1)在当代英语中,在很多情况下尤其在口语中,我们也可以用was来代替当主语是第一人称或第三人称单数时的虚拟式were。 eg.①IfIwereheretomorrow...  也可以说成：Ifhewasheretomorrow...②IwishIwereabird.也可以说成：IwishIwasabird. (2)但在正式文体中仍须用were,如须说:ifIwereinyourposition,又如asitwere与wereitnotforyou中的were亦不可代以was。(3)倒装句型中的were不可被was来替换。eg.WereIinyourposition,Iwouldnotdoit.如果我处在你的位置，我是不会干这件事的。(6)．混合型虚拟语气:虚拟条件句中的主句和从句涉及的动作发生的时间不一致,这时主句和从句的谓语形式应按照各自动作发生的实际时间来表达。eg.①Ifyouhadn"twatchedTVyesterday,youwouldn"tbesosleepynow.如果你昨天不看电视，你现在也就不会这么困了。(从句yesterday说明过去，主句now说明现在)②Iftheyhadlefthomeearlythismorning,theywouldarriveinhalfanhour.如果他们今天一早就离开家的话，再过半小时他们就该到了。(从句说明过去，主句说明将来。)③Ifyouhesitatedthismoment,youmightsufferinthefuture.如果你此刻犹豫不决，你将来会吃苦头的。(从句说明现在，主句说明将来)④Ifyouhadstudiedhardlastyear,youwouldbecomeacollegestudentnow.⑤Ifshehadn’ttrainedsohard,shewouldn’tbeabletorunsofast.⑥YouwouldspeakEnglishwellenoughifyouhadpracticedreadingandspeakingiteveryday.⑦IfIhadspokentohimyesterday,Ishouldknowwhattodonow.⑧Youwouldbemuchbetternowifyouhadtakenmyadvice.⑨Iffatherhadn’tsentme,Ishouldbehere.⑩Ifheknewthis,itwouldhavehadtobebyaccident.【注意】:如果条件从句用ifIwere…,结果主句则可用表任何时间的虚拟形式。eg.①IfIwerenotbusy,Iwouldhavecome.(were表过去)②IfIwereyou,Iwouldgo.(were表现在)(7)．含蓄型虚拟语气:有时候，虚拟条件不是通过if引导的条件句来表示，而是暗含在上下文中(i)用butfor、without(如果没有）等来代替条件从句；eg.Withoutelectricityhumanlifewouldbequitedifferent.=Iftherewerenoelectricity,humanlifewouldbequitedifferent.(ii)用otherwise、or(orelse),eventhough等表示与上文的情况相反,从而引出虚拟语气;eg.Ilostyouraddress.Otherwise,Iwouldhavevisitedyoulongbefore.=Ilostyouraddress.IfIhadn"tlostyouraddress,Iwouldhavevisitedyoulongbefore.(iii)虚拟条件通过but暗示出来;eg.①Hewouldhavegivenyoumorehelp,buthewastoobusy.他本来会给你更多的帮助,但是他太忙了。(也就是说，如果那时他不忙，他可以给你更多的帮助。句中buthewastoobusy实际上暗示了一个虚拟条件——如果那时他不忙)②Hewouldloseweight,butheeatstoomuch他本来可以减肥的，但是他吃的太多了。(也就是说，如果他吃得不多的话，他是可以减肥的。句中的butheeatstoomuch实际上暗示了一个虚拟条件——如果他吃得不多。)(8)．unless条件句:eg.UnlessIwerewell,Iwouldn’tbeatschool.(9)．用suppose/supposing/providing等词表示if条件句的虚拟:eg.①Supposeyouwereinmyshoes,whatwouldyoudo假若你站在我的立场上，你会怎么办？②Suppose/Supposingitrains,whatshallwedo?③It’sagoodidea,butsupposeyourmotherweretofindout?④SupposeyouweregivenachancetostudyinAmerica,wouldyouaccept?(10)．用onconditionthat…的条件句的虚拟：eg.Hecanusethebicycleonconditionthatheshouldreturnittomorrow.(11).条件可根据上下文推理出:：eg.①Itwoulddoyounogood.这可能会对你没好处。(条件可能是ifyoushouldgiveupthejob如果你放弃这项工作的话)②Theycouldhavewon.　他们本来是会赢的。(条件可能是iftheyhadbeenpatient如果他们有耐心的话)③Suchmistakescouldhavebeenavoided.这种错误完全能避免。(条件可能是ifyouhadbeenmorecareful如果你更加小心一点的话)④Whydidn"tyoutellmeaboutit?Ishouldhavehelpedyou.为什么你不告诉我？我会帮助你的。(条件可能是ifyouhadtoldmeaboutit如果你当时告诉我的话) ⑤—Didyougotoseehimyesterday?你昨天去看他了吗？—Iwouldhave,butsomeonedroppedovertomyhouseforavisit.原想去的，但有人到我家来玩了。(条件是ifnoonehaddroppedovertomyhouseforavisit如果没人到我家来玩的话)(12).条件用其他形式来表示: eg.①Totalkwithher,youwouldknowshecouldnothearwell.如果你同她交谈，你就会知道她的听力不好。(动词不定式带有假设的意思，相当于Ifyoushouldtalkwithher...)②Lefttohimself,hecouldnothavefinishedthework.要是放任他的话，他是不可能完成工作的。(动词的-ed形式表示条件Ifhehadbeenlefttohimself...)提示:在很多情况下，虚拟式已变成习惯说法，很难找出其暗含的条件。eg.①Youwouldn"tknow.　你不会知道。②Iwouldliketogowithyou.　我愿意和你一起去。【典题练习】1.Ifshehadworkedharder,she___________.A.wouldsucceedB.hadsucceedC.shouldsucceedD.wouldhavesucceeded2.Ifmylawyer__________herelastnight,he__________mefromgoing.A.hadbeen,wouldhavepreventedB.hadbeen;wouldpreventC.were;wouldpreventD.were;wouldhaveprevented3.Ifhe___________,he_______________thatfood.Luckilyhewassenttothehospitalimmediately.A.waswarned;wouldnottakeB.hadbeenwarned;wouldn’thavetakenC.wouldbewarned;hadn’ttakenD.wouldhavebeenwarned;hadn’ttaken4.Youdidn’tletmedrive.Ifwe___________inturn,you___________sotired.A.drove;didn’tgetB.drove;wouldn’tgetC.weredriving;wouldn’tgetD.haddriven;wouldn’thavegot5.Ifit________finetomorrow,I’llgoswimming.A.wereB.wasC.isD.willbe6.Ifit__________tosnowtomorrow,theywouldn’tgoout.A.wasB.wereC.isD.wouldbe7.Youwouldhavefinishedtheworkintime__________.A.didyouworkharderB.haveyouworkedharderC.hadyouworkedharderD.doyouworkharder8.Allthepassengerswouldhavedied__________forthecaptain.A.haditnotbeenB.wereitnotC.ithadn’tbeenD.itwerenot9.Ifyou___________themeetingyesterday,you____________howtodotheworknow.A.came;willknowB.hadcome;wouldhaveknownC.shouldsome;wouldknowD.hadcome;wouldknow10.Whatwouldyouhavedoneifyou__________thefirstclass.A.willmissB.wouldmissC.hadmissedD.missed11.Ifit_________rain,we___________getwet.A.isto;shouldB.wereto;wouldC.weregoingto;wouldD.wasgoingto;should12.Ifhe___________totheteacherattentively,he___________theanswertotheproblemnow.A.hadlistened;wouldhaveknownB.listened;wouldknowC.listened;wouldhaveknownD.hadlistened;wouldknow13.—Ithoughtyouwouldcomebacktomorrow.—IwouldifI___________toattendameeting.A.don’thaveB.didn’thaveC.willnothaveD.wouldnothave14.“Didyoucatchthefirstbusthismorning?”“No,Ididn’t.”“Ifyou__________earlier,you_________thebus.”A.gotup;wouldcatchB.shouldgetup;wouldcatchC.hadgotup;wouldhavecaughtD.hadgotup;wouldcatch15.HadIknownhername,______________. A.IwillinvitehertolunchB.shewillcomehereC.shewouldcomehereD.Iwouldhaveinvitedhertolunch16.IfI___________outofink,Iwouldhavefinishedwritingthepaper.A.didn’trunB.shouldn’trunC.haven’trunD.hadn’trun17.“Didyouremindhimofthemeeting?”“No.IfI___________athome,Icouldhave.”A.wasB.hadbeenC.wereD.shouldbe18.IfHenryhadnotpulledhiscaplow,he___________bythepolice.A.mightberecognizedB.mighthavebeenrecognizedC.wouldhaverecognizedD.wastohavebeenrecognized19.Ifwehadknownthatshehadplannedtoarrivetoday,we__________heratthebusstation.A.mayhavemetB.mightmetC.maymetD.mighthavemet20.__________today,hewouldgetthereonFriday.A.WasheleavingB.IfheleavesC.WerehetoleaveD.Ifheisleaving21.Wereitnotforthedebts,we__________allright.A.wouldbeB.wouldhavebeenC.wereD.are22.Ifhe____________tomorrow,Ishouldgivehimthedictionaryheneeds.A.comesB.shouldcomeC.wouldcomeD.willcome23._______________,weshouldbeglad.A.WeretheytoarrivetomorrowB.TheyweretoarrivetomorrowC.TheywouldarrivetomorrowD.Theyarrivetomorrow24.Hadelectroniccomputernotbeeninvented,manyproblemsofspaceflight____________.A.couldnothavebeensavedB.couldnotbesolvedC.cannotbesolvedD.couldnothavesolved25.We___________ourliveshaditnotbeenforthepoliceman.A.wouldhavelostB.shouldloseC.mightloseD.couldhavelost26.Ididn’tseeyoursisteratthemeeting.Ifshe___________,shewouldhavemetmybrother.A.hascomeB.didcomeC.cameD.hadcome27.Hadyoulistenedtothedoctor,you________allrightnow.A.areB.wereC.wouldbeD.wouldhavebeen28._________Ibefreetomorrow,Icouldgowithyou.A.CouldB.ShouldC.MightD.Must29.__________todothework,Ishoulddoitsomeotherway.A.IfwereIB.IwereC.WereID.WasI30.____________yourletter,Iwouldhavewrittenbacktwodaysago.A.IfIreceivedB.ShouldIreceivedC.HadIreceivedD.IfIcouldhavereceived31.___________today,hewouldgettherebyFriday.A.WouldheleaveB.WasheleavingC.WerehetoleaveD.Ifheleave32.Ifitwerenotforthefactthatyou___________ill,Iwouldaskyoutodothisrightnow.A.wereB.hadbeenC.areD.be33.Shoulditrain,thecrops____________.A.wouldbesavedB.wouldhavebeensavedC.willbesavedD.hadbeensaved34.IfI___________you,Iwouldtryagain.A.amB.wasC.wereD.be35.__________,allthestudentswouldhear.A.IftheteacherhadspokenlouderB.IftheteacherwillspeaklouderC.HadtheteacherspokenlouderD.Iftheteacherspokelouder36.Whatshouldwedoifit___________tomorrow?A.shouldsnowB.wouldsnowC.snowD.willsnow37.IfonlyI____________mywatch!A.hadn’tlostB.haven’tlostC.didn’tloseD.don’tlose38.You___________suchaseriousmistakeifyoufollowedhisadvice.A.maynotmakeB.mighthavenotmadeC.shouldn’thavemadeD.mightnothavemade 39.IfonlyI____________asyoungasyouare!A.beingB.amC.beD.were40.Ifyou________atschool,you____________acollegestudentnow.A.hadstudiedhard;wouldhavebeenB.shouldhavestudiedhard;shouldhavebeenC.hadstudiedhard;wouldbeD.wouldstudyhard;musthavebeenB．让步状语从句的虚拟:让步状语从句指事实时，从句谓语动词用陈述语气。若从句内容表示现在和将来的假设情况，从句谓语动词用虚拟语气。(1)evenif和eventhough意为“即使”,有假设之意主从谓语可用直接陈述语气也可用虚拟语气。用虚拟语气时，主从时态呼应与if条件句相同。eg.①Iwon’tlosehearteventhoughI’vefailedtentimes.(直接陈述)EvenifIhadfailedtentimes,Iwouldn’tloseheart.(虚拟语气)②Theboycouldn’thavebeensavedevenifhehadbeentendedwithoutdelay.即使当时那个男孩得到及时照护,他的生命也未被挽救。③Iwouldn’tbeangrywithherevenifItried.我即使想生她的气，也做不到。④Ishouldsaythesamethingevenifhewerehere.即使他在这里，我还是要这么说。(2)though,whether…or,however,nomatter…等的让步状语从句eg.①Thoughhe(should)fail,therewouldstillbehope.即使他失败了，仍有一线希望。②Whetherhe(should)succeedorfail,weshallhavetodoourpart.不管他成功还是失败，我们还是要做好自己的事。③Howeverharditmightrainrains,weshallgotheretogether.不管雨下得多么大，今晚我们还是要去那里。④Nomatterwhathissocialposition(might)be,amanisequalintheeyeofthelaw.一个人不论其社会地位如何，在法律面前都是平等的。【典题练习】41.Theyallwentouttolookforthelostchildevenifit________verydarkoutside.A.isB.wouldbeC.wasD.hadbeen42.Thepatientcouldn’thavebeensavedevenifhe__________ontime.A.wasoperatedB.hadoperatedC.hadbeenoperatedD.operatedon43.I_____________toseethefilmevenifIhadhadtimethen.A.wouldn’tgoB.couldn’tgoC.wouldn’thavegoneD.mustn’thavegone44.It__________mattereventhoughsherefused.A.didn’tB.wouldn’tC.doesn’tD.don’t45.He___________youmorehelpeventhoughhewereverybusy.A.mighthavegivenB.mightgiveC.mayhavegivenD.maygive46.If(Evenif)thesun___________toriseinthewest,Iwouldnotbreakmyword.A.wasB.roseC.raisedD.wereC．asif/though方式状语从句的虚拟:由asif或asthough引导的状语从句可以用陈述语气表示可能符合事实的情况，也可以用虚拟语气表示与事实不符或与事实相反的情况。(i)如果从句的动作与主句谓语动词同时发生,表示与现在事实不相符,从句用一般过去时；eg.①Theteachertreatsthepupilasifhewereherownchild.这位老师对待这位学生就像自己的亲生孩子一样。(这位学生并不是她的亲生孩子)②Shetreatedthechildasifhewereherownchild.(ii)如果从句的动作先于主句而完成,表示与过去事实不相符,从句的谓语动词用过去完成时。eg.①Ifeltasthoughwehadknowneachotherforyears.我感觉我们好像认识多年了。(其实并没有认识多年)②Hepassedthepolesasiftheydidn’texist.③Hishairlookedasthoughithadbeenelectrified.(iii)如果从句的动作后于主句而发生,表示与将来事实不相符，用would/might/could+dosth.eg.Itlooksasifitmightrain.天看上去好像要下雨。(不大可能下雨)对比：eg.①Helooksasifheisyoung.看样子他好像很年轻。(他就是年轻) ②Helooksasifhewereyoung.看样子他好像很年轻。(实际上他不年轻)【典题练习】47.Thewomantreatedthegirlasthoughshe___________herowndaughter.A.isB.hadbeenC.hasbeenD.were48.Theoldmanlookedasthoughhe___________outofmystorybook.A.steppedB.wouldstepC.hadsteppedD.wouldhavestepped49.Thelittlechildtalkedasifhe___________totheAtlanticOcean.A.isB.hasbeenC.wouldbeD.hadbeen50.Itlooksasifit____________.A.wasrainedB.weregoingtorainC.wouldrainD.weretorain51.Whenapencilisputinaglassofwater,itlooksasifit___________.A.breaksB.hasbrokenC.werebrokenD.hadbeenbroken52.XiaoLiuspokeEnglishsowellasifhe____________EnglishinEngland.A.studiedB.hasstudiedC.hadstudiedD.studied53.Shelookedasifshe___________ill.A.isB.wasC.hadbeenD.were54.Thetwostrangerstalkedasifthey___________friendsforyears.A.wereB.wouldbeC.havebeenD.hadbeen55.Itseemsasifit____________rain.A.willB.isgoingtoC.istoD.weregoingto56.HeistalkingsomuchaboutAmericaasifhe____________there.A.hadbeenB.hadbeenC.wasD.been57.Hesmiledasifhe____________mythought.A.readB.wasreadingC.hadreadD.hadreadD.目的状语从句的虚拟:(1)case,forfearthat,lest引导的目的状语从句，动词用“should+动词原形”结构，表示忧虑或目的。eg.①PleaseremindmeofitagaintomorrowincaseI(should)forget.请你明天再提醒我这件事，以免我忘记。②Sheemphasizeditagainandagain,lesthe(should)forget.她一再强调这一点免得他忘记。③Wehadameetingandtalkedthematteroverfacetofaceforfearthatthereshouldbeanymisunderstanding.我们开了一个会，面对面谈了这件事，以免发生任何误会。④IncaseI(should)forget,pleaseremindmeofmypromise.⑤Takeyourcoatincaseitrain/(just)incaseitshouldrain.⑥Itookanumbrellawithmeforfearthatitshouldrain.⑦Idaren’ttellyouwhathedid,forfearthatheshouldbeangrywithme.⑧Ihadtorunawayforfear(that)hemightonedaykillme.⑨Lestyoushouldnothaveheardall,Ishallbeginatthebeginning.lest:conj.唯恐，免得(2)在inorderthat和sothat引导的目的状语从句中，往往用can(could)或may(might)。eg.①IshallwritedownyourtelephonenumbersothatImaynotforget.我要把你的电话号码记下来，以免忘记。②Theyworkedharderthanusualinorderthattheycouldfinishtheworkaheadoftime.为了能提前完成工作，他们比往常更加努力。③Wewilltellyouthetruthsothatyoucanjudgeforyourself.我把真实情况告诉你，使你能自己作出判断。II.名词性从句的虚拟语气：A.主语从句的虚拟语气：主语从句通常用于“Itis+形容词名词动词的-ed形式+that...”结构。主语从句中是否用虚拟语气取决于所用的形容词或动词的-ed形式，其谓语动词常用“should+动词原形”(美国英语常省略should，只用动词原形)。常用在以下句型：Itis/was+important/necessary/desirable/imperative/advisable/essential/natural/strange…+that+S.+(should)do/havedone+….Itis/was+desired/suggested/settled/proposed/requested/demanded…+that+S.+(should)do/havedone+….Itis/was+apity/shame…+that+S.+(should)do/havedone+….  (1)表示建议或命令: eg.①Itisimportantthatwe(should)workoutastudyplan.重要的是我们要制订出一个学习计划。②Itwillbebetterthatwe(should)meetsomeothertime.最好我们在另一个时间见面。③Itissuggestedthateachstudent(should)singasonginEnglish.有人建议每个学生都要唱一首英文歌曲。④Itisdemandedthatheshouldleaveatonce.要求他立刻离开。(2)表示惊讶:eg.①Itisstrangethatheshouldhavefailedtoseehisownshortcomings.真奇怪他竟看不到自己的缺点。②Itisnaturalthatyoushouldforgetitfirst.你起先记不住是很自然的。③Itisapity/shamethatIshouldbeatschoolinsteadoflyinghereinhospital.真可惜，我应当在学校而不是躺在医院里。必背：常见的要接含有虚拟语气主语从句的词:形容词：important,necessary,urgent(紧迫的；迫切的),essential(必不可少的),vital(必不可少的),strange,proper，desirable(想望的,可取的)/imperative(迫切的,紧急的)/advisable(明智的,可取的)/natural等；动词的-ed形式：arranged,suggested,ordered,required,desired,demanded,proposed等。eg.①Itisnecessarythattheprogram(should)beloadedintothecomputer.有必要把程序输入电脑。②Itisstrangethatheshouldhavelearnedsomuchinsuchashorttime.很奇怪他竟然在如此短的时间内学了那么多的东西。③Itisdesiredthatwe(should)geteverythingreadybytonight.希望一切在今晚前准备就绪。【典题练习】58.Itisreallystrangethatthegirl____________soearly.A.hasbeenmarriedB.hasmarriedC.bemarriedD.wouldmarry59.It_________veryniceifonlyitwerepossible.A.willbeB.wouldbeC.isD.were60.Itisnecessarythatanefficientworker__________hisworkontime.A.finishesB.canfinishC.finishD.hasfinished61.ItisapitythatLaoLiisn’there.Ifhe___________,wewouldbehappier.A.cameB.comesC.hadcomeD.hascome62.Itisstrangethatshe_________dothatsortofthing.A.wouldB.couldC.mightD.(should)63.Itisimpossiblethathe______havemissedthetrain.A.wouldB./C.couldD.might64.It’sagreatpitythatheshould__________hisbike.A.hadlostB.loseC.havelostD.havebeenlost65.It’sastonishingthatshe___________thesewords.A.hassaidB.shouldhavesaidC.hadsaidD.said66.It’sstrangethathe___________toseethefilm.A.didn’tgoB.hadn’tgoneC.nottogoD.nothavegone67.Itisimportantthatwe____________wildanimals.A.willprotectB.shouldprotectC.shallprotectD.areprotect68.Itisnecessarythattheproblem__________atonce.A.solvesB.shouldsolveC.shouldbesolvedD.willbesolved69.Itisstrangethathe___________interestinmuchofhisresearch.A.shouldhavelostB.wouldloseC.hadlostD.willloseB.宾语从句的虚拟语气：虚拟语气常用在表示要求、建议、命令或愿望的动词后的宾语从句中。1.wish后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气。wish的宾语从句(常省去that连词),表达与事实相反的愿望,须用虚拟语气,构成虚拟语气形式主要谓语动词的变化来表现，通常依据三种情况：(1)对现在的虚拟，用一般过去时(表示与现在事实相反的愿望)；S.+wish/wished+(that)S.+did/were+…(2)对过去的虚拟，用过去完成时(表示过去事实相反的或未实现的愿望)；S.+wish/wished+(that)S.+haddone+… (3)对将来的虚拟，用过去将来时(表示将来没有把握或不可能实现的愿望);S.+wish/wished+(that)S.+would/could+do…eg.①IwishIcouldfly.我希望我能飞。②IwishIwereabird.但愿我是一只小鸟。③IwishIknewtheanswer.我要是知道答案就好了。④IwishIknewtheanswereg.①Iwishshehadtakenmyadvice.那时她要是接受我的建议就好了。②IwishthatIhadseenheryesterday.真希望我昨天见过她。④Hewishedhehadstudiedlastterm③IwishIhadknownitbefore.我希望以前就对此事有所了解。⑤WewishyouhadcometoourNewYear’sparty.⑥IwishIhadenoughmoneytobuyacar.我希望能有足够的钱来买一辆小汽车。(表示的是现在)⑦Hewhisheshehadnotlostthechance.他真希望没有失去机会。(表示的是过去)eg.①Iwishyouwouldstayalittlelonger.我真希望你能多呆一会。(用would＋动词原形表示对将来的愿望)②Iwishitcouldstopraining.但愿雨能停。③Iwishyouwouldstayanhourlonger.我希望你再呆一个小时。④IwishIwouldjointhearmywhenIgrowup.我希望长大后能够参军。(表示的是将来)[注意]：wish后面宾语从句中的虚拟语气，要按“后退一步法”处理从句中谓语动词的时态。表示何时的愿望，与哪个事实相反,不能以主句的时态为判断依据，而应根据从句的意义判断。[提示]：由于wish和hope的汉语意思差不多，在使用上往往容易出错。wish一般表示“希望”、“但愿”，表示不可能实现的愿望，后接从句时要用虚拟语气；hope表示“希望”，指可以实现的希望，后接从句时用陈述语气。eg.①Thestudentshopethattheirfootballteamwillwinthegame.学生们希望他们的足球队获胜。(可能实现)②IwishIcouldseehimnow.我希望现在就能看到他。(不可能实现)【典题练习】70.IwishI____________youyesterday.A.sawB.didseeC.hadseenD.weretosee71.I____________Iknewhim.A.expectB.hopeC.wantD.wish72.HowIwishI_____________asyoungasyouare.A.amB.wasC.wereD.are73.Marywishedshe__________toBob.A.nottobemarriedB.haven’tbeenmarriedC.wouldn’thavebeenmarriedD.hadn’tbeenmarried74.Thelittlegirlwishedshe___________toBeijing.A.willgoB.cangoC.wouldgoD.wanttogo75.Hewishes____________mistakes.A.hedoesn’talwaysmakeB.heisn’talwaysmakingC.hedidn’talwaysmakeD.hewouldn’tbealwaysmaking76.WhereisXiaoZhang?IwishI____________himatonce.A.canfindB.willfindC.couldfindD.couldhavefound77.“HaveyoueverbeentoBeijing?”“No,butIwishI_____________.”A.haveB.willC.doD.had2.wouldrather/wouldassoon(wouldsooner)或wouldprefer等后接宾语从句的虚拟：短语wouldrather,wouldprefer,wouldsooner等表示“宁愿”,后面的宾语从句中常用虚拟语气。在这种结构中,从句中的谓语动词通常用一般过去时或过去完成时形式表示虚拟，其句型：(1)S+wouldrather/wouldsooner/wouldprefer+(that)S.+did+…用过去时表示当时和将来的情况(2)S+wouldrather/wouldsooner/wouldprefer+(that)S.+haddone+…用过去完成时表示过去的情况,eg.①Iwouldratheryoulefttoday.我宁可你今天走。还表达希望或婉转的责备②Iwouldpreferhedidn"tstayheretoolong.我倒希望他不要在这儿呆得太久。③I’dsoonershelefttheheavyendoftheworktosomeoneelse.④Iwouldpreferheworkedhard.我倒希望他能够努力学习。⑤I’dratheryoudidn’tmakeanycommentontheissueforthetimebeing.我倒希望你暂时先不要就此事发表意见。⑥Wouldn’tyouratheryourchildwenttobedearly？为什么你不愿让你的孩子早点上床睡觉呢？⑦IwouldratherIhadn"tseenthatfilmyesterday.我宁愿昨天没有看那场电影。⑧Iwouldjustassoonyouhadreturnedthebookyesterday.我真希望你昨天把这本书还了。 【提示】：wouldrather主要有两种用法。(1)后接不带to的不定式wouldratherdosth.thandosth.eg.①I"dratherplaytennisthanswim.我宁愿打网球，也不愿游泳。②I"drathernotgotothemovies.我宁愿不去看电影。③Whichwouldyouratherhave,teaorcoffee?你喜欢喝茶，还是咖啡?④I’dsooner/ratherdiethanmarryyou.(2)后接不用连词的that从句:eg.①I"dratheryouwenthomenow.我希望你现在就回家。②Iwouldrathermydaughterattendedapublicschool.我希望我的女儿能上公立学校。【典题练习】78.I’dratheryou__________toseemenextweek.A.comeB.willcomeC.wouldcomeD.came79.“ShallIopenthewindow?”“I’dratheryou_________.”A.notB.don’tC.shouldn’tD.didn’t80.Mywifewouldratherwe__________eachother.A.didn’tmarryB.wouldn’tmarryC.hadn’tmarriedD.shouldn’thavemarried3.suggest,order等动词的虚拟语气：表示“要求、建议、命令”等动词后面的宾语从句中的虚拟语气。这类动词包括：demand，suggest，order，insist，propose等。这些动词后面的从句中用“should+动词原形”构成虚拟语气，其中“should”可以省略。(1)ask(询问):eg.①Heaskedwhichexperimentwe(should)do.②Theexaminationinstructoraskedthatthestudents(should)notuseacalculator.考官要求学生不要使用计算器。(2)advise(劝说):eg.PleaseadvisemewhetherI(should)accepttheoffer.(3)beg(求乞):eg.Ibegthatoneofus(should)beallowedtogofirst.(4)demand(要求):eg.①Shedemandedthatwe(should)letherin.②Theworkersdemandedthattheirwages(should)beraisedby10percent.工人们要求增加百分之十的工资。(5)propose(提议):eg.IproposethatComradeZhangHong(should)bechairman.(6)recommend(劝说):eg.ThedoctorrecommendedthatI(should)stayafewmoredays.(7)require(要求):eg.Herequiredthatwe(should)workallnight.(8)urge(敦促):eg.Theyurgedthatthelibrary(should)bekeptopenduringthevacation.(9)prefer(宁愿):eg.Shepreferredthatwe(should)havethediscussionrightafterthelecture.(10)insist(坚持要做)eg.①Heinsistedhe(should)besenttheretowork.②Heinsistedthatallofus(should)bethereontimebyanymeans.他坚持要我们大家想尽办法按时到那儿。(11)command(命令)eg.Thecommissioncommandedthattheworkonthebuildingshouldcease(停建).(12)request(请求):eg.Theyrequestedthathe(should)singasong.他们要求他唱一首歌。(13)order(命令):eg.①Heorderedthatthestudents(should)washtheclotheseveryweekbythemselves.他要求学生们每周都要自己洗衣服。②Heinsiststhathe(should)domorningexerciseseveryday.他坚持每天都要做早操。(要求)(14)suggest(建议):eg.①Theteachersuggestedthatwe(should)cleantheblackboardafterclass.老师建议我们课后把黑板擦了。②HesuggestedthatI(should)sticktomydecision.他建议我坚持自己的决定。(建议)【典题练习】:82.Hesuggestedthatwe___________TVonweeknights.A.don’twatchB.wouldn’twatchC.notwatchD.nottowatch83.Thelawyeraskedthecase_____________untilnextweek.A.beputoffB.tobeputoffC.wasputoffD.shouldputoff84.Thecommanderorderedthesoldiers_____________hereforthenight.A.stayedB.stayC.wouldstayD.hadstayed 85.Theteacherdemandedthattheexam__________beforeeleven.A.mustfinishB.wouldbefinishedC.befinishedD.mustbefinished86.Heinsistedthathe_____________mebefore.A.seeB.shouldseeC.hadseenD.saw87.Motherinsistedthatthechild’shands____________beforedinner.A.shouldwashB.bewashedC.wouldwashD.hadwashed88.Theyoungmaninsistedthathe___________nothingwrongand__________free.A.do,setB.haddone,shouldbesetC.do,besetD.haddone;mustbeset89.MothersuggestedthatI________myhomeworkfirstbeforewatchingTV.A.didB.doC.shalldoD.havedone90.Theyrequestedthathe____________ontheradio.A.spokeB.speaksC.speakD.wouldspeak【注意】:(1)insist表示“坚称；主张”时，宾语从句要用陈述语气；eg.①Sheinsistedthatshehadseenathiefclimbintothehousethroughthewindow.她坚持说她曾看见一个小偷从窗口爬进了房间。②Heinsistedthathewashonest.他坚持认为自己是诚实的。(2)当suggest表示“表明；暗示”时，宾语从句也要用陈述语气。eg.①Thesmileonhisfacesuggestedthathehadpassedtheexam.他脸上的微笑表明他已通过了考试。②ThelookonhisfacesuggestedthathewasquitesatisfiedwithwhatIhaddoneforhim.他的表情暗示出他对我为他所做的事非常满意。【提示】：一个坚持：insist两个命令：order,command三个建议：suggest,advise,propose四个要:demand,require,ask,desire【比较】：动词suggest和insist后面的宾语从句，应根据不同情况选用陈述语气或虚拟语气。suggest作“建议”解时，用虚拟语气，作“使想起、暗示”解时，用陈述语气。insist作“坚决要求”解时，用虚拟语气，作“坚持认为”解时，用陈述语气。eg.Hissilencesuggestedthatheagreedwithmydecision.他的沉默暗示他赞同我的决定。(暗示)eg.Heinsiststhatdoingmorningexercisesdoesgoodtopeople"shealth.他坚持认为做早操对健康有益。(强调)C.表语从句和同位语从句的虚拟语气:在表示建议、劝告、命令、要求、坚持(suggest,order,demand,propose,request,command,insist)等相关的名词后的表语从句和同位语从句中,谓语动词要用“(should)+动词原形”虚拟语气结构。eg.①Myadviceisthatyou(should)practisespeakingEnglishasoftenaspossible.我的建议是你尽可能经常地练习说英语。②Thedemandisthatthecomposition(should)bewrittenononesideonly.按照要求作文必须单面誊写。③Itismydesirethatallthemembersofthefamily(should)gatheronceayear.我的愿望是所有家庭成员一年团圆一次。④Thesuggestionthateducation(should)bereformedisreasonable.教育要改革的建议是合理的。⑤Theorderthatweshouldreachthesmallvillagebeforedaybreakcamejustnow.要求我们在天亮之前赶到小村庄的命令刚刚下达。(同位语从句)⑥Thesuggestionisthatwe(should)reciteapassageeachday.建议是我们每天应背诵一篇短文。(表语从句)⑦Itisdemandedthatwe(should)geteverythingreadybytonight.我们被要求今晚之前把一切都准备好。(主语从句)⑧Mysuggestionisthatwe(should)tellhim.⑨Theonlyrequestisthatthis(should)besettledassoonaspossible.⑩TherewasasuggestionthatBrown(should)bedroppedfromtheteam.⑾SherejectedmysuggestionthatI(should)meether.⑿Thedecisionisthatthemeeting(should)notbeputoff.⒀Anorderhascomethatalltheoldhouses(should)beputdown.必背：表示建议、劝告、命令等含义的名词常见的有:@advice 建议@demand  要求@desire  愿望@decision决定@idea 意见@motion 提议 @order命令@proposal提议@suggestion 建议@regulation规章@request请求@requirement 要求【典题练习】:91.Thesuggestionisthatahotel____________atthefootofthemountain.A.putupB.isputupC.shouldputupD.shouldbeputup92.ThedecisionisthatMary_______________abroad.A.goB.goesC.shouldgoingD.wouldgo93.AnorderhascomethatEnglish____________inthisschool.A.istaughtB.willbetaughtC.shouldteachD.betaught94.Theteacher’sadviceisthatwe____________time.A.don’twasteB.notwasteC.nottowasteD.willnotwaste95.Hisproposalisthatallthestudents____________toseethefilm.A.nottogoB.notgoC.didn’tgoD.nevertogo96.Theteacheragreedtothesuggestionthatthestudents____________twoweekstopreparefortheexam.A.giveB.shouldgiveC.begivenD.wouldbegiven97.SherejectedmysuggestionthatI______________her.A.shallmarryB.shouldmarryC.couldmarryD.oughttomarry98.I’msorrythatyou_____________suchastupidmistake.A.shouldmakeB.willmakeC.wouldhavemadeD.shouldhavemade99.Thesuggestionhasbeenmade___________thebasketballgame___________putoff.A.for;toB.that;beC.which;shouldbeD.to;being100.Theordercamethatthemedicalsupplies___________tothevillagesoon.A.wouldbesentB.shouldsendC.besentD.mustbesent101.Shemadethedemandthatshe__________atonce.A.leaveB.leavesC.leftD.tobeleft102.Mysuggestionwasthatthemeeting__________offtillnextweek.A.toputB.beputC.shouldputD.beputtingIII.定语从句的虚拟语气：在Itis(high)time(that)...结构中，that定语从句的谓语动词用过去式或“should+动词原形”,但should不能省略;表示“到某人该做某事的时间了”。eg.①Itistimethatthechildrenwenttobed.到孩子们睡觉的时间了。②It’stimethatwebeganourmeeting.是该开会的时候了。③Itishightimethatwebeganthemeeting.正是我们开会的时间了。④Itishightimethatweshouldtellhimthetruth.是我们该告诉他真相的时候了。【典题练习】:103.It’stimeshe__________herclothes.A.willwashB.washedC.wouldwashD.wash104.It’shightimewe__________toschool.A.goB.willgoC.aregoingD.went105.It’shightimethatwe____________.A.getupB.aregoingtogetupC.shouldgetupD.shallgetup106.“Whatwillyoudoduringthesummerholiday?”“Idon’tknow,butit’shightime___________something.A.I’mdecidingB.I’lldecideC.IdecidedD.IdecideIV.并列句的虚拟语气：在虚拟语气中，有时假设的情况并不是以条件状语从句的形式表示，而是通过相应的介词或连词来表示:(1)but:是并列连词,引导并列句，表示转折。有时第一个分句用虚拟语气,说明一件应该做而没有做成的事；第二个分句用直接陈述语气,说明一个事实，即对第一个分句加以说明。 eg.①IcouldhavegonetoseehimbutIwastoobusythen.②Helenwouldhavegraduatedwithherclass,butshewasseriouslyillthen.③Itoldhimtogotherehimself,butperhapsIshouldhavegonetogetherwithhim.我让他自己去那里，但也许我应该和他一道去。(连词but暗示条件)【典题练习】:107.I__________tothedancelastnight,butmyfathercame.A.wentB.wouldgoC.willhavegoneD.wouldhavegone108.Hecouldhavegonetoworkontime,butit___________.A.ispouringB.waspouringC.wouldbepouringD.willbepouring109.Shecouldhavepassedtheexam,butshe___________illatthetime.A.isB.wouldbeC.wasD.hadbeen110.I__________tothepartylastnight,butmyparents____________.A.couldgo;cameB.couldhavegone;wouldcomeC.couldhavegone;cameD.hadgone;wouldhavecome111.Iwouldhavecomeearlier,butI__________thatyouwerewaitingforme.A.didn’tknowB.hadn’tknownC.wouldhaveknownD.haven’tknown112.Iwouldhaveinvitedhertotheparty,butI___________herwell.A.don’tknowB.didn’tknowC.doesn’tknowD.hadn’tknown113.ItoldSallyhowtogethere,butperhapsI____________forher.A.hadtowriteitoutB.musthavewrittenitoutC.shouldhavewrittenitoutD.oughttowriteitout114.He_____________thetest,buthewasn’tcarefulenough.A.couldhavepassedB.wereabletopassC.musthavepassedD.mightbeabletopass115.*Afewminutesearlierandwe____________thetrain.A.havecaughtB.hadcaughtC.couldhavecaughtD.weretocatch116.I________yousomemoney,butIhadn’tanyonmethen.A.wouldlendB.wouldhavelentC.couldlendD.mayhavelent(2)or,otherwise,orelse等连词引导的句子是并列句,第一个分句说明条件;常用直接陈述语气;第二个分句说明相反的结果,常译成“不然”,“否则”,常用虚拟语气。eg.①IgotupearlyenoughorIcouldn’thavecaughtthefirstbus.②Shewasill,otherwiseshewouldhavebeenpresentatthemeeting.她病了，否则的话就会出席会议了。(条件通过连词otherwiseor表示出来Ifshehadnotbeenill...)③Pleasecalbeforeyoucome,otherwisewemightgoout.④Hestudiedveryhardlastterm,orelsehecouldn’thavepassedtheexam.【典题练习】:117.Heworkedveryhard,orhe__________hisfamily.A.couldn’tsupportB.can’tsupportC.won’tsupportD.couldn’thavesupported118.He________upearly,otherwisehewouldhavemissedthetrain.A.getsB.gotC.wouldgetD.wouldhavegot119.Putonyourraincoat,otherwiseyou____________wet.A.gotB.getC.wouldgetD.wouldhavegot120.Iwasbusyyesterday,otherwiseI____________yourbirthdayparty.A.attendedB.hadattendedC.wouldattendD.wouldhaveattended121.“Whydidn’tanyoneringmeup?“Sorry.I’velostyourtelephonenumber,otherwiseI____________longbefore.A.hadrungyouupB.musthaverungyouupC.wouldhaverungyouupD.oughthaverungyouup 122.I’mgladIwentoverallmynotes,otherwise______________.A.ImayhavefailedB.I’dfailC.I’dhavefailedD.I’llhavefailedV.介词的虚拟语气：(1)without:prep.也可以引导虚拟语气,相当于if引导的否定句,条件暗含在短语中:eg.①Hewouldnotgetsucharesultwithoutyourhelp.没有你的帮助，他就不会有今天的成果。(条件暗含在介词短语withoutyourhelp中)②Mancouldn’tlivewithoutairorwater.(=iftherewerenoairorwater.)③Iwouldhavefailedwithoutyourhelp.(=ifyouhadn’thelpedme.)④Wewouldnothavefinishedthewordontimewithoutyourhelp(=ifyouhadnothelpedus)⑤Withoutelectricitylifewouldbequitedifferenttoday.(Iftherewerenoelectricity…,)(2)with:prep.也可以引导虚拟语气,相当于if引导的肯定句,条件暗含在短语中:eg.①Withalltheworkfinished,Ishouldhavegonetothepartylastnight.(=Ifalltheworkhadbeenfinished,…)②Whatwouldyoudowithamilliondollars(ifyouhadamilliondollars?)(3)butfor(=without…):“如果不是…”+名词，(butfor…短语相当于一个虚拟条件句,因此，句中谓语动词也要用虚拟语气)。eg.①Butfortherain,(ifithadnotbeenfortherain,)wewouldhavefinishedthework②Butforyou,Icouldnotberecoveredsosoon.要不是有你，我就不会恢复得这么快。③Butforyourhelpwecouldn’thavesucceededintheexperiment.④Butforthesnowwewouldhavehadaverypleasantjourney.(=Iftherehadn’tbeensnow,wewouldhavehadaverypleasantjourney.)⑤Butforthegreatdetermination,hewouldn’thavegotthenewgeographybook.(=Iftheboyhadn’thadgreat…，)⑥Butforyourhelp,wecouldn’thavefinishedthetaskintime.(=Ifyouhadn’thelpedus…tomorrow…)要不是你的帮助，我们就不会按时完成任务。【典题练习】:123.HetoldmehowhehadgivenmeshelterandprotectionwithoutwhichI_____________ofhunger.A.wouldbediedB.wouldhavediedC.woulddieD.willdie124.There__________benolifeatallwithoutthesun,airorwater.A.willB.canC.shallD.would125.Withoutyourhelp,ourteam__________thelastmatch.A.won’twinB.willloseC.wouldn’thavewonD.can’twin126.He___________throughthewinterwithouther.A.can’tliveB.couldn’tliveC.can’thavelivedD.wouldn’thavelived127.Withoutelectricityhumanlife___________quitedifferenttoday.A.isB.willbeC.wouldhavelivedD.wouldbe128.Theboy_________withoutmyhelp.A.wouldfalloverB.wouldhavefallenoverC.willfalloverD.mustfallover129.ButfortheParty,he____________ofhunger30yearsago.A.wouldhavediedB.woulddieC.musthavediedD.mustdie130.Butfortheteacher,I_____________somuchprogress.A.wouldn’tmakeB.wouldn’thavemadeC.haven’tmadeD.hadn’tmade131.Butforyourhelp,I___________theworksosoon.A.can’thavefinishedB.can’tfinishC.couldn’thavefinishedD.couldn’tfinish132.Heisworkinghardforfearthathe________theexam.A.failsB.failedC.wouldfailD.fail133.You____________earlier.Thebusleftamomentago.A.wouldcomeB.shouldhavecomeC.maycomeD.havecomeVI.其他形式的虚拟语气: A.用于表示愿望的感叹句:在表示祝愿的感叹句中，用动词原形，表示愿望。eg.①LonglivethePeople"sRepublicofChina!中华人民共和国万岁！②Mayyoubehappy!祝您快乐！③Godblessyou!上帝保佑你！④Successattendyou!祝你成功！⑤TheLordsaveus!愿主救我们！B.情态动词用于虚拟语气:部分情态动词的过去形式(could,might,should,would),可以用于非真实条件句以及其他结构中表示虚拟语气。(1)表示想像或猜测:eg.①IfIcouldspeakFrench,Iwouldteachyou.如果我会说法语，我就能教你。(我不会，所以不能教你)②Ifyouphonedhimrightnow,youmightgetthemattersettled.如果你现在给他打电话，你就可以把问题解决了。③Therecouldbesomethingwrongwiththetaperecorder.这台录音机可能出毛病了。④Hemighthavesaidso.他可能这样说过。⑤Couldhehavedonesuchafoolishthing他会做这样的傻事吗？(2)表示委婉或客气:虚拟语气(could,would,might+动词原形)可使说话者的口气变得委婉客气。eg.①Youcouldanswerthisemailforme.你可以替我回这个电子邮件。②Wouldyoumindopeningthewindow?劳驾把窗子打开,好吗？③Couldyouleavemeyourtelephonenumberandaddress?你能将电话号码和地址留给我吗？④Youmightaswellputoffthediscussiontillnextweek.你们不妨把讨论推迟到下个星期。比较:(1)wouldliketodo:愿意，想要(2)wouldliketohavedone:本来想eg.①Iwouldlike(tohave)awordwithyou.我想和你谈一谈。(现在想)②Iwouldliketohavetalkedwithyou.我原本想和你谈一谈的。(没有谈成)(3)表示惋惜或责备eg.①Givenmoretime,wecouldhavedonebetter.如果给我们更多时间，我们能够干得更好些。(我们并没有得到更多的时间)②Youcouldhavegotupalittleearlier！你完全可以早点儿起来！(实际上没有早起)③Itwascoldyesterday.Ishouldhavewornaheavycoat.昨天很冷，我该穿件厚外套的。(但我没穿)④Thiswallshouldn"thavebeenpainedblue.这墙不应该漆成蓝色。(但已漆了)提示：当代英语一个显著的变化就是虚拟语气的使用越来越少,许多该用虚拟语气的地方都用陈述语气代替。eg.①HesuggestedthatIwenttothehospitalatonce.他建议我们立刻去医院。(原应用shouldgo)②Weshallwritedowntheaddresslestweforget.我们要把地址记下来，以免忘记。(原应用shouldforget)③Imagineyouareanastronaut.设想你是个宇航员。(原应用were)④Thissamething,happeninginthepast,wouldleadtoadisaster.同样的事，如发生在过去，就会酿成大祸。(条件暗含在分词短语happeninginthepast中)⑤Hemusthavebeenthere,orhenevercouldknowtheplacesowell.他一定是去过那儿，否则他绝不会对那个地方如此熟悉。(暗含条件是连词or)情态动词复习中应该注意的几个方面：1.can在否定句和疑问句中表示推测，may用在肯定句中表推测，表示“可能”。cannot表示不可能，maynot表示可能不。can用在肯定句中可以表示理论上的、客观上的可能性。2.must有三方面的含义：必须；一定；偏偏，非得。3.should表示按道理应该；也可以表示竟然、万一。4.shall用在第一、三人称疑问句中，表示征询意见；用在第二、三人称陈述句中，表示命令、警告、允诺。5.can,could表示“能力”，beableto表示经过一番努力，说明过程非常艰难。6.will表示一种临时反应，begoingto表示计划、打算，也可以表示按照迹象即将发生。7.“情态动词＋have＋done”表示“过去”，“完成”，“虚拟”和“推测”的含义。高中阶段英语的虚拟语气应该把握以下几个方面：1.if条件句中的虚拟语气。关键把握好主句和从句的动词的时态。若表示与过去事实相反或不一致，则从句中用haddone，主句中用wouldhavedone（以would为例来说明）；若表示与现在的事实相反或不一致，则从句中用did/were,主句中用woulddo；若表示与将来的虚拟，则从句谓语有三种形式：did/were;wereto;shoulddo，主句中用woulddo。had,should, were三个词可以提到从句的句首，直接放在if的位置上，其它部分不做任何改动。另外，同学们还得关注混合虚拟语气，也就是主句和从句在时间上并不一致，比如说从句表示的是与过去事实相反，而主句则表示与现在事实相反。2、含有“建议、命令、要求”使用“shoulddo”。我们不必考虑是什么从句，也不管表“建议、命令、要求”这些词语是什么词性，凡是句子当中包含了这三方面的含义，我们统统用“shoulddo”来表示虚拟。因为，“建议、命令、要求”这些含义本身就表示一种虚拟，①在一些含有某些特殊形容词的主语从句中也使用“shoulddo”虚拟语气。这些特殊形容词大体有necessary,natural,strange等。其中should往往翻译成“竟然”。②wish后边宾语从句的虚拟语气，若表示与现在事实相反或不一致，谓语动词使用did,be动词用were;若表示与过去事实相反或不一致，则谓语动词使用haddone。4.含有情态动词的虚拟语气。主要考查“情态动词＋have＋done”。综合以上几点，高考英语考查的虚拟语气大体分为以下四种：①If条件句中的虚拟语气；②谓语动词用“shoulddo”；③谓语动词用“haddone”表过去，用“did(were)”表示现在或将来的；④含有情态动词的虚拟语气。一、虚拟语气语法基础练习：1.IfI____________wherehelived，I_____________anotetohim.A.knew,wouldB.hadknown,wouldhavesentC.know,wouldsendD.knew,wouldhavesent2.Ifthey__________earlierthanexpected，they___________herenow.A.hadstarted，wouldbeB.started,mightbeC.hadstarted,wouldhavebeenD.willstart,mighthavebeen3.Ididn"tknowhistelephonenumber._________it,I___________then.A.HadIknown,wouldringhimupB.ShouldIknow,wouldhaverunghimupC.IfIknew,wouldringhimupD.HadIknown,wouldhaverunghimup4.Maryisilltoday.Ifshe___________,she__________absentfromschool.A.werenotill,wouldn"tbeB.hadbeenill,wouldn"thavebeenC.hadbeenill,shouldhavebeenD.hadn"tbeenill,couldbe5.WereItodoit,I___________itsomeotherway.A.willdo  B.woulddoC.wouldhavedoneD.weretodo6.I_________himtheanswer___________possible,butIwassobusythen.A.couldtell,ifithadbeenB.musthavetold,wereitC.shouldhavetold,haditbeenD.shouldhavetold,shoulditbe7.Withoutyourhelp,we______________somuch.A.won"tachieve B.didn"tachieve  C.don"tachieve   D.wouldn"thaveachieved8.Youdidn"ttakehisadvice.________hisadvice,you________suchamistake.A.Hadyoutaken,wouldn"thavemadeB.Ifyouhadtaken,wouldmakeC.Wereyoulotake,shouldn"thavemadeD.Haveyoutaken,won"thavemade9.Wewishwe_________whatyoudidwhenwewereathighschool.A.didB.couldhavedoneC.havedoneD.shoulddo10.Shewishesshe___________tothetheatrelastnight.A.wentB.wouldgoC.hadgoneD.weregoing11.Tomisveryshortnow.Hismotherwishesthathe__________betallwhenhegrowsup.A.could   B.should   C.would   D.wereableto12.MysisteradvisedmethatI____________accepttheinvitation.A.could  B.must C.should  D.might13.Heasksthathe__________anopportunitytoexplainwhyhe"srefusedtogothere.A.isgiven   B.mustgive C.shouldgiveD.begiven14.DoyouthinkofWangFang"ssuggestionthathe___________Mr.Litotheparty?A.willinvite   B.haveinvited  C.isinvited  D.invite 15.Iinsistedthathe____________atonce.A.begoneB.go   C.wouldD.mightgo16.LiMinginsistedthathe____________anythingatall.A.hadn"tstolen  B.shouldn"tsteal    C.doesn"tsteal  D.steal17.Itisquitenaturalthatmycominglateagain____________themveryangry.A.hadmade   B.wouldmake   C.makesD.make18.Heactedasifhe____________everythingintheworld.A.knewB.knows C.hasknownD.won"tknow19.ReaditaloudsothatI___________youclearly.A.mayhearB.willhearC.hearD.haveheard20.Theygotupearlyinorderthatthey____________theyfirsttrain.A.caughtB.willcatchC.mightcatch D.shallcatch21.Iamsorrythathe________insuchpoorhealth.A.areB.shallbe  C.wereD.shouldbe22.Thatisagoodbook.You_________ityesterday.A.couldbuyB.shouldbuyC.shouldhaveboughtD.bought23.Itishightimewe___________home.A.willgoB.wouldgo C.havegoneD.went24.I"dratherthatyou_____________home.A.wentB.havegone C.willgoD.hadgone25.IfonlyI_____________tothelecture！A.listenB.willlisten   C.amlisteningD.hadlistened26.----Ifhe__________,he__________thatfood.----Luckilyhewassenttothehospitalimmediately.A.waswarned,wouldnottakeB.hadbeenwarned,wouldnothavetakenC.wouldbewarned,hadnottakenD.wouldhavebeenwarned,hadnottaken27.Ididn"tseeyoursisteratthemeeting.Ifshe_______________,shewouldhavemetmybrother.A.hascome  B.didcome  C.came   D.hadcome28.Withoutelectricity,humanlife____________quitedifferenttoday.A.is   B.willbeC.wouldhavebeen   D.wouldbe29.He__________youmorehelp,eventhoughhewasverybusy.A.mighthavegiven B.mightgive   C.mayhavegiven  D.maygive30.Ifcitynoises_____________fromincreasing,people______________shouttobeheardevenatthedinnertable20yearsfromnow.A.arenotkept,willhavetoB.arenotkept,havetoC.donotkeep,willhavetoD.donotkeep,haveto31.Mike"sfather,aswellashismother,insistedthathe___________home.A.stayed  B.couldstay  C.hasstayed D.stay32.Mr.Smithinsistedthathe____________theworkall.A.haddoneB.havedoneC.did   D.so33.Janewouldneverhavegonetotheparty_______________thatMarywouldcometoseeher.A.hassheknown B.hadsheknown   C.ifsheknow  D.ifshehasknown34.Ifyouhadenoughmoney,what____________？A.willyoubuyB.wouldyoubuyC.wouldyouhaveboughtD.willyouhavebought35.Ifyou____________thatfilmlatelastnight,youwouldn"tbesosleepy.A.didn"tsee   B.haven"tseen  C.wouldn"thaveseenD.hadn"tseen36.Ourmonitorrequestedthat_______________.A.alltheclassstudiedmorecarefullytheproblemB.theproblemwasmorecarefullystudiedC.withgreatcaretheproblemcouldbestudiedD.alltheclassstudytheproblemmorecarefully37.----Wouldyouhavecalledheruphaditbeenpossible？----Yes,butI__________busydoingmyhomework. A.was   B.were       C.hadbeenD.wouldbe38.Histiredfacesuggestedthathe_________reallytiredafterthelongwalk.A.hadbeenB.was  C.beD.shouldbe39.Itisimportantthatwe___________.A.shallclosethewindowbeforeweleaveB.willclosethewindowbeforeweleaveC.mustclosethewindowbeforeweleaveD.closethewindowbeforeweleave40.Ididn"tknowhistelephonenumber,otherwiseI______________him.A.hadtelephoned   B.wouldtelephone  C.wouldhavetelephonedD.telephone41.Theteacherdemandedthattheexam____________beforeeleven.A.mustfinishB.wouldbefinishedC.befinishedD.mustbefinished42.Shemadethedemandthatthejournalists_____________atonce____________Iraq.A.leave;forB.leave;toC.left;toD.tobeleft;for43.HeistalkingsomuchaboutAmericaasifhe_____________there.A.hadbeenB.hasbeenC.wasD.hasgone44.Theyoungmaninsistedthathe___________nothingwrongand____________free.A.did;setB.haddone;shouldbesetC.shoulddo;besetD.haddone;mustbeset45.Isuggestedthere____________beakindoflanguageallcouldunderstandanduse_____________.A.can;itB./;/C.would;itD.may;/46.Thesuggestionhasbeenmade___________thebasketballgame___________putoff.A.for;toB.that;beC.which;shouldbeD.to;being47.Theordercamethatthemedicalsupplies_______________toBeijingfortheSarssoon.A.wouldbesentB.shouldsendC.besentD.mustbesent48.Itisimportantthatwe___________wildanimals.A.willprotectB.shouldprotectC.shallprotectD.areprotecting49.Hadyoulistenedtothedoctor,you_________allrightnow.A.areB.wereC.wouldbeD.wouldhavebeen50.____________anychangeaboutthedate,pleasetellmeimmediately.A.WilltherebeB.ShouldtherebeC.TherewillbeD.Thereshouldbe51.____________today,hewouldgettherebyFriday.A.WouldheleaveB.WasheleavingC.WerehetoleaveD.Ifheleave52.Shoulditrain,thecrops_____________.A.wouldbesavedB.wouldhavebeensavedC.willbesavedD.hadbeensaved53.You______________comeearlier.Thebusleftamomentago.A.wouldB.shouldhaveC.mayD.have54.Hetreatedmeasthough/asif___________hisownson.A.IamB.IwouldbeC.IwasD.Iwere55.I__________yousomemoney,butIhadn’tanyonmethen.A.wouldlendB.wouldhavelentC.couldlendD.mayhavelent56.Afewminutesearlierandwe___________therain.A.havecaughtB.hadcaughtC.couldhavecaughtD.weretocatch57.----“HaveyoueverbeentoBeijing?”----“No,butIwishI_________”A.haveB.willC.doD.had58.I’mgladIwentoverallmynotes;otherwise___________.A.ImayhavefailedB.I’dfailC.I’dhavefailedD.I’llhavefailed59.----“Whatwillyoudoduringthesummerholiday?”----“Idon’tknow,butit’shightime___________something.”A.I’mdecidingB.I’lldecideC.IdecidedD.Idecide 60.Whatshouldwedoifit_________tomorrow?A.shouldsnowB.wouldsnowC.snowD.willsnow61.IfonlyI_________mywatch!A.hadn’tlostB.haven’tlostC.didn’tlostD.don’tlose62.You_________suchaseriousmistakeifyouhadfollowedhisadvice.A.maynotmakeB.mightnotmakeC.shouldn’thavemadeD.mightnothavemade63.We______________theworkontimewithoutyourhelp.A.hadn’thadfinishedB.didn’thavefinishedC.couldn’thavefinishedD.can’thavefinished64.----“Wherehaveyoubeen?”----“Igotcaughtintraffic;otherwise_____________sooner.”A.IwouldbehereB.IhavebeenhereC.IhadbeenhereD.Iwouldhavebeenhere65.Ifitwerenotforthefactthatyou________________ill,Iwouldaskyoutodothisrightnow.A.wereB.hadbeenC.areD.shouldbe66.----I’veboughtaboxofchocolatesforourdaughter.----Oh,howgoodadad!Butshedoesn’tlikesweetthings,__________that?A.Don’tyouknow B.Haven’tyouknown  C.Didn’tyouknow D.Hadn’tyouknown67.----Haveyoudecidedalready?----Yes,I__________atonce.A.havedecided B.decided  C.willdecide  D.haddecided68.Gladtoseeyouback.Howlong_________inRussia?  A.didyoustay B.haveyoustayedC.wereyoustaying D.haveyoubeenstaying69.Heworksinafactorynow,buthe___________onafarmfor20years. A.workedB.hasworkedC.hadworked  D.hadbeenworking70.Whereonearthhaveyoubeen?We__________youbackmuchearlier.A.wereexpecting B.areexpecting C.hadexpected D.expect71.----Ibegyourpardon!----Oh,you__________tomecarefullyjustnow!A.didn’t B.haven’tlistened C.don’tlistenD.weren’tlistening72.----Mr.Whitedidn’tcomelastnight,didhe?----No.We______________.A.hadwaited  B.havebeenwaiting  C.werewaiting  D.hadbeenwaiting73.----CouldyoutakeamessageforMr.Green?----Certainly.I________himaboutsomethingatanycase,soit_______mayother.A.maysee;isn’t  B.see;won’tbeC.willsee;isn’t D.willbeseeing;won’tbe74.---Whoistheoldmantalkingwithyourteacher?---Idon’tknow.I______________himbefore.A.wasneverseeing B.hadneverseen C.neversawD.wouldn’tsee75.Icanguessyouwereinahurry.You____________yoursweaterinsideout.A.hadworn B.wore C.arewearing D.werewearing76.Goingoutforteawithfriends_________increasinglypopularduringthepasttwentyyears.A.becomes  B.became  C.hasbecome D.hadbecome77.Asfarasweknow,TomspendsatleastasmuchtimewatchingTVashe______________.A.doeswriting B.writes   C.writingD.doestowrite78.----Ihopeyouenjoyedthefilmlastnight.----HowonearthdoyouknowIwenttoafilm?I__________you.A.won’ttell  B.didn’ttoldC.haven’ttoldD.don’ttell79.Turnoffthetapplease.Thewater__________.A.waswasted  B.wastesC.iswasting  D.iswasted80.----IthoughtIaskedyoutofixtheradio.----Oh,I’msorry.I_________itrightaway.A.amtodo B.willdo C.wasabouttodo D.amgoingtodo.81.----Thefarmerpresidentwascaughtatlast.----Really?Where ____________himself?A.hadhidden B.hashehidden  C.washehidden  D.hashebeenhiding82.Hesuggestedthatthemeeting      _____   putoff.A.notbe B.shouldnot C.wouldn’tD.benot 83.Whatwouldhavehappenedifyou   _______      herchild?A.hadn’thelped B.couldn’thelp   C.wouldn’thelpD.didn’thelp84.Itisstrangethathe      __________   so.A.thinks       B.thinkC.thoughtD.willthink85.IfI      ______   withherlastsummer,I      ______   withhernow.A. worked…amgettingonverywell   B. hadworked…wouldgetonverywellC.hadworked…wouldhavegotonverywell D. hadworked…willgetonverywell86.IwishI     ___  _____  myuncleyesterday.A.met   B.havemet  C.wouldmeet D.hadmet87.Theoldprofessorgaveordersthattheexperiment      _________   before6.A.wasfinished  B.willfinish  C.befinished  D.shallbefinished88.It’shightimehe      _____   home.A.goesB.wentC.willgoD.isgoingtogo89.        yousucceedand         youbehealthy.A.May…mayB.Wish…wish  C.Hope…hopeD.Should…may90.Galileoinsistedthattheearth    _______     roundthesun.A.shouldmoveB.moveC.movesD.AorB91.Iwasverybusyyesterday,otherwiseI______________tothemeeting.A.came B.wouldcome C.hadcomeD.wouldhavecome92.Supposingtheweather      ____   bad,wherewouldtheygo?A.willbe B.is  C.were  D.be93.   __  ______    yourletter,Iwouldhavestartedofftwodaysago.A.IfIreceived  B.ShouldIreceive   C.IfIcouldhavereceived  D.HadIreceived94.IfonlyI    _______     tomyparents’advice!A.listeningB.listen C.amlisteningD.hadlistened95.Ifit    ________     rainnextweek,thefarmerscouldstillhaveagoodharvest.A.shouldB.could  C.would D.might96.----Whydidn’tyoucometothepartyyesterday?----I    ________    ,butanunexpectedvisitorcametoseeme.A.did    B.would C.hadD.wasgoingto97.I’dratheryou  __________      methenews.A.nottellB.nottotellC.didn’ttellD.hadn’ttold98.I     _______    tostaythereforonemoreweek,butIchangedmymind.A.wouldhavehoped B.washoping  C.hadhoped  D.hoped99.Hissilenceatthemeetingsuggestedthathe      ___ ______   toyourplan.A.shouldn’tagree    B.wouldn’tagree  C.hadn’tagreed D.didn’tagree100.He      ______   thejobwell,buthe    _______     socareless.A.hadn’tdone,hadbeen B.couldhavedone,wasC.coulddo,was  D.haddone,hadbeen二、虚拟语气提高练习    1.Wereitnotforthesnowyweather,we__________allright.D.maybeA.wouldbe   B.wouldhavebeen  C.were  2.__________morecareful,hisshipwouldnothavesunk.A.IfthecaptainwereB.HadthecaptainbeenC.ShouldthecaptainbeD.Ifthecaptainwouldhavebeen3.Ifhe_________metomorrow,Iwouldlethimknow.A.shouldcall    B.shouldnothavebeenableC.werenotable   D.arenotable4.Ifyouaskedyourfather,you___________permission.A.mayget     B.mightgetC.shouldhavecalled   D.maybeget5.____________today,hewouldgettherebyFriday.A.Wouldheleave     B.WasheleavingC.Werehetoleave  D.Ifheleaves6.__________Iyou,Iwouldgowithhimtotheparty.A.Was        B.Hadbeen C.WillbeD.Were7.HadPaulreceivedsixmorevotesinthelastelection,he____________ourchairmannow. A.musthavebeen B.wouldhavebeen     C.wereD.wouldbe8.____________theEnglishexaminationIwouldhavegonetotheconcertlastSundayA.InspiteofB.Butfor C.Becauseof  D.Asfor9.LookattheterriblesituationIamin!IfonlyI___________youradviceA.follow   B.wouldfollowC.hadfollowedD.havefollowed10.Ifthehorsewontoday,it__________thirtyracesinfiveyears.A.wouldhavewon B.wonC.musthavewonD.didhavewon11.Thereisarealpossibilitythattheseanimalscouldbefrightened,___________asuddenloudnoise.A.beingthere B.shouldtherebe  C.therewas  D.therehavingbeen12.Ifyouhadn’ttakensuchalongtimetogetdressed,we’d___________therebynow.A.be  B.circles     C.iscircling D.becircling13.IwishI___________withher.A.wouldbe        B.amC.was        D.were14.Thepictureexhibitionboredmetodeath.IwishI_______________toit.A.hadnotgone    B.havenotgone   C.didnotgoD.cannothavegone15.Georgewouldcertainlyhaveattendedthemeeting,______________.A.ifhedidn’tgetaflattireB.iftheflattirehadn’thappenedC.hadhenothadaflattireD.hadthetirenotflatteneditself16.Theteachersuggestedthatherstudents___________experienceswithESP.A.writeacompositionontheir B.towritecompositionabouttheC.wrotesomecompositionsofhisorher D.hadwrittenanycompositionsforhis17.HespeaksChineseasfluentlyasifhe___________aChinese.A.wereB.hadbeen C.isD.hasbeen18.Lookingroundthetown,hefeltasthoughhe_______awayforages.A.hasbeenB.was C.isD.hadbeen19.Mostinsuranceagentswouldratheryou__________anythingaboutcollectingclaimsuntiltheyinvestigatethesituation.A.do  B.don’t   C.didn’t   D.didn’tdo20.ItisimportantthattheTOEFLoffice________yourregistration.A.willconfirmB.confirmC.confirmsD.mustconfirm21.Withoutelectroniccomputers,muchoftoday’sadvancedtechnology__________.A.willnothavebeenachieved B.havenotbeenachievedC.wouldnothavebeenachievedD.hadnotbeenachieved22.HespeaksChineseasfluentlyasifhe_________aChinese.A.were     B.hadbeen  C.is   D.hasbeen23.Itistimethatthegovernment______________measurestoprotecttherarebirdsandanimals.A.takes    B.took  C.hastaken  D.taking24.Somepeoplearetooparticularaboutschoolrecords,insistingthateveryapplicant_____________alldiplomasfromelementaryschooltouniversity.A.has   B.willhave   C.shouldhaveD.musthave25.Hewasverybusyyesterday,otherwisehe_______tothemeeting.A.wouldcomeB.cameC.wouldhavecomeD.hadcome26.IfIhadseenthemovie,I____________youallaboutitnow.A.wouldtell B.willtellC.havetold  D.wouldhavetold27.IhadhopedthatJohn___________ayearinAfrica,buthestayedthereonlyforthreemonths.A.spends   B.spent C.wouldspendD.willspend28.It’shightimethey____________thisroad.A.mend       B.mendedC.musthavemended       D.willmend29.It’sabouttimepeople________noticeofwhatwomendidduringthewar.A.takeB.took     C.have taken    D.willtake30.He’sworkinghardforfearthathe_____________.A.shouldfallbehind B.fellbehindC.mayfallbehindD.wouldfallbehind31.Inthepastmengenerallypreferredthattheirwives__________inthehome.A.worked B.wouldwork  C.workD.wereworking32.Forachildtogiveuphislessmatureideaforamorematureone,itrequiresthatthechild_______psychologicallyreadyforthenewidea.A.is   B.were C.beD.wouldbe33.Youradvicethat_______tillnextweekisreasonable.A.shewaitsB.shewaitC.waitshe  D.shewaited34.Itwasessentialthatwe________leasebeforetheendofthemonth.A.signB.signedC.hadsignedD.weresigning35.Iadvisedthatthesickchild____________ahospitalassoonaspossible.A.shouldsendto B.shouldbesentC.besentto D.mustbesentto36.Theworkersinthefactorydemandedthattheirpay_________be20percent.A.beraised B.wouldberaisedC.raisedD.raise  37.Theguardatthegateinsistedthateverybody___________therules.A.obeysB.obeyC.willobeyD.wouldobey38.Mysuggestionisthatshe__________moreexercise,whichwilldoalotofgoodtoher.A.takesB.musttakeC.take  D.took39.IfonlyI______________drivingbefore.A.learn        B.learnedC.hadlearnedD.wouldlearn40.________she________yesterday,shewouldmeetthefamoussingertoday.A.If,didn’tleave  B.Hadnot,left  C.Hadn’t,leftD.Didn’t,leave41.IaskedMissJonesifI_________openthewindow.A.shallB.willC.wouldD.should42.IfonlyI__________howtooperateacomputeraswellasyoudo!A.hadknownB.knowC.shouldknowD.knew43._______________her,shewouldhavejumpedintotheriver.A.IfIhadstoppedB.UnlessIhadstoppedC.IfIhadn’tstoppedD.IfIdidn’tstop44.Weconsideritnecessarythataplan____________beforedoingsomething.A.tobemadeB.ismadeC.bemadeD.willbemade45.____________sobusy,shewouldcometohelpyou.A.ShouldmydaughterB.WasmydaughternotC.IfmydaughterwerenotD.Ifmydaughterisn’t46.----Weexpectedyouyesterday.----I’msorry,I__________youtosaythatIwouldn’tbehereuntiltoday.A.musthavecalledB.wouldbecallingC.couldhavebeencallingD.shouldhavecalled47.--Doyoufeellike________thereorshallwetakeabus?---I’dliketowalk.Butsincethereisn’tmuchtimeleft,I’dratherwe________ataxi.A.walking;hireB.towalk;hireC.towalk;hiredD.walking;hired48.Itisapitythatshe________suchawonderfulfilm.A.missB.missesC.shouldmissD.shouldhavemissed49.Iwouldratherthey____________nextweek.A.comeB.cameC.willcomeD.shallcome50.Iftherewerenosubjunctivemood(虚拟语气),English_____________mucheasier.A.willbeB.wouldhavebeenC.couldhavebeenD.wouldbe51.Itishighlydesirablethatanewpresident__________forthiscollege.(四级历年英语考试虚拟语气51—86)A.appointedB.beappointed C.isappointed D.hasbeenappointed 52.Itwasessentialthatallthenecessarydocuments________tothepresident"sofficebeingtheendofthismonth.A.behandedin B.mustbehandedinC.should D.hadbeenhandedin53.Itwassuggestedatthemeetingthateffectivemeasures_____________tosolvetheproblem.A.weretaken B.betaken C.mustbetaken D.take54.Itwasproposedthatthematter_______discussedatthenextmeeting.A.willbeB.has C.beD.wouldbe55.Wedesirethatthetourleader__________usimmediatelyofanychangeinplans.A.informB.informsC.informedD.hasinformed56.Themanagerofthehotelrequeststhattheirguests_________________after11:00pm.A.nottoplayloudmusicB.shouldn’tplayloudmusicC.don"tplayloudmusicD.couldn"tplayloudmusic57.Itishighlydesirablethatanewpresident __________tothiscollege.A.appointedB.beappointedC.wasappointed D.hasbeenappointed58.Itisrecommendedthattheproject___________untilallthepreparationshavebeenmade.A.isnotstarted B.willnotbestartedC.notbestartedD.isnottobestarted59.Itispolitelyrequestedbythehotelmanagementthatradios_________after11o"clockatnight.A.werenotplayedB.nottoplay C.notbeplayedD.didnotplay60.It"snecessary ___________thedictionaryimmediately.A.thathewillreturn B.thathereturnedC.thathereturnD.thathehastoreturn61.Idon"tthinkitadvisablethatTom____________tothejobsincehehasnoexperience.A.isassigned B.willbeassigned C.beassignedD.hasbeenassigned62.Weareallforyourproposalthatthediscussion___________.A.beputoff B.wasputoff C.shouldputoffD.istoputoff63.AsCommander-in-Chiefofthearmedforces,Ihavedirectedthatallmeasures____________forourdefense.A.hadbeentaken B.wouldbetakenC.betakenD.tobetaken64.Mike"suncleinsists__________inthishotel.A.stayingnot B.nottostay C.thathewouldnotstayD.thathenotstay65.Itisessentialthattheseapplicationforms______________backasearlyaspossible.A.mustbesent B.willbesent C.aresentD.besent66.Thesuggestionthatthemayor______________theyprizeswasacceptedbyeveryone.A.wouldpresentB.presentC.presentsD.oughttopresent67Itisimportantthatthehotelreceptionist_____________thatguestsareregisteredcorrectly.A.hasmadesureB.madesure C.mustmakesureD.makesure68.Itisimportantthatenoughmoney_______tofundtheproject.A.becollected B.mustbecollectedC.wascollectedD.canbecollected69.Manyadelegatewasinfavorofhisproposalthataspecialcommittee___________toinvestigatetheincident.A.weresetupB.wassetup　C.besetupD.setup70.Iftheearthsuddenly _________spinning,wewouldallflyoffit. A.hadstopped B.stopped C.hasstoppedD.wouldstop71.I"msorryAndydidn"twanttogototheconference,___________willingtogowewouldhavepaidallhisexpenses.A.Being B.WasheC.HehadbeenD.Hadhebeen72.Jeandoesn"twanttoworkrightawaybecauseshethinksthatifshe______________ajobsheprobablywouldn"tbeabletoseeherfriendsveryoften.A.hastogetB.weretogetC.hadgotD.couldhavegot 73.___________rightnow,shewouldgetthereonSunday.A.WouldsheleaveB.Ifsheleaves C.Wereshetoleave D.Ifshehadleft74.Ifthewholeoperation___________beforehand,agreatdealoftimeandmoneywouldhavebeenlost.A.wasnotplannedB.hasnotbeenplannedC.hadnotbeenplanned D.werenotplanned75.Themillionsofcalculationsinvolved,hadtheybeendonebyhand,allpracticalvalue_____________bythetimetheywerefinished.A.hadlostB.wouldhavelostC.wouldloseD.shouldhavelost76.__________beforewedepartthedayaftertomorrow,weshouldhaveawonderfuldinnerparty.A.Hadtheyarrived B.Wouldtheyarrive C.Weretheyarriving D.Weretheytoarrive77.Hadheworkedharder,he___________theexams.A.musthavegotthroughB.wouldhavegotthroughC.wouldgetthrough D.couldgetthrough78.____________foryourlaziness,youcouldhavefinishedtheassignmentbynow.A.HaditnotbeenB.ItwerenotC.Weren"titD.Hadnotitbeen79.____________formyillnessIwouldhavelenthimahelpinghand.A.NotbeingB.HaditnotbeenC.Withoutbeing D.Nothavingbeen80.____________thehelpoftheirgroup,wewouldnothavesucceededintheinvestigation.A.BesidesB.RegardlessofC.Butfor D.Despite81.__________thestorm,theshipwouldhavereacheditsdestinationontime.A.ButforB.IncaseofC.InspiteofD.Becauseof82.Thepictureexhibitionboredmetodeath.IwishI_________toit.A.havenotgoneB.didnotgoC.hadnotgoneD.shouldnothavegone83.IwishI_____________longerthismorning,butIhadtogetupandcometoclass.A.couldhavesleptB.slept C.mighthavesleptD.haveslept84.LiLingactedthatwayasthoughhe    ______    aforeigner.A.wereB.hadbeenC.shouldbeD.is85.Hesuggested_________totomorrow’sexhibitiontogether.A.ustogoB.wewentC.weshallgoD.wego86.Itwasessentialthattheapplicationforms____________backbeforethedeadline(截止日期).A.mustbesent B.wouldbesent C.besent D.weresent三、历年高考英语虚拟语气归纳：  1.Iinsistthatadoctor________immediately.(1988全国—6)A.hasbeensentforB.sendsforC.willbesentforD.besentfor2.Therice___________ifyouhadbeenmorecareful.(1988全国—9)A.wouldnotbeburningB.wouldnotburnC.wouldnothavebeenburntD.wouldnotburnt3.Ifmylawyer_____________herlastSaturday,he_____________mefromgoing.(1989全国—15)A.hadbeen;wouldhavepreventedB.hadbeenwouldpreventC.were;wouldpreventD.were,wouldhaveprevented4.Withoutelectricityhumanlife_____________quitedifferenttoday.(1991全国—38)A.isB.willbeC.wouldhavebeenD.wouldbe5.—Ihe________,he__________thatfood.—Luckilyhewassenttothehospitalimmediately.(1993全国—25)A.waswarned;wouldnottakeB.hadbeenwarned;wouldnothavetakenC.wouldbewarned;hadnottakenD.wouldhavebeenwarned;hadnottaken6.ItoldSallyhowtogethere,butperhapsI_____________forher.(1994全国—16) A.hadtowriteitoutB.musthavewrittenitoutC.shouldhavewrittenitoutD.oughttowriteitout7.Ididn’tseeyoursisteratthemeeting.Ifshe______________,shewouldhavemetmybrother.(1994全国—31)A.hascomeB.didcomeC.cameD.hadcome8.Whenapencilispartlyinaglassofwater,itlooksasifit_____________.(1995全国—14)A.beaksB.hadbrokenC.werebrokenD.hadbeenbroken9.Youdidn’tletmedrive.Ifwe___________inturn,you____________sotired.(1996全国—19)A.drove;didn’tgetB.drove;wouldn’tgetC.weredriving;wouldn’tgetD.haddriven;wouldn’thavegot10.Ifonlyhe_____________quietlyasthedoctorinstructed,hewouldnotsuffersomuchnow.(2000上海)A.liesB.layC.hadlainD.shouldlie11.Hehesitatedforamomentbeforekickingtheball,otherwisehe____________agoal.(2001上海春招)A.hadscoredB.scoredC.wouldscoreD.wouldhavescored12.HowIwisheveryfamily___________alargehousewithabeautifulgarden!(2002上海春招—31)A.hasB.hadC.willhaveD.hadhad13.ItishardformetoimaginewhatIwouldbedoingtodayifI___________inloveattheageofseven,withtheMelindaCoxLibraryinmyhometown.A.wouldn’thavefailedB.hadnotfallenC.shouldfallD.weretofall(2002上海—37)14.—Iheartheywentskatinginthemountainlastwinter.—It___________truebecausetherewaslittlesnowthere.(2002北京—31)A.maynotbeB.won’tbeC.couldn’tbeD.mustn’tbe15.LookatthetroubleIamin!IfonlyI___________youradvice.(2003上海春招—40)A.followedB.wouldfollowC.hadfollowedD.shouldfollow16.Mr.White__________at8:30forthemeeting,buthedidn’tshowup.(2004全国I—27)A.shouldhavearrivedB.shouldarriveC.shouldhavehadarrivedD.shouldbearriving17.—I’lltellMaryabouthernewjobtomorrow.—You___________herlastweek.(2004福建—32)  A.oughttotell B.wouldhavetoldC.musttellD.shouldhavetold18.—Don’tyouthinkitnecessarythathe____________toMiamibuttoNewYork?—Iagree,buttheproblemis____________hehasrefusedto.(2005江苏—33)A.willnotbesent;thatB.notbesent;thatC.shouldbesent;whatD.shouldnotsend;what19.IfI_________plantodoanythingIwantedto,I’dliketogotoTibetandtravelthroughasmuchofitaspossible.(2005湖北—33)A.would    B.could      C.hadtoD.oughtto19.___________ fired,yourhealthcareandotherbenefitswillnotbeimmediatelycutoff.(2006湖北—31)A.Wouldyoube  B.Shouldyoube C.CouldyoubeD.Mightyoube20.Elizarememberseverythingexactlyasifit _____________yesterday.(2006全国Ⅰ—31)A.washappening B.happensC.hashappened D.happened21.Ifitwerenotforthefactthatshe__________sing,Iwouldinvitehertotheparty.(2006福建—27)A.couldn’tB.shouldn’tC.can’tD.mightnot22.—How’syourtouraroundtheNorthLake?Isitbeautiful?—It____________be,butitisnowheavilypolluted.A.will  B.would C.should  D.must(2007全国Ⅰ—27)23.They____________twofreeticketstoCanada,otherwisethey’dneverhavebeenabletoaffordtogo.(2007山东—32)A.hadgotB.gotC.havegotD.get 24.Iftheweatherhadbeenbetter,wecouldhavehadapicnic.Butit____________allday.(2008全国II—11)A.rainedB.rainsC.hasrainedD.israining25.Butfortheirhelp,we____________theprogramintime.(2009安徽—34)A.cannotfinishB.willnotfinishC.hadnotfinishedD.couldnothavefinished26.ButforthehelpofmyEnglishteacher,I____________thefirstprizeintheEnglishWritingCompetition.(2009福建—35)A.wouldnotwinB.wouldnothavewonC.wouldwinD.wouldhavewon27.Thedoctorrecommendedthatyou___________swimaftereatingalargemeal.(2009浙江—13)A.wouldn’tB.couldn’tC.needn’tD.shouldn’t28.Thisprinterisofgoodquality.Ifit__________breakdownwithinthefirstyear,wewouldrepairitatourexpense.  A.wouldB.should  C.couldD.might(2009天津—15)29.Mr.Johnsoninsistedthattheproblemworthyofattention_____________(讨论)atthemeeting.(discuss)(2010湖北—76)30.—Theweatherhasbeenveryhotanddry.(2010北京—34)—Yes.Ifithadrainedevenadrop,thingswouldbemuchbetternow!Andmyvegetables_____________.A.wouldn’tdieB.didn’tdieC.hadn’tdiedD.wouldn’thavedied31.—Johnwenttothehospitalalone.—Ifhe____________meaboutit,Iwouldhavegonewithhim.(2010天津—15)A.shouldtellB.tellsC.toldD.hadtold32.Ifhe___________myadvice,hewouldn’thavelosthisjob.(2010湖南—29)A.followedB.shouldfollowC.hadfollowedD.wouldfollow33.Bobwouldhavehelpedusyesterday,buthe_______________.(2010安徽—26)A.wasbusyB.isbusyC.hadbeenbusyD.willbebusy34.Ifwe___________theotherroad,wemighthavearrivedhereintimeforthemeeting.(2010陕西—15)A.takeB.hadtakenC.tookD.havetaken35.Georgeisgoingtotalkaboutthegeographyofhiscountry,butI’dratherhe__________moreonitsculture.(2010江西—34)A.focusB.focusedC.wouldfocusD.hadfocused36.—Sorry,ProfessorSmith.Ididn’tfinishtheassignmentyesterday.—Oh,you___________havedoneitasyesterdaywasthedeadline.A.mustB.mustn’tC.shouldD.shouldn’t(2010上海—29)37.HadIknownaboutthiscomputerprogram,ahugeamountoftimeandenergy___________.(2010浙江—10)A.wouldhavebeensaved   B.hadbeensavedC.willbesavedD.wassaved38.MaybeifI___________science,andnotliteraturethen,Iwouldbeabletogiveyoumorehelp.(2011北京—30)A.studiedB.wouldstudyC.hadstudiedD.wasstudying39.I__________soonerbutIdidn’tknowthattheywerewaitingforme.(2011天津—15)A.hadcomeB.wascomingC.wouldcomeD.wouldhavecome40.We__________John’snameontheracelistyesterdaybutforhisrecentinjury.(2011江西—28)A.willputB.willhaveputC.wouldputD.wouldhaveput41.I______________throughthatbitterperiodwithoutyourgeneroushelp.(2011陕西—22)A.couldn’thavegoneB.didn’tgoC.wouldn’tgoD.hadn’tgone    一、 基础练习参考答案: 1~5BADAB    6~10CDABC    11~15CCDDB    16~20ADAAC    21~25DCDAD    26~30BDDAA31~35DABBD    36~40DABDC41-45.CAABB46-50.BCBCB51-55.CAABDB56—60.CDCCA61-65.ADCDC66.C67.B68.A69.A70.C71.D72.D73.D74.C75.C76.C77.A78.B79.C80.B81.A  82.-86.AABBD  87.-91.CBACD  92.-96.CDDAD  97.-101.CCDBA二、提高练习 参考答案:1~20:ABABCDDBCABADACAADDB21~40:CDBCCACBBACCBACABCCC41~50:DDCCCDDDBD