考研英语语法之虚拟语气 5页

虚拟语气一、虚拟条件句条件句分两种：一种是真实条件句，一种是虚拟条件句。虚拟条件句，即指在一个虚拟假想的条件下来描述说话人想象的、非真实的情景，这些情景是不可能发生的，与客观事实相反。在这种条件句中，从句和主句都要用虚拟语气。虚拟条件句一般用if，unless(ifnot)，lest来引导。表示虚拟的时间从句的谓语形式主句的谓语形式现在过去式didwould/should/might/could+do过去过去完成时haddonewould/should/might/could+havedone将来weretodo/shoulddowould/should/might/could+doIfIhaveenoughmoney,Iwillgotothezoowithyou.如果我有足够的钱，我会和你一起去动物园。（真实条件句，暗含“我先数一数钱，如果够，就去”之意。）IfIhadenoughmoney,Iwouldgotothezoowithyou.要是我有足够的钱的话（该多好），（这样）我就可以和你一起去动物园了。（对现在的虚拟，暗含“我身上几乎没钱，没法和你去”之意、）IfIhadhadenoughmoney,Iwouldhavegonetothezoowithyou.如果我当时有足够的钱的话，我就会和你一起去动物园了。IfIshouldhaveenoughmoney,Iwouldgotothezoowithyou.如果我到时候能有足够的钱，我就和你一起去动物园。Ifyouweretoexaminethebirthcertificatesofeverysoccerplayerin2006’sWorldCupTournament,youwouldmostlikelyfindanoteworthyquirk:elitesoccerplayersaremostlikelytohavebeenbornintheearliermonthsoftheyearthaninthelatermonths.如果仔细查看2006年世界杯联赛每个足球运动员的出生证明，你很可能会发现一个明显的巧合：好的足球运动员大都在一年的前几个月出生而不是后几个月。Ifrailroadschargedallcustomersthesameaveragerate,theyargue,shipperswhohavethe插入语optionofswitchingtotrucksorotherformsoftransportationwoulddoso,leavingremainingcustomerstoshoulderthecostofkeepingtheline.他们声称，如果铁路部门对所有客户都收取一样的费用，那么发货商就可以转向公路或其他的运输方式，从而迫使剩余的客户承担维持铁路经营的成本费用。二、wish、ifonly的虚拟用法（wish引导宾语从句，ifonly引导感叹句）与现在相反过去式didIfonly(=Iwish)myfriendwashealthy!与过去相反过去完成时haddoneIfonly(=Iwish)hehadtalkedtohersooner!与将来相反过去将来时woulddoIfonly(=Iwish)theywouldstopmakingnuclearbombs!Atthesecondhome,thesonoftheotherwomanwhohadgonesaid,“IfonlyIhadn’tinsistedonmymother’sgoingtoFlorida,shewouldbealivetoday.”在第二家，另一位已故妇人的儿子说：“如果当初我没有坚持让母亲去佛罗里达，也许她今天还会活着。”错综时间条件句5 三、wouldrather引导的宾语从句的虚拟用法wouldrather意为“宁愿、宁可”，其后的宾语从句用虚拟语气。wouldrather有时也写作wouldsooner，wouldjustassoon。与现在或将来相反过去式didI’dratheryouwerenotinvolvedinthecase.与过去相反过去完成时haddoneI’dratherthatyouhadn’ttoldmeaboutit.四、asif、asthough引导的方式状语从句与现在相反过去式didSummerasitis,itseemsasifitwerespring.与过去相反过去完成时haddoneNobodyevertouchedthismachinebutitoperatesasifithadbeenrepaired.表示将来的可能性不大过去将来时woulddoSomedaysgobymuchmorequicklythanothers.Somehoursseemasifheywouldneverend.IfIcorrectsomeone,Iwilldoitwithasmuchgoodhumorandself-restraintasifIweretheonebeingcorrected.如果我要纠正别人，我会采取幽默自制的态度，好像在纠正自己一样。ManyimmigrantsinSaltLakeCitywereangeredbythearrestsandsaidtheyfeltasiftheywerebeingtreatedlikedisposablegoods.盐湖城的许多移民都对这次拘捕表示愤慨，他们说感觉自己就像是可随意处理的商品一样被对待。asif/asthough也可不用于虚拟语气，而用陈述语气，表示事实有很大的可能性。这种情况常用在look,seem,appear,taste,smell,sound等后。Itseemsasiftheboyhaslosthisway.Therewerecloudsinthesky;itlooksasifitisgoingtorain.五、建议性虚拟语气建议性虚拟语气以suggest的用法为典型代表，用于表示建议、要求、命令等语气。其形式采用should+动词原形，其中should可省略。表愿望desire,prefer;desirable,preferable;desire,preference,wish,hopeWedesirethatthetourleaderinformusimmediatelyofanychangeinplans.表建议advise,propose,suggest,recommend;advisable,proposed,suggestive;advice,proposal,suggestion,motionHesuggestedwegototomorrow’sexhibitiontogether.表要求请求ask,beg,insist,maintain,oblige,request,require,urge;insistent,urgent,requested;insistence,maintenances,request,requirement,urge,petitionMike’suncleinsiststhathe(should)notstayinthishotel.表命令command,decree,dictate,direct,order,stipulate;command,decree,dictation,direction,order,stipulationAsCommander-in-chiefofthearmedforces,Ihavedirectedthatallmeasuresbetakenforourdefense.5 表决定decide,determine,resolve;decisive,resolved,decided;decision,determination,resolutionItisdecidedthatnosmokingbeallowedintheclassroom.表其他arrange,deserve,intend,motion(示意),promise;promising,arranged,inevitable;arrangement,intention,promiseIthasbeenarrangedthattheyleavethefollowingday.Recentcourtdecisionshaveconfirmedtherightofallchildren–disabledornot–toan主语谓语1宾语appropriateeducation,andhaveorderedthatpublicschoolstakethenecessarystepstoprovide修饰宾语theright谓语2宾语从句thateducation.近期法院的裁决赋予了所有儿童（无论残疾与否）接受适当的教育的权利，并且责令公立学校采取必要的步骤提供这种教育。Smithrecommendsthat,wheneverpossible,youscheduleadentalappointmentorotherdiscomfortingeventsinthemorningsoyoudon’tspendthewholedayworryingaboutit.史密斯建议，一有可能，你就在早晨安排与牙医的见面或者其他令你感到不安的事，这样你就不会一整天都感到惴惴不安了。Thesuggestionthatthemayorshouldpresenttheprizeswasacceptedbyeveryone.由市长来颁奖的建议已被大家接受。补充拓展：Suggest当“建议”讲时，后面的宾语从句要用虚拟语气；当“暗示”、“略微透露”、“表明”讲时，后面的宾语从句不用虚拟语气Herfacesuggested(表明)thatshewasill.SoIsuggested(建议）thatsheshouldbesenttothenearesthospitalimmediately.Insist当“坚决要求”、“硬要”讲时，后面的宾语从句用虚拟语气。当“坚持说”讲时，不用虚拟语气。Tominsisted(坚决要求)Mikeshouldapologizetohisteacher,butMikeinsisted(坚持说)thathewasnotwrongatall.Theoriesconcerningtheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehaviorbecausetheywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthroughinteractionswithothers.关于个体研究的理论认为，孩子们从事犯罪活动是因为在以前的错行中对他们的惩罚力度不够，或是因为他们在与其他人的交往中学会了犯罪。六、情态动词表虚拟语气may/might,表目的、让步Howeverharditmayrain,weshallhavetogo.Hediedinorderthatothersmightbesaved.may/mighthavedone;表示推测，可能已经，或许已经could/wouldhavedone表示本来能够做却没有做Hemighthavegivenyouhelp,howeverbusyhewas.Hadheworkedharder,hewouldhavegotthroughtheexams.5 should/oughttohavedone;shouldn’t/oughtn’thavedone表示本应做/本不应做却没做/做了Ifhewerewise,heshouldhavecometoseeme.Yououghttohavebeenmorecarefulinthisexperiment.neednt’havedone表示本来没必要做却做了Therewasplentyoftime.Sheneedn’thavehurried.Thecurrentstateofaffairsmayhavebeenencouraged–thoughnotjustified–bythelackoflegalpenalty(inAmerica,butnotEurope)fordataleakage.（在美国而不是欧洲）对泄漏数据缺乏法律制裁虽然并不能解释但却有可能助长了目前的事态。Howmanymenwouldhaveconsideredthepossibilityofanapplefallingupintothetree?有多少人考虑过苹果向上落到树上的可能性？七、含蓄虚拟条件句otherwise,orHemusthavehadanaccident,orhewouldhavebeenherethen.Wedidn’tknowhistelephonenumber,otherwisewewouldhavetelephonedhim.with,withoutNelsoncouldhavewonthefight,withalittlemoretrainingandabettermanager.butforButforthefog,wewouldhavereachedourdestinationintime.inthepast,insb’spositionAmaninhispositionmighthavedonethesamething.under要是在…的情况下Undertheleadershipofalessexperiencedperson,theexperimentwouldhavefailed.incaseThegamewillbepostponedincaseit(should)snow.given(that)…provided(taht)…Givenmoretime,Iwouldhavebeenabletofinishthetest.onconditionthatTheguardsallowthetouriststogointothewoodsonconditionthatthey(should)notdoharmtotheanimals.suppose/supposing(that)假设Suppose/supposingthattherewerenogravity,objectswouldnotfalltogroundwhendropped.Withoutforgetting,adaptiveabilitywouldsuffer,forexample,learnedbehaviorthatmighthavebeencorrectadecadeagomaynolongerbe.如果没有遗忘，适应能力就会受到影响，例如十年前也许正确的行为现在不再正确了。Withouttheprospectofsuchamonopoly,itiswidelybelieved,therewouldbeadiminishedmotivationtoinvent,andinthelongrunsocietyasawholewouldsufferfromaslowerrateoftechnologicaladvance.人们普遍认为，如果没有这种垄断前景，人们进行发明创造的动力就会衰减，长此以往，整个社会进步的速度就会变慢。八、Itis/was…+that从句结构中的虚拟语气表重要important,crucial,vital,essential,imperative表必要necessary,essential,obligatory,compulsory表正确appropriate,fair,just,right,proper,reasonable表惊奇surprising,astonishing,amazing,shocking,strange,odd5 表警惕alarming,tragic表害怕frightening,dreadful表生气annoying,irritable,lamentable表失望discouraging,disconcerting,disappointing表懊悔apity,ashame,regretted,deplorable表困惑perplexing,bewildering表着急anxious,concerned,eager,urgent,keen其他incredible,unthinkable,embarrassing,upsetting,ridiculousItisappropriatethatsometimebedevotedtothoroughstudyoftheresultsoftheApollomission.拿出时间对阿波罗登月计划的结果做具体研究是合理的。Itisunthinkablethattheyshouldhavedeniedmyrequest.他们竟然拒绝我的请求，真是不可思议。九、其他句型中的虚拟语气Itis(high/about)timethat+一般过去式IfIwereinamovie,thenitwouldbeabouttimethatIburiedmyheadinmyhandsforacry.forfearthat以免Wespokeinwhispersforfear(that)wemightwaketheroommate.inorderthatTheheroesgavetheirlivesinorderthatwemightliveahappylife.sothatIdidthissothatwemighthaveacoupleofweekstopreparemypaper.lestShealwaysstudieshardlestshe(should)lagbehind.虚拟语气练习：Thechangesthathavetakenplaceinairtravelduringthelastsixtyyearswouldhaveseemed主语定语从句谓语（系动词）completelyimpossibletoeventhemostbrilliantscientistattheturnofthe19thcentury.最近六十年来空中旅行发生的变化即使对19世纪末20世纪初最有成就的科学家来说似乎也显得是完全不可能的。Hebelievesthatthisverydifficultymayhavehadthecompensatingadvantageofforcinghimtothinklongandintentlyabouteverysentence,andthusenablinghimtodetecterrorsinreasoningandinhisownobservations.他认为正是这种困难弥补了他的劣势，有利于强迫他长时间专注地思考每一个句子，从而使他能发现自己在推理和观察中的错误。5