英语语法学习-定语从句 5页

5英语语法学习-定语从句---关系代词引导的定语从句　　关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。1）who,whom,that　这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：　Ishethemanwho/thatwantstoseeyou?他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语）　Heisthemanwhom/thatIsawyesterday.他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语）2)Whose用来指人或物，(只用作定语,若指物，它还可以同ofwhich互换）,例如：　Theyrushedovertohelpthemanwhosecarhadbrokendown.　那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。　Pleasepassmethebookwhose(ofwhich)coverisgreen.　请递给我那本绿皮的书。3）which,that　　它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如：　　Aprosperitywhich/thathadneverbeenseenbeforeappearsinthecountryside.农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which/that在句中作宾语）　　Thepackage(which/that)youarecarryingisabouttocomeunwrapped.你拿的包快散了。(which/that在句中作宾语）定语从句1.限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句的区别a)非限定性定语从句和主句的关系不十分密切，朗读时先行词部分一般用降调并稍做停顿，书写的时候多半用逗号分开。b)非限定性定语从句能够修饰整个句子，限定性定语从句则不能。c)非限定性定语从句与限定性定语从句的含义不一样，限定性定语从句是确指，而非限定性定语从句是泛指。d)先行词为专有名词或者具有特指对象的名词时，一般要用到非限制性定语从句。e)在非限定性定语从句中，现行词指人的时候，关系代词只能是who,whom，不能用that；先行词指物的时候，关系代词只能用which,　不能用that。2.各种关系代词的使用方法a)关系代词who的用法i.who5 5的前行词必须是人，在从句中可以担任主语，往往也可以代替在从句中担任宾语的whom,但是它前边不能有介词，如果带了介词就必须用宾格的whom:（介词+whom）Thisistheteacherwhoteachesusmathematics.Sheisthegirlwho(whom)Imetattheparty.　（可以替代）Sheisthegirlwhom(who)Iwenttherewith.　（可以替代）SheisthegirlwithwhomIwentthere.　　　（不可替代）ii.who，that在很多情况下可以通用，但是有些情况只能用who:1.先行词是one,ones,anyone的时候宜用who.Onewhohasnothingtofearforoneselfdarestotellthetruth.Theoneswhoflattermedon’tpleaseme.Don’ttellanyoneaboutthenewswhooughtn’ttoknowit.Anyonewhofailstofinishthetaskgivenshouldbecriticized.2.先行词为those的时候，宜用who为关系代词Thosewhowerenotfitfortheirworkcouldnotseethebeautifulclothesmadeofthemagiccloth.ThosewhowanttogototheGreatWallsignuphere.3.当先行词有比较长的后置定语的时候ImetaforeignerinthestreetyesterdaywhocouldaskedmequestionsinChinese.4.一个句子中带有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词为that,另一个则用who.Theboythatyoumetlastnightisthegroupleaderwhostudiesveryhard.5.在therebe开头的句子中Thereisanoldmanwhowantstoseeyou.Therearemanyyoungmenwhoareagainsthim.b)关系代词whose的用法whose是代词的所有格，它既可以代人也可以代物。当代物的时候，它相当于ofwhich.Isawawomanwhosebagwasstolen.I’llcallapersonwhosefatherknows5 5you.Whichisthecarwhoseowneryouknow?(Whichisthecartheownerofwhichyouknow)Pleaseshowmethebookwhosecoverisred.(Pleaseshowmethebookthecoverofwhichisred)c)关系代词that的用法首先特别注意，that只能用在限定性定语从句中，在非限定性定语从句中永远不能选用that,另外介词后边也不可用that,而是跟which.在限定性定语从句中，which和that在代替物的时候，一般可以通用。Themoneythat(which)isinthewalletismine.有些情况下，只宜用that,而不宜用whichi.先行词是最高级形容词或者它前面有最高级形容词的时候Thisisthebestthathasbeenusedagainstpollution.Englishisthemostdifficultsubjectthatyouwilllearnduringtheseyears.ii.先行词是序数词，或者它前面有一个序数词的时候Heisthelastperson(that)Iwanttosee.ItisthefirstAmericanmovieofthiskindthatI’veeverseen.iii.主句已有疑问词who或者which的时候Whichisthebikethatyoulost?Whoisthewomanthatwaspraixedatthemeeting?iv.先行词既有人又有物，宜用thatDoyouknowthethingsandpersonsthattheyaretalkingabout?Thebikeanditsriderthathadrunoveranoldmanweretakentothepolicestation.v.先行词是all,much,little,something,everything,anything,nothing,none,theone等不定代词时Youshouldhandinallthatyouhave.Wehaven’tgotmuchthatwecanofferyou.Imeantheonethatyoutalkedaboutjust5 5now.vi.先行词前面Only,any,few,little,no,all,oneof,thesame,thevery等词修饰的时候Theonlythingthatwecandoistogiveyousomemoney.LiMingistheonlyonethatwantstobeateacher.LiMingisoneofthestudentsthatwanttobeteachersinourclass.vii.有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词已用which,另外一个宜用that.Edisonbuiltupafactorywhichproducedthingsthathadneverbeenseenbefore.d)关系代词which的用法在非限定性定语从句中，只宜用which,不宜用that.Beijing,whichisthecapitalofChina,isaverybeautifulcity.在限定性定语从句中which和that在指代物的时候常常可以通用，但是有时只宜用which而不用thati.关系代词前面有介词的时候Thisisthehotelinwhichyouwillstay.ii.如果有两个定语从句，其中的一句的关系词是that,另一句宜用which.LetmeshowyouthenovelthatIborrowedfromthelibrarywhichwasnewlyopentous.3.关系代词与介词，关系代词的省略a)关系代词和介词介词放在关系代词的前面时，介词短语只能用which代物，和用whom代人Thisistheheroofwhomweareproud.IwanttofindtheverypenwithwhichIwrotethatletter.当介词放在句子的末尾时，可用that/which代物，that/whom/who来作为介词的宾语，且这个做介词宾语的关系代词往往忽略Thisistheherothat(who/whom/忽略)weareproud5 5of.b)关系代词的省略首先注意只有限定性定语从句才能省略，非限定性定语从句绝对不能省略。在下列情况下，可以省略关系代词。i.当关系代词在从句中担任动词宾语的时候Thepeople(who)wemetatthepartywereveryfriendlytous.ii.关系代词在从句中作介词，而介词在句尾时Hereistheman(that)youhavebeenlookingfor.iii.关系代词在从句中作表语时ShangHaiisnolongerthecity(that)itusedtobe.iv.在therebe句型中，和先行词为way时，关系代词总是省略Thereisanoldman(who)wantstoseeyou.Idon’tliketheway(that)youtalktosomebodyelse.注意，有些动词+介词所组成的短语动词，关系非常紧密，介词不能前置4.定语从句注意事项a)oneof+复数名词+关系代词+复数型动词the(only)oneof+复数名词+关系代词+单数型动词TheGreatWallisoneoftheworld-famousbuildingsthatdrawlotsofvisitors.Titanicisthe(only)oneofthemostwonderfulmoviesthathasbeenproducedinHollywood.b)What不能用于定语从句中。5