2016初升高英语语法衔接 75页

实用文档教育精品资料2016初升高英语语法衔接一、名词 1．名词的分类 2．名词的数 3．名词所有格 二、代词 1.人称代词主格、宾格形式及其主要用法； 2.名词性物主代词与形容词性物主代词的形式、区别及其主要用法； 3反身代词的形式、意义及其主要用法； 4常见不定代词的一般用法； 5.指示代词的一般用法 6.疑问代词的基本用法。 三、冠词 1.不定冠词的用法 2.定冠词的用法 3.不用冠词的情况 四、数词 1.基数词2.序数词3.其他关于数的表示法五、形容词和副词1.形容词2.副词3.形容词和副词的比较级、最高级六、动词时态 1.一般现在时的构成和用法 2.一般过去时的构成和用法 文案大全 实用文档3.一般将来时的构成和用法4.过去将来时的构成和用法5.现在完成时的构成和用法6.过去完成时的构成和用法7.将来完成时的构成和用法8.现在进行时的构成和用法9.过去进行时的构成和用法10.现在完成进行时的构成和用法 七、动词语态 1.被动语态的构成和用法 2.被动语态使用中应注意的问题 八、非谓语动词 1.不定式的用法 2.动名词 3.分词（现在分词和过去分词） 九、主谓一致 1.语法一致原则 2.意义一致原则 3.就近一致原则十、情态动词1.can,could,beableto2.may,might3.must,haveto4.should,oughtto5.need,dare6.shall,will,would7.其他情态动词的用法十一、名词性从句1.主语从句2.表语从句文案大全 实用文档1.宾语从句2.同位语从句十二、定语从句1.关系代词引导的定语从句2.关系副词引导的定语从句3.非限制性定语从句十三、状语从句1.时间状语从句2.条件状语从句3.地点状语从句4.原因状语从句5.目的和结果状语从句6.让步状语从句7.比较状语从句8.方式状语从句文案大全 实用文档第1讲名词名词是表示人、事物和抽象概念等的词。名词的可数与否、名词单复数形式的变化与谓语动词的一致、名词的修饰语、名词的辨析、固定搭配、名词作定语等是名词学习及测试的重点。v初高中衔接相关知识在初中阶段对名词的考查主要表现在名词的单复数、名词所有格方面，其考查题型以单项选择、完形填空为主；而在高中阶段除了考查名词的单复数、名词所有格外，更注重考查名词在语境中所表达的含义，层次更深一些，主要出现在选择题中。一、名词的分类类别意义例词专有名词表示人、地方、事物、机构、组织等特有的名称的词。首字母大写，冠词、介词除外LiuXiang,Mr.Smith,Linda,Japan,theGreatWall,Monday,Teachers’DayBankofChina普通名词可数名词个体名词表示某类人或事物的个体的词teacher,pen,country,man,boy,panda集体名词表示若干个体组成的集体的词，指一群人或一些事物people,family,police,class,team,staff,army不可数名词物质名词表示无法分为个体的实物的词，指构成各种物体的物质或材料water,milk,air,wood,glass,paper,tea,advice,furniture,traffic,weather,snow抽象名词表示动作、状态、品质、性质、行为、感情等抽象概念的词knowledge,health,strength,courage,information,homework,friendship【注意】（1）family,class等词作为一个整体时视为单数，强调其家庭/族成员或班级成员时视为复数；（2）部分有生命的集体名词本身就是复数的概念：①police指警察、警官的总称，本身表示复数。Thepolice(主语)+谓语动词复数②people指人们、人民，本身表示复数。(The)…people+谓语动词复数people指民族，有单、复数变化e.g.fifty-sixpeoples五十六个民族二、名词的数1、可数名词：有单、复数形式，可以用书来计算的名词，包括个体名词和集体名词。（1）规则名词复数形式的构成及变化：（2）可数名词复数形式的不规则变化：①固定形式：文案大全 实用文档man-menfoot-feetmouse-micechild-childrenox-oxen公牛German-Germanshuman-humanswalkman-walkmanswoman-womenpoliceman-policementooth-teethgoose-geesepolicewoman-policewomenphenomenon-phenomena现象①单复数同形：Chinese,fish鱼肉,ship,deer,people,Japanese,means,Swiss,works工厂,series,species物种；种类,yuan元,jiao角,fen分,li里,jin斤,mu亩,Portuguese葡萄牙人②部分集合名词既可作单数（整体），也可作复数（成员）family,class,group,public,union,team,audience,army,committee,faculty（1）复合名词的复数情况：①如有主体名词，将主体名词变为复数e.g.agirlstudent→twogirlstudentsapasser-by→threepassers-by过路人abrother-in-law→fourbrothers-in-law姐夫②如没有主体名词，则在词末加-se.g.agrown-up→manygrown-ups成年人①man,woman作定语，构成复合名词时，两部分都要变成复数e.g.twomendoctorsthreewomenteachers②通常只用于复数的名词：A.表示成双成对的：glasses,pants,trousers,scissors,jeans,clothes,socks,chopsticks,shorts,compassesB.表示较多数量的：savings,stairs,surroundings,wages,circumstances,belongings财产,remains遗体；遗物,suburbs,arms武器（2）特殊的复数形式：①the+集体名词“全体……”表示一类人或是整体，具有复数意义e.g.thepolice,theFrench②双重含义的复数名词：A.fish——作“鱼”的条数时，单复数同形为fish；作“鱼”的种类时，复数为fishes作“鱼肉”时，为不可数名词，fishB.people——人民，单复数同形民族，复数为peoplesC.works——工作，不可数名词工厂，单复数同形e.g.achemicalworkstwochemicalworks著作，可数e.g.aworkbyLuXuntwoworksbyLuXunü类似的词还有：forces军队irons脚镣手铐customs海关letters文学spirits酒精；情绪manners礼貌goods货物looks外表times时代greens青菜drinks饮料sands沙滩，沙地waters水域brains智力pains努力regards问候（3）以s结尾，表示单数，没有复数意义的词：economics,theUnitedStates/Nations,文案大全 实用文档maths,news,physics,politics1、不可数名词：无复数形式，也不能由不定冠词a/an限定；包括物质名词和抽象名词（1）专有名词：BBC英国广播公司MarkTwain马克·吐温theWestLake西湖（2）物质名词：wind,gas,light,bread,sand,rice,sugar（3）抽象名词：happiness,music,fun,progress,weather,housework（4）部分名词的两重性：既可作可数名词，又可作不可数名词work（著作/工作）glass（眼镜、玻璃杯/玻璃）hairbeer/coffee/tearoom（房间/空间）chicken（小鸡/鸡肉）experience（经历/经验）exercise（练习/锻炼）wood（森林/木头）fire（火灾/火）paper（论文、文件、报纸、卷子/纸）food（各种各样的食品/食物）fruit（水果种类/水果总称）beer/tea/coffeecloth（油布、桌布/布料）difficulty（难事/困难）success（成功的人/成功）（5）常见易错的不可数名词：air,news,advice,furniture,traffic,information,weather,luck,clothing,progress,equipment,fire,fun,grass,money,meat,waste,wealth,population,time（6）抽象名词表示具体事物时，为可数名词，可被a/an修饰，有复数形式。表示“某种人或事”：honor令人感到荣耀的人或事death死者pleasure令人感到高兴的人或事success/failure成功/失败的人或事surprise令人感到惊讶的人或事worry令人感到烦恼的人或事beauty美丽的人或事pity遗憾的人或事E.g.Maryisagreathonortoourclass.Whatasurpriseyougaveusall.2、可数和不可数名词的不定量的表示：（1）利用单位词：“数词或冠词+量词+of+不可数名词”量词有单复数形式，of只能加原形abottleof,apairof,apieceof,adropofwater,abarofchocolate,aloafofbread,anarticleoffurniture,abowlofrice,akiloofsalt,agrainofsand,“数词或冠词+量词+of+可数名词复数”abagofeggs,aboxofbooks,fiveheadofsheep（2）利用“few,afew,many,anumberof,alargenumberof=largenumbersof”修饰可数名词（3）利用“little,alittle,abitof,much,agreatdealof,alargeamountof”修饰不可数名词“some,any,most,alotof=lotsof,plentyof”既修饰可数名词，也修饰不可数名词三、名词所有格名词所有格：英语中名词可在词尾加-’s作定语，修饰另一个名词，表示所有格关系名词所有格有三种构成形式：’s所有格、of所有格、双重所有格文案大全 实用文档1、’s所有格（1）’s所有格形式的构成1）一般情况，在名词词尾加-’se.g.mybrother’sbag2)如果名词已经有复数词尾“-s”，则只加-’e.g.theteachers’office3)如果名词是复数，但不带词尾“-s”，则加-’se.g.Women’sDay4)复合名词及作整体的名词词组，在最后一个名词词尾加-’se.g.myfather-in-law’sfriendeachother’saddressessomebodyelse’sopinion5)如果几个词共同拥有的所有关系时，则只在最后一个名词后面加上-’se.g.TomandJim’sfather6)如果表示几个各自的所有关系时，则每个名词后面都要加上-’se.g.Lily’sandLucy’sroomsü注意：theSmith’s史密斯的家theSmiths史密斯一家人theSmiths’史密斯一家的住处（5）“基数词+连字符+单数名词”可作前置定语，表示时间、距离等。当表达同一含义时，可与名词所有格形式相互转换用连字符“-”时，year,meter,minute等时间或距离的名词用单数atenminutes’ride=aten-minuterideaseven-year-oldgirl=agirlofseven2、of所有格：“of+名词”一般适用于无生命的名词（1）表示无生命的名词的所有关系（词序与汉语相反）“……的”e.g.thegateofourschool（2）某些表示人、事、动物、机构、组织的名词，可以用of属格代替’s属格theguests’arrival=thearrivaloftheguests客人的到达ü区别比较：aphotoofJack’s一张杰克所拥有的照片aphotoofJack杰克的一张照片oneofmysister’sfriends=afriendofmysister’s我妹妹的一个朋友（强调多个中的一个）afriendofmysister我妹妹的朋友（强调是朋友关系，不是其他关系）mysister’sfriend表示我妹妹唯一的一个朋友或刚刚谈及的那个朋友²典型例题：1．---Wherehaveyoubeen,Tim?　---I’vebeento______.　A.theHenryhouse     B.theHenryfamily　C.TheHenry’shome   D.Henry’s2．InEngland,if____isinthemiddleoftheday,theeveningmealiscalledsupper.　A.food  B.lunch  C.breakfast  D.dinner文案大全 实用文档3．Youlookedforittwice,butyouhaven’tfoundit.Whynottry____.　A.threetimes  B.athirdtime  C.thethirdtime  D.once4．---Theyarethirsty.Willyoupleasegivethem______?　---Certainly.　A.somebottlesofwaters  B.somebottlesofwater　C.somebottleofwater    D.somebottleofwaters5．Mikehurtoneofhis______intheaccidentyesterday.　A.tooth  B.feet  C.hand  D.ear6．Thereissome_______ontheplate.　A.cakes  B.meat  C.potato  D.pears7．InEngland,thelastnameisthe _______.　A.familyname  B.middle  C.givenname  D.fullname8．Theyaregoingtofly_______toBeijing.　A.Germen  B.Germany  C.Germanys  D.Germans9．The______hastwo_______.　A.boys;watches  B.boy;watch  C.boy;watches  D.boys;watch10．Thelittlebabyhastwo_______already.　A.tooth  B.tooths  C.teeth  D.teeths11．What’syour_______forbeinglateagain?　A.idea  B.key  C.excuse  D.news12．---It’sdangeroushere.We’dbettergooutquickly.　　---ButIthinkweshouldlet_______gooutfirst.　A.womanandchildren  B.womenandchild　C.womanandchild     D.womenandchildren13．---YoucanseeMr.Smithifthereisasign“_______”onthedoorofhisshop.　　---Thanks.　A.ENTRANCE      B.BUSINESSHOURS　C.THISSIDEUP  D.NOSMOKING14．Aretheygoingtohaveapicnicon_______?　A.Children’sDay   B.Childrens’sDay　C.ChildrensDay     D.ChildrenDay15．Wherearethestudents?Aretheyin_______?　A.theRoom406  B.Room406  C.the406Room  D.406Room【练习答案】文案大全 实用文档1.D2.B3.B4.B5.B  6.B7.A8.D9.C10.C 11.C12.D13.B14.A15.B第2讲冠词冠词是虚词，本身不能单独使用，也没有词义。用在名词的前面，帮助指明名词的含义。英语中的冠词有三种，一种是定冠词（theDefiniteArticle），另一种是不定冠词（theIndefiniteArticle），还有一种是零冠词（theZeroArticle）。v初高中衔接相关知识在初中阶段对冠词的考查相对而言要简单些，只要掌握其中的规律即可；而到了高中，就要根据语境中的具体情况具体分析。因此，一定要在熟练掌握冠词用法的基础之上，注意特殊情况，灵活运用。一、不定冠词的用法不定冠词a(an)与数词one同源，是“一个”的意思，表示泛指。a用于辅音音素前，一般读作/ə/，而an则用于元音音素前，一般读作/æn/。1.表示“一个”，意为one；指某人或某物，意为acertain。如：AMr.Lingiswaitingforyou.2.代表一类人或物。Aknifeisatoolforcuttingwith.3.词组或成语。二、定冠词的用法定冠词the与指示代词this,that同源，有“那（这）个”的意思，但较弱，可以和一个名词连用，来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。1.特指双方都明白的人或物：Takethemedicine2.上文提到过的人或事：Heboughtahouse.I’vebeentothehouse.3.指世上独一无二的事物：thesun,thesky,themoon,theearth4.与单数可数名词连用表示一类事物，如：thedollar美元；thefox狐狸；5.与形容词或分词连用，表示一类人：therich富人；theliving生者6.用在序数词和形容词最高级，及形容词only,very,same等前面：Wheredoyoulive?Iliveonthesecondfloor.That’stheverythingI’vebeenlookingfor.7.用在某些普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级等专有名词前：thePeople’sRepublicofChina8.用在表示乐器的名词之前：Sheplaysthepiano.ü如果乐器是中文拼音是定冠词the省略掉，如：playerhu9.用在姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人：theGreens格林一家10.用在惯用语中：intheday,inthemorning,intherain,inthemiddleof,bytheway,onthewhole文案大全 实用文档三、零冠词，即不用冠词的情况1.专有名词前。如：England,Mary2.泛指的复数名词，表示一类人或事物时。如：Theyareteachers.3.名词前已有作定语用的this,that,my,your,whose,some,any,no,each,every等代词时，不用冠词。例如：Thatismycap.Ihavesomequestions.Godownthisstreet.4.在季节、月份、节日、假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前。如：WegotoschoolfromMondaytoFriday.5.在称呼或表示官衔、职位的名词前，如：TheguardstooktheAmericantoGeneralLee.6.在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前，如：havebreakfast,playchess7.当两个或两个以上名词并用时，如：Ican’twritewithoutpenorpencil.8.当by与火车等交通工具连用，表示一种方式时，如：bybus,bytrain9.有些个体名词school,college,prison,market,hospital,bed,table,class,town,church,court等个体名词，直接置于介词后，表示该名词的深层含义。例如：gotohospital去医院看病，gotothehospital去医院（并不是去看病，而是有其他目的）四、冠词与形容词+名词结构1.两个形容词都有冠词，表示两个不同东西。例如：Heraisesablackandawhitecat.他养了一只黑猫和一只白猫。Theblackandthewhitecatsarehers.这只黑猫和这只白猫都是她的。2.若后一个形容词无冠词，则指一个物体。例如：Heraisesablackandwhitecat.他养了一只花猫（黑白相间的）。【演练】1.ThismorningIhad________eggandabottleofmilkformybreakfast.A.anB.aC.theD./2.---What’sthematterwithyou?---Icaught________badcoldandhadtostayin________.A.a;/B.a;theC.a;aD.the;the3.---Haveyouseen_______pen?Ileftitherethismorning.---Isit________blackone?IthinkIsawitsomewhere.A.a;theB.the;theC.the;aD.a;a4._______sunisshiningbrightly.文案大全 实用文档A.AB.AnC.TheD./5.Thereis_______“h”inthewordhour.A.aB.theC.anD./6.DidyouenjoyyourstayinXian?Yes.Ihad_______wonderfultime.A.aB.anC.theD./7.______sunisbiggerthan_______earth.A.A;theB.A;anC.The;anD.The;the8.Thereis_______appleandsomepearsonthetable.A.theB./C.aD.an9.Davidhas_______cat.It’sverynice.A.aB.anC.theD./10.I’mreading_______novel.Itis_______interestingstory.A.a;anB.a;aC.the;theD./;an【练习答案】1.A2.A3.D4.C5.C6.A7.D8.D9.A10.A第3讲代词文案大全 实用文档代词是用来指代人或事物，代替名词以及起名词作用的短语、分句和句子的词。代词可分为九类：人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词、指示代词、疑问代词、关系代词、不定代词和连接代词。v初高中衔接相关知识在初中阶段代词这部分，学生应主要掌握人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、不定代词、疑问代词等几类；而在高中阶段，学生还需掌握it,such,no,any,one,some以及all等词的用法。¤【注意事项】（一）指代必须准确无误如果在使用代词时指代不清楚，就会引起他人的误解、费解，甚至不理解。例如：Whilecarryingthepaintcanfromthegaragetothehouse,Marywasafraidthatsomeofitmightspillonhernewskirt.当玛丽从车库把油漆罐搬到屋里时，她担心油漆会溅到她的新裙子上。（二）使用人称代词、反身代词、物主代词这三类代词时，我们要注意他们在句中的人称、单复数、性和格的一致性。人称代词主要有主格和宾格两种形式。主格，如：I,we,he,they,she,it,you等，在句子中充当主语；宾格，如：me,us,him,them,her,it,you等，在句子中充当宾语。（三）反身代词的作用1.构成规则：（1）第一、二人称的反身代词是形容词性物主代词+self(selves)如：myself,yourself(yourselves)等；（2）第三人称的反身代词是宾格+self(selves)如：herself,itself,themselves等2.反身代词在句子中作宾语。当它作介词by的宾语时，表示强调。如：Theprisonerkilledhimselfbytakingpoison.3.反身代词在句子中作同位语，用来加强名词或代词的语气，强调某人亲自、本人；此时放在名词、代词之后，或句子末尾。如：Thestudentswillcleantheclassroomthemselves.（四）物主代词1.形容词性物主代词只能作定语。如：Mybrotheroftendoeshishomeworkinhisroom.2.名词性物主代词在句中充当主语、宾语、表语。相当于名词，=形容词性物主代词+名词如：Weeachboughtanewbook.YoursisaboutmanagementandmineisabouttheAmericanhistory.（五）不定代词主要不定代词：each,both,all,either,neither,one,none,little,few,many,much,other,文案大全 实用文档another,some,any；另外还有由some,any,no和every构成的合成代词，如：somebody,anythingnothing等。1．all在谈到两个以上的人或事物时，或是不可数的事物时，我们都可以用all，在句中充当主语、宾语、定语和同位语。另外，all指不可数的事物时可以作表语。如：Thisisallheknewaboutit.（作表语）这就是他了解有关这件事的一切。Theywereallcoveredwithdust.（作同位语）他们身上尽是尘土。2.each和everyeach和every都是“每一个”的意思，但在句子里各自强调的侧重点不同。（1）every从每一个个体着眼而强调“整体”；形容词，只能作定语；（2）each把一些东西一个一个地加以考虑，强调“各个”；既是形容词也是代词，可以作主语、宾语、定语和同位语。（3）every可用于：everyother/(every+数词)+名词的结构中，表示“每隔……”如：everyotherday每隔一天everythreedays每三年everyotherline每隔一行everytenmiles每隔十英里eachevery1)可单独使用1)不可单独使用2)可做代名词、形容词2)仅作形容词3)着重“个别”3)着重“全体”，毫无例外4)用于两者或两者以上中的每一个人或物4)用于三者或三者以上每一个人或物Theteachergaveatoytoeachchild.Eachballhasadifferentcolour.当我们说eachchild,eachstudent或eachteacher时，我们想到的是一个人的情况。而当我们说everychild和everystudent时，我们想到的是全体的情况，every的意思与all接近，表示他们都如此。EverystudentlovestheEnglishteacher.=AllstudentslovetheEnglishteacher.Everychildlikesplaying.=Allchildrenlikeplaying.3.one作不定代词时，有复数形式ones，代替前面刚提到的人或事物以避免重复，有自己的定语或冠词；还可以用来泛指人。如：Thisproblemisadifficultone.Idon’tlikecoloredenvelopes.Ilikewhiteones.文案大全 实用文档Modestyhelpsonegoforward,whereasconceitmakesonelagbehind.（泛指）4.some与any“一些”（1）作定语时，some多用于肯定句，any多用于否定句、疑问句或条件句。（2）表示请求、建议、反问或是希望得到肯定回答的疑问句中，常用some而不用any。（3）some可与数词连用，表示“大约”如：Somehundredteachershavemovedintonewhouses.Thebridgewasbuiltabouttwohundredyearsago.5.few,afew;little,alittle的用法（1）few,afew用于可数名词；little,alittle用于不可数名词（2）few,little表示否定，“几乎没有”；afew,alittle表示肯定，“几个，一些或一点点”6.no与none均表示否定意义（1）no=notany意在强调“连一个、一点都不”，只作形容词，一般与名词连用；（2）none则相当于名词，可独立在句中充当成分，也可与介词短语连用，表示在某一范围内“任何一个也不”。7.other,theother,another,others,theothers的区别。用法代名词形容词单数复数单数复数不定another另一个others别人，其他人another(boy)另一个（男孩）other(boys)其他男孩特定theother另一个theothers其余那些人、物theother(boy)另一个男孩theother(boys)其余那些男孩1）other可以作形容词用，后面可以跟单数或复数名词，意思是“其他的、别的”。Wherearehisotherbooks?Ihaven"tanyotherbooksexceptthisone.2）other也可以用作代词，与冠词the连用构成“theother”，表示两个人或物中的“另一个”。常与one搭配构成“one...,theother...”句型。Hehastwobrothers.Oneis10yearsold,theotheris5yearsold.Sheheldarulerinonehandandanexercise-bookintheother.3）other作代词用时，可以有复数“others”，泛指“另外的人或物”。常与some搭配构成“some....,others...”句型。Somewenttothecinema,otherswentswimming.文案大全 实用文档Thiscoatistoolarge.Showmesomeothers,please.4）“theothers”表示特指某范围内的“其他的人或物”。Wegothomeby4o"clock,buttheothersdidn"tgetbackuntil8o"clock.InourclassonlyTomisEnglish,theothersareChinese.5）another可以作形容词用，修饰后面的名词，意为“另一个”，还可以跟代词one.Youcanseeanothershipinthesea,can"tyou?Marydoesn"twanttobuythisskirt.Wouldyoupleaseshowheranotherone?6）another也可以作代词用，表示“另一个”。I"mstillhungryafterI"vehadthiscake.Pleasegivemeanother.5.all和both的用法。1）all指三者以上，或不可数的东西。谓语动词既可以用单数，也可以用作复数。在句中作主语、表语、宾语、同位语和定语。AllofuslikeMrPope.我们都喜欢Pope先生。（作主语）=WealllikeMrPope.(作同位语)Allthewaterhasbeenusedup.(作主语)That"sallfortoday.(作表语)Whynoteatall(of)thefish?(作宾语)Alltheleadersarehere.(作定语)2）both作代词。①与其他名词或代词并列出现，表示“两个都”。LucyandLilybothagreewithus.Theybothpassedontheirsticksatthesametime.Howareyourparents?They"rebothfine.②与“of+代词（或名词）”连用，表示“两者都”。BothofthemcametoseeMary.Bothofthebooksareveryinteresting.③单独使用，表示“两者（都）”。Michaelhastwosons.Bothareclever.Idon"tknowwhichbookisthebetter,Ishallreadboth.3）both用作形容词，放在名词之前，修饰该名词，表示“两者都”。Bothhisyoungersistersareourclassmates.Therearetalltreesonbothsidesofthestreet.文案大全 实用文档六、相互代词表示相互关系的代词叫做相互代词。相互代词有eachother和oneanother两种形式。在当代英语中，eachother和oneanother没有什么区别。相互代词可在句中作宾语，定语。作定语用时，相互代词用所有格形式。　Weshouldlearnfromeachother/oneanother.（作宾语）　Doyouoftenwritetoeachother/oneanother?（作宾语）　Weoftenborroweachother"s/oneanother"sbooks.（作定语）　Thestudentscorrectedeachother"s/oneanother"smistakesintheirhomework.（作定语）七、疑问代词疑问代词有who，whom，whose，what和which等。疑问代词用于特殊疑问句中，一般都放在句首，并在句子中作为某一句子成分。例如：Whoisgoingtocomeheretomorrow?（作主语）Whatisthat?(作表语)Whoseumbrellaisthis?(作定语)Whomareyouwaitingfor?(作宾语)八.关系代词关系代词是一种引导从句并起连接主句和从句作用的代词。关系代词有who,whose,whom,that,which.它们在句中可用作主语,表语,宾语,定语.在主句中,它们还代表着从句所修饰的那个名词或代词。例如：Ihatepeoplewhotalkmuchbutdolittle.I’mlookingatthephotographwhichyousentmewithyourletter.Withthemoneythathehadsaved,hewentonwithhisstudies.Doyouknowtheladywhoisinterviewingourheadmaster?【演练】1.Tom,Pleasepass________theglasses.Iwanttoreadthenewspapers.A.youB.meC.himD.her2.TheEnglishnovelisquiteeasyforyou.Thereare______newwordsinit.A.alittleB.littleC.afewD.few3.---Youwant________sandwich?---Yes,IusuallyeatalotwhenI’mhungry.A.otherB.anotherC.othersD.theother4.ThedoctorsandnursesaredoingtheirbesttofightSARS.Theythinkmoreofothersthan_______.文案大全 实用文档A.theyB.themC.themselvesD.theirs5.---Whichdoyouprefer,abottleoforangeorabottleofmilk?---______________,thanks.I’dlikeacupoftea.A.EitherB.NeitherC.BothD.None6.---Oh!Icameinahurryandforgottobringfood.---Nevermind.Youcanhave________.A.usB.oursC.youD.yours7.---CanIcomethiseveningortomorrowmorning?---_______isOK.I’mfreetodayandtomorrow.A.EitherB.NeitherC.BothD.None8.---Howareyougoingtoimprove_______thisterm?---Workharderthanlastterm.A.ourselvesB.myselfC.himselfD.yourself9.---Couldyoutellme_______sheislookingfor?---Hercousin,Susan.A.thatB.whoseC.whoD.which10.---Is_______here?---No.LiLeiandHanMeihaveaskedforleave.A.everybodyB.somebodyC.anybodyD.nobody11.Paulhas_______friendsexceptme,andsometimeshefeelslonely.A.manyB.someC.fewD.more12.Ifyouwanttobookaround-tripticket,you’llhavetopay______$30.A.moreB.otherC.theotherD.another13.---Doyoulivebyyourself,MrWang?---Yes.Ihavetwosons.But______ofthemliveswithme.TheyarenowstudyinginAmerica?A.neitherB.bothC.noneD.either14.---HaveyousentyourparentsanE-mailtellingthemyouarrivedsafe?---No._______ofthemcanuseacomputer.A.NoneB.BothC.NeitherD.All15.Whotaught_______Englishlastterm?Was_____Mr.Smith?A.you;itB.you;heC.your;itD.your;that16.---Thatwomanhasabaginherrighthand.What’sinher_____hand?A.anotherB.otherC.oneD.theother文案大全 实用文档17.Wedecidedtogoforafieldtripwithsomefriendsof_______.A.usB.ourC.oursD.ourselves18.---Isthereabustothezoo?---I’mafraidthere’s_______bustothezoo.A.noB.anyC.someD.none19.Youforgotyourdictionary?Youmayhave_______.A.meB.myC.mineD.myself20.Thisis______classroom.Whereis_______?A.our;themB.us;theyC.our;theirsD.ours;theirs【练习答案】1.B2.D3.B4.C5.B6.B7.A8.D9.C10.A11.C12.D13.A14.C15.A16.B17.C18.A19.C20.C第4讲数词表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词。数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词；表示顺序的数词叫序数词。v初高中衔接相关知识数次在中学语法中占有很重要的地位，在初中阶段要求学生掌握基数词、序数词、分数、小数以及时刻的表达和运用，数次通常在选择题和词性转换题型中出现。而在高中的学习要求中，除了上述的用法外，还要求掌握年代表示法、年龄表示法以及不定数量词“多”的表示法，高中阶段一般用选择题的方式来进行考查。1.倍数表示法（1）主语+谓语+倍数（或分数）+as+adj.+as如：Ihavethreetimesasmanyasyou.（2）主语+谓语+倍数（或分数）+thesize（amount,length…）of…，如：Thegrainoutputis8percenthigherthisyearthanthatoflastyear.2.分数表示法构成：基数词代表分子，序数词代表分母。分子大于1时，分母序数词用复数，如：1/3one-third；2/3twothirds3.年代表示法inthe1990s/inthe1990’s20世纪90年代4.年龄表示法（1）表示“整岁”，直接用基数词或year,age。例如：Heisatwenty-year-oldman.=Heisagedtwenty.=Heisatagetwenty.=Heisattheageoftwenty.（2）表示“在某人几十多岁”，用“inone’s+基数词复数”形式，还可以借助early,文案大全 实用文档middle,late来表达得更明确一些。例如：Heisinhisseventies.Thegirlisinherearlytwenties.Heisinhismiddleteens.他今年十四五岁。Sheisinherlatetwenties.她今年二十八九岁。（3）表示“快满多少岁”用进行时或将来时。例如：Heisgettingonforeighteen.=Heisgoingoneighteenyearsold.=Hewillbeeighteenyearsold.=Itwillbehiseighteenthbirthday.他快满十八岁了。（4）“不满多少岁”可用副词barely,nearly,almost,quite,yet,just等表示。例如：Sheisbarely/nearly/almostseventeen.=Sheisnotquite/yetseventeen.=Sheisjustunderseventeen.（5）表示“差多久满多少岁”用介词off。例如：Heisfivemonthsoffnineteen.Sheisthreeyearsofffifty.（6）“超过多少岁”用介词past例如：Heispastfifty.Heisamanpastmiddleage.Thebabyistwomonthspasttwoyearsold.3.不定数量词“多”的表示法被修饰名词的数英语表达汉语意思修饰可数名词dozensof几十；许多scoresof许多many,agood(great)many,manya(修饰单数可数名词)许多；大量hundredsof数以百计thousandsof,thousandsuponthousandsof成千上万millionsof数百万billionsof亿万修饰不可数名词much,agreat(good)dealof,alargeamountof,largeamountsof许多；大量修饰可数名词或不可数名词alotof,lotsof,plentyof,alargequantityof,largequantitiesof许多；大量²典型例题：文案大全 实用文档1.About_____oftheworkersinthatfactory_______youngpeople.A.third-fifths;areB.three-fifths;areC.three-five;isD.three-fifth;is2.Whatatable!I’veneverseensuchathingbefore.Itis_____itislong.A.halfnotaswideasB.widenotashalfasC.nothalfaswideasD.aswideasnothalf3.DuringWorldWarII,aJewish(犹太)ladywasprotectedbyalocalfamilyinShanghaiinher____.A.fiftiesB.fiftyC.fiftiethD.thefiftieth4.______thestudentsinthisprimaryschoolisaboutthreethousand;______ofthemaregirls.A.Anumberof;twothirdB.Thenumberof;twothirdsC.Anumberof;twothirdsD.Thenumberof;twothird第5讲：时态和语态考点集汇，讲解和训练一.动词的时态时态是谓语动词所表示的动作或情况发生时间的各种形式。英语动词有16种时态，但是常用的只有9种：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去进行时、过去将来时，现在完成进行时。下面分别进行介绍。1.一般现在时的用法文案大全 实用文档1)表示经常性，习惯性的动作；表示现在的状态、特征或真理而不表示具体的特定行为。句子中常用often，usually，everyday等时间状语。例如：Hegoestoschooleveryday。（经常性动作）Heisveryhappy.（现在的状态）Theearthmovesaroundthesun.〈真理〉2)在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，用一般现在时态的形式表示将来。Ifyoucomethisafternoon，we"llhaveameeting.WhenIgraduate，I"llgotothecountryside.3)有时这个时态表示按计划，规定要发生的动作，（句中都带有时间状语）但限于少数动词如begin，come，leave，go，arrive,start，stop，return，open，close等。Themeetingbeginsatseven.Thetrainstartsatnineinthemorning．4)表示状态和感觉的动词，如be，like，hate．think,remember,find，sound等常用一般现在时。例如：IlikeEnglishverymuch.Thestorysoundsveryinteresting.5)书报的标题。小说等情节介绍常用一般现在时。1.一般过去时的用法1)表示过去某时间发生的事、存在的状态或过去反复发生的动作。HesawMr.Wangyesterday.Heworkedinafactoryin1988.2)表示过去经常发生的动作，也可用“usedto”和“would＋动词原形”。例如：Iusedtosmoke.DuringthevacationIwouldswiminthesea．注意：usedto表示过去常发生而现在不再发生的动作或存在的状态。另外“tobeusedto＋名词（动名词）”表示“习惯于……’’。例如：Iamusedtotheclimatehere．Heisusedtoswimminginwinter.2.一般将来时的用法一般将来时表示将来的动作或状态。其表达形式除了“will或shall+动词原形”外，还有以下几种形式。1)“begoingto＋动词原形”，表示即将发生的或最近打算进行的事。例如：Itisgoingtorain.Wearegoingtohaveameetingtoday.2)go,come,start,move,leave,arrive,stay等可用进行时态表示按计划即将发生的动作。I’mleavingforBeijing.NextweekI’mstayinginthecountryfordays.3)“beto+动词原形”表示按计划要发生的事或征求对方意见。Arewetogoonwiththiswork?Theboyistogotoschooltomorrow.4)“beaboutto＋动词原形”表示即刻发生的动作，意为：bereadytodosth．后面一般不跟时间状语。例如：Weareabouttoleave.I’mabouttostartout.5)某些词，如come，go，leave，arrive，start，get，stay等的一般现在时也可表示将来。Themeetingstartsatfiveo"clock．Hegetsoffatthenextstop.3.现在进行时1)现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作，由“be＋现在分词”构成，另外“系动词十介词或副词”也表示进行时的意义。例如：Whatareyoudoing?Thebridgeisunderconstruction.2)表示感觉，愿望和状态的某些动词如：have,be,hear,see,文案大全 实用文档like等词一般不用进行时。1)非持续性动词一般不用进行时态，但当用于进行时态时所表达的意义是：a)逐渐地。b)反复进行的动作。例如：a)I’mbeginningtounderstandit.(我慢慢开始明白了。)b)Themonkeyisjumpingupanddownthere.(那只猴子在那一直上上下下跳个不停。)2)有的句子用一般现在时态和进行时态均可，但用进行时态往往带有感情色彩。比较：TheChangjiangRiverflowstotheeast.(长江向东流。客观现实)TheChangjiangRiverisflowingtotheeast.(长江滚滚东流。赞叹)Tomoftenliestoourteachers.(“汤姆经常对老师撒谎。”表汤姆的习惯)Tomisalwayslyingtoourteacher.(“汤姆老是对老师撒谎。”表说话者厌恶的态度)1.过去进行时的用法1)过去进行时表示过去某一时刻、某一阶段正进行的动作，由“was（were）十现在分词”构成。例如：In1980hewasstudyinginauniversity.HewasreadinganovelwhenIcamein.2)用一般过去时态和过去进行时态有行为完成与否的差别。比较：Yesterdaymysisterwrotealetter.(写了一封信)Yesterdaymysisterwaswritingaletter.(这封信或许还没有写完)2.现在完成时的用法现在完成时由“have＋过去分词”构成。其使用有两种情况：1)现在完成时所表示的动作在说话之前已完成，而对现在有影响。句中没有具体时间状语。HehasgonetoWuhan.（说话人认为他不在该地）HehasbeentoWuhan.（说话人认为他在该地）2)现在完成时所表示的动作开始于过去，持续到现在，也许还会持续下去。常用for和since表示一段时间的状语或sofar，now，today，thisweek（month，year）等表示包括现在时间在内的状语。例如：HehasstudiedEnglishfor5years.HehasstudiedEnglishsince1985.NowIhavefinishedthework．注意：表示短暂时间动作的词，如：come，go，die，marry，buy等的完成时不能与for，since等表示一段时间的词连用。3)现在完成时还可用在时间和条件状语从句中，表示将来某时完成的动作。例如：I’llgotoyourhomewhenIhavefinishedmyhomework.Ifithasstoppedsnowinginthemorning，we"llgotothepark．3.过去完成时的用法1)过去完成时由“had＋过去分词”构成。过去完成时的动词表示过去某一时刻或某一动作之前完成的动作状态。句中常用by，before，until，when等词引导的时间状语。例如：Bytheendoflastyearwehadbui1tfivenewhouses.Ihadlearnt5000wordsbeforeIenteredtheuniversity.2)文案大全 实用文档过去完成时的动词还可表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或状态持续到过去某个时间或持续下去。例如：Beforeheslept，hehadworkedfor12hours.1.过去将来时的用法过去将来时表示从过去的某时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时由“should或would+动词原形”构成。第一人称用should，其他人称用would。例如：Theyweresurethattheywouldsucceed.2.现在完成进行时的用法现在完成进行时由“have（has）+been＋现在分词”构成，表示现在以前一直在进行的动作。有些词，如work，study，live，teach等用现在完成进行时与用现在完成时意思差不多。例如：Ihaveworkedhereforthreeyears.Ihavebeenworkinghereforthreeyears.但多数动词在这两种时态中表示不同意思。例如：Ihavewrittenaletter．（己写完）Ihavebeenwringaletter.（还在写）注意：表示短暂动作的动词，如finish，marry，getup，come，go等不能用这种时态。一.动词的语态1.当句子的主语是动作的执行者时，谓语的形式叫主动语态。当句子的主语是动作的承受者时，谓语要用被动语态。被动语态由助动词be＋过去分词构成，时态通过be表现出来。例如：1)一般现在时：Youarerequiredtodothis．2)一般过去时：Thestorywastoldbyher.3)—般将来时：Theproblemwillbediscussedtomorrow．4)现在进行时：Theroadisbeingwidened.5)过去进行时：Thenewtoolwasbeingmade.6)现在完成时：Thenovelhasbeenread.7)过去完成时：Hesaidthattheworkhadbeenfinished．8)过去将来时：Hesaidthatthetreeswouldbeplantedsoon.2.一些特殊的被动语态结构：1)带情态动词的被动结构：Theproblemmustbesolvedsoon.2)带不定式的被动结构：Theroomisgoingtobepainted.Thehomeworkneedstobedonewithcare．3)短语动词的被动结构：例l）Thebabyislookedaftercarefully．用于这类被动结构的短语动词要把它们作为整体看待，即要把它们看作单字及物动词。这类结构有以下几种：a)（不及物）动词＋介词：agreeto，askfor，callfor，laughat，listento，lookafter，operateon，sendfor，talkabout．thinkof等。b)（及物）动词＋副词：bringabout，carryout，findout，giveup，handin，makeout，passon，pointout，putaway，putoff，takeup,thinkover，turndown，turnout，wipeout，workout等。c)动词＋副词＋介词：doawaywith，faceupto，giveinto，lookdownupon,make文案大全 实用文档upfor,putupwith等。例２）Theywillbetaken(good)careof.Attentionmustbepaidtoyourpronunciation.用于这类被动结构的短语动词最多见的是“动词＋名词＋介词”这一结构。如：catchsightof，keepaneyeon，makeuseof，makeafoolof，payattentionto，putanendto，setfire/lightto，takecareof,takeholdof，takenoticeof等。例2)与例1)的不同点在于，它们用于被动态时能有两种形式。第一种形式是把“动词十名词＋介词”作为整体看待。第二种形式是把其中的“动词＋名词”作为“动词＋宾语”的结构处理。1)带复合宾语的动词在改为被动语态时，一般把主动结构中的宾语改成主语，宾语补足语保留在谓语后面。例如：Wealwayskeeptheclassroomclean．(比较：Theclassroomisalwayskeptclean.）2)汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示，例如：据说……Itissaidthat…希望……Itishopedthat…据推测说……Itissupposedthat…必须承认……Itmustbeadmittedthat…必须指出……Itmustbepointedoutthat…众所周知……Itiswellknownthat…有人会说……Itwillbesaidthat…大家认为……Itisgenerallyconsideredthat…有人相信……Itisbelievedthat…1.表示被动含义的主动动词1)系动词没有被动形式,但有些系动词常表示被动意义。常见的有look,taste,sound,smell,prove,feel等,例如:　　Yourreasonsoundsreasonable.Goodmedicinetastesbittertothemouth.2)一些与can’t或won’t连用的动词。常用的有:lock,shut,open,act等,例如:　　Thedoorwon’topen.　　Itcan’tmove.3)一些与well,easily,perfectly等连用的动词,如:sell,wash,clean,burn,cook等,例如:　　Thebooksellswell.Theseclotheswasheasily.4)用在“主语+不及物动词+主语补语”句型中的一些不及物动词,例如:Thismaterialhaswornthin.Thedusthasblownintothehouse.2.表示被动含义的主动结构1)在动名词结构中beworth,want(=need),need,require后所用的动名词,必须用主动结构表被动意义。　　Theseyoungseedlingswillrequire/needlookingafter(=needtobelookedafter)carefully.　　Yourhairwants/needscutting(needstobecut).2)在不定式结构中a)作定语:不定式结构常表示动宾关系,即用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。这种情形最常出现在“There+be+主语+修饰主语的不定式”和“及物动词+宾语(或双宾语)+修饰宾语的不定式”结构中,特别是“主语+have+宾语文案大全 实用文档+修饰宾语的不定式”结构中。　　Givehimsomebookstoread.Hehasafamilytosupport.Thereisalotofworktodo.　　当然,这里的不定式在个别情形下也可用被动形式,含义区别不大,例如:　　Thereissomuchworktodo/tobedone.　　Givemethenamesofthepeopletocontact/tobecontacted.a)在“主语+be+形容词+不定式”句型中,有时主语是不定式结构的逻辑宾语,这是应用主动形式表示被动含义。适合于此结构的形容词比较多,最常用的有amusing,cheap,dangerous,difficult,easy,important,nice,pleasant等,例如:Thatquestionisdifficulttoanswer.Chicken’slegsarenicetoeat.b)在beto结构中的一些不定式:这种结构中的不定式通常应用主动表主动,被动表被动。然而,由于古英语的影响,下列动词仍用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义:　　Whoistoblameforstartingthefire？Thehouseistolet.Alotremainstodo.1)在特殊结构中a)“be+under+名词”结构:这种结构表示某事“在进行中”。例如:　　Thebuildingisunderconstruction.　　Thewholematterisunderdiscussion(=isbeingdiscussed).　　经常这样用的名词还有repair(修理),treatment(治疗),question(质问)等。b)“beworthyof+名词”结构:在这一结构中,名词和句子的主语有被动含义,如:　　amanworthyofsupportnothingworthyofpraise此结构后通常用表示行为的名词,而不用动名词的被动形式。巩固训练【历届高考题选】1.Myaunt________toseeus.She’llbeheresoon.A.comesB.iscomingC.hadcomeD.hascome2.WhenIgottothetopofthemountain,thesun________.A.wasshiningB.shoneC.hasshoneD.willshine3.I__________XiaoLisinceshewasalittlegirl.A.knewB.knowC.haveknownD.amknowing4.I____________youwerehere.A.don’tknowB.notknowC.didn’tknowD.wasn’tknow5.BecauseofmypoorEnglish,I’mafraidIcan’tmakemyself____________.A.understandB.tounderstandC.understandingD.understood6.Tom___________alettertohisparentslastnight.A.writesB.wroteC.writeD.haswritten7.I________myhomeworknow.A.finishB.finishedC.havefinishedD.hadfinished8.Youmayleavetheclassroomwhenyou_______writing.A.willfinishB.arefinishedC.havefinishedD.hadfinished9.Theyhaven’tseeeachother________atleastthreemonths.A.sinceB.duringC.forD.in10.Theforeignguests_________herealmostaweek.文案大全 实用文档A.havearrivedB.havebeenC.havereachedD.havegot1.Hesuddenlyrememberedthathe______hiskeyathome.A.hadforgottenB.hasleftC.hasforgottenD.hadleft2.Hewasmade_______.A.goB.goneC.goingD.togo3.By11o’clockyesterday,we_______attheairport.A.hadarrivedB.havearrivedC.shallarriveD.arrive4.Hewastooexcited___________.A.speakB.tospeakC.nottospeakD.speaking5.Heoften________toseehisgrandfather.A.goingB.togoC.hasgoneD.goes6.Let’sgetinthewheatbeforethesun____________.A.willsetB.wassetC.setD.sets7.Coalcan_______toproduceelectricityforagricultureandindustry.A.haveusedB.beusedC.useD.used8.I________Englishforfiveyearsnow.A.wasstudyingB.havebeenstudyingC.studiedD.amstudied9.Heoften_____hisclothesonSunday.A.washingB.washesC.haswashedD.wash10.I________atthestationlastnight.A.gotB.arrivesC.arrivedD.reach11.Wewillstartassoonasourteamleader_____.A.comesB.willcomeC.comeD.iscoming12.Youcanseethehouse_______foryears.A.isn’tpaintedB.hasn’tpaintedC.hasn’tbeenpaintedD.hadn’tpainted13.It____________whentheyleftthestation.A.hasrainedB.israiningC.rainsD.wasraining14.Somenewoilfields________since1976.A.wereopenedupB.hasopenedupC.havebeenopenedupD.hadbeenopenedup15.Thearticle_______ChinesebycomradeLi.A.isgoingtotranslateintoB.isgoingtobetranslatedintoC.wasgoingtobetranslatedwithD.willtranslatein16.Bythetimehewastwelve,Edison_________tomakealivingbyhimself.A.wouldbeginB.hasbegunC.hadbegunD.wasbegun17.I’llbeginthedictationwhenyou_____ready.A.shallbeB.willbeC.areD.havebeen18.Don’tgetoffthebusuntilit_____________.A.hasstoppedB.stoppedC.willstopD.shallstop19.“Wouldyouliketoplaychesswithme?”“Sorry,Ihavetofinishmyhomeworkbeforemymother____back.A.comesB.willcomeC.shallcomeD.hascome20.Thethingstalkedaboutinthisreport_______overayearago.A.hadtakenplaceB.tookplaceC.havetakenplaceD.weretaken文案大全 实用文档place1.“WhydoesLinglinglooksounhappy?”“Shehas__________byherclassmates.”A.laughedB.laughedatC.beenlaughedD.beenlaughedat2.—“Willyougotothemuseumtomorrow?”—“IwillifI______novisitors.”A.haveB.willhaveC.shallhaveD.amhaving3.I’llgowithyouassoonasI______mywork.A.willfinishB.shallfinishC.finishD.finished4.Thisisaphotoofthepowerstationthat______inmyhometown.A.hassetupB.hasbeensetupC.wassetupD.issetup5.Bothmybrothersworkatthepowerstationthat_______inmyhometown.A.hassetupB.hasbeensetupC.wassetupD.issetup6.Doctors_____ineverypartoftheworld.A.needB.areneedingC.areneededD.willneed7.Greatchanges_____inthecity,andalotoffactories_______.A.havebeentakenplace;havebeensetupB.havetakenplace;havebeensetupC.havetakenplace;havesetupD.weretakenplace;weresetup8.DoyouthinkSamwillcallhisoldteacherassoonashe_____intown?A.willbearrivedB.isarrivedC.arrivesD.willarrive9.Ipromisethatthematterwill________.A.betakencareB.betakencareofC.takecareD.takecareof10.Thatdinnerwasthemostexpensivemealwe________.A.wouldhaveB.havehadC.hadneverhadD.hadeverhad11.He_____hislegwhenhe_____inafootballmatchagainstanotherschool.A.broke;playedB.wasbreaking;wasplayingC.broke;wasplayingD.wasbreaking;played12.Nopermissionhas______foranybodytoenterthebuilding.A.beengivenB.givenC.togiveD.begiving13.—Where_______therecorder?Ican’tseeitanywhere.—I______itrighthere.Butnowit’sgone.A.didyouput;haveputB.haveyouput;putC.hadyouput;wasputtingD.wereputting;haveput14.Hello!I______you_____inLondon.Howlonghaveyoubeenhere?A.don"tknow;wereB.hadn’tknown;areC.haven’tknown;areD.didn’tknow;were15.—When______again?—Whenhe_______,I’llletyouknow.A.hecomes;comesB.willhecome;willcomeC.hecomes;willcomeD.willhecome;comes16.Theyaskedmetohaveadrinkwiththem.IsaidthatitwasatleasttenyearssinceI______agooddrink.A.hadenjoyedB.wasenjoyingC.enjoyedD.hadbeenenjoying17.Thatsuit______over60dollars.文案大全 实用文档A.hadcostedB.costedC.iscostedD.cost1.I_______tenminutestodecidewhetherIshouldrejecttheoffer.A.gaveB.wasgivenC.wasgivingD.hadgiven2.Mybrother_____whilehe_____hisbicycleandhurthimself.A.fell;wasridingB.fell;wereridingC.hadfallen;rodeD.hadfallen;wasriding3.Tomwasdisappointedthatmostoftheguests______whenhe_____attheparty.A.left;hadarrivedB.left;arrivedC.hadleft;hadarrivedD.hadleft;arrived4.Thenewsecretaryissupposedtoreporttothemanagerassoonasshe______.A.willarriveB.arrivesC.isgoingtoarriveD.isarriving5.—Comeonin,Peter.Iwanttoshowyousomething.—Oh,howniceofyou!I______you______tobringmeagift.A.neverthink;aregoingB.neverthought;weregoing]C.didn’tthink;weregoingD.hadn’tthought;weregoing6.Thepolicefoundthathouse______andalotofthings______.A.hasbrokeninto;hasbeenstolenB.hadbrokeninto;hadbeenstolenC.hasbeenbrokeninto;stolenD.hadbeenbrokeninto;stolen7.WhenIwasatcollegeI______threeforeignlanguages,butI______allexceptafewwordsofeach.A.spoke;hadforgottenB.spoke;haveforgottenC.hadspoken;hadforgottenD.hadspoken;haveforgotten8.—Haveyoumovedintothenewhouse?—Notyet,Theroom_______.A.arebeingpaintedB.arepaintingC.arepaintedD.arebeingpainted9.Thestudents______busilywhenMissBrownwenttogetabookshe_____intheoffice.A.hadwritten;leftB.werewriting;hasleftC.hadwritten;hadleftD.werewriting;hadleft10.WhenJackarrivedhelearnedMary_____foralmostanhour.A.hadgoneB.hadsetoffC.hadleftD.hadbeenaway11.—Doyouknowourtownatall?—No,thisisthefirsttimeI______here.A.wasB.havebeenC.cameD.amcoming12.—Wecouldhavewalkedtothestation;itwassonear.—Yes.Ataxi______atallnecessary.A.wasn’tB.hadn’tbeenC.wouldn’tbeenD.won’tbe13.Ifcitynoises_____fromincreasing,people______shouttobeheardevenatthedinnertable20yearsfromnow.A.arenotkept;willhavetoB.arenotkept;haveC.donotkeep;willhavetoD.donotkeep;haveto14.Tom_____intothehousewhennoone_______A.slipped;waslookingB.hadslipped;lookedC.slipped;hadlookedD.wasslipping;looked15.Wewereallsurprisedwhenhemadeitclearthathe_____officesoon.文案大全 实用文档A.leavesB.wouldleaveC.leftD.hadleft1.Insomepartsoftheworld,tea____withmilkandsugar.A.isseveringB.isservedC.servesD.served2.ThepenI______I_______isonmydesk,rightundermynose.A.think;lostB.thought;hadlostC.think;hadlostD.thought;havelost3.—CanIjoinyourclub,Dad?—Youcanwhenyou_____abitolder.A.getB.willgetC.aregettingD.willhavegot4.—Doyoulikethematerial?—Yes,it_______verysoft.A.isfeelingB.feltC.feelsD.isfelt5.Idon’treallyworkhere;I_____untilthenewsecretaryarrives.A.justhelpoutB.havejusthelpedC.amjusthelpingoutD.willjusthelpout6.—I’msorrytokeepyouwaiting.—Oh,notatall.I______hereonlyafewminutes.A.havebeenB.hadbeenC.wasD.willbe7.Ineedonemorestampbeforemycollection_______.A.hadcompletedB.completesC.hasbeencompletedD.iscompleted8.—Yourphonenumberagain?I______quitecatchit.—It’s9568442.A.didn’tB.couldn’tC.don’tD.can’tKey:1—10.BACCDBCCCB11-20.DDABDDBBBC21—30.ACDCBCCAAB31—40.DACBBCBCBD41—50.CABDDADBAD51—60.BBDBADDBAA61—70.ABBBACCADA第6讲非谓语动词所谓非谓语动词，顾名思义也就是不能单独用作谓语的动词（但与助动词结合可构成“进行时态、系表结构、完成时态、被动语态等谓语形式”），非谓语动词在英语句子结构中用法非常广泛、灵活，可充当主语、表语、宾语、补语、定语、状语等。现在笔者向同学们作分类介绍：动词不定式一、不定式作主语1.一般置于句首：Toseeonetimeisbetterthantohearonehundredtimes.2.常见用it代替它作形式主语，而把不定式或不定式结构移到句尾：文案大全 实用文档It"sourdutytoservethepeople．1.在含有不定式作主语的疑问句或感叹句中，一般只用it作形式主语。常见：Isitagoodideatoplantsomeflowersthere？不可以说：*Istoplantsomeflowersthereagoodidea？二、不定式作表语连系动词be，seem，appear，get，remain等常用不定式作表语，如果主语部分有实义动词do时，表语常可用不带to的不定式。例如：MyideaistohaveatriponSunday．TheonlythingIcandonowiswaitathome.三、不定式作动词宾语1.动词＋不定式：Thegirlaskedtoseetheheadmaster．常见的跟带to的不定式结构作宾语的动词有：agree，aim，arrange，ask，choose，decide，demand，pretend，expect，hope，learn，long，manage，offer，pretend，promise，refuse，wish，want，hate等。但help后的不定式常可省掉的，如：Theyhelped（to）dothecleaningthismorning.2.动词十疑问词（why除外）＋不定式：Wemustfindoutwhattodonext.常见能跟“疑问词十不定式”结构作宾语的动词有：decide，findout，forget，know，learn，remember，see，think，understand，wonder等。3.形式宾语it十宾语补足语十不定式Ifeltitmydutytoreportittotheheadmaster．有时也用：形式宾语it＋宾语补足语＋for＋名词＋不定式：Allthesenoisesmadeitimpossibleformetogoonwiththework.后接以上结构的常用动词有：feel，find，make，think，count等。四、不定式作介词宾语一般说来，不定式不用作介词宾语。但在以下两种情况则可以。1.在介词but／except之后接不定式作宾语。如果but／except前有实义动词do，but／except后的不定式通常不带to；如果but／except前没有实义动词do，but／except后的不定式—般要带to。试比较：Theycoulddonothingbutwaitfortheteachertoarrive.Heseldomcomesexcepttoaskforhelp.2.介词＋疑问词（why除外）＋带to的不定式Theyaretalkingaboutwheretospendtheirholiday.Everyonehashisownideaofhowtodoit.五、不定式作宾语补足语这类结构常见的有：1.动词＋宾语＋带to的不定式Theywarnedusnottogooutatnight.后接“宾语＋带to的不定式”的动词常见的有：advise，allow，ask，command，encourage，forbid，force，invite，require，order，persuade，cause，callon，waitfor，show,how，teach／teachhow，tell／tellhow等。2.动词十宾语＋不带to的不定式：Didyounoticeanyonetakeawaymyraincoat？后接“宾语十不带to的不定式”的动词常见的有：feel，see，hear，let，have，make，watch，listento,notice，observe等。注意：1)feel十宾语＋tobe的不定式时，to不可省略。文案大全 实用文档1)let变为被动态，而后面要接to的不定式时，to可保留也可省略。2)have，notice，watch不用于被动语态。3)see，hear，make，listento,notice，observe变为被动态时，后面须要改接带to的不定式：Thatmadeuswaitforfiveyears.＞＞＞Weweremadetowaitforfivehours.一、不定式作定语不定式作定语时，通常放在被修饰的名词之后，往往表示将要发生的行为。Ihavenowishtobecomeasailor.1.不定式与所修饰的名词之间的逻辑关系1)动宾关系：Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay？（anything是tosay的逻辑宾语）Ihavealotofthingstodo.(todo与alotofthings之间存在逻辑动宾关系。)2)说明修饰的名词的内容：Shehasawishtogobacktoherhomevillage.（不定式说明wish的具体内容）3)主谓关系：ThenextmantocomeisMr.．Green（thenextman是tocome的逻辑主语）2.“不及物动词不定式＋介词”作后置定语如果作定语的不定式是一个不及物动词，有时需要加上一个适当的介词才能同所修饰的名词发生联系：Theyhadnohousetolivein．Thereisnothing（forus）toworryabout.当不定式修饰time，place或way时，后面一般都省掉介词，例如：Theyhadnoplacetolive.（一般不加in）Thereisstillplentyoftimetofinishthework.Thisisthewaytowashmyteeth．3.不定式用在thefirst，thesecond以及thelast，theonly等后，或用在最高级后作定语。Helovesparties；Heisalwaysthefirsttocomeandthelasttoleave.Shewasthelastonetohandinherpaper．二、不定式作状语1.表示目的：Hewasrunningtocatchthebus.不定式作目的状语时，前后常加inorder或soas。如：Hecamehereinordertolearnfromyou.Iwentearlysoasnottomissthetrain.注意：to或inorderto引起的状语可放在句首或句尾：而soasto引起的状语只能放在句中或句尾。2.表示结果：Theyliftedarockonlytodropitontheirownfeet.不定式作结果状语时，常与以下结构搭配：1)so…asto“如此…以致……”Wouldyoubesokindastolendmeyourdictionary？2)such…asto“如此……以致¨…·”Heissuchafoolastothinkthathe"llbeaking.3)enoughto“足以……”文案大全 实用文档Thisseafishlooksalmostgoodenoughtoeat.Hedidn"tjumphighenoughtowinaprize.1)too…to…“太…而不（以致不）…”Hewastooyoungtounderstandallthat.但要注意，在以下句子中的too…to并无否定意义：不定式也不表示结果：Ishallbeonlytoopleasedtogethome．（onlytoo=very）Theyweretooanxioustoleave.（too＝very）It"stookindofyoutohavetoldmethat.（不定式作主语）Youaretooreadytoquarrelwithothers.（不定式作ready的状语）2)不定式前用only表示不愿得到的或出乎意料的结果。试比较HewenttotheInternetbartoseehisfriend.（表目的）HewenttotheInternetbaronlytoseehisteacher.（表结果）1.表示原因：Wejumpedwithjoytohearthenews.从上可看出，表示目的、结果、原因的不定式结构形式相似，区别在于词汇意思不同，试比较：Thewomanwepttoobtainsympathy.（目的：为获得同情）Thewomanwepttobecomealltears.（结果：泪流满面）Thewomanwepttohearthebadnews.（原因：因闻此坏消息）一、不定式的复合结构1.for＋名词或代词宾格＋带to的不定式如果不定式结构的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，可以用for引起的短语来表示：Itwillbeamistakeforusnottohelpthem。We"dbetterfindsomeworkforthestudentstodo．2.of＋名词或代词＋带to的不定式在it作先行词的句中，如果表语是形容词，而这个形容词又用来表不定式逻辑主语的人或动物的性格特征或行为表现等，这时，不定式的逻辑主语常用of引起的短语表示：It"skindofyoutothinksomuchofus.（=Youaresokindtothinksomuchofus.）常见能用于这类结构的形容词有：brave，clever，cruel，foolish，good，honest，horrible，kind，Lazy，nice，polite，rude，selfish，silly，stupid，wise等。二、不定式的否定式在不定式前面加not，never等构成其否定式，如果该不定式前不带to，则直接在动词原形前面加not，never等。例如：TheygotupearlysoasnottomisstheearlybusTheydecidednottoaccepttheirinvitation.You"dbetternotgotothepartytonight.Theyarebelievednottohavedonesuchathing.三、不定式的完成式1.形式：（以do为例）tohavedone（主动形式），tohavebeendone（被动形式）；2.用法：不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，常用不定式的完成式：HeissaidtohavewrittenanewbookaboutEurope.不定式的完成式主要用于以下几种情况：文案大全 实用文档1)和seem，happen，appear，besaid，bebelieved，bethought等连用，构成复合谓语：Sheseemedtohaveheardaboutitalready．2)用在作表语的形容词glad，sorry，lucky等后面作状语：3)用在pretend，expect，mean，wouldlike等动词后面作宾语：Imeanttohavetoldyouaboutit，butIforgottodoso.一、不定式的进行式1.形式：（以do为例）tobedoing2.用法：如果谓语动词表示的动作（或情况）发生时，不定式表示的动作正在进行，这时不定式就要用进行式：Heseemstobeenjoyinghimself.不定式的进行式主要可以用于：1)构成复合谓语：Theyaresaidtobebuildinganotherbridgeacrosstheriver．2)在某些动词后构成复合宾语：Wedidn"texpectyoutobewaitingforushere.3)在某些动词后作宾语：Youdon"tneedtobeworryingabouther.Sheissafeathome.二、不定式的被动式1.形式：（以do为例）tobedone（一般式），tohavebeendone（完成式）；2.用法：当不定式的逻辑主语是用不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动形式：Sheaskedtobesenttoworkinthecountry．这种形式可以用来做主语、宾语、定语、状语，并可构成复合宾语或复合谓语。但须注意的是，在某些结构中不定式虽然表示被动的含义，用的却是主动形式：Westillhavemanydifficultiestosmoothaway．Theyfoundthesentencehardtounderstand.在以上句子中，虽然不定式与最近的名词（代词）有动宾关系，但与句子中另一个名词（代词）却可能有主谓关系，运或许是用主动形式的原因。如果不存在这种主谓关系，这不定式仍常用被动式：Letmeshowyoutheroomtobeusedasteachers’readingroom.巩固训练1.Thegirlseemedveryinterestedinwatchingme________theexperiment.A.todoB.doC.indoingD.fordoing2.Wewishyou________howdisappointedwewerewhenweheardthenews..A.realizeB.realizingC.torealizeD.willrealize3.What________youtomakesuchadecision?A.madeB.letC.hadD.caused4.Bob’spar4entswantBob________alltherulesatschool.A.obeyB.toobeyC.obeyingD.willobey5.manyparentsclosedtheirchildren________owndecisions.A.tomaketheirB.makingtheC.madetheirD.willmaketheir6.Willyouattendthemeeting________nextmonth?文案大全 实用文档A.toholdB.beingheldC.tobeheldD.willbeheld1.Wewon’t________himbetreatedinthatway.A.makeB.permitC.haveD.let2.Wedidn’texpectctyou________forushere.A.waitingB.tobewaitingC.tohavewaitedD.waited3.Heisbelieved________anewbook.A.havingalreadywrittenB.alreadywritingC.towritealreadyD.tohavealreadywritten4.Mostoftheofficialsthinkthebestman________thepositionisProfessorJohnson.A.holdingB.toholdC.havingheldD.willhold5.Itisimportant________toturnoffthelightwhenyouleavetheroom.A.rememberB.torememberC.ofrememberingD.remembering6.Itisgreathonor________presentatthismeeting.A.forustobeB.forustoC.ofustobeD.foryourbeing7.It’skind________somuchofus.A.foryoutothinkB.foryouthinkingC.ofyoutothinkD.ofyouthinking8.WhatIwouldsuggestis________thejobrightaway.A.tostartB.startsC.ofstaringD.forstaring9.It’sanewdictionary,heseems________thisbooktheotherday.A.tobuyB.buyingC.tohaveboughtD.tohavebeenboughtKEY:BCDBACDCDBBACAC动名词一、动名词作主语1.一般置于句首：ReadingEnglishiseasierthanspeakingit.2.有时也可以用it作形式主语，而把动名词放在谓语动词之后。Itwillbeniceseeingthemagain.这类句子结构常见的还有：1)It’snouse…；Itisnousecryingoverspiltmilk.2)It"snogood…；Itisnogoodfeelingself——satisfiedoveryourfirstsuccess．3)Isitanygood…？Isitanygoodtryingtoexp1ain？4)It"sawasteoftime…；It"sawasteoftimearguingaboutit.3.动名词还可以在Thereisno…句子结构中做主语：Thereisnoaskinghimtocomenow．Heisbusy．这种句子中的动名词常带有宾语，其句型含义相当于Itisimpossibletodo…二、动名词作表语连系动词常与动名词连用，一起构成复合谓语：OurtaskisbuildingChinaintoapowerfu1modernsocialistcountry.三、动名词作宾语1.作动词宾语：文案大全 实用文档Thisfactoryhasstoppedproducingtheoldtypeofengine.必须接动名词作宾语的动词常见的有：consider，delay，dislike，enjoy，excuse，finish，giveup，cannothelp（禁不住），imagine，mind，miss，practise，putoff，resist，suggest，pardon，stop，allow，permit，forbid，appreciate等。1.作介词宾语：在介词后面，常常用动名词作宾语，这样构成的介词短语常用作定语或状语Thereareseveralwaysofdoingit.（定语）Afterfinishingtheexperiments，wewrotedowntheresults.（状语）这样的介词短语间或作表语：Iamforputtingthemeetingoff.须接动名词做介词宾语的成语很多，最常见的有：Insiston,thinkofdreamofhearofprevent…from,keep…from,stop…from,beengagedin,lookforwardto，dependon，thank…for,feellike，excuse…for,aimat,devote…to,setabout,spend…（in），waste…(in),get／beusedto，befondofbeafraidof,betiredofsucceedin,beinterestedin,feel／beashamedof,beproudof等。二、动名词的逻辑主语：动名词之前可以加上一个物主代词、名词的所有格、人称代词的宾格或名词的普通格，来表示这个动名词的逻辑主语。1.物主代词＋动名词这种结构可置于句首，也可放在句中或句末，常可用作主语、表语、宾语或介词宾语：Hisgoingtherewon"tdoanyharm（主语）Doyouthinkhisgoingtherewillbeofanyhelp？（主语）What"stroublingthemistheirnothavingenoughfood．（表语）Theyinsistedonmystayingtherefordinner.（宾语）2.名词的所有格＋动名词其用法与“物主代词＋动名词”相同：WeallthoughtTom"sgoingthereagreatmistake.3.人称代词宾格＋动名词（不能放在句首用作主语）Hewasangryaboutmenothavingtoleaveearly.4.名词的普通格＋动名词（不能放在句首用作主语）Idon"tlikeyoungpeoplesmoking.其它情况下的动名词的逻辑主语形式1)如果动名词的逻辑主语是无生命的东西，就只能用普通格。Isthereanyhopeofyourfactorywinningthegame？2)如果动名词的逻辑主语是一个较长的名词词组，也只能用普通格：Didyoueverhearofamanofgoodsenserefusingsuchanorder？3)当动名词的逻辑主语是不定代词、指示代词或指时间的it时，常用其宾格：Thereisnochanceofthatbeingsettled.I’msorry.Ihavenoideaofitbeingmidnight.三、动名词的否定式1.一般式：notdoing（主动形式）：notbeingdone（被动形式）2.完成式：nothavingdone（主动形式）；nothavingbeendone（被动形式）文案大全 实用文档注意：当动名词带有逻辑主语时，not应放在逻辑主语后面。如：hisnotseeingthefilm.一、动名词的完成式其形式为：（以do为例）havingdone（主动形式）；havingbeendone（被动形式）。如果动名词表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前，常用其完成式：Hewaspraisedforhavingcompletedthirtyyearsofteach.但是在forget，remember，regret等动词和apologizefor，excuse…for，thank…for等成语后，经常可用动名词的一般式来代替其完成式：Irememberposting（＝havingposted）theletter．Excusemeforcoming（＝havingcome）late二、动名词的被动式其形式为：（以do为例）beingdone（一般式）；havingbeendone（完成式）当动名词的逻辑主语是动名词所表示的动作的对象；当句中的主语逻辑上是动名词所表示的动作的对象时，动名词一般要用被动式（多数情况下用一般被动式代替完成被动式）：Theyinsistedontheirbeingtreatedasordinaryworkers.Thisquestionisfarfrombeingsettled.巩固训练1.Peoplecallthat________twobirdswithonestone.A.killB.killedC.killingD.beingkilled2.It’snogoodhis________intheseconditions.A.workB.toworkC.workingD.works3.Wemissed________thefilmwhenitwasshownlastweek.A.seeingB.toseeC.thatwesawD.havingbeenseen4.hethoughtthathisfearsof________hadbeenprovedtrue.A.foolingB.tofoolC.beingfooledD.tobefooled5.AfterthatheexpectedPetertodotheeworkwithout________how.A.tellB.totellC.tellingD.beingtold6.Henevertoldmeabouthis________theexperimentmanytimes.A.todoB.doingC.havingdoneD.havingbeendone7.Thereisno________whatwillhappen.A.tellB.totellC.tellingD.told8.Paulisangryabout________totheparty.A.notinvitingB.nothavinginvitedC.havingnotbeeninvitedD.notbeinginvited9.Sorry,wedon’tallow________here.A.smokingB.tosmokeC.foranyonesmokingD.tobesmoking10.Ihadahardtime________withtheproblem.A.todealB.dealingC.dealtD.tobedealt11.Duringtheholidaypartofhistimewasspent________.A.toswimB.toaswimC.toswimmingD.swimming12.Iwasafraidofthe________downduringthenight.文案大全 实用文档A.housebeingfallenB.housesbeingfallenC.housefallingD.house’sfalling1.Thispreventedtheletter________.A.nottosendB.nottobesendC.fromsendingD.frombeingsent2.Theteacherinsistedon________alittlelouder.A.atthebackthestudent’sspeakingB.thestudent’satthebackspeakingC.thestudentatthebackspeakingD.forthestudentspeakingattheback3.Thereisachanceof________here.A.severalcomingB.several’scomingC.severals’comingD.forseveralcomingKEY:CCACDCCDABDCDCA分词一、分词的基本概念分词有现在分词和过去分词两种，主要在句中要起形容词和副词的作用。它们可以带有自己的宾语、表语、状语等。现在分词与过去分词的区别主要表现在语态和时间关系上:1.在语态上，现在分词表示主动的意思，而及物动词的过去分词表示被动的意思：themovingbody（运动着的物体）：themovedbody（被移动的物体）。2.在时间关系上，一般来说，现在分词表示正在进行的动作或动作的进展过程，即它所表示的动作和句中谓语动词所表示的动作几乎是同时发生的；而过去分词表示已完成的动作或己存在的状态，即它所表示的动作一般先于句中谓语动词所表示的动作：Isawsomeoneopeningthedoor.Isawthedooropened.二、分词作定语分词或分词短语作定语，通常是说明句子中名词的，但有时也说明代词one（ones），that(those)，some，others，anything，something等：Thegirlinthenextroomishissister.Today"scomputersareofmuchgreaterdifferencethoseusedinthepast（说明those）1.现在分词作定语1)表示正在进行的动作（变为定语从句时常用进行时态）：Themanstanding（＝Whoisstanding）atthedoorisournewmathsteacher．2)表示经常性动作或现在（或当时）的状态（变为定语从句时常用一般时态）：Theyvisitedthemuseumlying（＝whichlies）nearby.3)动词wish，want，hope，know，think，believe，expect的现在分词短语常可用作定语。例如：Peoplewishing（＝whowished）toseethefilmstarhadwaitedtwohoursoutsidethecinema.4)除以上情况外，用定语从句比用现在分词短语作定语更好。例如：Thestudentswhohadattendedthelecturewerediscussingit.2.过去分词短语作定语文案大全 实用文档1)意指过去分词所表示的动作是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生：Isthisbookwrittenbytheyoungman？Aletterpostedthismorningwillprobablyreachhertomorrow.2)没有一定的时间性：Idon"tliketoseeletterswritteninpencil.1.作定语时的位置1)单个分词作定语，常置于被说明的词之前，不强调动作而强调某种性质或特征：Thecoldwindwasblowingthroughabrokenwindow.2)单个分词作定语，有时放在被说明的词之后，用来强调动作：Wehavehadgoodharvestsformanyyearsrunning.（我们连续多年获得丰收。）3)分词短语作定语时，通常位于被说明的词之后一、分词作状语分词及分词短语作状语，通常用来说明句中谓语动词。其位置可在句首、句子中间或句末，一般用逗号分开。放在句首的常表示时间、原因、条件；放在句末的常表示结果、方式或伴随情况等。1.现在分词短语作状语，其逻辑主语应该和句子的主语是一致的。1)作时间状语，相当子when等引起的从句：Seeingthosepictures（＝Whenhesawthosepictures），hecouldn’thelpthinkingofthosememorabledaysinhishometown.Havingdonetheirhomework（＝Aftertheyhaddone／didtheirhomework），theywentswimminginthelake．如果两个动作是完全同时发生的，也常用when或while加分词这种结构：Whenleavingthestation，theywavedagainandagaintous．HegottoknowthemwhileattendingameetinginLondon.2)作原因状语，相当于一个表示原因的状语从句：Beingsopoorinthosedays（＝Astheyweresopoor），theycouldn"taffordtosendthechildrentoschool.Nothavingreceivedananswer（＝Asshehadn’treceivedananswer），shewroteanother1ettertoherparents.必须注意：being短语作状语时，通常表示原因，意为“由于某某是…”，不能理解为“当…的时候”。3)作结果状语：Theyopenedfire，killingoneofourvillagers．2.过去分词短语作状语，句中的主语往往是过去分词的逻辑宾语。1)作时间状语，相当于一个表示时间的状语从句：Seenfromthehill（＝Whenitisseenfromthehill），ourtownlooks1ikeabeautifulgarden.2)作原因状语，相当于一个表示原因的状语从句：Bornintoapoorfamily（＝Ashewasborninapoorfamily），hegotonlytwoyearsofschooleducation.3)说明谓语所表示的动作发生的背景或情况：Builtin1891，thebuildingisover100yearsOld.二、分词作宾语补足语1.see／hear／watch／notice√smell／feel／observe／listento／look文案大全 实用文档at＋宾语＋现在分词：Wewatchedthegirlgoingthroughsomeofthemovementstheyhadjustleaned.Atthismomenthenoticedtheteachercomingin.1.catch／find＋宾语＋现在分词：IcaughtTomreadingmydiaryandhemadeanapologytomeforit.Wefoundatreelyingacrosstheroad.2.have／get／keep／leave＋宾语＋现在分词：I"llhavethecarwaitingatthegate.Willthatbeallright？Doyouthinkyoucangettheradioworking？3.have＋宾语＋过去分词：其中have有三个不同的含义：1)“使…被完成”（常可用get代替have）：I"dliketohave（get）myradiorepaired2)“遭受”、“经历”（不能用get代替）：Hehadhiswatchstolenyesterday.3)“有、拥有”：Hefeltinhispockettoseeifhehadanymoneyleft.4.make＋oneself＋known／understood／heard等过去分词：Herepeatedexplanations，buthecouldn"tmakehimselfunderstood.5.with＋介词宾语＋现在分词或过去分词：Theysatintheroomwiththecurtainsdrawn.Withthetreegrowingtall，wegetmoreandmoreshade.6.like／want／wish／order/＋宾语＋过去分词Hewon"tlikesuchquestionsdiscussedinhishouse.7.find或think、feel等＋宾语＋changed／lost／gone／broken／come等过去分词（说明宾语所处的状态）：Wefoundhimgreatlychanged.Whentheyenteredthehall，theyfoundtheguestsgone.以上有些结构可变为被动语态，其补语形式依然不变，起主语补语的作用。二、现在分词的完成式其形式为：havingdone（主动形式），表示这动作发生在谓语所表示的动作之前：Havingarrivedatadecision,theyimmediatelysettowork.三、现在分词的被动式其形式为：（以do为例）beingdone（一般式），havingbeendone（完成式）。在表示一个被动动作时，如果这动作是现刻正在进行的，或是与谓语所表示的动作同时发生的，常用现在分词的被动式。这种形式可以用来：1.作定语：Thisisoneoftheexperimentsbeingcarried(=whicharebeingcarried)oninourlab.2.作状语：Beingaskedtosingasong，hecouldn"tverywellrefuse.间或用完成被动式：Thedecisionhavingbeenmade，thenextproblemwashowtoputitintopractice.(分词本身带逻辑主语thedecision而构成独立主格结构充当状语)3.作宾语补足语：You"llfindthenewsbeingtalkedabouteverywhere.文案大全 实用文档一、不及物动词的过去分词不及物动词的过去分词没有被动意义，而是表示主动的完成的意义：Gonearethedayswhenweuseforeignoil.（此句是倒装句结构，gone作表语，表示己“一去不复返了”。）Youcanseesomefallenleavesatthecorner.这类过去分词常见的有：fallen，come，gone,risen,grownup，returned等.二、容易混淆的现在分词和过去分词象interesting和interested一类的“使役动词”的分词在意义和用法上很容易混淆，一般可作如下区分：1.一部分表示“情感”，“心情”等意义的动词的现在分词有“令人/使人…的”意思，常用来说明人或事物的特征：Thepresidentmadeaninspiringspeechatthemeetingyesterday.2.它们的过去分词有“感到／觉得…”的意思，用来指人的感觉：这类容易混淆的分词常见的有：encouraging—encouraged；exciting—excited；interesting—interested；astonishing—astonished；disappointing—disappointed；inspiring—inspired；puzzling—puzzled；surprising—surprised；shocking—shocked；discouraging—discouraged；pleasing—pleased；tiring－tired；worrying—worried；satisfying—satisfied；moving—moved；巩固训练1.Youcouldseefromthe________lookonhisfacethathehadnotexpectedthat.A.surpriseB.surprisingC.surprisedD.beingsurprised2.Thetrees________lastspringgrowwellnow.A.plantedB.plantingC.beingplantedD.havingbeenplanted3.________to100ºC,waterwillfromsteamandbecomeagas.A.HeatingB.BeingheatedC.HavingheatedD.Heated4.At9pm.alltheprisonersremained________in.A.lockingB.lockedC.tolockD.tobelocked5.Shesaidshehadheardthedoor________amomentbefore.A.openingB.openedC.toopenedD.havebeenopened6.Agroupofchildrenwereseen________aroundthelake.A.runningB.runC.ranD.berunning7.________hishomework,theboywentoutforawalking.A.FinishedB.TofinishC.HavingfinishedD.Havingbeenfinished8.While________inNewYork,hemadealotfr4iends.A.liveB.toliveC.livedD.living9.________anothergoodchance,hewilldoitmuchbetter.A.HavinggivenB.GivenC.GivingD.Beinggiven10.________,weweretakentoseethelibrary.A.showingthelabB.HavingshownthelabC.HavingbeenshownthelabD.Beingshownthelab文案大全 实用文档1.Ican’tremembersomeoftheEnglishwords________lastweek.A.learningB.havinglearnedC.havingbeenlearnedD.learned2.Icouldnotmakemyself________thoughItriedtoexplainmyselfalot.A.understandB.understandingC.understoodD.beunderstood3.Thephysicistsatatthedesk,________intothenewbook.A.dippedB.dippingC.tobedippedD.havingdipped4.Acoldrainwasfalling________withsnow.A.mixedB.mixingC.havingmixedD.tobemixed5.Evenif________,Iwon’tgo.A.beeninvitedB.beinginvitedC.tobeinvitedD.invitedKEY:CADBBACDBCDCBAD1.接不定式或动名词作宾语，意义不同的动词或词组常见的有：1)remember／forget／regret＋doing或todosthImustremembertoaskhim（指记住要做的事）Ishallalwaysrememberseeingthefamousscientist（指记住己经发生过的事）Don’tforgettobringyourdictionary．（不要忘记要做的事）Iwillneverforgetmeetingyouhere（不会忘记曾发生过的事）Iregrettellingyousomuch（懊悔己经作过的事＝I"msorrytoldyousomuch。）Iregrettotellyouthatyouhavefailedyourexam（regret发生在totell之前，＝I’msorrytotellyou…）可见，上述用法中，动名词指己经发生的事，不定式指发生在renumber,forget或regret以后的事。要注意：可以用动名词的完成式替代一般式；通常不用*Iforgotdoingit而说：IforgotthatIhaddoneit或Iforgotaboutdoingit.2)stop／goon／leaveof＋doing或todosth.Theystoppedsmoking（停止吸烟）Theystoppedtosmoke（停下所做的事，开始吸烟）Hewentonreading（继续读）Hewentontoread．（放下原来做的事，转而读书）Heleftoffplayingtennis（停止打网球）Theyleftofftoplaytennis（离开某处去打网球）以上stop，leaveoff或goon后面的不定式都不是其宾语，而是作目的状语。3)try＋todo或doingsth.He"lltrytofinishtheworkassoonaspossible.Pleasetryputtingsomemoresalt－thatmightmakeittasteabitbetter.trytodosth.中，try是不及物动词，意思是“没法、努力、尽力”，todosth作目的状语；trydoingsth中，try是及物动词，意思是“尝试、试一试”，看会发生什么情况，动名词作宾语。4)mean＋todo／doingsth.接不定式时，意思是“有…的意图、打算。ImeanttotelephoneyoulastFridaybutIdidn’thavetimeto.接动名词时，意为“意味着”，“就是…Thiskindofillnessmeansgoingtohospital.文案大全 实用文档1)need／want／require＋doing（＝tobedone）。接动名词的主动形式表示被动含义，此处也能用不定式的被动形式代换，但用动名词较为常见：Theroomwantsrepairing（＝toberepaired）Theradioneedsfixing（＝tobefixed）2)beafraid＋todosth。或ofdoingsth.接带to的不定式时，意为“不敢”做某事，“害怕”做某事：Shewasafraidtoseeyouagain.接“of＋动名词”时，意为“担心”或“害怕”发生某种情况：I"mafraidofmakingmistakeswhenIspeakEnglish.3)beinterested＋todosth。／indoingsth。Mysisterisinterestedinbecomingadoctor．(指她想当医生，动名词表示将要发生的事。)Mysisterisinterestedtobeadoctor。(指她当医生后感到有意思，不定式表示已经发生的事。)1.除了一部分既可接不定式、也可按动名词作宾语的动词外，还有一部分动词后面只能接不定式作宾语；另有一部分动词和成语后只能接动名词作宾语。关于这两点可以参看前面讲到的不定式和动名词条款。一、tobedone，beingdone或done（作定语）不定式被动式、现在分词一般被动式与过去分词作定语时，存在时间关系上的区别。例如：ThepowerstationtobebuiltnextyearwillbeofgreatbenefittotheindustryandagricultureofourProvince.（tobebuilt指将来＝whichwillbebui1t）ThepowerstationbeingbuiltnowwillbeoneofthelargestinAsia.（beingbuilt＝whichisbeingbuilt.Thepowerstationbuiltontheriverlastyearhasbeenlefttoourmanagement.(builtontheriver指己完成＝whichwasbui1tontheriver）二、不定式和分词作宾语补足语时的比较1.在see，hear，find等一类表示感觉的动词后：1)不带to不定式作宾语补足语，表示其动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生，并强调动作发生的全过程或事实：Wesawthecomputeroperatewell2)现在分词作宾语补足语，表示其动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生，强调正在进行：Wesawthecomputeroperatingverywell3)过去分词则往往表示动作完成的状态：Wefoundtheworkofthecomputerdone2.表示心理状态的动词：consider，declare，find，prove，think，know，believe，discover，imagine，judge，suppose，understand的宾语补足语一般，用tobe：Wefoundhimtobecruel.Yousurelycan’tconsiderhimtobeselfishman.巩固训练1.Generallyspeaking,it’snogood________thiskindofgame.A.toplayB.playingC.playD.played文案大全 实用文档1.Itisimportant________thework.A.forustodoB.forusdoingC.usdoingD.ourdoing2.Howlongdidittake________there.A.youtogetB.foryougettingC.yourtogetD.yougetthere3.Whathesaidrequires________.`A.consideringB.toconsiderC.beingconsideredD.ofconsidering4.Wedecided________anewbridgeacrosstheriver.A.buildB.buildingC.tobuildD.aboutbuilding5.Please________theletterforme,forIforgot________theletterthismorning.A.posting;postingB.post;postingC.posting;topostD.post;topost6.Idon’tknowhowtogettotherailwaystation,soIstopped________apoliceman.A.askingB.froaskingC.toaskingD.toask7.Thebestwaytolearnaforeignlanguageistopractice________itasoftenaspossible.A.speakB.tospeakC.speakingD.havingspoken8.Theproblemof________awayallthedifficultiespuzzledmanypeople.A.howsmoothB.howsmoothingC.howtosmoothD.thatweshouldsmooth9.Iadvise________offthemeetingstillsomeothertime.A.putB.toputC.puttingD.havingputting10.Weareconsidering________himourfootballcaptain.A.electB.electingC.toelectD.toselect11.Hepretended________me.A.nottoknowB.tonotknowC.notknowingD.noknowing12.Ican’thelp________anxiousabouthishealthbecauseIhaven’theardfromhimforalongtime.A.tofeelB.feelingC.feltD.tobefelt13.Ifyoucan’topenthedoor,whynottry________thekeytheotherway?A.turnB.turningC.toturnD.turned14.Newideashavetowaitforyearsbefore________.A.beingfullyacceptingB.fullyacceptingC.havingfullyacceptedD.beingfullyacceptedKEY:BAAACCDDCCBABBD第7讲：形容词和副词形容词可用于作表语、定语、宾语补足语、状语等；副词也可以作表语、定语、宾语补足语、状语等。文案大全 实用文档一、形容词作定语时的位置大部分形容词作定语时放在所修饰的名词前面,如aredbus,abeautifulpark,coldweather等,但实际运用时须注意以下情况。1.当多个的形容词修饰一个名词时应该注意形容词的一般排列顺序。“限定词＋一般描绘性形容词＋表示大小、长短、高低的形容词＋表示形状的形容词＋表示年龄、新旧的形容词＋表示颜色的形容词＋表示国籍、地区、出处的形容词＋表示物质、材料的形容词＋表示用途、类别的形容词＋被修饰的名词”例如：hisbeautifulsmallroundoldbrownFrenchwoodenwritingtable当然，在实际运用中用如此多的形容词修饰一个名词并不多见。2.形容词修饰everything,something,anything,nothing时,只能放在其后面。如:Somefarmerssawsomethingstrangeinthesky.I’vegotsomethingimportanttosay.Thereisnothinginterestingatall.3.else只能修饰疑问代词who,whom,whose,what和不定代词something,anything,nothing,somebody,someone,anybody,anyone和nobody,noone.而且只能放在其后。如:Isthereanythingelseyouwanttosay?Whatelsedoyouwant?else与上述疑问代词和不定代词构成所有格时,只能在else后加"s,而不能在疑问代词或不定代词后加"s.如说someoneelse"s,而不能说*someone’selse。whoelse的所有格有两种形式whoelse"s或whoseelse例如:—Isthishatyours?—Whoseelse(=Whoelse"s)coulditbe?4.enough和nearby作形容词时可放在所修饰的名词前,也可放在其后。如:anearbybuilding=abuildingnearbyWehaveenoughfood(=foodenough)tolastusforaweek.(foodenough…是旧用法,现在已不常用了。)二、貌似副词的形容词在英语构词法中,以-ly结尾的词并不是副词,而是形容词。常见的有:e1derly(渐老的,年龄相当大的),friendly(朋友似的,友好的),lively(活泼的,生动的),lonely(孤独的,寂寞的),lovely(可爱的,美丽的),orderly(有秩序的,整齐的)等。如:Shegaveusalivelylessonyesterday.她昨天给我们上了一节生动的课。*Shegaveusalessonlively.(误将lively用作副词,是错句)应该说:Shegaveusalessoninalivelyway.她生动地给我们上一节课。三、表语形容词形容词在句子中的主要作用是作定语、表语和宾语补足语。英语中大部分形容词都具有这些功能。但也有少数形容词通常只作表语。常见的有afraid,alike,alive,alone,asleep,awake,glad,scarce,sorry,sure,worth,unable等。例如:Thechildisasleep/sleeping.(作表语)但是:thesleepingchild,不能说*theasleepchild(作定语)注意:1)只能作表语的形容词常可作后置定语（相当省略关系代词和系动词的定语从句）如:Who"sthegreatestman(thatis)alive?Thepeople(whoare)presentatthemeetingarefamousscientists.文案大全 实用文档Theboy(whois)afraidofexamsismybrother.1)若这些形容词前有修饰语时,也可放在名词前面作定语,如:afastasleepman,thewideawakechild.它们还可作宾语补足语和主语补足语,如:Peoplewhofindhibernatinganimalsasleepoftenthinktheyaredead.(作宾语补足语)Anenemyofficerwascaughtalive.(作主语补足语)一、系表结构中形容词后的宾语afraid,glad,sorry,sure,worth等形容词与系动词be,seem等一起构成的系表结构后可以带一个宾语。现分叙如下:1.beafraidtodosth.表示“不敢干某事”,而beafraidofsth.(doingsth.)则表示“害怕(干)某事”，如:Sheisafraidtogooutaloneatnight.(她不敢夜晚独自出门.)Areyouafraidofsnakes?(你害怕蛇吗?)试比较下列两个句子:Shewasafraidtowakeherhusband.Shewasafraidofwakingherhusband.第一句意思是“她不敢吵醒她的丈夫.”怕她丈夫可能由此而生气。第二句的意思是“她怕吵醒了她的丈夫。”可能因为她丈夫生病了或需要睡眠。beafraid+that-clause表示一种委婉的客套话,that可以省略。如:Iamafraid(that)Ican’tgowithyou.2.beglad后可接of,不定式或that-clause.如:Iamgladofyoursuccess.Iamgladtomeetyou.Iamgladthatyouhavepassedtheexamination.3.besorry可接about或for,也可按不定式或that-clause.如:Aren"tyousorryabout(for)whatyou"vedone?I’msorryforyou.We"resorrytohearthat.4.besure可接of或about,也可接不定式或that-clause。如:We"resureofawarmwelcome.Iwasnotsureabouttwothings—thegrammarandsomeoftheidioms.Areyousurethatheishonest?5.worth,worthwhile和worthybeworth表示“价值”时,可直接接名词。如:Theusedcarisworth＄300atmost.还可接动名词的一般式,主语为动名词的逻辑宾语。如:Thisbookisworthreading.在Itisworthwhile这一结构中,it为形式主语,后面可用动名词,也可用动词不定式:Itisworthwhilevisitingtheplace.Itisworthwhiletovisittheplace.(=Theplaceisworthvisiting.)形容词worthy可作定语,修饰名词。如aworthyteam1eader.它与of连用可作后置定语。如:anenemyworthyofhissword(剑);acauseworthyofsupport作表语时,of后可接名词。如:文案大全 实用文档Thisplaceisworthyofavisit.也可接动名词,常用其被动式。如:Thisplaceisworthyofbeingvisited.(=Thisplaceisworthvisiting.)如不与of连用,则可接动词不定式的被动式。如:Thisbookisworthytoberead.(=Thebookisworthreading.)一、形容词、副词前定冠词的用法说明：在形容词、副词的比较级和最高级中，我们所谈到的所谓的冠词“the”严格地说,应该是副词，但出于习惯或者是为了使语法术语简单化，这里我们姑且仍将其称为冠词。1.形容词最高级前一般要加定冠词,副词最高级前可加可不加定冠词。2.形容词最高级前有时加不定冠词或不加冠词,表示“非常”。如:Thisisamostinterestingstory.但如果这个名词短语后面带有一个表示范围的短语或从句,则要用定冠词。即:Thisisthemostinterestingstoryinthisbook(I"veeverheard).3.表示两者间“较…的一个”时,形容比较级前需加定冠词。如:Whichisthebetterofthetwopianos?Whoistheelderofthetwobrothers?4.一般说来,在same之前要加定冠词。如:Theyareexactlythesame.Weareofthesameage.又如在短语中:allthesame,atthesametime等。5.在the+比较级…the+比较级…表示“越…就越…”这个结构中,不管是形容词还是副词都必须加定冠词。如:Theneareranobjectistous,thebiggeritlooks.Themoretheytalked,themoreexcitedtheywere.6.在某些形容词前加上定冠词,则表示同类人。如:therich(富人),thepoor(穷人),theyoung(年轻人),theblind(盲人),thewounded(伤员),thedead(死去的人)，当它们作句子的主语时谓语动词通常用单数形式；但若是指一个人或抽象事物的形容词则常用单数形式。Generally,therichiscrueltothepoor.Thedeadishisfather.Thenewissuretotaketheplaceoftheold.二、某些常见副词的区别1.sometimes,sometime,sometime,sometimesSometimes是副词,意思是“有时”。如:Myfatherusuallygoestoworkbybike,butsometimesonfoot.sometime也是副词,意思是“某个时候”。如:IsawhimsometimeinOctober.用在将来时的句子里表示“某日”、“某时”。如:Hewillgotocallonhisunclesometimenextweek.sometome作为副词词组意为“某时候”,通常用于将来时;作为名词词组则是“一些时间”的意思。sometimes的意思是“数次”。如:Let"shavedinnersometimenextweek.Hehaswaitedforsometime.2.fairly和ratherfairly和rather文案大全 实用文档都可以作为程度副词，都可以修饰形容词和副词；在翻译上都可以译成“挺…地，相当…地”的意思。区别如下：1)rather一般用来表示消极的含义，如否定的、坏的、不理想的概念。而fairly一般用来表示积极的、好的、合理想的概念。Let’sgobybus.It’srathercoldoutside.HerEnglishisfairlygood.2)rather可与比较级（形容词或副词）连用，也可与too连用，表示alittle（有点）、slightly（稍微）的意思，fairly则不能这样用。a)与比较级连用，“……多了”Mybrotherisratherbettertoday.Thisdictionaryisrathermoreexpensivethanthatone.b)与too连用“有点…；稍微…”Thisbookisrathertoodifficultforthejuniorsandrathertooeasyfortheseniors.Wehadafairlynicedinner,butthepriceisrathertoohigh.c)当修饰名词且有不定冠词时，冠词应该放在fairly前，rather之后。如：afairlyprettygirl/ratherabadboy2.即可作形容词又能作副词的“-ly”副词的用法1)抽象与具体a)deep和deeply一般说来，用于具体的情况时deep和deeply均可（但deep更常用）；deeply用于抽象的情况。Hediveddeep/deeplyintothewater.(具体)Iwasdeeplymovedbyhisheroicdeeds.(抽象)b)high和highlyThebirdisflyinghighinthesky.(具体)Hewashighlythoughtofbythestudents.(抽象)c)wide和widelyHeopenedhiseyeswide.(具体)Englishiswidelyusedintheworld.(抽象)2)习惯用法a)easy与easily副词easy常用于习语中goeasy(宽容)；goeasyon(节省)；takeiteasy(放松)；easydoesit(不着忙)；getoffeasy(不受严厉惩罚)；standeasy(休息)；Easycome,easygo.(来的易去的快)除习语外的情况，多用easily。例如：ThisTVsetcanbeeasilymovedabout.b)aloud,loud,loudlyaloud“大声地”，常与cry,shout连用；表示“出声地”与silently相对。Theboyinthewateriscryingaloudforhelp.Pleasereadthetextaloud.loud主要说明人的谈笑声音，常与speak,talk,laugh,say,shout连用。但如果说的是消极行为，则用loudly。loudly常含有“喧闹、嘈杂、吵闹”之意。Hewasabouttospeakloudwhenthenaughtyboybegantocryloudly.另外，loudly还可以表示“引人注目地、花哨地”如：文案大全 实用文档Todaysheisveryloudlydressed.a)slow与slowly在walk,run,climb,go,speak,read,burn以及how之后常用slow,如：Howslowheclimbsupthehill!其他场合一般用slowlySheeatsmoreslowlyofallthefamily.b)quick与quickly两者意思均为“快地；迅速地”但在“as…as”结构中，quick较为多用。HeranasquickasIdidatthesportsmeeting.另外，在口语中，quick通常在词组中作副词，如在Comequick（快点来）这样的词组中，但在正式写作中，要求使用quickly2)意义相似，常可互换。这样的词常见的有：clear/clearly;direct/directly;free/freely;bad/badly;quiet/quietly等等。但值得注意的是，有些场合带-ly的副词通常表示方式，不带-y的副词通常表示结果。例如：Thedoorisclosedtight.Pleasetightlyclosethedoor.Thephotohasnotcomeoutclear.Heremembersthephotoclearly.一、频率副词常见的频率副词有always,usually,often,sometimes,seldom,hardly,never等。1.频率副词在句中通常放在行为动词之前，系动词、情态动词或助动词之后。如:Iusuallygetupatsixinthemorning.LiMingisoftenlateforschool.Wecouldhardyunderstandhim.在简略答语和省略句中，则常放在系动词、情态动词或助动词之前。如：Cantheyusuallyfindtimeforamusements?Yes,theyalwayscan.为了加强语气,也可放在句首。其中often,seldom,hardly,barely,never在句首时，句子要倒装。如：Sometimesweplaybasketball,sometimesweplaytabletennis.Oftendidwewarnthemnottodoso.2.其中seldom,hardly,和never常看作否定词，因此在构成反意疑问句时，附加疑问句部分常用肯定式。如：Youseldomgotoyouruncle’s,doyou?Shecanhardlyreadandwrite,canshe?二、older和elder;farther和further1.old的比较级和最高级有两种形式，即older,elder和oldest,eldest。在就年龄作比较时和修饰物时要用older,oldest。如：Iamoneyearolderthanyou.Mr.Smithistheoldestintheoffice.Mycoatisolderthanyours.elder和e1dest主要用来表示兄弟姊妹之间的长幼关系,不能修饰物。如:Myeldersisterisatcollege.Heismyeldestdaughter.Whoistheeldestofthethree(sisters或brothers)?文案大全 实用文档下面一句最能说明两者之间的区别:MyelderbrotherisoneyearolderthanI.1.far的比较级和最高级也分别有两种形式，即farther和further;farthest和furthest。对距离进行比较，即表示“更远”、“较远”时，美国英语常用farther,farthest,英国英语中further较farther更常用。如：Heistootiredtogoanyfurther(farther).Theschoolisonthefurther(farther)sideofthemountain.further的主要意思是“进一步”(此时不能用farther代替)。如:Don’tmakeanychangetillfurthernotice.Pleasewaitforfurtherinformation.furthest现在已很少使用了，对距离或者是程度比较都常用farthest。如:Whoran(the)farthest?Sheisthefarthestadvancedofallmystudents.二、形容词、副词比较级前的程度状语形容词、副词的比较级前可有一个状语，表示比较的程度，常见的有：1.many,much,alot,agood(great)dea1,far(byfar)等表示“…得多”,如:Wearemakingfargreaterprogressnowthanwedidlastyear.Shelooksmuchyoungerthansheactuallyis.JoanmadealotmorepaperflowersthanMary.2.some,any表示“一些”。some用于肯定句，any用于否定句或疑问句。如:Ihavegotsomemorebooks,butnotenough.Haveyougotanymoremoneyfromhim?3.alittle,abit表示“稍许”,“一点儿”。如:MayIstayherealittlelonger?Thislessonisabitmoredifficultthanthatone.4.still,even等表示“甚至更”、“还要”。如:TomstudiesharderthanJack.Peterstudieseven(still)harder.5.当副词all修饰比较级时，前面应加定冠词the，意思是“越发地…”WhenIlearnedthathewasaboyofnotmorethanten,mywonderwasallthegreater.6.在比较句型morethan的结构中应注意以下几点1)表示“弱化比较”意义的形容词无论是多音节还是单音节，一概用less。例如：Myfatherislessangrythanyesterday.(我爸爸的气较昨天消了一些。)2)no+比较级+than表示“只有”“仅”“就那么……”或“一样”。如:Mywholeschooleducationaddeduptonomorethanoneyear.Icouldseenomorethanyou.3)not+比较级+than表示“不比”,“不足”。如:Thatboyisnotmorethanfifteen,Ithink..请注意下面的句子Theydesignedadevice(装置)nobigger/notbiggerthanamatchbox.用nobiggerthan表示这一装置“仅一个火柴盒那么大”;用notbigger表示这一装置“还没有一个火柴盒大”。4)nomore…than或not…anymorethan“和…一样地不…”，意味着两者都否定，但往往着重说明前面的一个分句，其作用相当于“neither…nor”。例如：MaryisnomorediligentthanTom.=NeitherMarynorTomisdiligent.“玛丽和汤姆俩人都不勤奋。”5)notmore…than“不如…；不及于…”文案大全 实用文档，语气常着重于后面的一个分句，常可与“notso/as…as”互换使用。例如：Thisstoryisnotmoreinterestingthanthatone.=Thisstoryisnotso/asinterestingthanthatone.1.用数字表示确切的量或倍数关系。如:Thereare10morestudentsinourclassthaninClass2.Mr.Johnsonisthreeyearsolderthanhiswife.二、倍数表示法英语中表示倍数的方法大致有三种,即:1.A+be(或谓语动词)+数词+times+as+形容词原级+asB.Thisplaygroundisthreetimesaslargeasthatone.2.A+be(或谓语动词)+数词+times+the+(size,weight,length,width,depth,height,number…)+of+B.Thisplaygroundisthreetimesthesizeofthatone.3.A+be(或谓语动词)+数词+times+形容词比较级+thanB.Thisplaygroundistwicelargerthanthatone.以下句子的意思是相同的。Thisstreetisfourtimesthelengthofthatone.=Thisstreetisfourtimesaslongasthatone.=Thisstreetisfourtimeslongerthanthatone.=Thisstreetisfour-foldlongerthanthatone.注意：但若表示“比…大（长、宽、重、高、深…等）多少”，须用“数字％＋比较级＋than”来表达。上句还可转换为：Thisstreetis300%longerthanthatone.(这条街比那条街长三倍/百分之三百。或：这条街是那条街四倍长)巩固训练1.Thereis________placethanhome.A.nobetterB.nobestC.noabetterD.nogood2.TheYellowRiveris________riverinChina.A.secondlongestB.secondlongerC.thesecondlongestD.thesecondlonger3.Whichis________book,thenewoneortheoldone?A.betterB.thebetterC.bestD.thebest4.Thereare________studentsinourschoolthaninyourschool.A.muchmoreB.muchmanyC.manymoreD.moremuch5.Thepictureis________beautifulthanthatone.A.muchmoreB.verymoreC.quitemoreD.fairlymore6.Heworks________,ifnotharderthanhisbrother.A.noharderB.ashardasC.hardasD.ashard7.TheworldcupinPariswasthebiggest________footballmatchintheworld.A.aliveB.livelyC.livingD.live8.________youlearn,________itwillbecome.文案大全 实用文档A.Themore;themoreB.Themore;theeasierC.More;easierD.More;easiest1.Theyliveina________villagefarawayfromthetown,buttheydon’tfeel________.A.alone;aloneB.alone;lonelyC.lonely;lonelyD.lonely;alone2.I’mtwoyears________thanmysister.A.olderB.elderC.oldestD.eldest3.Yourbrotheris________WangLin.A.asagoodboyasB.asgoodaboyasC.asbetteraboythanD.asbetteraboyas4.Whichofthefollowingiswrong?A.Thehouseistwicelargerthanthatone.B.Thehouseistwiceaslargeasthatone.C.Thehouseistwicethesizeofthatone.D.Thehouseisastwicelargeasthatone.5.Hedrivesas________ashecan.A.carefullyB.carefulC.muchcarefulD.morecarefully6.Theharderyoustudy,__________progressyou’llmake.A.greaterB.thegreaterC.thegreatestD.themoregreat7.Hemadethe__________mistakesinthedictationexercises.A.lessB.leastC.fewerD.fewest8.Whichdoyouthinktastes__________,thechickenorthefish?A.wellB.goodC.betterD.best9.Thehorseisgettingoldandcannotrun__________itdid.A.asfasterasB.sofastthanC.sofasterasD.asfastas10.Johnhasthreesisters;Maryis__________ofthethree.A.morecleverestB.mostcleverC.thecleverestD.clever11.Hehadneverspenta__________day.A.moreworryB.mostworryingC.moreworryingD.mostworried12.Ifwefollowedhisplan,wecouldhavedonethejobbetterwith__________moneyand__________people.A.less;lessB.fewer;fewerC.less;fewerD.fewer;less13.—CanIhelpyou?—Well,I’mafraidtheboxis__________heavyforyou,butthankyouallthesame.A.muchB.veryC.soD.too14.Afterthenewtechniquewasintroduced,thefactoryproduced________tractorsin1988astheyearbefore.A.astwicemanyB.asmanytwiceC.twiceasmanyD.twicemanyas15.—Excuseme,isthisMr.Brown’soffice?—I’msorry,butMr.Brown________workshere.Heleftaboutthreeweeksago.A.notnowB.nomoreC.notstillD.nolonger16.Thepianointheothershopwillbe________,but________.A.cheaper;notasbetterB.morecheap;notasbetterC.cheaper;notasgoodD.morecheap;notasgood17.Hisdictionaryis________expensivebut________practical(实用的)thanmine.A.more;moreB.less;lessC.very;moreD.more;less18.—ShallIsitatthisendoftheboatortheotherend?—Ifyoukeepstill,youcansitat________end.文案大全 实用文档A.neitherB.eachC.eitherD.any1.Peoplesaythatthenewfilmis________.A.worthtowatchB.wellworthytowatchC.worthyofwatchingD.worthwatching2.—Howdidyoufindyourvisittothemuseum?—Ithoroughlyenjoyedit.Itwas________interestingthanIexpected.A.farmoreB.evenmuchC.somoreD.alotmuch3.Mybrotherhasjustbought________car.A.fairlyagoodB.afairlygoodC.ratheragoodD.arathergood4.Idon’tspeak________you.A.ashalfasB.sohalfwellasC.wellashalfasD.halfsowellasKEY:1—10.ACBCABDBCA11—20.BDABDCDCCC21—30.DCDCDCDABD第8讲：介词介词又叫做前置词，是一种虚词，不能单独在句子当中担当成分，它后面必须接名词、代词或相当于名词的其他词类搭配（介词＋宾语）构成介词短语；和动词搭配构成短语动词，然后才能够在句子当中充当成分。介词分为简单介词，如：at,in,on,besides,since,for等；合成介词，如：inside,outside,without,within,into,onto等；短语介词（或成语介词），如：becauseof,infrontof,insteadof,inspiteof等；二重介词，如：frombehind,untilafter等。一、介词短语的句法功能介词在句子中可以充当定语、状语、表语、以及宾语补足语等。1.作定语介词短语在句中做定语时须位于被修饰词之后。Thekeytothedoorismissing.Thewater-towerinfrontofourschoolwasbuiltin1988.2.作表语（或称为：主语的补足语）文案大全 实用文档Somestudentsareintheclassroom,andsomeontheplayground.Asweknow,JapanistotheeastofChina.1.作宾语补足语（或称为：宾语的表语）Didyouseeapenundermydeskthismorning?Theyhavesentanotherrocketintothesky.2.作状语1)OnSundays,thefamilyaremostlyout.（时间状语）2)OntopofthehillstandsaTVtower.（地点状语）3)Heisusedtosleepingwithallthewindowsopen.（伴随状语）4)Inthesearchforthelostchild,thevillagerswentallout.（目的状语）5)Alltheworkmustbedonebyhand.（方式状语）6)Attimes,Igotothecinema.（频度状语）7)Sheisbyfarthebeststudentinourclass.（程度状语）8)Becauseofpoverty,hecouldn’tgotoschool.(原因状语)9)Tomysurprise,hegotthefirstprizeinthecontest.（结果状语/或评注性状语）10)WithoutourParty,wecouldn’tliveahappylife.（条件状语）11)Inspiteofgreateffortswefailedtocarryourplansthrough.（让步状语）12)Asamatteroffact,nobodyagreedtohisproject.（评注性状语）Inmyopinion,you’dbettergowithus.二、介词的复合结构“介词＋宾语＋补足语”可以构成介词的复合结构，在句子当中可充当表语、定语、状语、补语等。这种结构中的宾语和补足语之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，使得句子意义更加丰富。常见的这类介词有with,without,like,of等。1.介词＋宾语＋形容词Heisusedtosleepingwithallthewindowsopen.2.介词＋宾语＋分词Bambooleavesswinginthewindlikeslimfingersreachingtotouchsomething.Atthebeginningofschool,thenoiseofdesksbeingopenedandclosedandlessons(ofbeing)repeatedatthetopofthechildren’svoicescouldbeheardoutinthestreet.Thewoundedboyglaredatthenoblemanwithhisteethclenched.3.介词＋宾语＋不定式Thecathumpeditsbackjustlikeafiercetigertojumpuponme.4.介词＋宾语＋副词Thelittleboyrushedoutofthehousewithoutanythingon.5.介词＋宾语＋介词短语Theteacherenteredtheclassroomwithabookunderhisarm.三、介词的叠用在少数介词之后还可接另一个介词短语，也就是我们所称的二重介词。如：Thenaughtyboysuddenlyrushedoutfrombehindthetreetofrightenthegirl.Inthespring,newbambooshootscomeoutfromaroundtheirownroots.Hekeptonworkinguntilafterlunch.四、介词＋and＋介词有些介词短语用两个意义相反的介词构成从而使句子精简化。Notknowingwhattodo,theworriedofficerwalkedupanddowntheroom.文案大全 实用文档Therearemanytreesinandoutsidethetown.一、介词与其同形的与副词区别有些介词可做副词用，但我们知道副词可以单独在句子中担当成分，而介词须加宾语构成短语才可在句子中充当成分。试比较：Pleasecomein.(in为副词=intotheroom)Wehavenocar,butwecangotherewithout.(without为副词=withoutacar)Althoughtheexamwasdifficult,Imanagedtogetthrough.(through为副词=throughtheexam)二、常易混用介词的区别1.表示“上、下”等方位的介词。见下图：2.表示地点的in和at的区别a)at表示位置，in表示“在…内”如：—Whereishe?—Heisatthecinema.(问话者想知道的是位置)—Isheinthecinema?—Yes,heis.(问话者可能已经在影院门外)b)at表示小地点，in表示大地点Theyarrivedatthevillageatseven.TheyarrivedinBeijingatseven.但若某一个大地点并不是最后的终点，仍然用at。例如：ThetrainfromBeijingtoGuangzhouwillarriveatWuhanattwelveo’clock.(武汉只是从北京开往广州这趟列车途中的一个站，并非目的地。)3.in,to和on在方位名词前的区别in表示在某范围之内；to表示某范围之外的地方；on表示“毗邻、接壤”TaiwanliesintheeastofChina.TaiwanliestotheeastofthemainlandofChina.Mongolia(蒙古)is(lies)onthenorthofChina.4.表示时间的in和after用于将来时态时，in后面接“时段”；after后面接“时点”。试比较：Hewillbebackinfivehours.Hewillbebackafterfiveo’clock.after后面也可接“时段”，但应该用在过去时态的句子中。Theycamebackafterfivedays.5.表示时间的at,in和on1)at表示“钟点时刻、黎明、正午、黄昏、夜晚、午夜、周末、节日期间”Heoftengetsupatdaybreak(dawn).TheywillbegintheirjourneyatNewYear.2)in表示“上(下)午、晚间、星期、月份、年份、世纪”文案大全 实用文档Hewasbornin1988.1)on表示具体日期或具体的上（下）午，节日的当天，美国英语周末前也用on.HediedonthemorningofAugust15th,1985.但若morning,afternoon,evening等词前面有early或late等修饰语则仍然用in。如：HediedintheearlymorningofAugust15th,1985.2.表时间的since和forsince后接时点；for接时段，均常与完成时态连用。HehasbeenheresincelastFriday.Hehasbeenhereforfivedays.当表示“多少次”时不能用for;表示“第几次”位于句首时须加for，而位于句尾时for可以省略也可保留。HehasbeentoBeijingthreetimes.(不可用forthreetimes)Forthefirsttime,Ihavecomehere.Ihavecomehere(for)thefirsttime.3.表示位置的between和amongbetween表示“个与个之间”，并非只能指两者，可用“…and…”也可接复数名词。如：TheteachersatbetweenTom,Jack,Kate,JaneandMary.You’dbettereatnothingbetweenmeals.among则笼统地指“在…之中”，后接复数名词或代词。Theteachersatamongthestudents.4.except,besides,but,exceptfor,butfor,exceptthat/when1)except用作介词，意为“除了”。整个句子所表达的意思重点在except所构成的介词短语上。例如：Nobodyfeltanxiousexcepthim.（只有他才焦虑不安）2)except和besides两者都有“除去”之意，但前者指“但并不包括”，是“排除”之意；后者指“除此之外还有”，有“外加”之意。例如：TherearesixofusbesidesTom.（除汤姆外，另外我们还有6个人。）3)except和butbut用作介词时，意思是“除…外”，“别无…”，“只有…”；but多与noone，nothing，who，all，everyone等连用，它可与except互换。例如：Noonebutafoolwouldbelieveit.Whobuthewoulddosuchathing？4)exceptfor和exceptthat／when二者意为“只是”或“除…外”，表示理由或细节，修正前面所说的情况。exceptfor后面接单词，exceptthat／when后面接句子。整个句子所表达的意思重点在主句中，而except所构成的介词短语只是次要的。例如：Yourcompositionisgoodexceptforafewspellingmistakes.（=Yourcompositionisgoodexceptthatthereareafewspellingmistakes.）比较：AllthecompositionsaregoodexceptLiHua’s.(大家的作文都好，只有李华的除外。)5)exceptfor和butfor文案大全 实用文档exceptfor用于陈述语气，butfor用于虚拟语气“要不是…”。例如：Exceptforitstemples，theplaceisnotworthseeing.Butforyourhelp,Icouldn’thavefinishedtheworkontime.1)exceptbut十动词不定式（可带to或不带to，当but或except之前没有动词“do”的某种形式时，其后的不定式要带to。）例如：Theydidnothingexcept／butwatchTV.Icouldnotdoanythingexcept／burjustwaitforhimtocomeround.巩固训练1.Doyoustillrememberthefilmwesaw________theendoflastweek?A.inB.byC.atD.to2.Thathehadalotofpractice________volleyballwasthereasonwhyhedefeatedalltheotherplayers.A.inB.atC.onD.about3.________thesoundoftheknockingonthedoor,heroseandwenttoopenit.A.AtB.OnC.ToD.Heard4.Youcanfindthestore________No.19BeijingRoad.A.onB.atC.neartoD.in5.Pleasewaitforme________thecornerofthatstreet________threeo’clock.A.in;atB.at;onC.in;forD.at;at6.Iboughtthesebooks________oneyuanacopy.A.atB.byC.onD.in7.Ican’tbuyit________suchaprice.A.ofB.forC.atD.with8.Thestudentissitting________hisdesk.A.overB.aroundC.atD.for9.whenthespaceshipleavestheearth________veryhighspeed,theastronautsfeelasiftheyarebeingcrushed________thespaceship.A.with;inB.at;onC.with;toD.at;against10.Thechildhidhimself________thedoor.A.afterB.behindC.inthefrontofD.ago11.Shelefttheparty________herheadache.A.becauseB.sinceC.inspiteofD.becauseof12.Youshouldn’teatsomuchchocolate________meals.A.exceptB.betweenC.unlessD.through13.someanimalssleep________dayandwakeup________night.A.by;byB.at;byC.by;onD.on;in14.—Whattimeisit,please?—Itisseven________mywatch.A.inB.atC.forD.by15.You’llbeabletospeakEnglish________practicingfromtimetotime.A.inB.byC.withD.for16.________theendoflastyearwehadleanedfiveEnglishsongs.A.AtB.ByC.InD.On文案大全 实用文档1.Amanshouldnotbejudgedalways________whathesays.A.byB.inC.withD.to2.Theguestswillbehere________twoo’clock.A.inB.onC.forD.by3.somepeoplegotupandleftthehall________theshow.A.whileB.duringC.betweenD.through4.HowmuchmustIpayyou________thetickets________tonight.A.of;ofB.for;forC.for;aboutD.for;to5.Iamgrateful________yourhelp________me.A.to;forB.for;toC.to;toD.for;for6.Joanisalwayspraised________hercleverness.A.ofB.inC.forD.by7.It’squitewarmtoday________January.A.forB.inC.atD.on8.Iboughtthisbook________fiftycents.A.atB.aboutC.atD.for9.Chineseisalanguage________morenativespeakersthananyoftheotherlanguages.A.withB.spokenC.whichD.has10.Pleasewrite________pencil,not________ink.A.in;withB.ina;withC.witha;inD.with;in11.________thedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,ourcountryhasbecomericherandstronger.A.InB.ByC.AtD.With12.________theriseinprices,lifeisgettingharder.A.WithB.OnC.AsD.For13.Hehasnogoodpen________.A.towriteB.towritewithC.towriteonD.writing14.Marywasdisappointedwhenshefoundbuttheyhadgonetotheball________her.A.exceptB.exceptforC.forD.without15.XiaoLimastersseveralotherforeignlanguages________English.HestudiesGerman,JapaneseandRussian.A.besideB.besidesC.butD.except16.Thesoldierstoodquitestill,________hislipsmovedslightly.A.exceptthatB.exceptforC.exceptD.besides17.Yourcompositionisgood________afewspellingmistakes.A.besidesB.exceptC.exceptforD.exceptthat18.Peter’scarisexcellent________thecolor.A.exceptB.besidesC.exceptforD.onlyexcept19.Everybodywenttotheexhibition________Mary.A.notB.butC.forD.by20.Welivealongway________thefactory.A.toB.forC.fromD.in21.Thetownlies________thewestoftheriver.A.atB.inC.fromD.to文案大全 实用文档1.Let’swalkover________thesunontheothersideofthestreet.A.inB.toC.underD.by2.Therearealotofnews________today’snewspaper.A.inB.onC.atD.with3.Saysomethingaboutyourschool________English.A.inB.withC.byD.for4.Thegirl________willgiveusareport.A.onblueB.ofblueC.inblueD.atblue5.Pleaseaskhimifhewilljoinus________playingtabletennis.A.onB.atC.inD.with6.Thisvegetableisveryrich________iron.A.ofB.inC.withD.for7.Hehasbeencaught________therainandiswetthroughandthrough.A.byB.inC.atD.upwith8.Look,thereisahole________thewall.A.onB.atC.inD.of9.Whatisthedifference________pronunciation________thesetwowords?A.of;inB.in;betweenC.in;amongD.of;between10.Thedoctorwillbeback________tenminutes.A.afterB.inC.onD.at11.Thedeskstands________thecorneroftheroomnearthewindow.A.onB.atC.underD.in12.Doyoulikedressingyourself________newclothes?A.onB.inC.withD.by13.Pleasecometoseeme________twoday’stime.A.duringB.afterC.forD.inKEY:1—10.CBABDACCDB11—20.DBADBBADBB21—30.BCADACDABD31—40.BACCBCDBAA41—50.CCBBCBBDBD第9讲：句子的种类一.简单句一个简单句里只有一个主谓结构（有时可能会有并列的主语或谓语），而谓语又一定是需要限定动词的，因此，通过对限定动词的识别，可以帮助我们判断一个句子是不是简单句，找出其基本结构中缺少或多余的成分。请看以下例句：Isawhimwalkingtotheofficethismorningandlookingeagertogetthereandstartwork.（saw是限定动词；walking，looking，toget，start都是非限定性动词，即非谓语动词。）Whilecuttingtrees，onemanwasnearlykilledbyafallingtree.（was是限定动词；cutting，killed，falling是非限定动词。）Youcaneitherstayhereorcomewithus.（stay，come都是非限定动词；can是情态动词，canstayorcome作谓语。）文案大全 实用文档一.并列句1.并列连词及其使用1)常用的并列连词（或称等立连词）有：and，or，but，for，notonly...but（also），either...or，nether...nor，both...and.2)除for以外的并列连词都可以用来连接一个单句里的两个并列成分，例如：JennyandIaregoodfriends。Werun，jumpandshoutforjoytogether.（当有两个以上的并列成分时，一般只在最后两者之间用连词。）WegoforawalkorwatchTVaftersupper.。Thebikeisquiteoldbutinexcellentcondition．Eitheryouranswerormineiswrong．3)除both...and以外的并列连词还可用来连接两个简单句（或称并列分句），构成并列句。Shewasoftenlateandeverybodyknew，butnooneaskedwhy.Theoldladydoesn"tgooutinthewinter，forshefeelsthecoldagreatdeal.Notonlyistheteacherhimselfinterestedhthesubjectbuta11hisstudentsarebeginningtoshowaninterestinit.2.连接并列分句的其它手段1)when／where偶尔也可作并列连词；如：IwaswalkingdownthestreetwhenIrememberedthatIhadforgottenmyumbrella.（when＝andthen）LastnightIwenttothetheatrewhereIsawTom"sparents，（where=andthere）2)副词yet，的和then可以连接并列分句：Thetongueisnotsteel，yetitcuts.I’mbusytoday，socanyoucometomorrow？Gointothecave，thentheywon"tseeyou.3)还可用分号“；”。如：Itmaybepossibleornot；however，weshallunderstand.I’veneverbeentoBerlin；thereforeIdon"tknowmuchaboutit.3.并列分句的排列顺序必须考虑各分句之间的逻辑关系及其时间上的先后顺序，具体情况具体分析。1)有些并列的分句可以相互颠倒，并不影响所表达的句意，如：Everyonewasintheclassroomandthedoorswereclosed.（＝Thedoorswerec1osedandeveryonewasintheclassroom.）2)多数并列句里的分句不能相互颠倒。如：Mostofuswereintheclassroom，thedoorswereclosedandthelatecomershadtowaitOutside．（为说明门关之后，迟到者只好在外等着，后两个分句的顺序不能颠倒。）Wewerecomingtoseeyou，butitrained（sowedidn’t）。（考虑到两个分句所谈事实的时间先后与逻辑关系，它们的位置不能颠倒。）二.复合句1.复合句由一个主句和一个（或一个以上的）从句组成。用来连接从句的连词是从属连词。从句附属于主句的方式有三种：1)相当另一个句子里的某个名词或名词词组的作用，作名词从句。Everyonecouldseethetruth/(that)itwastrue.文案大全 实用文档1)修饰句子里的某个名词或代词，作定语从句。如：Ioftenseemyoldfriends/myschoolfriendswhowereatschoolwithme.2)相当另一个句子里的某个状语的作用，作状语从句。如：Imetyourbrothertenyearsago/whenIcametothisschool.1.两类连词的区分与使用并列连词与从属连词的作用不同，注意不可混用。如：不能说：*AlthoughIwasgoodatmaths，butIwasnevergivenfullmarks．（although与but不能连用）应说：AlthoughIwasgoodatmaths，（yet）Iwasnevergivenfullmarks．或：Iwasgoodatmaths，but／yetIwasnevergivenfullmarks.不能说：*Unlessyouworkharder，oryouwillfailtopassthetest.（unless与or不能连用）应说：Unlessyouworkharder，youwillfailtopassthetest.或：Workharder／youmustworkharder,oryouwillfailtopassthetest.一.陈述句的肯定与否定1.not及其它否定词的使用1)否定句一般可以由否定词not及必要的助词来构成，例如：Theseexercisesarenotdifficult.Idon"tlikesweets.2)除not以外，还有以下这些否定词，也能构成否定句：a）never，hardly，seldom一类含否定意义的副词。如：Ihavenot/never/hardly(ever)/seldomspokentoMr.George.b）no，none以及其它由no-构成的复合词（nothing，nobody，noone，nowhere等）。Ihavenotsaidanythingtoanybodyaboutit.Ihavespokentonobody/nooneaboutit.Ihavesaidnothingtoanybodyaboutit.Ihaven"tanymoney/Ihavenomoney.Ihaven"tany./Ihavenone.c）neither和nor，主要在以下句式中：---Ihaven"tspokentoMr.George.---Neither／NorhaveI.当用作连词时，neither要在nor之前。如：NeitherBobnorIbrokethewindow.Weneitherwantnorneedanyhelpfromyou,thankyou.2.肯定变否定时的其它相应变化肯定与否定句的区别，除了看有无否定词之外，还可能体现在其它方面，试比较：Ihavefoundsomemistakesalready.Ihaven"tfoundanyyet？（some>>>any；already>>>yet）Ihavefoundsomemistakes，too.Ihaven"tfoundanyeither.（too>>>either）二.疑问句1.否定问句1)否定问句可由否定句变来，例如：Hedoesn"teatmeat.>>>Doesn"theeatmeat？文案大全 实用文档Ihaven"tseenhim.>>>Haven"tyouseenhim？1)否定问句的开头一般都用not的缩写形式；如分开，则须将not放到主语之后，但这类结构相当正规，如：Doeshenoteatmeat？（不能说*Doesnothe...？）Haveyounotseenhim？（不能说*Havenotyou...？）2)否定问句的回答要“前后如一”，不可受汉语影响犯以下这类错误：—Doesn"theeatmeat？一Yes，hedoes.／No，hedoesn"t.（不能说Yes，hedoesn"t.／No，hedoes.）2.反意疑问句的一般构成1)反意疑问句的一般构成是：肯定陈述，否定尾句；否定陈述，肯定尾句。要注意反问尾句中的助词（或系动词、情态动词等）与人称代词应与陈述部分中的语法动词与主语取得一致。例如：Janeisyourcousin，isn’tshe？Thereisnodoubt，isthere？Weneedtoaskfirst，don’twe？Weneedn’taskfirst，needwe？2)要注意陈述部分主语后面的缩写形式"s或"d的真实意义，以决定尾句应该选用的助动词或系动词等。如：He’snevermetyoubefore，hashe？（He"s＝Hehas）He’sgoingtotellyouthetruth，isn"the？（He"s＝Heis）You"dbettergo，hadn"tyou？（you"d＝youhad）You"dratherstay，wouldn"tyou？（you"d＝youwould）3)要注意“否定陈述＋肯定尾句”的回答必须前后一致。Youseldomgoswimminginthemorning，doyou？Yes，Ido，／No，Idon"t．3.比较特殊的反意疑问句有些反意疑问句的尾句构成比较特殊，应当引起注意:Fewpeopleknewtheanswer，didthey？（few为否定含义，后接肯定尾句。）I"molderthanyou，aren"tI？（Iam后面的否定尾句常用aren"tI？）Passmethenewspaper，willyou？（肯定祈使句用willyou？）Don"tbelatenexttime，willyou？（否定祈使句后也用willyou？）Remembertolockthedoor，won"tyou？（用won"tyou表示请求或恳求。）Useyourhead，can"tyou？（can"tyou表示不耐烦或不满的斥责。）Let"sdoitbyourselves，shallwe？（第一人称祈使句，we包括说话人与听话人双方。）Letusdoitbyourselves，willyou？（第二人称祈使句，we只指说话人一方。）Everybodyhasbeentoldwhattodo，haven"tthey？（尽管hasn"the似乎更合语法；习惯常用haven"tthey。）Noneofusknewtheway，didwe？（noneofus作主语,尾句中用we）SomeofyouarelearningRussian，aren"tyou？（同上句理解。）4.特殊疑问句1)两种语序：a）当疑问词为主语或主语的定语时，语序与陈述句相同，如：Somebodybrokethewindow.>>>Whobrokethewindow？Somethingbrokethewindow.>>>Whatbrokethewindow？Somebody"swindowwasbroken.>>>Whosewindowwasbroken？文案大全 实用文档a）当疑问词为其它成分时，则疑问词后面的语序与一般疑问句相同，如：HewasreadingChinaDaily.>>>Whatpaperwashereading？Isawthefilmyesterday.>>>Whendidyouseethefilm？2)要注意选择恰当的疑问词以及与之搭配的其他词语，如：IboughtabikemadeinTianjing.>>>Whatbikedidyoubuy？Thenewbikeunderthetreeismine.>>>Whichbikeisyours？Hedidhisworkcarefully.>>>Howdidhedohiswork？Igotothelibrarytwiceaweek．>>>Howoftendoyougotothelibrary？Hepaintedthedeskwhite．>>>Whatcolordidhepaintthedesk？1.两类选择疑问句1)一类是以一般疑问句为基础的。如：DoyouspeakFrenchorGerman？Willtheycometoseeusorsha11wegotoseethem？HasHenryfinishedhisbreakfastorhasn"the？2)另一类是以特殊疑问句为基础的，可以看成是由一个Wh-问句加上并列起来供人选择的两个（或两个以上的）答案构成的。如：Howdoyougotoschooleveryday，bybusoronfoot？Whenshallwesetoff，atsixor（at）sixthirty？一.祈使句1.祈使句的主语1)主语应为第二人称时，通常不表示出来，如：Readafterme，please.Becarefulwithyourpronunciation.Havethisseat，willyou？（可加反意疑问句）2)行为动作的主语为第一、三人称时，祈使句通带以Let开头：Letmehaveatry.Lethimtryagain.All／Everybodybehereattwoo"clock。（也可不用Let）2.祈使句的强调与否定1)祈使句的强调结构是在句首加Do：Docomeearlynexttime.Dobecareful！2)祈使句的否定是在句首加Don"t：Don"taskmewhy.Don"tbelate.Don"t1ettherebetoomuchnoise.Neverbuywhatyoucannotpayfor.（也可用Never）3.祈使句＋and／or结构这类结构常可与含if从句的复合句相互转换：Giveh1maninch，andhe"lltakeayard.（＝lfyougivehimaninch,he"lltakeayard.）Wearyourcoat，oryou"llcatchcold.（Ifyoudon"twearyourcoat，you"llcatchcold.）二.感叹句1.What＋（a／an）＋adj.＋n．＋主谓Whatabeautifuldayitis！Whatwonderfulweatherwearehaving！1)What之后是否用a／an要看后面的名词是否可数；是单数还是复数：Whatbeautifulmusictheboyisplaying！（music不可数，前面不可加a／an．）Whatfoolstheywere！（fools，复数，不可加a／an）文案大全 实用文档1)在上下文清楚的情况下，感叹句中的主谓结构甚至形容词都可省略。如：Whatabeautifulday！Whatfools！1.How＋adj.／adv.＋主谓！Howhappyweare！Howhardyou"vebeenworking！How也可修饰句中动词，如：HowImissyou，myfriend！Howtimeflies！2.How＋adj.＋a/an＋单数名词…：Howfoolishaboyheis！（=Whatafoolishboyheis！）巩固训练1.Didn’tyounoticehim________thehouse?A.Leaves.B.leaveC.hasleftD.wasleaving2.Who’sthatgirl________ajaronherhead?A.hasB.carriesC.withD.iscarrying3.Wemustgetupearlytomorrow,________we’llmissthefirstbustotheGreatWall.A.soB.orC.butD.however4.________hecomes,wewon’tbeabletogo.A.WithoutB.UnlessC.ExceptD.Even5.Nomatterhowhardheworked,________.A.hecouldnotdoanybetterB.andhecouldnotdoanybetterC.sohecouldnotdoanybetterD.buthecouldnotdoanybetter6.Studyharder,________you________catchupwiththeothersbeforelong.A.Or;willB.and;willC.then;XD.X;will7.—________haveyoubeenawayfromhome?—Ihavebeenawayfromhomeforfivemonths.A.HowmuchB.WhattimeC.HowlongD.When8.________writerisbetterknowninChina,CharlesDickensorMarkTwain?A.WhichB.WhatC.EitherD.Whether9.He’scomealready,________?A.doesn’theB.isn’theC.hasn’theD.ishe10.shenevertellsalie,________?A.doessheB.doesn’tsheC.doesnotsheD.isn’tshe11.OnSaturdayafternoon,Mrs.Greenwenttothemarket,________somebananasandvisitedhercousin.A.boughtB.buyingC.tobuyD.buy12.It’safineday,let’sgofishing,________?A.won’tweB.willweC.don’tweD.shallwe13.—Isn’tyouruncleanengineer?—________.A.NO,heisn’tB.No,heisC.Yes,heisn’tD.Yes,hedoes14.________carelessheis!A.WhatB.HowC.SomuchD.Howmuch15.Oh,John,________yougaveup!A.howapleasantsurpriseB.howpleasantsurprise文案大全 实用文档C.whatapleasantsurpriseD.whatpleasantsurprise1.Itwasclearthattheheadmasterdidnotlikeus,________heseldomgaveusanypraise.A.andB.soC.becauseD.but2.Althoughheisconsideredagreatwriter,________.A.hisworksarenotwidelyreadB.buthisworksarenotwidelyreadC.howeverhisworksarenotwidelyreadD.stillhisworksarenotwidelyread3.Answerthefollowingquestion,________yourownwords.A.useB.youshoulduseC.usingD.andusing4.________apologizeforwhatyouhavesaid________itisalloverbetweenus.A.You;orB.Ifyou;XC.Eitheryou;orD.When;you5.Theclassrooms________openbutthelibrary________.A.are;isB.aren’t;isC.aren’t;isn’tD.are;doesn’t6.IsawTomwalkingtoschoolthismorningand________eagertogetthereand________work.A.looking;startingB.looked;startingC.looking;startD.look;started7.Ifthiscoatisn’tyours,________canitbe?A.whoelseB.whoseelseC.whatelseD.who’selse8.—DoyoumindifIbringafriend?—________butIdon’tthinkthey’lllethimin.A.Yes,ofcourseB.NotatallC.Surelyyoushouldn’tD.Unfortunatelyit’simpossible9.—Doyouwantabathatonce,________?—Oh,Idon’tmind,really.A.andIshallhaveminefirstB.soshallIhaveminefirstC.thenIshallhaveminefirstD.orshallIhaveminefirst10.—Didn’tanyonerecognizethepresident?—________.A.Yes,noonedid.B.No,noonedidn’tC.Yes,somedidD.No,everyonedid11.Don’t’smokeinthemeetingroom,________?A.doyouB.willyouC.canyouD.couldyou12.Letmehavealook,________?A.don’tyouB.shallIC.wont’youD.canI13.________storyyou’vetoldus.A.WhatfunnyB.WhatafunnyC.HowfunnyD.Howafunny14.________IwishIcouldhavemoretime!A.IfB.OnlyC.WhatD.How15.Hurry,________youwont’makethetrain!A.orB.butC.andD.ifKEY:1—10.BCBBABCACA11—20.ADABCCACCB21—30.CBBDCBCBDA第10讲：名词性从句文案大全 实用文档名词性从句包括主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句。其关联词有连接词that，if，whether；疑问代词who，what，which和疑问副词when，where，how，why等。1.主语从句主语从句在句中做主语。它可以放在主句谓语动词之前，但多数情况由it作形式主语，而把主语从句放在主句之后。例如：Whodidthatisknowntoall.Itisinterestingthatyoushouldlikehim.2.表语从句表语从句在句中作表语，位于主句中的系动词之后。如：Thequestioniswhocancompletethedifficulttask.表语从句不能用if引导，但可用asif引导。例如：Helookedasifhewasgoingtocry．3.同位语从句同位语从句跟在名词后面，进一步说明该名词的具体内容。引导同位语从句的名词主要有fact，news，promise，idea，truth等。连接词用that（不用which），及连接副词how，when，where，why等。例如：Hisdelayisduetothefactthatthecarwentwronghalfway．Thenewsthatourteamhaswonthematchistrue.Sheaskedthereasonwhytherewasadelay．4.宾语从句1.宾语从句在句中作及物动词或介词的宾语。例如：Wecanlearnwhatwedidnotknow．HewilltalktousaboutwhathesawintheU.S.如果主句的谓语动词是及物动词make，find，see，hear等，则把宾语从句置于宾语补足语之后，用it作为形式宾语。如：Wefinditnecessarythatwepractisespoken-Englisheveryday．另外，某些作表语的形容词，如sure，happy，glad,certain等之后也可带宾语从句。如：Iamsurethathewillsucceed.注意：1)关联词只能用whether不能用if表示“是否”的情况如下：a)在表语从句和同位语从句中。例如：Thequestioniswhetherthefilmisworthseeing.Thenewswhetherourteamhaswonthematchisunknown.Answermyquestionwhetheryouarecoming.b)在主语从句中，只有用it作形式主语时，whether和if都能引导主语从句，否则，也只能用whether。例如：Whetherweshallattendthemeetinghasn"tbeendecidedyet.Ithasn"tbeendecidedwhether(if)weshallattendthemeeting.c)在介词之后。（介词往往可以省略）例如：Italldepends（on）whethertheywillsupportus．d)后面直接跟动词不定式时。例如：Hedoesn"tknowwhethertostayornot.e)后面紧接ornot时。例如：文案大全 实用文档Wedidn"tknowwhetherornotshewasready．a)引导让步状语从句，只能用whether。例如：Whetheryoulikeitornot，youmustdoitwell.b)用if会引起歧义时。例如：Please1etmeknowifyoulikeit.该句有两个意思：“请告诉我你是否喜欢”。或“如果你喜欢，请告诉我。”用了whether就可以避免。2)关联词if，whether均可使用的情况如下：a)引导宾语从句。例如：Iwonderif（whether）thenewsistrueornot．b)在“be十形容词”之后。例如：Hewasnotsurewhether(if)itisrightorwrong.3)关联词只能用whether或if，不能用that的情况如下：若doubt一词作“怀疑”解接宾语从句时，主句为肯定句用whether或if，主句为否定句或疑问句用that。例如：Idoubtwhetherhewillcomesoon.Idonotdoubtthathewillcomesoon.Doyoudoubtthathewillcomesoon？注意：下面这个例句中doubt的含义为“认为未必可能”。Idoubtthathewillcome.1.直接引语和间接引语。引述别人的原话叫直接引语，用自己的话转述别人的话叫间接引语。这两种引语都是宾语从句，但直接引语放在引号内，不用连词连接；间接引语不用引号，通常用连接词连接于主句。1)陈述句变为以that引导的宾语从句。例如：Hesaid，“I"mveryglad.”Hesaidthathewasveryglad.2)一般疑问句变为if（whether）引导的宾语从句。例如：Hesaid，“Canyoucomethisafternoon,John？”HeaskedwhetherJohncouldcomethatafternoon.3)特殊疑问句变为由who，what,when等疑问词引导的宾语从句。例：Hesaid，“WhereisMr.Wang？”HeaskedwhereMr.Wangwas.注意上述例句中时态，人称代词，时间状语的变化。主句谓语动词为过去时，间接引语中的动词变化如下：一般现在时变为一般对去时；现在进行时变为过去进行时；一股将来时变为过去将来时；现在完成时变为过去完成时；一般过去时变为过去完成时；过去完成时仍为过去完成时。如果主句谓语动词为各种现在时或一般将来时，直接引语变为间接引语时，时态一律不变。例如：Hesays，”Icleanedthef1oor.”Hesayshecleanedthefloor.巩固训练1.________thenewplancanbecarriedoutwillbediscussedatthemeetingtomorrow.文案大全 实用文档A.WhichB.WhatC.ThatD.Whether1.Youmustthinkof________youcandomoreforothers.A.thatB.howC.whatD.which2.Theyaskedthecaptainif________thedestinationsafely.A.theshipcanreachB.theshipcouldreachC.didtheshipreachD.theshipreached3.________thatnotallthebooksarehelpfultome.A.ItseemstomeB.InmyopinionC.IthinkinmymindD.Iseem4.Thereareacrowdofpeoplethere.Whatdoyousuppose________.A.hadhappenedB.hashappenedC.ishappenedD.happened5.________oneofmyldfriendswasontheflighttoNewYork.A.IthappenedthatB.ItwashappenedthatC.ThathappenedD.Ithappenedto6.Chinaisnolonger________.A.sheusedtobeB.thatsheusedtobeC.whatsheusedtobeD.whatsheusedtolike7.Thethought________hemightbeputinprisonworriedhimalot.A.whenB.whichC.whatD.that8.________the29thOlympicGameswillbeholdinBeijing,ChinamadealltheChineseexcited.A.WhatB.WhenC.ThatD.Whether9.Itisimpossible________heforgot________hehadsaid.A.that;whatB.what;thatC.what;thatD.that;that10.Thetruthis________thetaxidriverbrokethetrafficrule.A.whyB.whatC.thatD.which11.________wewanttoknowis________theaccidenthappened.A.That;whenandwhatB.What;whatandwhenC.That;whichandwhereD.What;whenandwhere.12.Iwonderhowmuch________.A.doesthecomputercostB.didthecomputercostC.thecomputercostD.thecomputercosts13.Ihaveallkindsofbooksthere,youmaytake________youlikemost.A.inwhichB.fromwhichC.whicheverD.that14.—Doyouremember________hecame?—Yes,Ido,hecamebycar.A.howB.whenC.thatD.if15.Therecanbenodoubt________heisqualifiedforthejob.A.ifB.whetherC.thatD.which16.Ihavenoinformationabout________hewillcomeornot.A.ifB.eitherC.whetherD.what17.Nowwehavelittleidea________lifetheywerethenliving.A.whichB.thatC.whatD.how18.It’swidelybelieved________milkandeggsarenutritious.A.thatB.whatC.ifD.whether19.It’sdoubtful________weshallbeabletocome.A.thatB.whetherC.ifD.when文案大全 实用文档1.Theofficialaskedme________tobuildthisplant.A.howlongitwastakenB.howlongithadtakenC.howmuchtimedidittakeD.howmuchtimeitwastaken2.Hemadeapromise________hewouldhelpme.A.whatB.whenC.thatD.which3.Thisis________theSaltLakeCitylies.A.whichB.whatC.whereD.when4.Itlooked________itwasgoingtorain.A.asifB.ifC.asD.whether5.Itdependson________hewasenoughmoney.A.ifB.ifornotC.whetherornotD.whether6.________getshomefirstistocookthesupper.A.WhoB.WhomC.ThosewhoD.Whoever7.________WangFenglookedaftertheoldwomanawholeyearmovedusall.A.ThatB.WhatC.WhenD.Why8.________Ican’tunderstandis________hedoesn’twanttogo.A.What;whyB.That;thatC.Which;forD.Why;because9.Idon’tdoubt________hewillattendthemeeting.A.thatB.ifC.whatD.whether10.Itworriedherabit________herhairwasturninggray.A.whileB.thatC.ifD.whether11.Theteacherasked________withme.A.whatwasthewrongB.whatthematterwasC.whatmatterwasD.whatwasthematter12.________wedomustbeintheinterestsofthepeople.A.WhatthatB.WhicheverC.NomatterD.Whatever13.Tellme________yourbrotherlookslike.A.howB.whatC.allthatD.that14.Wordcame________thepresidentwouldcometovisitourcity.A.whetherB.thatC.whyD.which15.Thetroubleis________weareshortofmoney.A.whatB.thatC.howD.why16.Noonecanbesure________inamillionyears.A.WhatmanwilllooklikeB.whatwillmanlooklikeC.manwilllooklikewhatD.whatlookwillmanlike17.–Hurryup,orwe’llbelateforthemeeting.--Therearestillafewminutesleft,Idon’t’thinkit________until7:30.A.willbeginB.istobeginC.isbeginningD.wastobegin18.AreyousuggestingthatI________unfitforthejob?A.amB.wereC.shallbeD.be19.________thatthe70yearsoldmancanpassthecollegeentranceexaminationthistime?A.ThatishopedB.ItishopedC.PeoplearehopedD.Ithoped20.Wethink_____necessary_____acollegestudentshouldmasteratleastoneforeignlanguage.文案大全 实用文档A.that;thatB.that;thatC.it;thatD.that;it1.________doyouthinkisthebestplayeronournationalwomenvolleyballteam?A.WhomB.WhatC.OfwhomD.Who2.________wecan’tgetseemsbetterthan________wehave.A.what;whatB.What;thatC.That;thatD.That;what3.Iwouldratheryou________tomorrowthantoday.A.comeB.willcomeC.cameD.iscoming4.Whodoyouimagine________atthemeetingtomorrow?A.tospeakB.speakingC.spokenD.willspeak5.—DoyoubelieveMarywillcometothepartytonight?—________.A.No,IbelievenotsoB.No,Idon’tbelieveC.No,Idon’tbelievesoD.Ofcourseshewon’tKEY:1—10.DBBABACDCA11—20.CDDCACCCAB21—30.BCCADDAAAB31—40.DDBBBAAABC41—45.DACDC第11讲：状语从句状语从句在句中作状语，修饰主句中的动词、形容词或副词等。状语从句放在主句之前时，常用逗号分开：放在主句之后，一般不用逗号。状语从句按其意文和作用可分为时间、条件、原因、让步、目的、结果、方式、比较、地点等九种。时间状语从句时间状语从句常用连词有when，as，while，before，after，since，till（until），assoonas，hardly…when…，nosooner…than，themoment等。时间状语从句一般不用将来时，因此，主句若为将来时，时间状语从句要用一般现在时。如：I"llgoonwiththeworkwhenIcomebacktomorrow.一、when,while与as的异同作为从属连词，三者的意思都是“当…时候”，在用法上有如下异同点。1.在主句的谓语动词表示短暂动作，而从句说的是一段时间发生的动作时，三个连词都可以。如：Imethimas／when／whileIwasdoingsomeshopping.2.从句动作发生的时间如果是某一点，而且主句动作同时或几乎同时发生时，不能用while，而只能用when或as。如：Imethimas/whenIwasgettingoffthebus.3.当从句动作发生在主句动作之前时，只能用when，如：IwillringyouupwhenIreturn.4.主句用进行时态，从句动作发生的时间如果是某一点，只能用when。如：MymotherwascookingthesupperwhenIgothome.5.如果主句和从句的动作都在一段时间发生，可用as或while，只不过as强调主句和从句中的动作同时发生，而while强调主句的动作延续于while所指的整个时间。文案大全 实用文档AsIputonmycoat，somethingfelloutofthepocketontothefloor.Whilehewasinprison，JoeHillcontinuedtowritesongstokeepuptheworker"sfight．一、when的从属连词用法when作为从属连词引导时间状语从句，既可放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后。如：Whenwegothome，itwasalreadyeighto"clock.Comeagainwhenyouhavetime．但在下面这组句子中，when引导的不是时间状语从句，通常不译成“当…的时候”。1)OneeveningsomeofNapoleon"ssoldiersweredrinkingtogetherwhenayoungFrenchmanbroughtafiendtotheirtable.2)Hehadjustgotintobedabouthalfpastelevenwhenhefeltthefloorshakingunderhim.3)AnArabwaswalkingalonethroughthedesertwhenhemettwomen.4)Iwasjustgoingtoexplainwhenthebellrang．在以上例子中，各句的中心不在前面，而在when引导的分句上。而且when引导的句子说明的情况是事先未曾预料到的，有一定的突然性。when的意思为andatthatmoment或andsuddenly。when引导的这种句子不能放在句首。翻译时常常译成并列句。二、till（until）表示“一直到…”时，主句用持续性动词的肯定式，从句也用肯定式：表示“直到…才…”，主句用非持续性动词的否定式，从句用肯定式。例如：Hedidnotgetuptillhismothercamein.Heworkeduntilitwasdark.三、assoonas，和themoment引导的从句表示“—…就…”用nosooner。…than和hardly…when引导的从句表示“刚……就……”。主句中的动词一般用过去完成时，从句用过去时；而且主句一般倒装，把助动词had提到前面。例如：AssoonasIfinishthework，I’llgotoseeyou．HardlyhadIenteredtheroomwhenIheardaloudnoise．让步状语从句让步状语从句由although（though），as，evenif，．however,whatever，nomatter＋when／how／what／who／where等词引导。一、though和although1.although是较正式语体，语气化（even）though强，且一般用在句首。（even）though比较通俗，较常用。下列情况只能用though：2.在部分倒装的从句中，如：Youngthoughhewas，hewasburdenedwithabigfamily.3.在asthough，eventhough等短语中though不能用although代替。值得注意的是，不管though还是although，都不能与but连用。二、由as引导的让步状语从句由as连词引导的让步从句是一种部分倒装句，其结构通常是：adj.(adv,n或v)＋as＋主语＋谓语＋其他成分＋（主句）。注意，名词前不用冠词。如：Tallasheis，hecannotreachthetopshelf．（前面是形容词）Fastasheran，hemissedthefirstbus．（前面是副词）Heroassheis，sheismodest。（前面是名词）TryasImight，Icouldn"tliftthestone．〔前面是动词原形〕上述句子中的as都可以用though代替。下面三种结构意思相同：文案大全 实用文档Thoughhewasachild(Childashewas/Childthoughhewas)，hehaswonthreegoldmedalsinsports．原因状语从句一、for，because，since，as表示原因for和because，since，as一样，都可作“因为”讲。但它不表示产生某种结果的必然因果关系，它们之间用逗号分隔开。because表示产生某种结果的必然因果关系，是全句的中心，主句反而成了次要的部分，有时主句甚至可以省略。回答why的问题只能用because．比较：Itmusthaverainedlastnight，forthegroundiswet．Thegroundiswetbecauseitrainedlastnight．二、since和as表示原因的份量不如because那么重，而且通常放在句首。如：Sinceyousayso，Isupposeit"strue.Asitisraining，Iwillnotgoout.三、for是个并列连词，只能放在另一个并列分句前面，表示一种推理或解释，或用作附加说明，而不是指理由或原因，语气最弱，一般不放在句首，常译成“因为”，“其理由是”。例如：Thedaybreaks，forthebirdsaresinging。for表示因果关系时，可以同because交替使用，但for前须用逗号，而because则不必。四、because用于否定句中时，有没有逗号意义是不相同的。I"mnotinterestedinhim，becauseheispoor．（否定主句）我对他不惑兴趣是因为他很穷。I"mnotinterestedinhimbecauseheispoor．（没有逗号时，否定转移到从句）我不是因为他很穷才对他感兴趣。条件状语从句条件状语从句用if,unless（if...not），as（so）longas（只要）等词引导，如果主句是将来时，条件状语从句用一般现在时表示：AslongasIlive，Ishallworkhard。IshallnotgotoschoolunlessIfinishmyhomework.※unless与ifunless和if都可引导条件状语从句，但意义不同。unless的意思是ifnot，两者常可互换。如：I"llgoifmywifeisinvitedtoo。＝Iwon"tgounlessmywifeisinvitedtoo，有时虽没有not，而反义词语也可互换。如：Igoforawalkeverydayifweatherpermits．＝Igoforawalkunlessbadweatherstopsme．地点状语从句地点状语从句常用where，wherever等连词引导。Whereveryougo，I"llfollowyou.注意where引导的地点状语从句不要和定语从句相混淆。Weshallgowhereworkingconditionsaredifficult．（状语从句）文案大全 实用文档Weshallgototheplacewhereworkingconditionsaredifficult.（定语从句）结果状语从句结果状语从句一般由so，sothat，的…that，such…that引导，放在主句之后。例如：Theboxissoheavythatnobodycanmoveit.Itissuchaheavyboxthatnobodycanmoveit.Soheavytheboxisthatnobodycanmoveit．（可用倒装结构）注意不要和定语从句混淆：Zhangjiajieissuchamarvelousplacethateveryonewantstovisitit.（that引导状语从句）张家界是如此神奇的地方，人人都想去游玩。Zhangjiajieissuchamarvelousplaceaseveryonewantstovisit.（as引导状语从句并作宾语）张家界是如此一个人人都想去游玩的神奇的地方。目的状语从句目的状语从句常由sothat，inorderthat，lest／forfearthat等引导，放在主句之后。一、sothat，inorderthatTheystartedearlysothattheymightarriveintime．＝Theystartedearlysoasto／inordertoarriveintime.Heworkshardinorderthathecanservehecountrywell.注意：1)sothat和soasto均不能位于句首.2)与sothat作结果状语的区别。如：Hehurriedtothestationsothathecouldcatchtheearlybus.（表目的）=Hegottothestationhurriedlysothathecouldcatchtheearlybus．他匆匆忙忙赶到车站，为的是能搭上早班车。Hehurriedtothestationsothathecaughttheearlybus.（表结果）=Hegottothestationhurriedlysothathecaughttheearlybus.=Hegottothestationsohurriedlythathecaughttheearlybus.二、lest和forfearthat所连接的状语从句里常用should或原形动词以免；生怕；唯恐（that用于fearworry等词之后起连接作用，无实际意义）Theystartedoutearlyforfearthatthey(should)missthetrain.Becarefullestyoufallfromthattree。要当心，以免从树上摔下来。Iwasafraidlesthemightcometoolate。我怕他来得太晚。方式状语从句方式状语从句放在主句之后，用as，justas，asif,asthough等引导。asif和asthough引导的从句一般用虚拟语气。但如果从句中所陈述的情况很可能实现，也可用陈述语气。例如：Theoldmanrunsveryfastasifhewereayoungman.Youmaydoasyouplease.比较状语从句比较状语从句常由as。…as，than，notso。…as…，themore．…the文案大全 实用文档more等词引导。比较从句部分常是省略句。例如：Iknowyoubetterthanhedoes.Themorewecandoforyou，thehappierwewillbe.巩固训练1.Ithinkthatyouareyounger________.A.thanyouarelookedB.thanyoulooklikeC.thanyoulookD.thanyouarelike2.Itwas________thatIcouldn’tfinishitbymyself.A.sodifficultaworkB.suchadifficultworkC.sodifficultworkD.suchdifficultwork3.Thebusiertheworkersare,________theyfeel.A.themorehappinessB.themorehappyC.thehappierD.themuchhappier4.________yougo,youshouldbearyourmotherlandinyourmind.A.WhereB.WhereverC.HoweverD.Whatever5.________hadwehurriedhome________itbegantopourdown.A.Nosooner;whenB.Hardly;whenC.Hardly;thatD.Assoonas;when6.Mr.Wuseldomcomeshere.________hecomes,I’llletyouknow.A.OnceB.AsC.UnlessD.while7.Thoughheisveryyoung.________heknowsthreeforeignlanguages.A.butB.andC.howeverD.yet8.________youarehere,youshouldgoandsayhellotoyourteacher.A.AsB.BecauseC.ForD.Nowthat9.Mr.Smithhasbeenill________hecametoChinafromFrancelastyear.A.asB.becauseC.sinceD.when10.Thereisnotmuchchanceofwinningthecompetition.________,youcanhaveatry.A.CompletelyB.ThereforeC.AlthoughD.Anyhow11.Thespeakerraisedhisvoice________hemightbeheardclearly.A.soastoB.inordertoC.incaseD.sothat12.Howtimeflies!Threemonthshaspassed________weknow.A.sinceB.beforeC.whenD.after13.—ShallIputthebookaway?—No.leaveit________itis.Ihaven’tfinishedit.A.intheplaceB.thereC.whereD.here14.Itisseveryears________IleftParis.A.whenB.afterC.beforeD.since15.—Theairispollutedseriously.—It’llbegetworse________somethingisdoneaboutpollution.A.butB.unlessC.besidesD.if16.Youcanusemycar________youcomebackbeforeFirday.A.unlessthatB.onconditionthatC.wheneverD.asif17.________theletter,tearskeptcomingdownfromhereyes.A.ToreadB.ReadingC.ShewasreadingD.Whileshewas文案大全 实用文档reading1.Mr.Brownisawarm-heartedperson,hehelpsme________Iaskhimto.A.whateverB.wheneverC.onlyD.however2.________whatmayhappen,Iwon’tchangemymind.A.EvenifB.AlthoughC.SinceD.Nomatter3.Itwon’tbelong________wemeetagain.A.afterB.beforeC.sinceD.when4.You’llsurelymakeprogress________youworkwithastrongwill.A.unlessB.untilC.aslongasD.aswellas5.Hewaswalkingalongthestreet________heheardsomeonecrying“help”.A.whileB.whenC.asD.which6.________theyvisitedtheGreatWall,theyshowedgreatinterestinit.A.ThefirsttimeB.ForthefirsttimeC.AtfirstD.Until7.Ididn’tmanagetodoit________youhadexplainedhow.A.untilB.unlessC.afterD.when8.—Whatwasthepartylike?—Wonderful,it’syears________Iengagedmyselfsomuch.A.afterB.whenC.beforeD.since9.________strongthetemptation,don’tstayinanyjoblong.A.ThoughB.EvenifC.WhateverD.However10.Itisgenerallyconsideredunwisetogiveachild________heorshewants.A.howeverB.whateverC.whicheverD.whenever11.Afterliberation,anewschoolbuildingwasputup________therehadoncebeenatemple.A.thatB.whereC.whichD.there12.Iwonderifhe________us,andIthinkifhe________uswe’llbeabletocompletethetaskaheadoftime.A.willhelp;willhelpB.helps;willhelpC.willhelp;helpsD.helps;helps13.________wefail,we________trying.A.Evenalthough;shallneverstopB.Even;willnotstopC.Eventhough;won’tstop.D.Evenif;don’tstop14.________telephone,tellhimI’mout.A.AnyoneB.WhoeverC.WhoD.Nomatter15.Theydidnotstopfighting________therewasnoenemyleft.A.sinceB.whenC.afterD.until16.Iwasabouttoleavemyhouse________thephonerang.A.afterB.whenC.asD.while17.ShethoughtIwastalkingaboutherdaughter,________,infact,Iwastalkingaboutmine.A.whenB.whereC.whichD.while18.________ayoungman,hewasfondofhunting.A.WhenB.WhileC.AsD.Like19.Healwaysgetsupearly________hecanfindsometimetoreadEnglishinthemorning.A.thatB.whetherC.whenD.for20.Shelovesthelittlegirl________shewereherown.A.evenifB.asifC.ifD.because文案大全 实用文档1.Thelittlegirlisgoingtostaywithheraunt________.A.untilhermothercomesbackB.untilhermotherwillcomebackC.whenhermothercomesbackD.beforehermotherwillcomeback2.LinTaoissuretocometohelpyou________hishomework.A.assoonashewillfinishB.themomenthehasfinishedC.assoonashefinishedD.themomenthehadfinished3.Hecanmakecakes________hismotherdoes.A.sothatB.lestC.justasD.inorderthat4.Theyusecomputerssothatthephysicalexamination________bespedup.A.wouldB.couldC.shallD.can5.Youwillhavetobuythebook________youlikeitornot.A.asB.whetherC.ifD.though6.Shecontinuedtowrite________shehadalwaysdone.A.asifB.beforeC.asD.when7.Idon’tthinkshe’llbeupset,butI’llseeher________sheis.A.unlessB.incaseC.untilD.though8.ShehadgivenRobertallhersaving,________they________abletobuytheirownhouse.A.sothat;wereB.sothat;mightbeC.inorderthat;wereD.suchthat;wereKey:1—10.CDCBBADDCD11—20.DBCDBBDBDB21—30.CBAADDBBCC31—45.BDBDCABABCDBCBA文案大全