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实用文档高中英语语法之小茂解析第一章主谓一致主谓一致(Subject-VerbAgreement),指”人称”和”数方面的一致关系.如:Heisgoingabroad.Theyareplayingfootball. 可分为:语法一致,内容一致,就近一致.(一)语法一致原则:即主语为单数,谓语用单数,主语为复数,谓语也用复数.以下为注意事项:1.单数主语即使后面带有with,alongwith,togetherwith,like(象),but(除了),except,besides,aswellas,nolessthan,ratherthan(而不是),including,inadditionto引导的短语,谓语动词仍用单数.如:Airaswellaswaterismatter.空气和水都是物质.Nooneexcepttwoservantswaslateforthedinner.除了两个仆人外,没有一个人迟来用餐。2.用and连接的并列主语,如果主语是同一个人,同一事,同一概念,谓语动词用单数,否则用复数.如:Thepoetandwriterhascome.那位诗人兼作家来了.(一个人)Ahammerandasawareusefultools.锤子和锯都是有用的工具.(两样物)用and连接的成对名词习惯上被看成是一个整体,如:breadandbutter(黄油抹面包),knifeandfork(刀叉)等作主语时,谓语动词用单数。3.不定式(短语),动名词(短语),或从句作主语时,谓语动词用单数.如:Servingthepeopleismygreathappiness.为人民服务是我最大的幸福.Whenwe’llgooutforanoutinghasbeendecided.我们什么时候出去郊游已决定了。4.用连接的并列主语被each,every或no修饰时,谓语动词用单数.Everyboyandeverygirllikestogoswimming.每个男孩和每个女孩都喜欢去游泳.Noteacherandnostudentwasabsentfromthemeeting.没有老师也没有学生开会缺席.Eachmanand(each)womanisaskedtohelp.每个男人和每个女人都被请去帮忙。5.eachof+复数代词,谓语动词用单数.复数代词+each,谓语动词用单数.如:Eachofushassomethingtosay.我们每个人都有话要说。6.若主语中有morethanone或manya/an,尽管从意义上看是复数,但它的谓语动词仍用单数。但more+复数名词+thanone做主语时,谓语动词仍用复数.如:Manyaboylikesplayingbasketball.许多男生都喜欢打篮球.Morethanonestudentwaslate.不只一个学生迟到Morepersonsthanonecometohelpus.不止一个人来帮助我们。7.none做主语时,谓语动词可用单数,也可用复数;但在代表不可数的东西时总是看作单数,因而谓语动词要用单数.如:文案大全
实用文档Noneofusare(is)perfect.人无完人。Noneofthisworriesme.这事一点不使我着急。8.名词如:trousers,scissors,clothes,goods,glasses等作主语时,谓语动词必须用复数.如:Hisclothesaregood.但这些名词前若出现apairof,谓语一般用单数.如:Apairofglassesisonthedesk.桌上有一副眼镜。9.形复意单名词如:news;以ics结尾的学科名称如:physics,mathematics,economics;国名如:theUnitedStates;报纸名如:theNewTimes;书名如:ArabianNight<天方夜谈>;以及TheUnitedNations<联合国>等作主语时,谓语动词用单数。10.“a+名词+andahalf“,“oneandahalf+名词”,“thenumberof+名词”等作主语时,谓语动词要用单数.如:Onlyoneandahalfapplesisleftonthetable.注意:oneortwo+复数名词作主语,谓语动词用复数形式,如:Oneortwoplaceshavebeenvisited.参观了一两个地点。(二)内容一致原则:1.主语中有all,half,most,therest等,以及”分数或百分数+名词”做主语时,谓语动词单复数取决于连用的名词.如:Therestofthebikesareonsaletoday.剩下的自行车,今天出售。60%oftheapplewaseatenbylittleboy.这个苹果的60%都被这个小男孩吃了。Mostoftheappleswererotten.大部分的苹果都是烂的。Mostoftheapplewaseatenbyarat.这个苹果的大部分被老鼠吃了。2.不定数量的词组,如:partof,alotof,lotsof,oneof,anumberof,plentyof等作主语时,谓语动词的单复数取决于量词后面名词的数.如:Apartofthetextbookshavearrived.一小部分教科书已运到。Apartoftheapplehasbeeneatenupbythepig.这个苹果的一部分被猪吃光了。3.加减乘除用单数.如:Fifteenminusfiveisten.15减去5等于10。4.表示时间,金钱,距离,度量等的名词做主语时,尽管是复数形式,它们做为一个单一的概念时,其谓语动词用单数.如:Tenmilesisagooddistance.十英里是一个相当的距离。5.(1)通常作复数的集体名词.包括police,people,cattle等,这些集体名词通常用作复数.如:TheBritishpolicehaveonlyverylimitedpowers.(2)通常作不可数名词的集体名词.包括equipment,furniture,clothing,luggage等.(3)可作单数也可作复数的集体名词.包括audience,committee,government,family,enemy,group,party,team,public等.如:Thecommitteehas/havedecidedtodismisshim.委员会决定解雇他。文案大全
实用文档6.the+形容词/过去分词形式”表示一类人或事物,作主语时,谓语动词用复数.如:Theinjuredweresavedafterthefire.(三)就近原则1.由here,there,where等引导的倒装句中,(有时主语不止一个时)谓语动词与靠近它的主语在数上一致.如:Herecomesthebus公共汽车来了.Hereisapenandsomepiecesofpaperforyou.给你一支钢笔和几张纸。Whereisyourwifeandchildrentostaywhileyouareaway?你不在这儿的时候,你爱人和孩子在哪儿呆呢?2.用连词or,either....or,neither….nor,notonly….butalso等连接的并列主语,谓语动词与靠近它的主语在数上一致。如:Neitherthestudentsnortheteacherknowsanythingaboutit学生和老师都不知道这事.Heoryouhavetakenmypen.他或你拿了我的钢笔。注意:oneof+复数名词+who/that/which引导的定语从句中,定语从句的动词为复数。如:Maryisoneofthosepeoplewhokeeppets.玛丽是饲养宠物者之一。Theonlyoneof+复数名词+who/that./which引导的定语从句中,定语从句的动词应为单数。Maryistheonlyoneofthosepeoplewhokeepspets.玛丽是唯一一个饲养宠物的人。主谓一致练习1.About60percentofthestudents_____fromthesouth,therestofthem_____fromthenorthandforeigncountries.A.are/isB.are/are C.is/areD.are2.Halfoftheworkershere_____under30_____.A.is/yearsB.are/yearoldC.is/yearsoldD.are/yearsofage3.NowTomwithhisclassmates_____footballontheplayground.A.playB.areplaying C.playsD.isplaying4.Thenumberofpagesinthisdictionary_____abouttwothousand.A.areB.has C.haveD.is5.Thirtydollars_____tooexpensive.A.areB.isC.wereD.be6.Theaudience_____solargethatnoseatwasleftunoccupiedinthegreathall.A.isB.areC.wasD.has7.Thesecretaryandprincipal_____atthemeetingnow.A.arespeakingB.isspeakingC.weremakingaspeechD.haveaspeech8."Ifanybody_____,pleaseputdown_____name,"saidtheteachertothemonitor.A.wantstobuythebook/hisB.wanttobuythebook/theirC.willbuythebook/one"sD.wantstohavethebookbought/her9.Nothingbutonedeskandsixchairs_____intheroom.A.areB.isstayedC.isD.areleft10.Havingarrivedatthestation,_____.A.itwasfoundthatthetrainhadleft&nb,sp;B.th,etrai,nhadleftC.thetrainwasfoundleftD.hefoundthatthetrainhadleft文案大全
实用文档11.Betweenthetworoads_____aTVtowercalled"SkyscraperTower".A.standsB.standingC.whichstandsD.stand12.Eitherofyou_____goingtheretonight.A.willB.wasC.isD.are13.Youaswell_____right.A.IareB.IamC.asIamD.asIare14.AllbutDick_____inClassThreethisterm.A.areB.isC.wereD.was15.--ShallIwaithereforthreehours? --Yes.Threehours___,__t,,,,,owaitforsuchadoctor.A.arenotverylongforyouB.isnotlongenoughfo,,,,,ryouC.wasnotlongenoughforyouD.willbetoolongforyou16.Wheretogetthematerialsandhowtogetthem_____atthemeeting.A.havenotdiscussedB.havenotbeendiscussedC.hasnotdiscussedD.hasnotbeendiscussed17.ItookmathematicsandphysicsbecauseIthinkthat_____veryimportantformetomakefurtherresearchinthisfield.A.whatisB.theyareC.thisD.whichare18.Everystudentandeveryteacher_____.A.aregoingtoattendthemeetingB.haveattendedthemeetingC.hasattendedthemeetingD.isattendedthemeeting19.Threefourthsofthebread_____byBob,andtherestofthebread_____leftonthetable.A.waseaten/wereB.wereeaten/was C.wereeaten/wereD.waseaten/was20.Thispairofshoes_____.A.isherB.ishers C.arehersD.areher21.There______nolifeonthemoon.A.issaidtohaveB.aresaidtohaveC.issaidtobeD.aresaidtobe22.Agroupof______areeating______and______atthefootofthehillA.sheep;grass;leavesB.sheepsgrassesleavesC.sheep;grassleafD.sheepsgrassleafs23.Myfamilyraisealotof_______,includingtwo______.A.cattlescowsB.cowscattleC.cattlecowsD.cow,cattles24.Whathesaysandwhathedoes_______.A.doesnotagreeB.donotagreeC.doesnotagreewithD.notagree25.Theboyandthegirleach______toys.A.havetheirownB.hastheirownC.haveherownD.hasherown26.Sheistheonlyoneamongthe______writerswho______storiesforchildren.A.woman,writesB.womenwriteC.womenwritesD.womanwrite27.Therailwaystationis______fromourschool.A.twohour`sdriveB.twohours`driveC.twohourdriveD.twohoursdrive28.MikeandJohn`s______.A.fatherisateacherB.fathersareteachersC.fatherareteachersD.fathersareteacher29.Agreatdealoftalkingandlisteningthat______undercasualcircumstancemayseemtobe文案大全
实用文档aimless.A.isoccurredB.areoccurredC.occursD.occur30._______theclassroomneedstobecleaned.A.EithertheofficesorB.TheofficesandC.BoththeofficeandD.Theofficeand31.Three-fourthsofthehomework______today.A.hasfinishedB.hasbeenfinishedC.havefinishedD.havebeenfinished32.Morethan60percentoftheworld’sradioprogrammes______inEngland.A.isB.wasC.areD.be33.______workhasbeendonetoimprovethepeople`slivingstandardA.AgreatdealofB.AgreatmanyC.AlargenumberofD.Many34.Therestofthemagazines______withinhalfanhour.A.issoldoutB.aresoldoutC.wassoldoutD.weresoldout35.There______alotofsugarinthejar.A.hasB.haveC.isD.are36.“All______presentandall______goingonwell”,ourmonitorsaid.A.isisB.are,areC.areisD.isare37.YesterdaytheLeaguesecretaryandmonitor______askedtomakeaspeechatthemeeting.A.isB.wasC.areD.were.38.Maryaswellashersisters______ChineseinChina.A.arestudyingB.havestudiedC.studiesD.study39.Therich______notalwayshappy.A.areB.isC.willD.may40.______canbedone______done.A.All,havebeenB.Allthat,havebeenC.AllhasD.Allthat,hasbeen41.Eitheroftheplans______equallydangerous.A.areB.isC.hasD.have42.Thepolice______themurderereverywherewhenhesuddenlyappearedinatheatre.A.issearchingB.weresearchingforC.aresearchingD.wassearchingfor43.Yourtrousers______dirty,youmusthave______washed.A.isitB.areitC.arethemD.isthem44.TheOlympicgames______heldeveryfour______.A.isyearsB.areyearsC.isyearD.areyear45.Heistheolyoneofthestudentswho______elected.A.areB.haveC.hasD.is46.______agoodenoughpriceforthisbookA.TwoyuansareB.TwoyuanareC.TwoyuansisD.Twoyuanis47.Nobirdandnobeast______inthelonelyislandA.areseenB.isseenC.seeD.sees48.Everymeans______preventthewaterfrom______A.areusedtopollutingB.getusedtopollutingC.isusedto,pollutedD.isusedto,beingpolluted49.Eachofthe______intheship.A.passengerhashisownroomB.passengershavetheirownroom文案大全
实用文档C.passengerhavetheirownroomD.sengershashisownroom50.Whatweneed______goodtextbooks.A.isB.areC.haveD.has51.Whatyousaidjustnow______todowiththematterwearediscussing.A.havesomethingB.hassomethingC.hadsomethingD.wassomething52.Eitheryourparentsoryourelderbrother______toattendthemeetingtomorrow.A.isB.areC.aregoingD.have53.Neitherofthenovelswhich______popularwithus______beentranslatedintoChinese.A.arehasB.arehaveC.ishaveD.ishas54.Everyboyandeverygirl______toattendtheeveningparty.A.wishB.wishesC.hopeD.arehoping55._______hasbeendone.A.nety—ninepercentsoftheworkB.HalfofwhathepromisedC.Two-fifthsofthearticlesD.Threequarterofthebusiness答案:1-5BDDDB6-10ABACD11-15ACDAB16-20DBCDB21-25CACBA26-30CBACA31-35CCADC36-40CBCAD41-45BBCBD46-50DBDDB51-55BAABB第三章:非谓语动词不定式(infinitive)、分词(participle)、动名词(gerund)是非谓语动词,在句子中不能作谓语。以下表格列出了他们各自在句中的作用。(√表示可以在句中担任的语法成分,×则表示不可以。)作用种类主语宾语宾语补足语表语定语状语不定式√√√√√√动名词√√×√√×分词××√√√√非谓语动词在句中的特点、性质、用法、区别及使用注意事项分述如下:第一节、非谓语动词作主语可作主语的非谓语形式为:不定式和动名词。其表达形式为:不定式:主动态todo;被动态tobedone;动名词:主动态doing;被动态beingdone。例1:Toactlikethatisfoolish.例2:Itisimpossibleformetobuythecarwithcash.要我用现金买那辆车是不可能的。例3:Walkingisagoodformofexerciseforbothyoungandold.例4:——Whatmadeyousolateforworktoday?——Drivingtotheofficewasveryslowthismorningbecauseofheavytraffic.文案大全
实用文档因为交通拥挤,今早开车上班非常慢。一般说来,动名词和不定式作主语,可以互换,其意义没有多大差别,但须注意以下两点:1.表示具体的,尤其是未发生的动作,倾向用不定式(如例2)。表示无时限的泛指动作(如例3)或描述当时的情况(如例4),倾向用动名词。2.在下列句型用动名词作主语Itisnogooddoing.(……没有用)Thereisnodoing.(……不可能)Itisnogoodarguingwithhim.和他争论没有用。Thereisnoknowingwhatmayhappen.=Itisimpossibletoknowwhatmayhappen.练习:1.(改错)Asisknown,learnaforeignlanguagewellrequiresgreatefforts.2.(改错)Thoughflyingballoonsareeasy,balloonistsmustwatchtheweathercarefully.3.(选择)_______tosunlightfortoomuchwilldoharmtoone’sskin.A.ExposedtoB.ExposingC.HavingexposedD.Beingexposed答案:1.learn→learning原形动词不能作主语。2.are→is单个动名词作主语,谓语用单数。3.答案D。句义:遭太阳暴晒对皮肤有害。本题考查动名词作主语。分析句子结构可知,待选项在句中作主语,又因为人与expose为被动关系,所以选D。第二节、非谓语动词作表语可作表语的非谓语动词为:不定式,动名词。1.YourtaskthismorningistodeliverthemailtoProfessorSmith.你今天上午的任务是把这个邮件送给史密斯教授。(不定式解释主语内容)2.Myhobbyiscollectingstamps.(动名词解释主语内容)1.Thepurposeofnewtechnologiesistomakelifeeasier,____itmoredifficult.(99全国)A.notmake B.nottomake C.notmaking D.donotmake2.分析句子是否正确:Whatwedoisprepareourstudentstofacefiercecompetitionswhentheyentersociety.1、答案B。is后有两个表语,两者必须在结构上对称。第一个表语为不定式tomakelifeeasier,则第二个表语也应该为不定式,所以选B。2、正确。当主语部分有实义动词do时,作表语的不定式可以省略to;若没有实义动词do,表语中to不能省略。第三节、非谓语动词作宾语可作宾语的非谓语动词为:不定式和动名词。1.不定式作宾语例1.Hedemandedtoknowthetruth.例2.Thecarfailedtostopattheredlight.那辆轿车看到红灯没有停。文案大全
实用文档英语中有相当数量的动词,只能以不定式作宾语。如:agree(同意),decide,refuse,pretend(假装),manage(设法),promise,seem,happen,hope,wish,offertodo(表示愿望)affordtodo(买得起,承担得起),bothertodo(特意),choosetodo(愿意或决定)attempt/seektodo(试图)learntodo(学习或学会)短语wouldlike(love)todo,wouldprefertodo(更愿意),beabouttodo(即将),介词but/excepttodo例1)Ihavenochoicebuttogiveuptheplan.2)Therewasnothingwecoulddoexceptwait.注:but/except前有实义动词do,其后to必须省去请注意以下几点:1)疑问代词如what,which;疑问副词如when,whether(why除外)引导的不定式可作know,decide等的宾语,在意义上相当与一个未曾发生的宾语从句。例1.Wehaven’tdecidedwhatstepstotakenext.→Wehaven’tdecidedwhatstepsweshouldtakenext.2.Ireallydon’tknowwhethertowritetoherorgiveheraphonecall.→Ireallydon’tknowwhetherIshouldwritetoherorgiveheraphonecall.这种结构也可以作主语和表语例1.Whattodonextremainstobediscussed.下一步该怎么办有待于讨论。例2.Ourdifficultyiswheretogetenoughmoney.2)为了避免重复,不定式可省去与前边重复的动词原形,而保留“to”。例:——Wouldyouliketogoforapicnicwithme?——I’dloveto,butIcan’tspareanytimeatpresent.(to后省略了goforapicnicwithyou)3)不定式的时态与语态:主动语态被动语态形式时间概念形式时间概念todo(一般时)1)未发生2)和谓语动作同时tobedone同左tobedoing(进行时)谓语动作发生时,正在进行tohavedone(完成时)发生在谓语动作之前tohavebeendone同左不定式的进行时和完成时常用在下列句型中:seem/appear(似乎)to1)S(人,物)happen(碰巧)topretendtobesaid(据说)tobethought/supposed/considered/believed(据认为)to2)S(人,物)bereported(据报导)to文案大全
实用文档beknown(知道)to请注意:考查不定式的时态和语态,主要集中在以上句型中,是高考的重点和热点。Ihappenedtobestandingnexttohimwhenhefelldown.Thebankisreportedinthelocalnewspapertohavebeenrobbedinbroaddaylightyesterday.据当地报纸指导,这家银行昨天在光天化日之下遭到抢劫。Heisknowntohavebeenarrestedbythepolice.人们都知道他曾被警察逮捕过。4)was/weretohavedone;wouldliketohavedonewished(hoped/wanted/intended/meant)tohavedone表示当时想做,而实际不能做到Iwastohavepickedyouupattheairport,butIforgotaboutit.IintendedtohavehelpedyououtbutIhadnomoneythen.我当时真想帮助你摆脱困境,可是我那时身无分文。2.动名词作动词或介词的宾语Ican’timaginemarryingagirlofthatsort.我很难想象与那种女子结婚后的情形。Inarrowlymissedbeingkilledinthecaraccident.在那次车祸中我死里逃生。Headmittedhavingstolenmybicycle.他承认偷了我的自行车。Thereisnopointinarguinganyfurther.再争议下去毫无意义。1)下列动词必须带动名词结构作宾语:understand(理解),admit(承认),keep(on)(继续),practise(练习),finish(完成),imagine(想象),miss(错过,避免),avoid(避免),escape(逃避),suggest(建议),dislike(讨厌),enjoy(喜欢),delay(推迟),excuse(原谅),mind(介意),appreciate(感激),oppose(反对)。另外,有的词既可带动名词做宾语,亦可带不定式做宾语补足语,请区别清楚。如:allowdoing(比较:allowsb.todo)advisedoing(比较:advisesb.todo)2)下列短语必须带动名词结构作宾语:beworth(值得),payattentionto(注意),objectto(反对),can’thelp(情不自禁),devoteoneselfto(致力于),putoff(推迟),be/getusedto(习惯于),feellike(想要),lookforwardto(盼望),getdownto(开始做,认真做某事),how/whatabout(……怎么样),Thereisnopoint(in)doingsth(做某事毫无意义)3)下列动词可以用不定式作宾语,也可以用动名词作宾语,但有明显的语义差别。rememberdoing回忆起过去做过的事remembertodo记住要做的事forgetdoing忘记了曾做过的事forgettodo忘记该做的事regretdoing对已发生的事表示后悔regrettodo对现在要发生的事表示抱歉meandoing意味着,意思是meantodo打算,想要文案大全
实用文档trydoing试一试某种方法trytodo设法去做一件事比较1.Idon’tmeantogiveuptheplan.我不打算放弃这个计划。Abreakdownonourwaywouldmeanourwalkingforhours.汽车半路抛锚意味着我们要步行几个小时。比较2.Ihavealwaysdeeplyregrettedselling(havingsold)thefarm.我一直为卖掉这个农场而后悔不已。Weregrettotellyouthatyouowethebank&100.我们很遗憾地告诉你,你欠银行100英镑。第四节、非谓语动词作状语作状语的非谓语动词为:分词和不定式1.现在分词和过去分词的区别1)现在分词表示主动,译为“令人……”;过去分词表示被动,译为“感到…”,这是两者最重要的区别Theweatherofthissummerisdisappointing.MyparentswillbedisappointedwithmeifIfailtheexam.描述事物或事情的性质一般用现在分词。描述人的情感一般用过去分词。Idon’tthinkitsurprisingforsuchabadmantohavebeenpunished.(it指“象这样的坏人受到惩罚”这件事)Therewasasurprisedexpressioninhereyes.她的眼里流露出惊讶的神情。(人的表情是情感的具体表现,故应用过去分词来修饰expression)2)现在分词通常表示动作正在进行;过去分词通常表示动作已完成。Powerstationsemployfallingwatertoproduceelectricity.Thegroundiscoveredwithfallenleaves.2.现在分词的时态与语态主动语态被动语态形式时间概念形式时间概念doing1)正在进行2)与谓语动作同时beingdone动作正在进行havingdone分词动作发生在谓语动作之前havingbeendone同左3.分词表示时间、原因、条件、让步、伴随或补充说明等a)分词做时间、原因、条件、让步状语的表达形式如下:doingdonehavingdoneS(主语)+VhavingbeendoneS(主语)+V(主动关系)(被动关系)Notunderstandingitsmeaning,heaskedtheteachertoexplaintheword.文案大全
实用文档(表原因:understanding与句子主语he之间是主动关系,同谓语动词asked同时发生)Havingmadeadecision,theyimmediatelysetouttowork.(表时间:makeadecision与句子主语之间是主动关系且发生于谓语动词setout之前)Havingbeenexperimentedmanytimes,thisnewproductwillbeputintomassproduction.由于这一新产品已实验过多次,不久将投入批量生产。(表原因:experimented与主语product为被动关系,且先于谓语动词put之前发生)词作上述状语时,它的位置可置于主句之前,也可置于主语之后。例:They,havingmadeadecision,setouttowork.选择:Theresearchissodesignedthatonce_____nothingcanbedonetochangeit.(02全国)A.beginsB.havingbegunC.beginningD.begun本题考查状语从句的省略,难度较大。若时间、原因、条件和让步状语从句的主语与主句主语相同,且从句部分有be时,可省略从句主语及be。省略后的形式如下:(1)when(while,until,once,as,if,though等)+doing从句谓语动词与主语为主动关系(2)when(while,until,once,as,if,though等)+done从句谓语动词与主语为被动关系表示“某一事件的开始”,begin既可用主动态,也可以用被动态。状语从句表达形式:(1)Onceitbeings。这种形式,不具备省略条件。(2)Onceitisbegun。具备省略条件(有be)。省略后的形式为:Oncebegun。所以本题选D。b)分词作伴随状语时,其形式为:(1)doing(2)done。究竟用现在分词还是过去分词,取决于该动作与句子主语是主动还是被动关系“Wecan’tgoingoutinthisweather,”saidBob,lookingoutofthewindow.(04重庆)Theboysatinthedarkroom,frightenedandtrembling.男孩一个人做在黑洞洞的房间里,吓得浑身发抖。注意:作伴随状语的分词,与谓语动作同时。这是判断一个动词是否作伴随状语的主要尺度。请注意下列固定短语在作状语时的表达形式:Generallyspeaking一般地说Strictlyspeaking从严格意义上说Judgingfrom/by…根据…判断Given/Allowingfor考虑到Giventheirinexperience,theyhavedoneagoodjob.在缺少经验的情况下,他们的工作算是做得不错。4.不定式用作表目的,结果,方式和形容词原因状语1)目的Towinovertheundecidedvoters,theyareworkingtwiceashard.为了把尚未拿定主意的选民争取过来,他们正在加倍努力工作。Hegotupearlynottomissthefirstbus.(notto也可用soasnotto或inordernotto这一强调形式)文案大全
实用文档2)结果不定式作结果状语,常见结构有:tooadj/advtodo;tooadj+a+ntodosoadj/advastodo;such+nastodoTheboyistooyoungtodresshimself.Hewastooshrewd(精明的)abusinessmantoacceptouroffer.他是个非常精明的商人,不会接受我们的开价。Willyoubesokindastoturndowntheradio?请把收音机开小一点。Hecan’thavedonesuchaterriblethingastokeepyouwaitingsolong.他不可能做出这样糟糕的事,让你等这么长的时间。注意:表示一种事先没有预料的结果,用不定式。不定式前可用only来加强意想不到的语气。如:(04福建卷)Thenewsreportershurriedtotheairport,onlytobetoldthefilmstarshadleft.然而,要表示在事情发展过程中必然会产生的结果,就要用分词来表达。分词前可加thus,加强必然的语气。Thenewmachinewillworktwiceasfast,thusgreatlyreducingcosts.新机器的运转速度提高一倍,因而大大降低了成本。3)方式状语结构:S(人,物)be+adjtodo特点(1)句子的主语在逻辑关系上为不定式动作的宾语(2)形容词为:easy,hard,difficult,comfortable,dangerous等。1.Somebooksareinterestingtoread,butboringtolearn.有些书读起来很有趣,但学起来很讨厌。2.Thetelephonenumberiseasytoremember.他的电话号码很难记。3.Thatmanisdifficulttodealwith.那个人很难对付。4.Theriverisdangeroustoswimin.注意:以上句子,尽管句子的主语和不定式动作为被动关系,但只能用主动形式;若不定式动词为不及物,应加上适当介词,如例4。4)形容词原因状语。这类形容词通常是表示情感或评价行为表现的形容词。Iamshockedtohearthenewsofhissuddendeath.Youweresillynottohavelockedyourcar.(04湖南)第五节、非谓语动词作宾语补足语作宾语补足语的非谓语动词是不定式和分词。英语中有相当一批动词必须以不定式作宾语补充语。Myparentsdon’tallowmetostayoutlate.Shewaitedimpatientlyforhimtomakeuphismind.这些动词和短语为:wish,want,ask,require/request(要求);order,warn(警告)allow/permit,forbid(禁止),expect,remind(提醒),encourage,inspire(激励)文案大全
实用文档callon(号召,要求),dependon,longforsb.todo(渴望)请特别记住下列动词的宾补形式,表达的意义及判断的依据。do宾语与宾补动作为主动关系。1.make(使)+O+Cdone宾语与宾补动作为被动关系。todo主语与不定式动作为主动关系。S+bemadedone主语与分词动作为被动关系。注:句型“O”代表宾语,为名词或代词;“C”代表宾补。例:Thosewhowon’tworkshouldbemadetowork.那些不愿工作的人应强制他们去工作。Hecouldn’tmakehimselfheard.他无法让别人听到他说的话。2.Keep(leave)+O+Cdoing宾语与宾补动作为主动关系。(使……处于某种状态)done宾语与宾补动作为被动关系。doing主语与分词动作为主动关系。S+be+kept(left)done主语与分词动作为被动关系。例:Nowstudentsarekeptburyingthemselvesinbooksallday.现在的学生被迫整天埋头读书。Hisworkwasleftundone.他丢下工作不去干。3.doing宾语与宾补动作为主动关系。find(发现)+O+Cdone宾语与宾补动作为被动关系。doing主语与分词动作为主动关系。S+be+founddone主语与分词动作为被动关系。例:(03全国)Acookwillbeimmediatelyfiredifheisfoundsmokinginthekitchen.4.doing宾语与宾补动作为主动关系with+O+Cdone宾语与宾补动作为被动关系todo(动作未发生)例:1.Helayonthegrasslandwithhisjacketcoveringhisstomach.他躺在草地上,把上衣盖在肚子上。2.Withalotofdifficultproblemstosettle,thenewly-electedpresidentishavingahardtime.(02上海春季)由于很多棘手的问题要解决,那为新当选的总统处境艰难。5.catchsb.doing;becaughtdoing该句型表示(偶然或突然)撞见、发现。例:Helookedaroundandcaughtamanputtinghishandintothepocketofapassenger.(04北京春季)他向四周看,突然发现一个人把手伸进一个旅客的口袋6.do宾语与宾补动作为主动关系。让某人做某事。文案大全
实用文档have(使)+O+Cdoing宾语与宾补动作为主动关系。让某一动作一直在进行。done宾语与宾补动作为被动关系。(表示:1)让某事由别人做。2)表达主语的遭遇。)例:1.Whomwouldyouliketohavehandlethecomplicationproblem?2.Paulhadhishandburnedseriouslywhilecookingdinner.保罗在做饭时,手被严重烫伤。7.todo宾语与宾补动作为主动关系。Getsbtodo=havesb.do。get(使)+O+Cdone宾语与宾补动作为被动关系。getsthdone=havesth.done。例:You’llnevergethertoagree.Whenaregoingtogetyourhaircut?8.感官动词hear,listento,see,lookat,notice,watch,observe,feel等。do宾语与宾补动作是主动关系。该动作全过程已结束,或经常性发生。hear+O+Cdoing宾语与宾补动作是主动关系。该动作正在进行。done宾语与宾补动作是被动关系。todo主语与不定式动作为主动关系。该动作全过程已结束或经常发生S+be+hearddoing主语与分词动作为主动关系。该动作正在进行。done主语与分词动作为被动关系。例:Hehasneverheardhersingsowellbefore.Ididn’tnoticeyoucarryingapackwhenyoucamein.Neverbeforehadhefelthimselfsopowerfullyattractedtothescientificidea.改错:1)NowmoretalentedyoungpeoplearehopedtogotoworkinWesternChina.ABCD2)Idemandyoualltotakeyourworkquiteseriously.ABCD3)Hisappearanceimmediatelymadeallthechildrenbecomingexcited.ABCD4)Thissonghasneverbeenheardtobesungsowell.ABCD5)Withmuchworkremainedtobedone,wehavetoputoffthetripuntilnextweek.ABCD答案:1)B错arehoped→arewishedhopesb.todo典型病句2)B错totake→(should)takedemand句型:1)demandtodo2)demandthat(should)do3)C错becoming→become现在分词doing不能做make的宾补。4)C错tobesung→sung文案大全
实用文档5)B错remained→remaining。remain“剩下”是不及物动词,只有主动形式。注意:以上动词的宾补形式的考查是高考的重点和难点。第六节、非谓语动词作定语1.不定式作定语在三种情况下需用不定式作定语:1)动作未发生,被修饰的名词在逻辑关系上是不定式动作的宾语。不定式用主动形式还是被动形式,由句子的主语与不定式的逻辑关系决定。ItseemstomethatIhavenothingtotakehometomychildren.在我看来今天我们没有东西可以带给孩子了Shewilltelluswhyshefeelssostronglythateachofushasaroletoplayinmakingtheearthabetterplacetolive.(03上海春季)她会告诉我们为什么她强烈地认为在使地球成为更好住处这一点上,我们每个人都有可以发挥的作用。若作定语的不定式动词为不及物动词,需加适合介词。如:NowIfeelverylonelybecauseIcan’tfindanyonetotalkwith.2)被修饰的词为抽象名词,如need,way,reason,right等,不定式解释其内容。Thereisnoneedtoquarrelwithhim.Pleasegiveyourreasontorefusehim.3)被修饰的词,其前有序数词first,second,last,only作定语。Heisalwaysthefirst(one)togettoschooleveryday.Shewastheonlyonetosurviveintheaircrash.她是这次空难中唯一的幸存者。2.分词作定语以下情况常用分词作定语:1)被修饰名词与作定语的动词为主动关系,该动作正在进行,或与谓语动作同时进行,或是经常性行为时,用现在分词。WhenIgotbackhomeIsawamessagepinnedtothedoorreading“sorrytomissyou;willcalllater.”(99全国)现在分词作定语在意义上相当于一个时态为进行时或一般时的定语从句。reading“sorrytomissyou;willcalllater.”=whichread“sorrytomissyou;willcalllater.”2)若被修饰的名词与作定语的动词为被动关系,动词采用以下三种形式:a)动作已发生或为经常性行为,用done。b)若动作正在进行用beingdone。c)动作未发生,用tobedone。例1:Manythingsimpossibleinthepastarecommontoday.A.consideringB.toconsiderC.consideredD.beingconsidered2:Peoplearetalkingabouttheplayintwodaysatthetheatre.A.toperformB.beingperformedC.performedD.tobeperformed例1答案为C。例2答案为D。文案大全
实用文档非谓语动词练习一、高考典型考题重现1.Youweresillynotyourcar.(04湖南卷)A.tolockB.tohavelockedC.lockingD.havinglocked2.Havingbeenillinbedfornearlyamonth,hehadahardtime________theexam.(04福建卷)A.passB.topassC.passedD.passing3.I"veworkedwithchildrenbefore,soIknowwhat________inmynewjob.(2000全国) A.expectedB.toexpect C.tobeexpectingD.expects4.Theoldman,_________abroadfortwentyyears,isonthewaybacktohismotherland.(04江苏卷)A.toworkB.workingC.tohaveworkedD.havingworked5.______lateinthemorning,Bobturnedoffthealarm.(01北京春季)A.TosleepB.SleepingC.SleepD.Havingslept6.Thenewsreportershurriedtotheairport,only________thefilmstarshadleft.(04福建卷)A.totellB.tobetoldC.tellingD.told7.Theflowers____sweetinthebotanicgardenattractthevisitorstothebeautyofnature.(04上海卷)A.tosmellB.smellingC.smeltD.tobesmelt8.LindaworkedfortheMinnesotaManufacturingandMiningCompany,____as3M.(04浙江卷)A.knowingB.knownC.beingknownD.tobeknown9.Don’tleavethewaterwhileyoubrushyourteeth.(04天津卷)A.runB.runningC.beingrunD.torun10.Ifyouareplanningtospendyourmoneyhavingfunthisweek,better______it—you’vegotsomebigbillscoming.(04广东卷)A.forgetB.forgotC.forgettingD.toforget1-5BDBDA6-10BBBBA二、提高练习.1.Didontimemakeourteacherangry?A.shenotcomeB.shenottocomeC.nothercomingD.hernotcoming2.Iinthequietcountrysideinsteadofinthebusycity.A.feellikelivingB.wouldpreferlivingC.disliketoliveD.wouldratherto3.YoucanneverimaginewhatgreattroubleIhavehadwhathewanted.A.todoB.doingC.doneD.tobedoing4.Thestudentsexpectedtheremorereviewingclassesbeforethefindexam.A.isB.beingC.havebeenD.tobe5.Thetimehehasdevotedinthepasttenyears____thedisabledisnowconsidered_____ofgreatvalue.文案大全
实用文档A.tohelp;beingB.tohelping;tobeC.help;tobeD.helping;being6.Ideeplyappreciatetheopportunitytogoabroadforfurtherstudy.A.togivemeB.tohavegivenmeC.beinggivenD.thatIhavebeengiven7.Herewefoundlittlesnow,asmostofitseemedoffthemountain.A.havingbeenblownB.thatithadbeenblownC.tobeblownD.tohavebeenblown8.Theleadersusinourdiscussion,butowingtomoreimportantbusinesstheycouldn’tcome.A.weretojoinB.wouldliketojoinC.intendedtojoinD.weretohavejoined9.IwouldlovetothepartylastnightbutIhadtoworkextrahourstofinishareport.A.togoB.tohavegoneC.goingD.havinggone10.---Howdidyoufindthelecturetoday?---Very.IdoubtifIwillcomeforhislecturenexttime.A.inspiringB.surprisedC.disappointingD.puzzled11.___fromhearttroubleforyears;ProfessorWhitehastotakesomemedicinewithhimwhereverhegoes.A.SufferedB.SufferingC.HavingsufferedD.Beingsuffered12._scoresoftimes,buthestillcouldn’tunderstandit.A.HavingexplainedB.HavingbeenexplainedC.ThoughitwasexplainedD.Itwasexplained13.Thesunwasshiningbrightly,everythingtheremorebeautiful.A.making,lookB.tomake,lookC.making,lookingD.made,looked14.Shesetoutsoonafterdark,homeanhourlater.A.arrivingB.toarriveC.havingarrivedD.andarrived15.Theheadmasterhurriedtotheconcerthallonlythespeaker.A.tofind,leftB.finding,leavingC.finding,leftD.tofind,gone16.Asweknow,theharderonestudies,themorequestionshethinksof.A.askingB.toaskC.beingaskedD.tobeasked17.Theheadmastersuggestedthestudenttobegivenaprize.A.shouldreferB.referredC.referringD.wouldrefer18.---Whodoyouwanttoseeatthemoment?---ThemanMr.Zhang.A.calledhimselfB.youcallhimC.callinghimselfD.iscalled19.Whenfirst_________tothemarket,theseproductenjoyedgreatsuccess.A.introducingB.introductionC.introduceD.beingintroduced20.ReadingisanexperiencequitedifferentfromwatchingTV;therearepictures________inyourmindinsteadofbeforeyoureyes.A.toformB.formC.formingD.havingformed21.________withthesizeofthewholeearth,thebiggestoceandoesnotseembigatall.A.CompareB.WhencomparingC.ComparingD.Whencompared22.Idon’tknowwhetheryouhappen_______,butIamgoingtostudyintheUSAthisSeptember.A.tobeheardB.tobehearingC.tohearD.tohaveheard.23.Lawsthatpunishparentsfortheirlittlechildren’sactionsagainstthelawgotparents_______.A.worriedB.toworryC.worryingD.worry文案大全
实用文档24.---Isthisthelaundry?Ihavesomeclothes_______.---Leavetheminyourroom,please,andwearegoingtofetchthemsoon.A.towashB.tobewashedC.washedD.washing25.Withmanytroublesomeproblems,suchasunemploymentandcrime_______,themayorseemstobeataloss.A.remainedtosolveB.remainingtobesolvedC.remainedtobesolvedD.remainingtosolve26._______tothehospital,theinjuredstudentwastreatedwithoutdelayandnowisoutofdanger.A.TorushB.RushingC.HavingrushedD.Rushed27.--WeshallgoforapicnicthisSundaymorning.Doyouhaveanything_________then?--No,I"mfree.A.toplanB.plannedC.tobeplannedD.planning28.________onthetopofthemountainisanancienttowerdatingbacktohundredsofyearsago.A.TostandB.HavingstoodC.StandingD.Stand29.Thesonpromisedtokeephisparents__________ofhowhewasgoingonwithhisstudiesatcollege.A.informB.informingC.informedD.toinform30.---Whereisthenewteachingbuilding_________thefirst-yearstudentstobebuilt?---Justbehindtheoldone.A.toseatB.tobeseatedC.seatedD.seating31.Aftertheearthquake,nohouseinthevillage__________.A.leftstandingB.waslefttostandC.wasremainedstandingD.remainedstanding32.Thepilotaskedallthepassengersonboardtoremain_________astheplanewasmakingalanding.A.seatB.seatingC.seatedD.tobeseating33.Theyoungmanwefollowedstoppedandlookedasif________whetherhewasgoingintherightdirection.A.seeingB.tohaveseenC.havingseenD.tosee34._______intheUnitedStates,StLouishasnowbecomethe24thlargestcity.A.BeingthefourthbiggestcityB.ItwasoncethefourthbiggestcityC.OncethefourthbiggestcityD.Thefourthbiggestcityitwas35.---I’dliketobuyanexpensivecamera.---Well,wehaveseveralmodes.A.tochoosefromB.ofchoiceC.tobechosenD.forchoosing36.Silveristhebestconductorofelectricity,copperitclosely.A.followedB.tofollowC.followingD.beingfollowed37.Youcanhardlyimaginethedifficultythewomanhad_________herchildren.A.broughtupB.tobringupC.bringingupD.tohavebroughtup38.Theeighteen-storiedbuilding,when____,willshutoutthesun____uptheroomsinmyhouse.A.completed;lightedB.completing;lightingC.completing;lightedD.completed;lighting文案大全
实用文档39.Comparisonmaymakesomethingappearmorebeautifulthanitiswhen______alone.A.toseeB.seeingC.isseenD.seen40.Lily’smobilephonewasleftinataxiaccidentally,neveragain.A.tofindB.tobefoundC.findingD.beingfound41.WithallthemagazinesIneeded,Ileftthepostoffice.A.buyingB.tobuyC.boughtD.tobebought42.Withalotofdifficultproblems,themanagerfeltworriedallthetime.A.settledB.tobesettledC.settlingD.tosettle43.Such__________thecase,Icouldn"thelpbut________him.A.being;supportB.is;tosupportC.hasbeen;supportingD.be;supposed44.Whichdoyouenjoy_______yourweekend,sportsorshopping?A.spendB.spendingC.beingspentD.tospend45.EnglishTaxi,anewcomputergame________forEnglishlearnersinChina,isonthemarketnow.A.isdesignedB.hasbeendesignedC.designingD.designed46.Inthereadingroom,wefoundher_______atadesk,withherattention________onamagazine.A.sitting;fixingB.seated;fixedC.sit;fixingD.sitting;tobefixed47.Morenaturalresourcesshouldbemadeuseof____________the________needofenergy.A.meeting;increasingB.tomeet;increasedC.meeting;increasedD.tomeet;increasing48.I________youyesterday,butyouwerenotin.Thatmeans__________upthechance.A.meanttelling;togiveB.meantelling;givingC.meanttotell;givingD.meantotell;togive49.Everythingintoconsideration,theyoughttohaveanotherchance.A.totakeB.takenC.tobetakenD.taking50.Whatworriedthechildmostwastovisithisbrotherinhospital.A.hisnotbeingallowedB.hisnotallowingC.hisbeingnotallowedD.havingnotbeenallowed1-5DCBDB6-10CDDBC11-15CDADD16-20BBCCC21-25DDABB26-30DBCCD典型例题1)Theyknewherverywell.Theyhadseenher___upfromchildhood. A.grow B.grew C.wasgrowing D.togrow答案:A.因题意为,他们看着她长大,因此强调的是成长的过程,而非正在长的动作,因此用seesbdosth的句型。2)Themissingboywaslastseen___neartheriver. A.playing B.tobeplaying C.play D.toplay答案:A.本题强调其动作,正在河边玩,应此用seesb.doingsth句型。文案大全
实用文档第四章倒装结构一 全部倒装 全部倒装是指将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有: 1.here,there,now,then,thus等副词置于句首,谓语动词常用be,come,go,lie,run。例如: 1)Theregoesthebell. 铃声渐渐消失了。 2)Thencamethechairman. 然后主席就来了 3)Hereisyourletter. 这是你的信。 2.表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首,谓语表示运动的动词。例如: 1)Outrushedamissilefromunderthebomber. 轰炸机下面发出了一颗导弹。 2)Aheadsatanoldwoman. 注意:上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词,如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。例如: 1)Herehecomes.他来了。 2)Awaytheywent. 他们走了。二 部分倒装 部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词,则需添加助动词do,does或did,并将其置于主语之前。 1. 句首为否定或半否定的词语,如no,not,never,seldom,little,hardly,atnotime,innoway,notuntil…等。例如: 1)NeverhaveIseensuchaperformance.我从来没看过这样的表演。 2)Nowherewillyoufindtheanswertothisquestion. 你在哪儿都不会找到这个问题的答案。 3)Notuntilthechildfellasleepdidthemotherleavetheroom. 妈妈直到孩子睡着才离开房间。 注意:当Notuntil引出主从复合句,主句倒装,从句不倒装。 注意:如否定词不在句首不倒装。例如: 1)Ihaveneverseensuchaperformance.我从来没看过这样的表演。 2)Themotherdidn"tleavetheroomuntilthechildfellasleep.妈妈直到孩子睡着才离开房间。 2. 带有否定意义的词放在句首,语序需要部分倒装。常见的词语有:not,never,seldom,scarcely,barely,little,atnotime,notonly,notonce,underoncondition,hardly…when,nosooner…than…等。例如: 1)Notonlydidherefusethegift,healsoseverelycriticizedthe文案大全
实用文档sender. 他不仅拒收了礼品,还狠狠批评了送礼的人。 2)Hardlyhadshegoneoutwhenastudentcametovisither.她刚要出门时有个学生来找她。 3)Nosoonerhadshegoneoutthanastudentcametovisither. 她刚要走时一个学生来看她。 注意:只有当Notonly…butalso连接两个分句时,才在第一个分句用倒装结构。如果置于句首的Notonly…butalso仅连接两个并列词语,不可用倒装结构。例如: NotonlyyoubutalsoIamfondofmusic. 我和你都喜欢音乐。3. 表示"也"、"也不"的so,neither,nor放在句首时,句子作部分倒装。例如: 1)TomcanspeakFrench.SocanJack. Tom能说法语,我也能。2)Ifyouwon"tgo,neitherwillI. 如果你不去,我也不去。 注意:当so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时,不可用倒装结构。意为"的确如此"。例如: 1)TomaskedmetogotoplayfootballandsoIdid.Tom让我去踢足球,我去了。 2)---It"sraininghard. ---Soitis. ---雨下得很大。 ---的确很大。 4. only放在句首,强调状语(副词,介词短语或状语从句等),全句语序要部分倒装。例如: Onlyinthisway,canyoulearnEnglishwell.你只有用这种方法才能学好英语。 Onlyafterbeingaskedthreetimesdidhecometothemeeting. 他被请了三次才来开会。 注意:如果句子为主从复合句,则主句倒装,从句不倒装 Onlywhenheisseriouslyill,doesheeverstayinbed.他只有病得非常严重时才会卧床休息。 三 as,though引导的倒装句 as/though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前(形容词,副词,分词,实义动词提前)。此时应注意:1)句首名词不能带任何冠词;2)句首是实义动词,其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语,随实义动词一起放在主语之前。例如: Tryhardashewill,heneverseemsabletodotheworksatisfactorily. 尽管他愿意努力工作,但是他好像从来都不能令他的工作満意。 注意: 让步状语从句中,有though,although时,后面的主句不能有but,但是though和yet可连用。 四 其他部分倒装 1.so…that句型中的so位于句首时,需倒装。例如: Sofrightenedwashethathedidnotdaretomoveaninch. 他害怕得动都不敢动。 2. 在某些表示祝愿的句型中,例如: Mayyouallbehappy. 望大家开心愉快。 3. 在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were,had,should等词,可将if省略,把were,had,文案大全
实用文档should移到主语之前,采取部分倒装。例如: WereIyou,Iwouldtryitagain. 如果我是你,我就再试一次。第七章定语从句 定语从句(AttributiveClauses)在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,有时也可以修饰部分或整个句子。 被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。 关系代词有:who,whom,whose,that,which,as。 关系副词有:when,where,why,how。 关系代词和关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间,起连接作用,同时又可做定语从句的一个成分。当关系代词做宾语时可以省略。 定语从句中的谓语动词必须在人称上和数量上和先行词保持一致。 定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。1、关系代词引导的定语从句1)who,whom,that这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中所起作用如下:Ishethemanwho/thatwantstoseeyou?(who/that在从句中作主语)Heisthemanwhom/thatIsawyesterday.(whom/that在从句中作宾语)2)whose用来指人或物,(只用作定语,若指物,它还可以同ofwhich互换),例如: Pleasepassmethebookwhose(ofwhich)coverisgreen. 3)which,that它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等,例如:Aprosperitywhich/thathadneverbeenseenbeforeappearsinthecountryside.(which/that在句中作宾语)Thepackage(which/that)youarecarryingisabouttocomeunwrapped.(which/that在句中作宾语)关系代词that和which都可以指物,that和Who都可以指人,其用法区别:不用that的情况:a)在引导非限定性定语从句时(错)Thetree,thatisfourhundredyearsold,isveryfamoushere.b)介词后不能用Wedependonthelandfromwhichwegetourfood.文案大全
实用文档c)多用who的情况①关系代词在从句中做主语Afriendwhohelpsyouintimeofneedisarealfriend.②先行词为those,people时Thosewhowereeitherfoolsorunfitfortheirofficescouldnotseethecloth.③先行词为all,anyone,ones,one指人时Onewhodoesn"tworkhardwillneversucceedinhiswork.④在Therebe句型中Thereisastrangerwhowantstoseeyou.⑤在被分隔的定语从句中AnewteacherwillcometomorrowwhowillteachyouGerman.⑥在有两个定语从句的句子中,其一用who,其二用that,但若先行词后接两个以上的并列定语从句时,后一个必须重复前一个关系代词。Thestudentwhowaspraisedatthemeetingisthemonitorthatisverymodestandstudiesveryhard.Thereisateacherwhoisalwaysreadytohelpothersandwhoenjoyswhathedoes.2)只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况a)在不定代词,如:anything,nothing,everything,all,much,few,any,little等作先行词时,只用that,不用which。Allthatisneededisasupplyofoil.Finally,thethiefhandedeverythingthathehadstolentothepolice. b)先行词有theonly,thevery,thejust修饰时,只用that。 Heistheverymanthathelpedthegirloutofthewater.c)先行词为序数词(thelast)、数词、形容词最高级时,只用that。ThefirstEnglishbookthatIreadwas"ThePrinceandthePauper"byMarkTwin.d)先行词既有人,又有物时。Hetalkedabouttheteachersandschoolsthathevisited.e)当主句是以who或which开始的特殊疑问句时,用that以避免重复。Whoisthepersonthatisstandingatthegate.f)关系代词在从句中做表语Heisnotthemanthatheusedtobe.2、关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点、方式或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。关系副词when,where,why,how的含义相当于"介词+which"结构,因此常常和"介词+which"结构交替使用,例如:Thereareoccasionswhen(onwhich)onemustyield. Beijingistheplacewhere(inwhich)Iwasborn. Isthisthereasonwhy(forwhich)herefusedouroffer? I"msurprisedthewayhow(bywhich)heworksouttheproblem.注意:文案大全
实用文档①在非限制性定语从句中,"介词+which"结构不能代替关系副词。如:Theysetupastatefortheirown,wheretheywouldbefreetokeepNegroesasslaves.②含有介词短语的动词一般不能拆开,介词仍放在动词后面。Isthisthebookwhich(that)shewaslookingfor?3、名词/数词/代词/形容词最高级+介词+关系代词引导定语从句Shehaswrittenabook,thenameofwhichIhaveforgotten.Therearefifty-fivestudentsinourclass,allofwhomareworkinghard.Therearefivecontinentsintheworld,thelargestofwhichisAsia.4、as,which引导非限定性定语从句的差别由as,which引导的非限定性定语从句,as和which可代整个主句,相当于andthis或andthat。As一般放在句首,which在句中。Asweknow,smokingisharmfultoone"shealth.Thesunheatstheearth,whichisveryimportanttous. as可引导非限制性从句,常带有“正如”的意思。Asisknow,smokingisharmfultoone"shealth.用法区别:(1)as引导的定语从句可置于句首,而which不可。Asweallknow,heneversmokes.(2)as代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时,从句中的谓语必须是系动词;若为行为动词,则从句中的关系代词只能用which。(3)非限定性定语从句中出现expect,think,suppose等表示猜测、想象、预料等时。Shesucceededinherdoingtheresearchwork,asweexpected.(4)As的用法thesame…as;such…as中的as是一种固定结构,和……一样……。Ishouldliketousethesametoolasisusedhere.Weshouldhavesuchadictionaryasheisusing.定语从句语法专项练习习题精选用适当的关系词填空:1.Istillrememberthenight_______Ifirstcametothehouse.2.I"llneverforgettheday________wemeteachotherlastweek.3.MrBlackisgoingtoBeijinginOctober,_______isthebestseasonthere.4.Iwillneverforgetthedays_______Ispentwithyourfamily.5.I"llneverforgetthelastday______wespenttogether.6.Thisistheschool______Iusedtostudy. 7.Doyoustillremembertheplace______wevisitedlastweek?8.Doyoustillremembertheplace_______wevisitedthepaintingexhibition?文案大全
实用文档9.HaveyoueverbeentoHangzhou,_____isfamousfortheWestLake?10.HaveyoueverbeetoHangzhou,______liestheWestLake?11.TomwillgotoShanghai,______livehistwobrothers.12.IliveinBeijing,____isthecapitalofChina.13.Therewasatime______therewereslavesintheUSA.14.Itisthethirdtime______youhavemadethesamemistake.15.Itwasinthestreet_____ImetJohnyesterday.16.Itwasabout600yearsago____thefirstclockwithafaceandanhourhandwasmade.17.Themoment_____Isawyou,Irecognized(认出)you.18.Thisistheverynovelabout____we"vetalkedsomuch.19.Thisistheway____hedidit.20.Whoisthestudent_____waslateforschooltoday?21.Who_____knowshimwantstomakefriendswithhim?22.Whatelsewasthereinmybrother____youdidn"tlike?23.Helivesintheroom____windowfacestothesouth.24.Helivesintheroom,thewindow_____facestothesouth.25.ThisisMr.Johnfor____sonIbroughtabookyesterday.26.ThisisMr.Johnfor_____Iboughtabookyesterday.27.Thisisthehour_____theplaceisalwaysfullofwomenandchildren.28.Andthereisonepoint______I"dlikeyouradvice.29.Winteristhetimeofyear______thedaysareshortandnightsarelong.30.Ihopeyouwillfindthisvalleyabeautifulplace____youmayspendyourweekend.KEYS:1.when2.when3.which4.that/which5.that6.where7.that/which8.where9.which10.where11.where12.which13.when14.that15.that16.that17.(that)18.which19.(that/inwhich)20.that21.that22that23.whose24.ofwhich25.whose26.whom27.when28.that29.that30.where第一章名词性从句 在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句(NounClauses)。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组,它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等,因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能,名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。一.主语从句文案大全
实用文档 主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句,通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替,而本身放在句子末尾。1.It作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较It作形式主语代替主语从句,主要是为了平衡句子结构,主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调,无论强调的是什么成分,都可用连词that。被强调部分指人时也可用who/whom。例如:a)Itisapitythatyoudidn’tgotoseethefilm.你不去看那场电影真可惜。b)Itdoesn’tinterestmewhetheryousucceedornot. 我对你成功与否不感兴趣。c)Itisinthemorningthatthemurdertookplace. 谋杀案是在早上发生的。(强调句型)d)ItisJohnthatbrokethewindow. 是John打碎的窗户。(强调句型)2.用it作形式主语的结构(1)Itis+名词+从句Itisafactthat…事实是…Itisanhonorthat…非常荣幸Itiscommonknowledgethat…是常识(2)Itis+形容词+从句Itisnaturalthat…很自然…Itisstrangethat…奇怪的是…(3)Itis+不及物动词+从句Itseemsthat…似乎…Ithappenedthat…碰巧…Itappearsthat…似乎…(4)It+过去分词+从句Itisreportedthat…据报道…Ithasbeenprovedthat…已证实…Itissaidthat…据说…3.主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况:(1)if引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。(2)Itissaid/reported…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如:正确表达:ItissaidthatPresidentJiangwillvisitourschoolnextweek.错误表达:ThatPresidentJiangwillvisitourschoolnextweekissaid.(3)Ithappens/occurs…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如:正确表达:Itoccurredtohimthathefailedintheexamination.错误表达:Thathefailedintheexaminationoccurredtohim.(4)Itdoesn’tmatterhow/whether…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如:正确表达:Itdoesn’tmatterwhetherheiswrongornot.错误表达:Whetherheiswrongornotdoesn’tmatter.(5)含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时,主语从句不可提前。例如:正确表达:Isitlikelythatitwillrainintheevening?错误表达:Isthatwillrainintheeveninglikely?4.what与that在引导主语从句时的区别文案大全
实用文档what引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分,如主语.宾语.表语,而that则不然。例如:a)Whatyousaidyesterdayisright.b)Thatsheisstillaliveisaconsolation二.宾语从句宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句,通常放在主句谓语动词(及物动词)或介词之后。1.作动词的宾语(1)由that引导的宾语从句(that通常可以省略),例如:Iheardthatbejoinedthearmy.我听说他参军了。(2)由what,whether(if)引导的宾语从句,例如:a)Shedidnotknowwhathadhappened. 她不知道发生了什么。b)Iwonderwhetheryoucanchangethisnoteforme. 我想知道你是否能帮我改一下笔记。(3)动词+间接宾语+宾语从句。例如:Shetoldmethatshewouldacceptmyinvitation. 她对我说她会接受我的邀请。2.作介词的宾语,例如:Oursuccessdependsuponhowwellwecancooperatewithoneanother. 我们的成功取决于我们之间的合作。3.作形容词的宾语,例如:Iamafraid(that)I’vemadeamistake. 我恐怕我已经犯了一个错误。注意:that引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语:anxious,aware,certain,confident,convinced,determined,glad,proud,surprised,worried,sorry,thankful,ashamed,disappointed,annoyed,pleased,hurt,satisfied,content等。也可以将此类词后的that从句的看作原因状语从句。4.it可以作为形式宾语it不仅可以作为形式主语,还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语that从句则放在句尾,特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。例如:Wehearditthatshewouldgetmarriednextmonth.我听说她下个朋就会结婚了。5.后边不能直接跟that从句的动词这类动词有allow,refuse,let,like,cause,force,admire,condemn,celebrate,dislike,love,help,take,forgive等。这类词后可以用不定式或动名词作宾语,但不可以用that引导的宾语从句。如:正确表达:Iadmiretheirwinningthematch.错误表达:Iadmirethattheywonthematch.文案大全
实用文档6.不可用that从句作直接宾语的动词有些动词不可用于“动词+间接宾语+that从句“结构中,常见的有envy,order,accuse,refuse,impress,forgive,blame,denounce,advise,congratulate等。例如:正确表达:Heimpressedthemanagerasanhonestman.错误表达:Heimpressedthemanagerthathewasanhonestman.7.否定的转移若主句谓语动词为think,consider,suppose,believe,expect,fancy,guess,imagine等,其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义,一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上,从句谓语用肯定式。例如:Idon’tthinkthisdressfitsyouwell.我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。三.表语从句表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句,放在系动词之后,一般结构是“主语+连系动词+表语从句”。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be,look,remain,seem等。引导表语从句的that常可省略。另外,常用的还有thereasonisthat…和Itisbecause等结构。例如:1)Thequestioniswhetherwecanmakegoodpreparationinsuchashorttime.2)Thisiswhywecan’tgetthesupportofthepeople.3)Butthefactremainsthatwearebehindtheotherclasses.4)Thereasonheislateforschoolisthathemissedtheearlybus.四.同位语从句同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。1.同位语从句的功能同位语从句对于名词进一步解释,说明名词的具体内容,一般由that引导,例如:1)Theking’sdecisionthattheprisonerwouldbesetfreesurprisedallthepeople.2)Theorderthatallthesoldiersshouldstaystillisgivenbythegeneral.2.同位语在句子中的位置同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面,而是被别的词隔开。例如:HegotthenewsfromMarythatthesportsmeetingwasputoff.3.同位语从句与定语从句的区别(1)定语从句中的that既代替先行词,同时以在从句中作某个成分(主语或宾语),而同位语从句中的that是连词,只起连接主句与从句的作用,不充当句中任何成分。(2)定语从句是形容词性的,其功能是修饰先行词,对先行词加以限定,描述定的性质或特征;同位语从句是名词性的,其功能是对名词进行补充说明。例如:1)ThenewsthathetoldmeisthatTomwouldgoabroadnextyear.(他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。)(第一个that引导的从句是定语从句,that在从句中作宾语)2)ThenewsthatTomwouldgoabroadistoldbyhim.(汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。)(同位语从句,that在句中不作任何成分)文案大全
实用文档英语名词性从句专项练习1.____hedoeshasnothingtodowithme.A.whateverB.NomatterwhatC.ThatD.If2.Themanagercameoverandaskedthecustomerhow____A.didthequarrelcameaboutB.thequarrelhadcomeaboutC.hadthequarrelcomeaboutD.hadthequarrelcomeabout3.Energyis____makesthingwork..A.whatB.somethingC.anythingD.that4.Informationhasbeenputforward____moremiddleschoolgraduateswillbeadmittedintouniversities.A.whileB.thatC.whenD.as5.Thisis___theShenzhouVSpaceshiplanded.A.thereB.inwhichC.whereD.when6.Theyhavenoideaatall____.A.wherehehasgoneB.wheredidhegoC.whichplacehashegoneD.wherehashegone7.Thedoctordidalottoreducethepatient’sfear____hewoulddieofthedisease.A.thatB.whichC.ofwhichD.ofthat8.Theordercame___thesoldiers____thesmallvillagethenextmorning.A.that;hadtoleaveB.that;shouldleaveC./;mustleaveD.when;shouldleave9.___isnopossibility____Bobcanwinthefirstprizeinthematch.A.There;thatB.It;thatC.there;whetherD.It;whether10.Thequestioncameupatthemeeting_____wehadenoughmoneyforourresearch.A.thatB.whichC.whetherD.if11.Is_____hesaidreallytrue?A.thatB.whatC.whyD.whether12.____themeetingshouldlasttwodaysorthreedaysdoesn’tmatter.A.ThatB.WhetherC.IfD.Where13.Itworriedherabit_____herhairwasturninggray.A.whileB.ifC.thatD.for14.???_____morecountriescanusenaturalenergyinthefutureremainstobeseen.A.WhetherB.ThisC.whoD.If15.____hewillgotoworkinamountainvillagesurprisesallofus.A.WhatB.ThatC.WhetherD.If16.____youdon’tlikehimisnoneofmybusiness.A.WhatB.ThatC.WhoD.How17.____alltheinventionshaveincommonis____theyhavesucceeded.A.What;whatB.That;thatC.what;thatD.That;what18.____appearedtomethatheenjoyedthefoodverymuch.文案大全
实用文档A.WhatB.ItC.AllthatD.That19.Itiswidely______thatsmokingcancausecancer.A.believedB.thinkC.sayD.hoped20.____causedtheaccidentisstillacompletemystery.A.WhatB.ThatC.HowD.WhereKeys:1—5ABABC6—10AABAC11—15BBCAB16—20BCBAA—It"suptoyou.第二章“It”用法及其句型和固定搭配讲解 "It"用法及其句型和固定搭配,是高中英语语法的重点、难点,又是近几年高考的热点,因此应给予充分的重视,现将it用法归纳如下: 一、It用作实词 表达以下概念:指代前文提到的事物,前文中的this,that;替代前文中的内容;指代一位性别不明的小孩或未知的人;指代未指明但谈话双方都知道的那件事;指代时间、天气、气候、距离等自然现象……二、It用作形式主语 替代作主语的从句、动词不定式、动名词,而把真正作主语的从句、动词不定式、动名词置于句尾。It作形式主语的常见句型:1.代作主语的动词不定式,其句型为(1)Itbeadj.(forsb.)todosth.此处adj.通常为描述事件的形容词:easy,difficult,hard,necessary,unnecessary,possible,impossible,likely,unlikely,right,wrong,important,unimportant,legal,illegal,well-mannered,ill-mannered,polite,impolite,clear,obvious,certain,suitable,proper,fit,useful,useless,dangerous…例Itisillegal(forateenager)todriveacarwithoutalicense.(2)Itbeadj.ofsb.todosth.此处adj.通常为描述人的形容词:kind,unkind,nice,rude,cruel,considerate,thoughtful,thoughtless,careful,careless,silly,foolish,stupid,clever,wise,crazy.例It"skindofyoutohelpmewiththeproblem.(3)It替代作主语的动名词的常见句型It"snogood/usedoing…It"s(well)worthdoing…It"s(well)worthone"swhiledoing/todo…It"s(well)worthwhiledoing/todo例It"snousecryingoverspiltmilk.2.It替代作主语的从句常见句型文案大全
实用文档(1)Itis+noun+从句例Itisnosecretthatthepresidentwantstohaveasecondtermatoffice.(2)Itisadj.+clauseIt"ssurprisingthat…(should)………竟然……It"sapity/shamethat…(should)………竟然……例It"simportantthatyoushouldapologizetoherforyourrudeness.(=It"sofmuchimportancethatyoushouldapologizetoherforyourrudeness.)(3)Itverbsb.+clause=Itisv-ing+clauseIt+surprise/delight/interest/disappoint/worry/disturb/annoy/amaze/bother/concern/frighten/please/angersb.that…例Itworriedmethatshedrovesofast.(=Itwasworryingthatshedrovesofast.)(4)Itverb(tosb.)that…=sb/sthverbtodo(verb=appear,seem,comeabout,emerge,follow,chance,happen,occur,transpire,turnout,workout)例It(so)happened/chancedthattheywereout.(=Theyhappened/chancedtobeout.)(5)Itisv-edthat…=sb/sthistodo(verb=say,report,think,believe,hope,expect,agree,accept,decide,determine,intend,plan,understand,know)例Itissaidthatthecouplehavegottendivorced.(=Thecouplearesaidtohavegottendivorced.)(6)Itisv-edthat…(should)…(verb=demand,request,require,order,suggest,advise,recommend例Itissuggestedthattheyshouldbeginwiththethirdquestion.三、It作主语的句型1.Ittakessb.…todo…(=sbtakes…todo…)某人用多长时间做某事例Ittookthemenaweektomendourroof.(=Thementookaweektomendourroof.)2.It"s(just)(un)likesb.todo…(不)像某人做某事的风格例Itwas(just)likehimtothinkofhelpingus.3.It"s(about/high)timethat…should/v-ed…是该做某事的时候了例It"s(about/high)timethatweshouldtakeaction.4.It"sthex-thtime(that)…havev-ed…第几次做某事了例It"sthethirdtimethathehasfailedthedrivingtest.5.Itis/hasbeen…since…continuousv-ed(延续性动词)某动作已有多长时间不发生了例It"s10yearsthathelivedhere6.Itwas(not)…before…过(不)了多长时间某动作发生了例Itwasnotlongbeforetheyarrived.四、It作形式宾语用来替代作宾语的从句、动词不定式、动名词,而把真正作宾语的从句、动词不定式、动名词置于句尾。It作形式宾语的常见句型:1.verb+it+adj./noun(for/of)todo/clause(verb=think,believe,suppose,consider,feel,make,keep…)例Ithinkithardforyoutodothetaskonyourown./Ithinkithardthatyou"lldothetask文案大全
实用文档onyourown.2.verb+it+adj./noun(one"s)doing(adj.=useless/worth/worthwhile)(noun=nouse/nogood/worthone"swhile/awasteoftime/money/energy/words)(verb=think,believe,suppose,consider,feel,make,keep…)例I"llmakeitworthyourwhiletellingmeabouthissecret.3.verb+it+important/unimportant/necessary/unnecessary/natural/essentialthat…(should)…verb+it+ofmuch/great/no/littleimportancethat…(should)…(verb=think,believe,suppose,consider,feel,make,keep…)例Ithinkitimportantthatyou(should)attendtheconference.4.verb+it+as+noun/adj.+clause(verb=accept,regard,take,see,view)例Thelecturertakesitasencouragingwhensomanystudentsattendhislecture.5.v.+it+prep.+that…oweittosb.that…把…归功于…leaveittosbthat…把…留给某人去做takeitforgrantedthat…想当然keepitinmindthat…例Don"tbothertoarrangeanything.Justleaveittometosortout.6.It用在不能直接跟宾语从句的动词后面,尤其是表示好恶的动词后,enjoy,like,love,dislike,resent,hate,don"tmind,befondof,feellike,seeto宾语从句紧跟it之后例IhateityoucanswimsowellandIcan"t.7.It用在不能直接跟宾语从句的介词后面,宾语从句紧跟it之后(exceptthat例外)例I"mforitthatyouwillfollowtheiradvice.五、强调句型Itis/was+被强调部分+that(who)…强调句型用来强调谓语动词以外的任何句子成分。当被强调部分是人时也可以用who。在使用强调句型时需注意以下几点:1.请注意强调句型的特殊疑问句例Whenwasitthathechangedhismindtotakepartintheactivity?2.在强调原因状语从句时,只能强调由because所引导的从句例Itwasbecausehewasillthathedidn"tcometoschoolyesterday.3.在强调not…until结构时必须把not与until一起放到被强调的位置上例ItwasnotuntilshetookoffherdarkglassesthatIrealizedshewasmybrother.4.注意强调句型与定语从句的区别例Itwasat7o"clockthathecamehereyesterday.(强调句型)Itwas7o"clockwhenhecamehereyesterday.(定语从句)六、It常用的固定搭配1.makeit(1).在口语当中相当于succeed,表示:成功、做到、说定、赶上、及时到达例It"shardtomakeittothetopinshowbusiness.(2).在口语中相当于fixthedatefor,表示“约定好时间”例—Shallwemeetnextweek?—OK.WejustmakeitnextSaturday.2.asitis文案大全
实用文档(1).相当于infact,inreality表示“事实上,实际情况是……”例Wehadplanedtofinishthetasktoday,butasitisweprobablywon"tfinishituntilnextweek.(2).相当于方式状语从句,表示“照原样”例Leavethetableasitis.3.asitwere相当于asonemightsay,thatistosay,表示“也就是说,可以说,换句话说”例Heis,asitwere,amodernSherlockHolmes.4.ifitweren"tfor…/ifithadn"tbeenfor…用来引导虚拟语气,相当于without,orbutfor,表示“如果不是……,要不是……”例Ifitweren"tforTom,Iwouldn"tbealivetoday.5.that"sit(1).相当于That"sall.That"ssomuch.表示“至此为止,没有别的了”例Youcanhaveonemoresweet,andthat"sit.(2).相当于That"sright.表示“对啦”例—Iguessthekeytotheproblemisthechoice“A”—That"sit.6.catchit在口语中,相当于bepunished/scoldedfordoingsth.wrong.表示“因做错事而挨骂,受责备,受批评,受惩罚”例We"llreallycatchitformourteacherifwe"relateforclassagain.7.haveit(1).相当于say,insist表示“说,主张,表明,硬说”例Rumourhasitthattheyaregettingdivorced.(2).相当于gettoknowsomething,表示“了解,知道,获悉”例IhaditfromJohnthatshewasgoingabroad.8.havewhatittakes在口语中,相当于bewellqualifiedfor,表示“具有成功的条件”例Youcantakeitfrommethatyourdaughterhaswhatittakestobeastar.9.soitseems/appears.10.Keepatit!(Don"tgiveup!)相当于goon,表示“继续做,不放弃”例Myteacheraskedmetokeepatit.11.Goit!(Goon!)拼命干,莽撞12.Nowyouhavedoneit!(Youhavedonesth.wrong.)13.Nowyou"llcatchit!(You"llbepunished.)14.Asithappened,…在口语中,相当于it"sapitythat…,表示“真不凑巧,真遗憾”例Asithappened,theywereout.15.Asitturnedout,…在口语中,相当于itwasfoundtobeintheend,表示“最后被证明是”例Asitturnedout,hisstatementwasfalse.16.Suchasitis(theyare)在口语中,相当于althoughitmaynotbeworthmuch,表示“虽然没有多大价值”例Youcanborrowmyexamnotebook,suchasitis.17.Takeit/thingseasy.相当于Don"tworryordon"thurry.用来劝告别人,表示“不要慌,别担心,存住气”例Takeiteasy!Hewilldoitwell.文案大全
实用文档18.Takeitfromme.在口语中,相当于believemewhatIsay.表示“请相信我的话,我敢担保”例Youcantakeitfrommethathewillmakeitthistime.19.Forwhatitisworth…在口语中,相当于althoughI"mnotsureit"sofvalue,表示“不管其价值如何”例HereisthearticleIpromiseyou,forwhatit"sworth.20.Worthit在口语中,相当于useful,表示“有好处,值得做”例Don"thesitateaboutit!It"sworthit.21.Believeitornot.表示“信不信由你”例Believeitornot,TomisgettingmarriedtoMarynextSunday.22.Takeitorleaveit.v.要么接受要么放弃例Thatismylastoffer.Youcantakeitorleaveit.23.Italldepends/thatalldepends在口语中,相当于ithasn"tbeendecidedyet,表示“那得看情况,还没有定下来”例—Areyougoingtothecountrysideforholiday?—It/Thatalldepends.24.It"suptosb.在口语中,相当于it"sdecidedbysb.表示“由……决定,由……负责,取决于……”例—Shallwegooutfordinner?“It”用法及其句型和固定搭配专练1.WasitduringtheSecondWorldWar_____hedied?A.thatB.whileC.inwhichD.then(88)2.Is____necessarytocompletethedesignbeforeNationalDay?A.thisB.thatC.itD.he(89)3.Idon"tthink____possibletomasteraforeignlanguagewithoutmuchmemorywork.A.thisB.thatC.itsD.it(91)4.Does______matterifhecan"tfinishthejobontime?A.thisB.thatC.heD.it(91)5.Itwasnot_____shetookoffherglasses_____Irealizedshewasafamousfilmstar.A.when,thatB.until,thatC.until,thatD.when,then(92)6.Iwasdisappointedwiththefilm.Ihadexpected______tobemuchbetter.A.thatB.thisC.oneD.it(93)7.Itwasnotuntil1920______regularradiobroadcastsbegan.A.whileB.whichC.thatD.since(94)8.______isafactthatEnglishisbeingacceptedasaninternationallanguage.A.ThereB.ThisC.ThatD.It(95)9.ItwasonlywhenIrereadthispoemsrecently_____Ibegantoappreciatetheirbeauty.A.untilB.thatC.thenD.so(97)10.Ihate_____whenpeopletalkwiththeirmouthsfull.A.itB.thatC.theseD.them(98)11.Itistheabilitytodothejob_____mattersnotwhereyoucomefromorwhatyouare.文案大全
实用文档A.oneB.thatC.whatD.it(2000)12.Ilike___intheautumnwhentheweatherisclearandbright.(2004)A.thisB.thatC.itD.one13.—Doyoulike___here?—Oh,yes.Theair,theweather,thewayoflife.Everythingissonice.(全国卷)A.thisB.TheseC.ThatD.it14.Weneededanewcupboardforthekitchen.SoPetermade___fromsomewood.(全国卷)A.itB.OneC.HimselfD.another15.TheforeignMinistersaid,"_____ourhopethatthetwosideswillworktowardspeace."(2004北京)A.ThisisB.ThereisC.ThatisD.Itis16._____isreportedinthenewspaper,talksbetweenthetwocountriesaremakingprogress.(2004北京)A.ItB.AsC.ThatD.What17.—Howoftendoyoueatout?(2004,天津)—________,butusuallyonceaweek.A.HavenoideaB.ItdependsC.AsusualD.Generallyspeaking18.Wewantedtogethomebeforedark,butitdidn"tquite_____asplaned.(2004浙江卷)A.makeoutB.turnoutC.goonD.comeup19.—Whatdoyouwanttodonext?Wehavehalfanhouruntilthebasketballgame.—________.Whateveryouwanttodoisfinewithme.A.ItjustdependsB.It"suptoyouC.AllrightD.Gladtohearthat20.Itwas____backhomeaftertheexperiment.A.notuntilmidnightdidhegoB.untilmidnightthathedidn"tgoC.notuntilmidnightthathewentD.untilmidnightwhenhedidn"tgoKEYS:1-5ACDDB6-10DCDBA11-15ACDBD16-20BBBBC第三章高中英语语法中的省略现象 在英语语言中,为了使语言简洁明了,重点突出或上下文紧密相连,可以省去某些句子成分而保持句子愿意不变,这种语言现象称之为省略。现就英语中的种种省略现象分析如下:一、并列复合句中的省略在并列句中后边的分句可以省略与前边分句中相同的成分。如:a)Theboypickedupacoinintheroadand(theboy)handedittoapoliceman.文案大全
实用文档这个男孩在马路上拾起一枚硬币并把他交给了警察。b)Youradvicemademehappybut(youradvicemade)Tomangry.你的建议使我高兴但使汤姆生气。c)TommusthavebeenplayingbasketballandMary(musthavebeen)doingherhomework.汤姆肯定一直在打篮球,玛丽一直在写作业。d)GaoXiuminwasbornin1959andFuBiao(wasborn)in1963.高秀敏出生于1959年,傅彪出生于1963年。二、主从复合句中的省略1.状语从句中的省略 一般说来省略现象多出现在下列五种状语从句中:由when,while,as,before,after,till,until,once等引导的时间状语从句;由whether,if,unless等引导的条件状语从句;由though,although,evenif,whatever等引导的让步状语从句;由as,than等引导的比较状语从句;由as,asif,asthough等引导的方式状语从句。上述状语从句在省略时应遵循下面原则:1)当状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致时,可以省略状语从句的主语和系动词be,这时从句中可出现如下结构:(1)连词(as,asif,once)+名词;(2)连词(though,whether,when)+形容词;(3)连词(whether,asif,while)+介词短语;(4)连词(when,while,though)+现在分词;(5)连词(when,if,evenif,unless,once,until,than,as)+过去分词;(6)连词(asif,asthough)+不定式。如:a)Once(hewas)aworker,PangLongnowbecomesafamoussinger.庞龙曾经是个工 人,现在变成一位著名的歌手。b)Workhardwhen(youare)young,oryou"llregret.趁年轻要努力学习,要不然你会后悔的。c)Helookedeverywhereasif(hewas)insearchofsomething.他到处看似乎在找什么东西。d)While(hewas)holdingtalkswithPresidentHuJintao,USPresidentGeorgeW.BushthankedChinaforitsimportantroleintheSix-PartyTalks.美国总统布什在与胡锦涛主席会谈时,感谢中国在六方会谈中起的重要作用。e)Theexhibitionismoreinterestingthan(itwas)expected.这次展览比被预料的有趣的多。f)OlympicgoldmedallisthurdlerLiuXiangopenedhislipsasif(hewere)tospeak。奥林匹克金牌获得者跨栏运动员刘翔张开嘴好像要说什么。注意:1)当从句的主语和主句的宾语一致时,间或也有这样的省略,如:Herfathertoldhertobecarefulwhen(shewas)crossingthestreet.当她过马路时父亲告诉她要当心。2)当从句的主语是it,谓语动词中又含有系动词be时,可以把it和系动词be一起省略。此时构成连词(if,unless,when,whenever)+形容词的结构。如:Unless(itis)necessary,you"dbetternotrefertothedictionary.如果没有必要,你最好不要查字典。2.定语从句中的省略1)一般说来,在限制性定语从句中,作宾语的关系代词that,which,whom可以省略;如:Isthisreason(that)heexplainedatthemeetingforhiscarelessnessinhiswork?这就是他在会上解释他工作中粗心的原因吗?(2002上海春季) 而在非限制性定语从句中作宾语的关系代词which,whom不可以省略。试比较:Tom(whom)yousawyesterdayfellill.(whom可以省)你昨天见到的汤姆病倒了。文案大全
实用文档Tom,whomyousawyesterday,fellill.(whom不可以省)汤姆病倒了,你昨天见到他了。2)在口语和非正式用语中,关系副词when,where,和why经常用that来代替,甚至还可省略。如:a)Thisisthefirsttime(when/that)hehadtroublewiththeboss.这是他第一次麻烦老板。b)Hewantstofindagoodplace(where/that)wecanhaveapicnicduringthe“goldenweek”holiday.他想找一个能在黄金周期间野餐的好地方。c)Couldyoutellusthereason(why/that)hewassounhappy?你能告诉我们他为什么如此不高兴吗?3)当先行词为表示方式的theway时,从句不能用how来引导,应该用that或inwhich,或将它们全部省略。如:Idon"tliketheway(that/inwhich)youlaughather.我不喜欢你嘲笑他的行为。3.宾语从句中的省略1)在及物动词后面所接的宾语从句中,连词that一般可以省略;但如果及物动词后面是由that引导的两个或两个以上的并列的宾语从句,那么只有第一个that可以省略。如:a)Ithink(that)thereformoftherenminbi"sexchangerateisnecessary.我认为人民币兑换率的改革是必要的。b)Hesaid(that)theAnti-secessionlawhadbeenpassedandthatPresidentHuJintaohadsignedapresidentialorder他说《反分裂国家法》已被通过,而且胡锦涛主席已签署了主席令。2)由which,when,where,how,和why引导的宾语从句,可以全部或部分省略。如:a)IknowthatNBAstarYaoMingwillcometoourcitybutIdon’tknowwhen(hewillcometoourcity).我知道NBA明星要到我们城市来但我不知道他什么时候来。b)Hewantstomoveabroadbuthisparentswonderswhy(hewantstomoveabroad)他想搬迁到国外但他的父母想知道为什么。4.在与suggest,request,order,advise等词相关的名词性从句中,须用虚拟语气形式“should+动词原形”,should可以省略。如:Chirac,PresidentoftheRepublicofFrancesuggestedthattheChina-FranceCultureYear(should)lastlonginvariousforms.法国总统希拉克建议中法文化年以各种各样的形式长期持续。5.主句省略多用于句首。如:(Itisa)PitythatIdidn’tgotoMary"sbirthdaypartyyesterday.很遗憾,我昨天没有去参加玛丽的生日聚会。6.在答语中,主句可全部省略。如:—WhywereyouabsentfromschoollastFriday?—(Iwasabsentfromschool)Becausemymotherwasill.—上周五你为什么没有上学?—因为我妈妈病了。三、简单句中的省略1.省略主语1)祈使句中的主语通常被省略如:(You)Openthedoor, please.请开一下门。2)其它省略主语多限于现成的说法如:a)(I)Thankyouforyourhelp谢谢你的帮助。b)(It)Doesn’tmatter.没关系。文案大全
实用文档2.省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分如:a)(Thereis)Nosmoking. 禁止抽烟b)(Isthere)anythingelse?还有其他事吗?c)(Youcome)Thiswayplease.请这边走。d)(Willyou)Haveasmoke?抽烟吗?3.省略宾语如:—DoyouknowMr.Li?你认识李先生吗?—Idon’tknow(him.)我不认识他4.省略表语如:—Areyouthirsty?你30岁了吗? Yes,Iam(thirsty). 是的,我是。5.同时省略几个成分如:a)—Areyoufeelingbetternow?你觉得好些了吗?—(Iamfeeling)Muchbetter(now)好多了。b)(Iwish)Goodluck(toyou).祝你好运/祝你顺利。四、动词不定式省略,只保留to的场合1.不定式作某些动词的宾语时,这些动词常见的有:love,like,care,wish,hope,expect,prefer,refuse,mean,try,oblige,advise,persuade,agree,want,afford,forget,remember,try,manage等。如:a)—Youshouldhavethankedherbeforeyouleft.—Imeantto,butwhenIwasleavingIcouldn’tfindheranywhere.—你本该在离开前谢谢她。—我本打算这么做,但当我就要离开的时候我却找不到她了。(2000上海春)b)Youcandoitthiswayifyouliketo.如果你想做,你可以这么做。2.不定式作某些动词的宾语补足语或主语补足语时,这些动词常见的有:ask,tell,advise,force,persuade,wish,allow,permit,forbid,expect,order,warn等。如:a)Theboywantedtoridehisbicycleinthestreet,buthismothertoldhimnotto.男孩想在街上骑他的自行车,但他母亲不让。(NMET1995)b)Shewantstocomebutherparentswon’tallowherto(come). 她想来,可是她父母不让。3.不定式在句中作某些形容词的状语时,常见的形容词有:happy,glad,eager,anxious,willing,ready等。如: —Iwillbeawayonabusinesstrip.Couldyoumindlookingaftermycat? —Notatall.Iwouldbehappyto(lookafteryourcat). —我要出差,你能帮我照顾一下我的猫吗?—没关系,我很愿意。4.不定式作某些复合谓语时,常见结构如:beableto,begoingto,haveto,oughtto,usedto等。如: Hedoesn’tlikefishbutheusedto他现在不喜欢吃鱼,但过去喜欢。五、动词不定式to的省略1.主语部分有todo,系动词is或was时,作表语的不定式通常省去to。如: Theonlythingyouhavetodoispressthebutton.你必须做的惟一事情是按按钮。2.作介词but,expect,besides的宾语,前面又有实意动词do时,不定式通常省去to.如: HesaidthatChenShuibianhadnothingtodoexceptpushapro-“independence”timetable.他说陈水扁除了推进支持“独立”的时间表外,什么也没有做。3.主语部分暗含todo,表语中的不定式通常省去to。如: AllIwant(todo)isgotoschoolandstudyhard.我想要(做)的就是上学,努力学习。文案大全
实用文档4.当两个或多个不定式并列时,其后的不定式符号可以省略,但有对比关系时不可省略。如: Itiseasiertosaythantodo.说起来容易,做起来难。5.在wouldrather…than…等结构中,不定式符号常常要省略.如: Iwouldratherstayathomethangotoseeafilm.我宁愿呆在家也不愿去看电影。6.在see,watch,notice,hear,listento,lookat,feel,have,make,let,observe等词后作宾语补足语时省略不定式符号to;why(not)do结构中,不定式不带to。如: a)Isawherentertheroom.我看见她进入了房间 b)Whynotjoinus?为什么不加入到我们的行列里来呢?六.其他一些省略结构1.名词所有格修饰的名词,若表示住宅、店铺、教堂或上下文已暗示或明确指出过的事物时,常常可以省略。如: WespenttheweekendattheMary"s. 我们在玛丽家过的周末。2.What和how引导的感叹句中,常可省略主语it和be动词如:a)Whatawonderfulvictory(itis)forTom!这对Tom来说是个多么大的胜利呀!b)Howbeautiful(itis)tobetreatedlikeanormalchild.被当作一个正常孩子对待对他而言是多么美妙的一件事呀。第八章被动语态在英语中,通过不同的时态,表示或区别在不同时间发生的动作或出现的情况,要准确地使用不同的时态,关键要弄清各种时态的定义和用法。在近年英语高考命题中对时态的考查是一个重点,所考查的主要是一般过去时,现在完成时,现在进行时,过去进行时。一、一般现在时基本用法:1.表示包括现在时刻在内整个阶段经常性和习惯性动作Thebankopensat8:00a.m.onweekdays.HoweverbusyIam,Iwritetomymotherregularly.2.表示人或物基本特征,特性及目前的状态NowIambusy;Ican’tsparetimeforaholiday.Thatstreetisinbadcondition,andsmellsterrible.3.表示客观真理,科学事实,格言及没有时限的客观存在Knowledgeisstrength.Lighttravelsfasterthansound.JapanliestotheeastofChina.选择:1.Iping-pongquitewell,butIhaven’thadtimetoplaysincethenewyear.A.willplayB.haveplayedC.playedD.play2.——CanIhelpyou,sir?——Yes,Iboughtthisradiohereyesterday,butit.A.didn’tworkB.won’tworkC.can’tworkD.doesn’twork1.答案为D。乒乓球打得出色是一个的基本能力和特征,因此要用一般现在时。2.答案为D。收音机不响,反应的是收音机目前的工作状况,故用一般现在时。改错:1.Makesurethatyouwillpickmeupafterwork.文案大全
实用文档2.I’llseetoitthatIwillreturnthereferencebookontime.答案:1)willpick→pick2)willreturn→return在seetoitthat…和makesurethat…句型中,从句动词用一般时,表示将来时。二、一般过去时基本用法:1.表示在一个特定的过去时间,发生的事件或人或物的客观情况。该时态常跟一个表示过去时间的状语连用。如:yesterday,thenightbefore(前天晚上),once(曾经),theotherday=afewdaysago,justnow=amomentago(刚才)Igottoknowhimtwoyearsago.Hewasseriouslyilllastweek.2.也可表示过去经常性或重复发生的动作或情况。Asachild,Iwouldgotoseaalongwithmyfather.Chinaisdifferentfromwhatitusedtobe.情态动词woulddo可表示过去习惯性动作;usedtobe/do可表示过去习惯性动作或状态。选择:1.——Yourtelephonenumberagain?Iquitecatchit.——It’s9568422.A.didn’tB.couldn’tC.don’tD.can’t2.——Wecouldhavewalkedtothestation,itwassonear.——Yes.Ataxiatallnecessary.A.wasn’tB.hadn’tbeenC.wouldn’tD.won’t3.——Comeonit,Peter.Iwanttoshowyousomething.——Oh,howniceofyou!Iyoutobringmeagift.A.neverthink;aregoingB.neverthought;weregoingC.didn’tthink;weregoingD.hadn’tthought;weregoing简析:1.答案A。“没听清楚”发生在对方当时报电话号码那个过去时刻,故用一般过去时。2.答案A。根据对话的情景可知,甲乙双方都在谈论过去发生的事情。甲方用虚拟语气,责备自己当时未能步行去车站,乙方强调当时乘出租车没有必要,故用一般过去时。3.答案B。思维动词think,know,expect等,时态使用的原则是:表示现在的看法、知晓用一般现在时;表示过去的看法、知晓,而这种思维活动现在已不复存在,用一般过去时。根据对话可知,乙方没想到‘“甲方会给他带来礼物”,发生在未见到礼物之前。一旦见到礼物,这种想法即刻消失,故think应用一般过去时。答案B比C语气强,更符合对话的情景,因此B为最佳选项。在以下句型中,必须用一般过去时表示将来发生的动作:1.Itis(high/about)time(that)youwentbed.你该去睡觉了。2.Iwouldrathertheycametomorrow.我倒希望他们明天来。三、现在完成时1.表达形式:主动语态have/hasdone;被动语态have/hasbeendone2.基本用法:文案大全
实用文档1)表示动作或过程发生在说话之前某个过去时刻,到说话时已完成,并与现在的情况有联系。Ihaveturnedontheelectricheater(电热器)intheroom.(Iturnedontheelectricheater,andtheroomisgettingwarmnow.)Hehastakenawaymyreferencebook.(Hetookawaymyreferencebook,andnowIcan’tuseit.)选择:Theprice,butIdoubtwhetheritwillremainso.A.wentdownB.willgodownC.hasgonedownD.wasgoingdown答案为C。作者对今后物价是否能继续走低,心怀疑虑,而他此时的心态是由物价下跌这一动作引发的,故用现在进行时。2)表示动作或状态从过去某一时刻开始,一直延续到现在。可能刚结束,也可能继续下去。··起点NowHehasbeeninBeijingfortwoyears.Wehavehadplentyofrainheresincewepartedlastmonth.自上个月我们分手以来,这里下了很多雨。表示动作或状态从过去某一时刻持续到现在的时间状语还有inthepast(last)fewyears,eversince,sofar,uptothepresent(直到现在),untilnow,inrecentyears等。选择:——Howareyoutoday?——Oh,IasillasIdonowforalongtime.A.didn’tfeelB.wasn’tfeelingC.don’tfeelD.haven’tfelt答案为D。译:我很长时间没有象今天这样周身不适。本句的实质是:今天我身体状况最差,而这以前情况基本正常,即notfeelill。这种正常身体状况从过去延续到今天截止。故应用现在完成时。关于现在完成时,请注意以下三点:1)现在完成时与一般过去时的区别:现在完成时表示的动作或状态或与在有联系,它强调的是对现在的影响。一般过去时表示的动作或状态已成为历史,不复存在,与现在无关系。HehasworkedinParisfortwoyears.(现在人仍在巴黎。)HeworkedinParisfortwoyears.(现在人已不在巴黎。)2)可用句型Itis+(一段时间)+since(主语)+(动词的过去时),解决瞬间动词不能与一段时间连用的矛盾。如:ItistenyearssinceheleftShanghai.ItisabouttwoyearssinceIgotmarriedtoJane.3)下列句型的分句中动词用现在完成时。如:Itisthefirst(序数词)time(that)IhavevisitedChina.我是我第一次访问中国。Thisisthemostbeautiful(形容词最高级)citythatIhaveeverseen.这是我见过的最美丽的城市。四、过去完成时1.表达形式主动语态haddone;被动语态hadbeendone2.基本用法文案大全
实用文档1)在过去某一时间或某一动作之前已完成的动作。haddone···Now例:Hesaidthathehadarrivedthreedaysbefore.2)动作或状态在过去某一时间之前已经开始,一直延续到这一过去时间。例:Bythetimehecamewehadworkedfortwohours.haddone···Now例1:——Marycamebackyesterday.——Whereshe?A.had;beenB.did;goC.has;beenD.had;gone答案为A。乙方要问的是“在昨天之前,她去过哪里”,属过去的过去。故应用过去完成时。例2:Untilthen,hisfamilyfromhimfortwomonths.A.didn’thearB.hasn’theardC.hadn’theardD.heardnothing译:到那个时候,他家人已有两个月没有收到他的来信。答案为C。“未收到来信”这种情况持续到那个时候,而不是现在。根据过去完成时的第二种用法,应用过去完成时。例3:用正确时态填空I(mean)togoonMonday,butIhavestayedattheirrequest.答案为hadmeant。动词hope,wish,intend,mean,want,expect等,其过去完成时可表示“过去未曾实现的希望,打算或意图”。五、现在进行时1.表达形式:主动形式:am/is/aredoing被动形式am/is/arebeingdone2.基本用法表示此刻或现阶段正在进行的动作。Thestudentsarepreparingfortheentranceexamatpresent.表示目前的变化、发展和进展过程,需要用现在进行时。Selectingamobilephoneforperponaluseisnoeasytaskbecausetechnologyischangingsorapidly.请注意以下两点:1.现在进行时与一般现在时的区别:一般现在时表示的动作,其特征为经常性;现在进行时表示的动作,其特征具有暂时性。经常性与暂时性是区分这两种时态的主要尺度。例:——Isthisraincoatyours?——No,minetherebehindthedoor.A.ishangingB.hashungC.hangsD.hung答案为A。这段对话大多发生在下班,会议或社交活动结束后,人们各自找自己的雨具这样的场合。“雨衣挂在门后”是临时性的,故用现在进行时。2.进行时与always,continually,constantly,forever等副词连用,作为一种修辞手段,用于表达赞扬、不满、抱怨等情绪。文案大全
实用文档Heisalwaysthinkingofothers.他总是为别人着想。(赞扬)Atschoolhewasconstantlyplayingtrickonothers.在校读书时,他老是捉弄人。(厌恶)六、过去进行时1.表达形式主动态:was/weredoing;被动形式:was/werebeingdone2.基本用法用于表示在过去某一时刻或过去某一阶段正在进行的动作。Iwasmakingalong-distancecalltomynearrelativebeforeyouarrived.Inthoseyearswewerehavingahardtime.例:1.——Hey,lookwhereyouaregoing!——Oh,I’mterriblysorry..A.I’mnotnoticingB.Iwasn’tnoticingC.Ihaven’tnoticedD.Idon’tnotice2.Tomintothehousewhennoone.A.slipped;waslookingB.hadslipped;lookedC.slipped;hadlookedD.wasslipped;looked1.答案为B。“走路时心不在焉,不注意前进方向”,发生在甲方责备他之前那段已过去的时间里。故应用过去进行时。2.译文:汤姆乘着没有人注意,溜进房屋。答案为A。when,while,as引导的时间状语从句,若主句动作与从句动作同时进行,且一长一短。那么持续时间长的动作用进行时,持续短的动作用一般时。本题中“溜slip”发生在没有人注视这一过程中,“溜slip”为短动作,故用一般过去时,而watch“注视”持续时间长,应用过去进行时。七、一般将来时1.基本用法表示将来或即将发生的动作2.表达形式主动形式:shall/willdo;shall/willbedoing被动形式:shall/willbedoneshall用于第一人称,will用于所有人称Iwon’tbefreetonight.Iwillbewaitingforyououtsideafterschool.一般将来时其他表达形式如下:1)am/is/aregoingtodo用于表示a)预先打算做某事。b)有迹象表明即将发生的动作。WearegoingtovisittheGreatWallatweekends.Listentotheloudcrashofthunder.It’sgoingtorain.听那震耳的雷声,天就要下雨了。2)am/is/aretodo用于表示按计划、安排要进行的动作Themeetingistobeheldtomorrow.注1:该结构也可当情态动词用,表示“命令”、“可能”Youaretobebackby9o’clockatthelatest.你必须最迟在9点之前回家。Thiskindofbookisnowheretobebought.=Thiskindofbookcan’tbeboughtanywhere.注2:用在if条件句中,表示“想”。Ifwearetobethereintime,we’llhavetohurryup.3)beabouttodo用于表达某动作马上要发生Bequick!FlightNo.302toTokyoisabouttotakeoff.文案大全
实用文档改错:Allentionplease!Theconcertisabouttostartinfiveminutes.删去infiveminutes。beabouttodo不能与具体时间状语连用。4)转移动词go,come,start,leave,arrive,return,sail等以及win,lose,die可用进行时表示将来时。TheshipissailingforShanghaitomorrow.Itseemstomethatourteamislosing.八、过去将来时1.基本用法表示在过去某一时刻尚未发生的动作或存在的状态。2.表达形式主动语态:should/woulddo被动语态:should/wouldbedoneIneverimaginedthathewouldbecomeadoctor.IpromisedmybossthatIwouldfinishthisworkbytheendofthismonth.一般将来时的其他表达形式,也适用于过去将来时Ifeltthatsomethingterriblewasabouttohappen.请注意:①when,once,until,assoonas等引导的时间状语从句②if,unless,solongas等引导的条件状语从句③evenif,though,whenever,whether…or(不管…还是…)等引导的让步状语从句若从句动作未发生,应用一般时表示将来时。Iwillletyouknowifhecomesback.Hesaidthathewouldn’tloseheartevenifhefailed.一、语态概述 英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。英语中有两种语态:主动语态和被动语态。 主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。巧记为:主动、主动、主去动。 被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者,即行为动作的对象。巧记为:被动、被动、主被动。例如:Englishisspokenbymanypeople.主语English是动词speak的承受者。 主动态和被动态指的是动词形式,是词法概念;而主动句和被动句则指的是句子结构,从而是句法概念。所谓主动句就是由主动态动词(词组)作谓语动词的句子,而被动句则是由被动态动词(词组)作谓语动词的句子。例如:Heopenedthedoor.他开了门。(主动句) Thedoorwasopened.门被开了。(被动句) 二、被动语态的构成文案大全
实用文档 被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。现以teach为例说明被动语态在各种时态中的构成。 一般现在时:am/is/are+taught 一般过去时:was/were+taught 一般将来时:will/shallbe+taught 现在进行时:am/is/arebeing+taught 过去进行时:have/hasbeen+taught 现在完成时:have/hasbeen+taught 记忆歌诀:被动语态be字变,过去分词跟后面。注意:区分被动语态与“be+过去分词”结构 be+过去分词”并不一定都是被动语态,有时是系表结构。当“be+过去分词”表示动作时为被动语态,be是助动词,be后面的过去分词是主要动词,动作的对象是主语;当“be+过去分词”表示主语所处的状态时为系表结构,be是连系动词。be后面的过去分词是表语,相当于形容词。其区分办法如下: 1如果强调动作或句中有介词by引导出动作的执行者,该句一般为被动语态,否则为系表结构。例如:Theglassisbroken.玻璃杯碎了。(系表结构)Theglasswasbrokenbytheboy.玻璃杯被那男孩打碎了。(被动语态) 2如果句中有地点、频率或时间状语时,一般为被动语态。如:ThemagazineispublishedinShanghai.这家杂志出版于上海。(被动语态)Thedoorislocked.门锁着。(系表结构)Thedoorhasalready/justbeenlocked.门已经/刚刚被锁上。(被动语态)Theshopisopened.这家商店开门了。(系表结构)Theshopisopenedat8a.m.everyday.这家商店每天上午八点开门。(被动语态) 3被动语态除用于一般时态和完成时态外,还可以用于其他各种时态,而系表结构中的系动词be只有一般时态和完成时态。 三、被动语态的用法 1不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。例如: 1)Somenewcomputerswerestolenlastnight. 一些新电脑在昨晚被盗了。(不知道电脑是谁偷的) 2)Thisbookwaspublishedin1981.这本书出版于1981年。文案大全
实用文档 2强调动作的承受者,而不强调动作的执行者。例如:1)Thisbookwaswrittenbyhim.这本书是他写的。 2)Eighthoursperdayforsleepmustbeguaranteed.每天8小时睡眠必须得到保证。 记忆歌诀:谁做的动作不知道,说出谁做的没有必要;动作承受者需强调,被动语态运用到。 四、主动语态变被动语态的方法 1把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。 2把谓语变成被动结构(be+过去分词),根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数,以及原来主动语态句子中动词的时态来决定be的形式。 3把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语,将主格改为宾格。例如: 1)Allthepeoplelaughedathim.=Hewaslaughedatbyallpeople. 2)Theymakethebikesinthefactory.=Thebikesaremadebytheminthefactory. 记忆歌诀:宾变主,主变宾,by短语后面跟。谓语动词变被动,be后“过分”来使用。 五、含有情态动词的被动语态 含有情态动词的主动句变成被动句时,由“情态动词+be+过去分词”构成,原来带to的情态动词变成被动语态后“to”仍要保留。 记忆歌诀:情态动词变动,情态加be加“过分”,原来带to要保留。例如: 1)Wecanrepairthiswatchintwodays.=Thiswatchcanberepairedintwodays. 2)Yououghttotakeitaway.=Itoughttobetakenaway.3)Theyshoulddoitatonce.=Itshouldbedoneatonce一、经典高考考题重现。(04全国卷)1.Mymindwasn’tonwhathewassayingsoI"mafraidI______halfofit.A.wasmissingB.hadmissedC.willmissD.missed(04浙江卷)2.Thediscussion____alivewhenaninterestingtopicwasbroughtin.A.wascomingB.hadcomeC.hascomeD.came(04福建卷)3.Shehassetanewrecord,thatis,thesalesofherlatestbook________50million.A.havereachedB.hasreachedC.arereachingD.hadreached(04江苏卷)4.Morepatients___________inhospitalthisyearthanlastyear.A.treatedB.havetreatedC.hadbeentreatedD.havebeentreated(04湖北卷)文案大全
实用文档5.Hekeptlookingather,wonderingwhetherhehersomewhere.A.sawB.hasseenC.seesD.hadseen(04浙江卷)6.Becausetheshop_____,alltheT-shirtsaresoldathalfprice.A.hascloseddownB.closeddownC.isclosingdownD.hadcloseddown(04北京春季)7.-Sorrytohaveinterruptedyou.Pleasegoon.-WherewasI?-You______youdidn’tlikeyourfather’sjob.A.hadsaidB.saidC.weresayingD.hadbeensaying(04湖南卷)8.Turnonthetelevisionoropenamagazineandyouadvertisementsshowinghappyfamilies.A.willoftenseeB.oftenseeC.areoftenseeingD.haveoftenseen(04北京卷)9.Nowthatsheisoutofajob,Lucy_____goingbacktoschool,butshehasn’tdecidedyet.A.hadconsideredB.hasbeenconsideringC.consideredD.isgoingtoconsider(04北京卷)10.ThemayorofBeijingsaysthatallconstructionworkfortheBeijingOlympics__by2006.A.hasbeencompletedB.hascompletedC.willhavebeencompletedD.willhavecompleted1-5DDADD6-10CCABC二、提高练习。1.---IthoughtyouwereproudoftheworkI.---I’mafraidnot.You’dbetterchangeitforanother.A.doB.haddoneC.didD.would2.---Sorry,Joe,Ididn’tmeanto…---Don’tcallme“Joe”.I’mMr.Parkertoyou,and______youforgetit!A.doB.didn’tC.didD.don’t3.Nobodycouldhaveguessed,20yearsago,theimportantplaceinChinesehistorythatShenzhen______.A.washavingB.wastohaveC.hadhadD.had4.TheplaneoverthelandingfieldfortwentyminuteswhenthepilotwastoldthatheshouldusetheEastsideField.A.hadbeencirclingB.iscirclingC.wascirclingD.hadcircled5.---Whataboutthesituationthere?---Oh,it________asseriousasitdoesnowforalongtime.A.didn’tlookB.wasn’tlookingC.doesn’tlookD.hasn’tlooked6.---Why!Where’smypassport?MaybeIleftitontheplane.---MyGoodness!You______thingsbehind!A.hadneverleftB.didn’tleaveC.neverleftD.haven’tleft7.Doctorsandmedicalsuppliestothesceneoftheaccidentafterthetraincrash.A.hadbeenrushedB.wererushedC.wererushingD.rushed8.Allmorningasshewaitedforthemedicalreportfromthedoctor,hernervousness_____.A.hasgrownB.isgrowingC.grewD.hadgrown9.---Theformerpresidentwascaughtatlast.---Really?Wherehimself?文案大全
实用文档A.hadhehiddenB.hashehiddenC.washehiddenD.hashebeenhiding10.AfteratsunamihitSoutheastandSouthAsialastmonth,upto150,000________andthousandsmore_________.A.werekilled;arestillunknownB.havebeenkilled;werestillunknownC.arekilled;arestillunknownD.hadbeenkilled;werestillunknown11.Whydon’tyouputthemeatinthefridge?Itwillfreshforseveraldays.A.bestayedB.stayC.bestayingD.havestayed12.You____thingsabout.Look,whatamessinyourroom!A.alwaysthrowB.havealwaysthrownC.arealwaysthrowingD.havealwaysbeenthrowing13.Plantmoretreesinthisarea,otherwisewe______fromsandstorms.A.oftensufferB.willoftensufferC.isoftensufferD.willoftenbesuffered14.---Henry,thephoneisringing.Doyouwantmetogo…?---No,sitstill.________.A.I"llgetitB.IamtogetitC.I"mgettingitD.Iamgoingtogetit.15.Thearticlesuggeststhatwhenaperson______underunusualstressheshouldbeespeciallycarefultohaveawell—balanceddiet.A.beB.isC.wereD.was16.Thepricesofagriculturalproductswhilethoseofindustrialproductsonlyalittle.A.aregoingup;havebeenbroughtdownB.havegoneup;arebeingbroughtdownC.arebeinggoneup;hasbroughtdownD.havebeengoneup;arebringingdown17.---Ithoughtyoumighthavegotdrunk.---Yes,I______.A.haveB.hadC.diddoD.mighthave18.WeplantoreachtheNorthPoleinmid-July,andbythenweforsixweeks.A.arewalkingB.havebeenwalkingC.willbewalkingD.willhavebeenwalking19.Howcanyoupossiblymissthenews?It______onTValldaylong.A.hasbeenB.hadbeenC.wasD.willbe20.Idon’tunderstandhowyougotaticket.Ialwaysyouacarefuldriver.A.think…areB.amthinking…areC.thought…wereD.think…were21.---Whydidyoucomebytaxi?---MybikebrokedownlastnightandI________itrepaired.A.didn"thaveB.don"thaveC.won"thaveD.haven"thad22.---Doyoumeanwehavetobreakofftheexperimentfordinner?---Yes,itinthediningroom;nowaitingafterthesettime.A.isservedB.servesC.isbeingservedD.willserve23.---Fined$20!Youknowyou______100kmanhour,don’tyou?---No,officer!Ican’thavebeen.Thiscardoesn’tdo80.A.aredrivingB.havedrivenC.droveD.weredriving24.---Doyouregrethavingleftyourfirstjob?---WhyshouldI?I______asmuch,butIenjoymoreofmypresentjob.A.didn’tearnB.don’tearnC.hadn’tearnedD.haven’tearned25.Itseemsoil_____fromthispipeforsometime.Wewillhavetotakethemachineaparttoputitright.A.hasleakedB.isleakingC.leakedD.hasbeenleaking26.Onceaprogrammeputintoacomputer,itaccordingly.A.is;actsB.isbeing;isactingC.hasbeen;willactD.willbe;acts27.---CouldyoulendmethatbookyoumeaboutwhenItelephonedyou?文案大全
实用文档---No,Iamsorry.Ican’t.Igaveittoafriend.A.weretellingB.wouldtellC.hadtoldD.hadbeentelling28.---Howhugethesetomatoes!Youmusthaveappliedmuchfertilizer(肥料)tothem.---Yes,I_________.TheyoughttoberipeenoughtopickbynextTuesday.A.doB.mustC.haveD.did29.---Peter,you_____thecardownatonce.---Ok!Oh!Thecar______gone.A.wash,isB.willwash,isC.wash,wasD.willwash,has30.---Thepossibilityofafloodwasjustreportedovertheradio.---Iknow.Iheardaboutit.Theriver______thetopofitsbank.A.hasreachedB.reachingC.hadbeenreachedD.hadreached1-5ADBAD6-10CBCAA11-15BCBAB16-20ACDA21-25DCDBD26-30CACAD第9讲祈使句 一.祈使句的句式特征祈使句常常是表达说话人对对方的劝告、叮嘱、请求或命令等。因此,祈使句中一般没有主语,但根据其句意,实际上是省略了主语you。祈使句句末用感叹号或句号,朗读时,常用降调。在表达请求或劝告时,在祈使句前或句末可加,上please,以使句,子的语气更加缓和,或客气。祈使句一般没有时态的变化,也不能与情态动词连用。例如:Keepoffthegrass!勿踩草地!Puttheboxesinthesmallroom.把那些盒子放到那个小房间里。二.祈使句的肯定句式祈使句的肯定句式一般分为以下三种类型:1.行为动词原形+其他成分。例如:Makesentencesafterthemodel.根据例句造句。2.Be动词+其他成分(形容词、名词或介词短语等)。例如:Becarefulwhencrossingthestreet.过马路时要小心。3.Let,+宾语+动词原,形+,其他,成分,。例如:文案大全
实用文档Lethimgobacknow.让他现在回去吧。三.祈使句的否定句式祈使句的否定句式,通常情况下在句首加上Don’t或Never,一般分为以下四种类型:1.在祈使句的肯定句式前加Don’t,构成“Don’t+行为动词原形+其他成分”。例如:Don’tsaythatagain!别再那样说了!2.在Be动词引起的肯定祈使句前加Don’t,构成“Don’tbe+其他成分(形容词、名词或介词短语等)”。例如:Don’tbecareless.不要粗心。注意:在这种句型中be不能省略;否定副词not不可置于be之后。3.Let引起的祈使句的否定形式有两种:(1)Let开头的祈使句,如果后面跟第一、第三人称名词或代词的宾格,可在Let前加Don’t,也可在Let后宾格的名词或代词后面加not。(2)如果以Let’s开头的祈使句,必须在Let’s后加not。例如:Don’tletmegowithhertomorrow.=Letmenotgowithhertomorrow.不要让我明天跟她一起去。Let’snottellherthetruthwheneverwemeether.无论什么时候我们碰到她,都不要告诉她真相。4.在公共场合的提示语中,否定祈使句常用“No+名词/V-ing形式”结构,表示“禁止做某事”。例如:NOPHOTOS!禁止拍照!四.祈使句的反意问句祈使句的反意疑问句须按其句子结构及讲话人的语气来决定其疑问部分。通常有以下三种形式:1.祈使句为肯定句式,其反意疑问句表示请求时,通常用willyou;表示邀请、劝说时,用won’tyou。例如:Besuretowritetous,willyou?你一定要给我们写信,好吗?Cometohavedinnerwithusthisevening,won’tyou?文案大全
实用文档今晚来和我们一起吃饭,好吗?2.祈使句为否定句式,其反意疑问句通常只用willyou。例如:Don’tsmokeinthemeetingroom,willyou?不要在会议室抽烟,好吗?3.Let开头的祈使句构成反意疑问句时,除Let’s用shallwe外,其他均用willyou。例如:Lettheboygofirst,willyou?让个那男孩先走,好吗?Let’stakeawalkaftersupper,shallwe?晚饭后我们去散步,好吗?五.祈使句的回答祈使句的动作通常是表示将来发生的动作,所以回答祈使句时,一般用will或won’t。在回答具有否定意义的祈使句时,要注意两点:一是“形式一致”,即Yes与will保持一致;No与won’t保持一致。二是“意思相反”,即Yes是“不”的意思;No是“是”的意思。在回答时,要注意分析上下文语境中所提供的条件。例如:---Don’tgoout,please.It’srainingheavilyoutside.请不要出去。外面雨下得很大。----Yes,Iwill.Ihavetomeetmybrotherattheairport.不行,我得去机场接我弟弟。六.祈使句与陈述句的并列使用祈使句后接陈述句时,须用连接词连接。如果祈使句与陈述句表示的是一种顺承关系时,要用并列连词and来连接;如果祈使句与陈述句存在一种否定条件关系时,要用并列连词or来连接。例如:LeaveitwithmeandIwillseewhatIcando.把它留给我吧,我想想有没有办法。Hurryup,orwe’llbelate.文案大全
实用文档快点,否则我们要迟到了。七.祈使句与条件状语从句的连用祈使句与条件状语从句连用时,条件状语从句可置于祈使句前或后。例如:Tellhimtomakeaphonecalltomeifhecomesheretomorrow.如果他明天来这儿的话,叫他给我来个电话。八.祈使句的强调形式祈使句的强调形式通常在肯定祈使句式前加上助动词Do(Do在句中无意义)。例如:Doshutup!快住口!九.特殊形式的祈使句在英语中,有些祈使句不是以动词原形来引起一个祈使句,而是以一个名词短语来充当,且后接一个带有并列连接词的分句。实际上,这个充当祈使句的名词短语相当于一个条件状语从句。例如:Morewaterandtheyoungtreescouldn’thavedied.=Ifyouhadgiventhemmorewater,theyoungtreescouldn’thavedied.如果你给那些小树多浇点水,他们就不会死了。十.运用祈使句的误区祈使句往往容易与不定式、分词或条件状语从句相混淆。在平时的练习或测试中,如果稍不留神,就会出错。因此,要认真审题,认真分析句子结构,并根据上下文语境,作出正确判断。例如:___________yourcompositioncarefully,somespellingmistakescanbeavoided.A.HavingcheckedB.CheckC.IfyoucheckD.Tocheck析:如果空白处选填B(Check)项,则视为祈使句,但后一分句前没有并列连接词and连接;如选A或D项(分词或不定式),句中逻辑主语somespellingmistakes又不能执行这个动作,故均不符合句子结构。因此,只有C项(条件状语从句)符合句子结构及句意。文案大全
实用文档第十章感叹句 。 感叹句:一般是用来表示说话时的喜悦、惊讶等情感。英语感叹句常用"what"和"how"引导,"what"和"how"与所修饰的词置于句首,其它部分用陈述句语序。感叹词修饰对象感叹部分主语谓语+其他!How(副词)修饰形容词HowniceHowniceagirlthegirlsheis!is!修饰副词HowwellHowhardtheboytheworkersIsswimming!areworking!修饰动词How=whattheflowersHow=howfastShesheheheLovestheflowers!loves!runs!runs!What(形容词)修饰单数可数名词Whatanicegirl=HowniceagirlJennyJennyWas!was!修饰复数可数名词WhatnicegirlsTheyWere!修饰不可数名词WhatfineweatherwhatdirtywaterItheIs!drank!感叹句的特殊形式文案大全
实用文档 感叹句还可由陈述句、疑问句、祈使句,甚至一个词组及单词构成。例如:Therewasnofaceshowing!He’ssuchaniceboy!TheGreatWallisamagnificentbuilding!Isn’titsnowingheavily!Wonderful!Nonsense!HappyNewYeartoyou!Cheer!第十一章疑问句 疑问句(InterrogativeSentence): 定义:表达疑问(亦即发问)或请求的句子叫做疑问句。例: Isheafriendofyourbrother"s? (他是你哥哥的朋友吗?——发问) Canyoudothisforme? (你能替我做这件事吗?——请求) 疑问句的句末必须使用问号(Questionmark)“?”来标示问句的结束。 疑问句:可分为一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句和否定疑问句。种类特征语调举例回答一般疑问句系+主+表+?助动词+主+动+?升调AreyoufromLondon?DoyouspeakRussian?用yes,no回答特殊疑问句疑问词+系+表+?疑问词+助+主+动+?降调Howareyoufeeling?Whenwillyougetthere?直接回答,不用yes或no选择疑问句一般问句:系+主+表+…or…?助+主+动+…or…?Or前升调。Or后降调Ishetallorshort?Doeshestayhomeorgothere?直接回答问句中一个,不用yes,no特殊问句:疑问词+系+主+…or…?第一部分用降调,第二部分or前升调,or后降调Whichisbigger,thesunorthemoon?Whorunsfaster,TomorPeter?选一个答案,不用yes,no反意疑问句陈述部分肯定:陈述,助(系)+not+主?陈述部分用降调,一问部分用升调It文案大全
实用文档israining,isn’tit?Youdidit,didn’tyou?答案肯定时用yes,否定时用no陈述部分否定:否定陈述句,助(系)+主+?如对陈述肯定,可用降调Itisn’tfine,isit?Theyhaven’tcome,havethey?否定疑问句系+not+主+表?助+not+主+动+?表示惊异用升调。赞叹、责难用降调Aren’ttheybeautiful?Won’tyoucomeinforaminute?第十二章名词在英语中,名词用以表示人或事物的名称,是各级各类考试的热点之一,主要测试考生辨析近义词和近形词的能力。名词不但有单复数的变化,而且有普通名词和专有名词之分,还有用法独待的所有格形式。1.名词复数的规则变化 情况构成方法读音例词一般情况加-s 1.清辅音后读/s/;2.浊辅音和元音后读/z/;book---booksbag---bagscar----cars以s,sh,ch,x等结尾的词加-es读/iz/ bus-buseswatch-watches以ce,se,ze,(d)ge等结尾的词加-s读/iz/ license-licenses以辅音字母+y结尾的词 变y为i再加es读/z/baby---babies2.名词复数的不规则变化1)以y结尾的专有名词,或元音字母+y结尾的名词变复数时,直接加s变复数。 如: twoMarys theHenrysmonkey---monkeys holiday---holidays 比较:层楼:storey---storeys story---stories2)以o结尾的名词,变复数时: a.加s,如:photo---photos piano---pianos radio---radios zoo---zoos; b.加es,如:potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes c.均可,如:zero---zeros/zeroes 3)以f或fe结尾的名词变复数时:文案大全
实用文档 a.加s,如:belief---beliefs roof---roofs safe---safes gulf---gulfs; b.去f,fe加ves,如:half---halves knife---knives leaf---leaves wolf---wolves wife---wives life---lives thief---thieves; c.均可,如: handkerchief:handkerchiefs/handkerchieves3.不可数名词数的表示方法1)物质名词 a.当物质名词转化为个体名词时。 比较:Cakeisakindoffood. 蛋糕是一种食物。(不可数)Thesecakesaresweet. 这些蛋糕很好吃。(可数) b.当物质名词表示该物质的种类时,名词可数。 Thisfactoryproducessteel. (不可数)Weneedvarioussteels. (可数) c.当物质名词表示份数时,可数。 Ourcountryisfamousfortea.Twoteas,please.请来两杯茶。 我国因茶叶而闻名。2)抽象名词有时也可数。 fourfreedoms四大自由thefourmodernizations四个现代化 物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量。 如:aglassofwater一杯水apieceofadvice 一条建议4.定语名词的复数名词作定语一般用单数,但也有例外。 1)用复数作定语。如:sportsmeeting运动会studentsreading-room学生阅览室 talkstable谈判桌 theforeignlanguagesschool外语学校 2)man,woman,gentleman等作定语时,其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。 如:menworkers womenteachers gentlemenofficials 3)有些原有s结尾的名词,作定语时,s保留。如:goodstrain(货车)armsproduce 武器生产4)数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式。 如:two-dozeneggs 两打/(二十四个鸡蛋) aten-milewalk十里路 two-hundredtrees两百棵树afive-yearplan. 一个五年计划5.不同国家的人的单复数名称总称(谓语用复数)一个人 两个人 文案大全
实用文档中国人theChineseaChinesetwoChinese俄国人theRussiansaRussiantwoRussians瑞士人theSwiss aSwisstwoSwiss澳大利亚人theAustralians an AustraliantwoAustralians意大利人theItaliansanItalian twoItalians希腊人 theGreekaGreektwoGreeks法国人 theFrenchaFrenchmantwoFrenchmen日本人 theJapaneseaJapanese twoJapanese美国人 theAmericansanAmericantwoAmericans加拿大人 theCanadiansaCanadiantwoCanadians印度人 theIndiansanIndiantwoIndians英国人 theEnglishanEnglishmantwoEnglishmen瑞典人 theSwedishaSwedetwoSwedes德国人 theGermansaGermanstwoGermans6.名词的格在英语中有些名词可以加""s"来表示所有关系,带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格,如:ateacher"sbook。名词所有格的规则如下:1)单数名词词尾加""s",复数名词词尾没有s,也要加""s",如theboy"sbag男孩的书包,men"sroom男厕所。2)若名词已有复数词尾-s,只加""",如:theworkers"struggle 工人的斗争。3)凡不能加""s"的名词,都可以用"名词+of+名词"的结构来表示所有关系,如:thetitleofthesong歌的名字。4)在表示店铺或教堂名字或某人的家时,名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词,如:thebarber"s理发店。5)如果两个名词并列,并且分别有"s,则表示"分别有";只有一个"s,则表示"共有"。 如:John"sandMary"sroom(两间) JohnandMary"sroom(一间)6)复合名词或短语,"s加在最后一个词的词尾。如:一、冠词的种类冠词可分成不定冠词a,an和定冠词the。二、泛指和特指的定义1.泛指:一般提及人或事物,不作具体说明叫泛指。下列两种情况为泛指a)未明确交待的人或事物Imetherinacoffeeshopnearthestation.我在车站附近的一家咖啡馆遇到她的。b)表明数量“一”Heaskedforabookandtwomagazines.他要一本书和两本杂志。2.特指:具体指明人或物叫特指,其基本意思是“这,那”。下列三种情况为特指。1)上文提到过的人或物Iboughtabookyesterday.Thebookisofgreatvalue.昨天我买了一本书,这本书很有价值。2)说话人或听话人心中都有数的人或事物——Whenwillthemeetingbeheld?——At2:00o’clockintheafternoon.文案大全
实用文档3)带有限制性的后置定语ThemoviedirectedbyMr.ZhangYimouwasagreathit.张艺谋执导的那部电影极为叫座。三、冠词使用的基本规则1.可数名词泛指特指单数可数名词abookthebook复数可数名词booksthebooks表示泛指,单数可数名词用不定冠词a(an),复数名词不用冠词。表示特指,可数单数名词和复数可数名词,均用定冠词the。2.物质名词和抽象名词物质名词和抽象名词不用冠词。Bloodisthickerthanwater.血浓于水。Wisdomisbetterthanstrength.智慧胜于力量。特指的物质名词和抽象名词,用定冠词the。Thesnowinfrontofthehouseisbeginningtomelt.房前的雪开始融化了。a(n)与物质名词连用,可表示种类或一杯之量。Maotaiisanexcellentwine.Bringmeacoffee,willyou?选择:Thewarmthofsweaterwillofcoursebedeterminedbythesortofwoolused.A.the;theB.the;不填C.不填;theD.不填;不填四、需要用定冠词的其他几种情况1.用于表示世界上独一无二的事物名词之前。thesun,themoon,theearth,theworld,thesky2.用于表示方位名词,序数词和形容词最高级之前。sailtotheeastturntotherightThisisthemostexpensiveofalltheclothes.ThisisthethirdtimethathehasbeenelectedchairmanoftheStudentUnion.3.与某些形容词或分词连用,代表一类人或事物。Iwasbroughtuptorespecttheold.我从小就接受教育,要敬爱老人。Thebeautifulcanneverdie.美是永恒的。4.用在表示江河、海洋、山脉、群岛、海峡、沙漠,建筑物等名词之前。thePacific(Ocean)太平洋theSouth-Chinasea南中国海theSahara哈拉沙漠thePersianGulf波斯湾theBeijingStation北京车站5.用于姓氏的复数形式之前,表示“夫妇”或“一家人”。TheTurnersaresittingatlunchtable.特纳一家正吃午饭。6.由普通名词构成的专有名词(如国家,党派等)前。例:theUnitedStates;theCommunistPartyofChina7.用在表示发明物的单数名词前。ThetelephonewasinventedbyBell.8.用在某些固定短语中:onthespot当场onthewhole总的来说forthemostpart多半,在多数情况下outofthequestion不可能五、不用冠词的其他几种情况文案大全
实用文档1.物质名词,抽象名词(见第三章),人名,地名等专有名词前。Airisimportanttous.BeijingisthecapitalofChina.2.表示季节、月份、周日、节假日(中国传统节例外)名词之前。Ilikespringmost.I’mgoingtoreturntoEnglandatChristmasDay.若具体指明哪一年的季节,应有定冠词。Thewarbrokeoutonthespringof1942.3.表示学科、球类、棋类和三餐名词之前Heisgoodatmaths.Ilikeplayingfootball.Ioftengotoschoolwithoutbreakfast.注:强调一顿饭或特指某顿饭可用冠词。Mothercookedmeanicedinnerthismorning.Thedinnercookedbymymothertastesdelicious.4.表示正式的或独一无二的职位、头衔的名词,在句中作宾补或同位语。Hehasbeenelectedchairmanofthestudentunion.Mandela,presidentofSouthAfrica,wasawardedtheNobelprizeforpeacein1997.南非总统曼德拉于1997年获得诺贝尔和平奖。5.在与by连用的交通工具名称之前。例:bytaxi,bybike,byboat但注意:getintoataxi,takeabus,onthetrain等表达形式。6.某些固定短语中,要求不用冠词。atpresent目前takepartin参加inpeace平安,平静bychance碰巧注意:有些词组中有无冠词含义不同。attable在进餐inhospital住院atthetable坐在桌子旁inthehospital在医院工作或参观等beinchargeof负责…outofquestion不成问题beinthechargeof由…负责outofthequestion根本不可能byday在白天bytheday按天计算7.高考中冠词考查热点选择:SummersinsouthofFranceareformostpartdryandsunny.(2000年春季高考)A.the;不填B.不填;theC.不填;不填D.the;the答案为D。分析:方位名词要用定冠词the,故可考虑的选项为A、D。forthemostpart为固定短语,故答案为D。近几年来,高考试卷对冠词的命题方式大多数情况是,一空考冠词的基本用法,一空考固定短语中冠词使用。因此在我们学习固定短语中,一定要留神并准确记忆固定短语中名词前使用的冠词。文案大全
实用文档冠词练习1.______on-goingdivisionbetweenEnglish-speakingCanadiansandFrench-speakingCanadiansis______majorconcernofthecountry.2.---Whereismyblueshirt?---It’sinthewashingmachine.Youhavetowear_____differentone.A.anyB.theC.aDother3.Thesignreads“Incaseof_____fire,breaktheglassandpush_____redbutton”.A./,aB./,theC.the,theD.a,a4.Thereis______dictionaryon______deskbyyourside.A.a,theB.a,aC.the,aD.the,the5.Jumpingoutof_______airplaneattenthousandfeetisquite______excitingexperience.A./,theB./,anC.an,anD.the,the6.Onewaytounderstandthousandsofnewwordsistogain_____goodknowledgeofbasicwordformation.7.Thecakesaredelicious.He’dliketohave_____thirdonebecause_____oneisrathertoosmall.A.a,aB.the,theC.the,aD.a,the8.Thewarmthof______sweaterwillofcoursebedeterminedbythesortof_____woolused.A.the,theB./,theC.the,/D./,/9.MrSmith,thereisamanat_______frontdoorwhosayshehas______newsforyouofgreatimportance.A.the,/B.the,theC./,/D./,the10.Abullethitthesoldierandhewaswoundedin______leg.A.aB.oneC.theD.his11.Papermoneywasin______useinChinawhenMarcoPolovisitedthecountryin_____thirteenthcentury.A.the,/B.The,theC./,theD./,/12.Itisnotrarein______thatpeoplein______fiftiesaregoingtouniversityforfurthereducation.A.90s,theirB.the90s,/C.90s,theD.the90s,their13.Peopleregardthewheelas_____inventionofthefirstimportancein_____humanhistory.A.an,theB.an;/C.the,theD.the,/14.Youngasheis,Davidhasgained______richexperiencein_____society.文案大全
实用文档A./,/B.the,theC.a,/D./,the15.Thepartylastnightwas_____success.Wesanganddanceduntilitcameto______endattwelve.A.a,theB.the,anC.a,anD./,an16.Sheisusuallyon_____dutyinherofficeevery_____days.A.the,aB./,/C./,aD.a,/17.Thetworoomsareof_____size.Butanothertworoomsaretwice_____sizeofthem.A.the,theB.a,aC.the,aD.a,the18.Cleaningwomeninbigcitiesusuallygetpaidby______hour.A.theB.aC.anD./19.----Hewantstohave______wordwithyou.----Iknow______wordhascomethatIamthenextpersonhewantstotalkto.A./,theB.a,theC.a,/D.the,a20.MrSmithtoldusthat_____goldmedalhissonhadgotwasconsidered_____greathonourtothewholefamily.A.the,/B.a,aC.the,aD.a,the21.Whodoyouthinkwilltake_____officenextmonthandbecome______ofthatcountry?A.a,theB./,theC.the,/D./,a22.---Doyouthinkanadvertisementis______helpwhenyoulookforanewjob?---Well,italldepends.Anyway,itgivesmemoreof____chancetotry.A.a,aB./,/C.the,theD.a,the23.Althoughheknew______littleabout_____largeamountofworkdoneinthefield,hesucceededwheremorewell-informedexperimentersfailed.A.a,theB.the,aC.a,/D./,the24.Igot____badtoothacheyesterday,whichkeptmeawake______wholenight.A.a,theB./,aC.the,aD.a,/25.______personlikehimwon’tbesimplysatisfiedwith______littleprogressthathasbeenmade.A.The,aB.The,/C.A,/D.A,the26.Ismokeoutof______habit,notfor____pleasure;forIhavebeeninthehabitfor20years.A.a,theB.the,aC./,theD/,/27.Manypeoplearestillin______habitofwritingsillythingsin______places.A.the,theB./,/C.the,/D./,the28.Iwonderwhatitfeelsliketobecomeoneof_____reallyrich.TheJenkinsalreadyhavetwoRollRoycesandnowtheyarebuying_____third!A.the,aB.the,theC./,aD./,the29.Inthefaceof_____failure,itisthemostimportanttokeepup______goodstateofmind.A./,aB.a,/C.the,/D./,the30.---WhatdrinksshallIorder?---_____largecoffeeforme.Oh,youmayaswellbringme_____hotchocolatetoo.A./,theB.A,/C.A,aD./,/31.Ihearthat______applejuiceis_____healthydrink.A./,aB./,/C.an,aD.the,/文案大全
实用文档32.Allthesechangeswillleadto______strongandpowerfulChina,_____countrythatcansurpriseandenrichourplanet.A.a,aB.the,aC.the,theD.a,the33.Whenitcomestobringingupchildren,somepeoplesay______disciplineproduces_____happy,well-behavedchild.A.a,theB./,aC.a,aD./,the34.Thegrowingcrimeratehasbecome______majorproblemof_____society.A.the,theB.a,/C./,theD./,/35.Don’tworrytoomuchabout____mistakes.Theyare____naturalpartoflearning.A./,aB.the,aC.the,/D.the,the1-5ACBAC6-10ADCAC11-15CDBAC16-20BDACC21-25BADAD26-30DCAAC31-35AABB第七章情态动词情态动词具有一定的词义,没有人称和数的变化,不能单独充当谓语。它和谓语动词连用,表示“请求,愿望,建议,推测”等意义。第一节交际1.表示“请求”,请别人做事。用will,would,can,could。句型:(1)Will/Wouldyou(please)do…?(2)Can/Couldyoudo…?在这两个句型中would,could比will,can更正式、客气。Will/Wouldyoupleaseexplainthetextonceagain?Can/CouldyoutellmewhattimeFlight312arrives?2.询问是否“许可”。用can/could,may/might句型:(1)May/MightIdo…?(2)Can/CouldIdo…?在这两个句型中could,might比can,may更正式、客气。—CouldIuseyourcar?—Yes,ofcourse,youcan?(回答必须用can)—MightIhavealookatyournewcomputer?—Yes,youmay(回答必须用may)或Pleasegoahead.3.自己想做,要求对方做决定,即征询对方意见。用shall,用于第一人称和第三人称。句型:ShallI(we,he,sheit,they)…?译“要不要…?”—Theroomissodirty.Shallwecleanit? —Ofcourse.(03全国春季)Shallthesegoodsbesentovertoyouatonce?要不要把这些货物马上送给你?4.表示规劝,建议1)正面的规劝,表示“最好”,“应该”,或“必须”做某事。①表示“最好”,用hadbetter,may/mightaswell或Itisbetter/besttodosth.Youmightjustaswelltellthemanufacturerthatmalecustomersmaynotlikethedesignofthefurniture.(04上海春季)文案大全
实用文档Ifyouareplanningtospendyourmoneyhavingfunthisweek,betterforgetit—you’vegotsomebigbillscoming.(04广东卷)(betterforgetit相当于Youhadbetterforgetit.)②表示“有义务或有必要”,用should或oughtto。即“应该”。Ifyouseeanythingunusual,youshouldcallthepolice.③用must译:“必须”。Theguiderequiredthatallpassengersmustwearseatbelts.导游要求所有旅客必须系安全带。2)反面的规劝,表示“不必”,“不应当”,或“不许”做某事。①表示“不必”,用needn’t或don’thaveto。---Idon"tmindtellingyouwhatIknow.---Youneedn’t.I"mnotaskingyouforit.(04江苏卷)Youneedn’treturn/don’thavetoreturnthebooknow.Youcankeepittillnextweek.②表示“不应该”,用shouldn’t或oughtn’tto。Weshouldn’tthrowcoldwateronthem.我们不应当给他们泼冷水。③表示“不许”,用mustn’t。Youmustn’tsmokeinclass.上课时不准吸烟。needn’t/don’thaveto→shouldn’t→mustn’t语气逐步加强5.须区别或注意的情态动词1)can,could与beableto的区别a)表示能力时can和beableto可以互换使用Ican/amabletospeakEnglish.Shecould/wasabletoreadnovelsatten.b)表示在过去某一特定场合下,一次性表现出来的能力,只能用was/wereableto。Thefirespreadthroughthehotelveryquicklybuteveryonegetout.A.hadtoB.wouldC.couldD.wasableto(答案D)(97全国)2)shall用在主语是第二、第三人称的陈述句中,表示说话人给对方的许诺或命令。Workhardandyoushallbepaid.好好干,你会得到报酬的。(许诺)Youshallleavehereatonce.=Youmustleavehereatonce.(命令)shall也用于法律、法令或规章等正式文件中,表示义务或规定。译“应,必须”。Thefineshallbepaidincash.罚款应以现金交纳。3)need和dare的用法。改错:1)Tobecomeamemberofthisclub,oneneedattendthreemeetingandpayhisfeesregularly.ABCD2)Wedoneedmassesofyoungpeoplewhodareacceptallkindsofchallenges.ABCDa)need(需要),dare(敢于)可作行为动词用,句型needtodo,daretodo。也可作情态动词,但不能用在肯定句。在肯定句中只能作行为动词使用,故第一题B错,need→needsto;第二题C错,accept→toacceptb)need,作情态动词用时,无人称变化。need用于否定句和疑问句中;dare用于否定句、疑问句和条件句中。Youneedn’tworksohard.→Youdon’tneedtoworksohard.—NeedIgoatonce.—Yes,youmust./No,youneedn’t.文案大全
实用文档Marydarenottouchthesnake.→Marydoesn’tdare(to)touchthesnake.Dareyouwalkthroughtheforestatnight?Iftheenemydareenterourcountry,wewillfightagainstthemtotheend.如果敌人胆敢进入我国,我们就和他们战斗到底。4)should的用法。should除表示“应该”外,还可用于表示情感、意志等句中的that从句。译“竟然、居然”。例如:Youcan’timaginethatawell-behavedgentleman_____besorudetoalady.A.mightB.needC.shouldD.would(答案C)(01上海)第二节推测1.根据某一事实、现象推测可能发生的情况。用must,may,might。下表比较了三者表示推测肯定程度的差别,以及对不同情况推测的表达方式。大可能性小对当前情况的推测对已发生情况推测对将来可能发生的情况mustbebedoingmusthavedone不能maybebedoingmayhavedonemaydomightbebedoingmighthavedonemightdo例:Youmustbetired.Gohomeandhaveagoodrest.(对目前的推测)Thelightisoninthelab.MrLimuststillbedoingexperiments.(对目前的推测)SorryI"mlate.Imighthaveturnedoffthealarmclockandgonebacktosleepagain.(对过去的推测)(2000北京春季)注:1)must表示推测仅用于对当前和已发生的情况,不能用于推测将来可能发生的事情。must表示推测仅用于肯定句。在否定句和疑问句中,必须用can/could取代must。MrLican’tstillbedoingexperimentsatpresent.MyEnglish-Chinesedictionaryhasdisappeared.Who___________havetakenit?A.should B.must C.could D.would答案C(03上海春季)2)may/might可以用于推测将来可能发生的情况,既可用于肯定句,也可用于否定句,但不能用于疑问句。在疑问句中,同样使用can/could。例:1.—IsJohncomingbytrain?—Heshould,buthe________not.Helikesdrivinghiscar.A.mustB.canC.needD.may答案D(02全国)2.—YoursonmayreturntoNanjingtomorrowbywayofHongKong.—Wonderful!Buthowcanhecome,byairorsea?2.根据经验或惯例对某一情况进行推测,用should或oughtto,常译成“按理应该…”或“可能会……”。It’snearlyseveno’clock.Jackshouldbehereatanymoment.时间已将近7点了,按理Jack该回来了。文案大全
实用文档第三节反思1.表示“当时本应该做,而实际上没有做”,用:①shouldhavedone或oughttohavedone②couldhavedone或mighthavedone句型①责备的语气强于句型②例:1.Mr.Whiteshouldhavearrivedat8:30forthemeeting,buthedidn’t’showup.(04广西卷)2.Hemighthavegivenyoumorehelp,eventhoughhewasbusy.2.表示“当时没有必要”做某事①needn’thavedone当时做了某事,但事实上没有必要Youneedn’thavetoldhimthenews;heknewitalready.didn’thavetodo通常指当时某事没有必要做且没有做。Shetoldmethatshehadadaughteranddidn’thavetohaveanotherbaby.第四节虚拟语气虚拟语气是指所说的话只是一个与事实相反的主观愿望或假想。虚拟语气可用于条件状语从句、名词从句以及其他结构中。一、if引导的非真实条件中的虚拟语气。1、三种形式。具体情况见下表:假设类型if条件句谓语动词形式主句谓语动词形式与现在事实相反动词用过去时形式(be用were)would/could/might+do(动词原形)与过去事实相反haddonewould/could/mighthavedone将来不可能发生weretodo或shoulddowould/could/might+do(动词原形)例:1.Iftherewerenogravity,wewouldnotbeabletowalkontheearth.假如没有引力,我们就不可能在地球上行走。2.Wewouldhavesucceededifwehadmadeenoughpreparations.当初要是作了充分的准备,我们就有可能成功。3.Thiskindofboilerisverysafe.Ifitweretogowrong,thecontrollingsystemwouldcutoffthefueloilsupplyautomatically.这种锅炉很安全。万一锅炉发生故障,控制系统会自动切断燃油的供给。2、if虚拟条件句的省略。若虚拟条件从句中有were,had,should,可把if省略,而把were,had,should提到主语前面,成为倒装结构。例:1.IfIwereyou,Iwouldacceptthechallenge.→WereIyou,Iwouldacceptthechallenge.2.Ifyouhadinformedmeearlier,Iwouldn’thavesignedthecontract.→Hadyouinformedmeearlier,Iwouldn’thavesignedthecontract.当初你要早点告诉我,我是不会签那个合同的。3、错综时间条件句。在这种虚拟条件句中,从句动作和主举动作发生的时间不一致,因此,从句和主句的谓语动词要根据各自所指的不同时间选择适当的动词形式。例:1.IfIwereyou,Iwouldhavetakenthatjob.(从句指现在,主句指过去)你错过了这么好的机会。我要是你,我当时就接受那份工作。文案大全
实用文档2.Hadherhusbandnotbeenkilledinthewar,shewouldnotbehelpingotherswithhouseworknow.(从句指过去,主句指现在)如果她的丈夫那时没有死与战争的话,她现在不会帮人做家务了。4、含蓄虚拟条件句。有时假设的情况并不以条件从句表示出来,而是以其他形式表现出来。1)介词短语butfor或without。译:“要不是,要是没有”。例:1.Butforelectricity(=Ifitwerenotforelectricity),therewouldbenomodernindustry.要是没有电,就不会有现代化工业。2.Withoutyourhelp(Ifithadnotbeenforyourhelp),wecouldnothavesucceeded.当初没有您的帮助,我们不可能成功。2)or或otherwise。句型:did(过去时),or/otherwisewouldhavedone.例:Iranallthewaytoschool,otherwiseIwouldhavebeenlate.我一路跑到学校,否则,我就会迟到了。3)but句型:(1)woulddobutdo(一般现在时)(2)wouldhavedonebutdid(一般过去时)Mydaughterwouldgainweightbutshedoesn’teatenough.----Whydidn’tyouhelphimout?----IwouldhavebutIdidn’thavemoney.5、wish后的宾语从句和ifonly引导的感叹句中的虚拟语气。wish后的宾语从句和ifonly引导的感叹句表达的是与客观事实相反的愿望,需用虚拟语气。wishthat从句=ifonly+从句译:“要是……就好了”或“但愿……”。1)愿望与事实相反。从句谓语动词用:were或did(过去时形式)IwishIknewtheanswertothequestion.=IfonlyIknewtheanswertothequestion.我要能知道那个问题的答案就好了。2)愿望与过去事实相反。从句谓语动词用:haddone(过去完成时形式)----Wehadagreattimelastnight.----IwishthatIhadnotbeenillyesterday.=IfonlyIhadnotbeenillyesterday.昨天我要是不生病那该多好啊!3)愿望将来不大可能发生。从句谓语动词用:would/could/mightdoIwishthatitwouldbefinetomorrow.=Ifonlyitwouldbefinetomorrow.但愿明天是个好天气。6、“(should)+动词原形”的形式在名词从句中的运用。在这些从句中should可以省略,具体运用在以下三种情况下。1)用在谓语动词为suggest(建议),insist(坚持),adivse(建议),order(命令),desire(希望),demand(require,request)(要求、请求)的宾语从句中。2)suggestion,advice(忠告),order,demand,desire(愿望)等名词后的同位语从句或表语从句中。3)在固定句型中:Itisimportant/necessary(essential)(必要的)/desirable(希望)that(should)do例:1.Isuggestthatourmanager(should)gotherebysea.我建议我们的经理由海路去那里。2.Ourdesireisthatwe(should)getariseinsalaryassoonaspossible.我的愿望是能尽快涨工资。文案大全
实用文档3.Itisessentialthatyou(should)winthevoter’shearts.赢得选民的心是绝对必要的。文案大全