自考现代英语语法学习笔记 第五章 -动词和动词词组 6页

第五章-动词和动词词组（1）时，体和将来时间定义5.0.2时&体Tense&Aspects时Tense:Englishverbshavetwotenses-Thepresenttense&Thepasttense,whicharetermedsimplepresent(tense)&simplepast(tense)iftheverbisnotpre-modifiedbyanauxiliary.5.1TenseSimplePresent&SimplePast一般现在时&一般过去时SimplePresent一般现在时一般用法1.Presenttime;2.Senseofperformance;3.Past;4.FutureSimplePast一般现在时一般用法1.Pasttime2.Hypothesis3.Specialattitude.1.Past(Lessimportant)1.常用于叙述体小说中。2.新闻标题CHILDRENSTASRVEINAFRICA3.图片解说MartinLutherkingdelivershislastspeech4.解释过程stagedirection5.与交流词汇配合发音（say,hear,tell…）Ihearyouaregettingmarried.1.Past根据时间副词，语境语义表示现在之前某个特定时间1.过去的事情，已结束。完成性(过去进行体)Thewarbrokeoutin1940.2.过去的状态HelivedinLondon.3.过去的习惯Iusedtogetuplate.2.Present1.表示不受时间限制的客观存在，如真理，格言等Theearthmovesaroundthesun.2.表示现状.Heisagoodman.MysislivesinNewYork.3.习惯永久不变（与现在进行体比较）动作与说话同时发生Wework5daysaweek.4.讲话瞬间发生的事,瞬间动作（与现在进行体比较）Iapologizeforbeinglate.5.体育解说6.现场操作说明。2.Present1.假设（表达与现实相反或者说话者的愿望，出现在非独立从句中，一般if引导）Ifyoudidn’tlovehim,youwouldn’tbesad.IwishIhadstrengthlikeyours.IfIwereaboy.2.礼貌用语(比一般现在时更委婉)Didyouunderstand?Iwonderedif…3.Future1.在独立从句中表示将来一定会发生的事情Youwillhavetoberesponsibleforeverythingyoudoafteryou’re18.3.Future1.表示假设出现在非独立句中。与一般过去时表示现在时类似，是不过有些时候根据上下文要表示的是将来时态.Whatifshedidn’tcallintenminutes? 5.2Aspect体TheprogressiveAspect&PerfectiveAspect进行体&完成体TheprogressiveAspect进行体表示动作在某一时间内正在进行，有持续性，暂时性和未完成神性等含义。ThePerfectiveAspect表示动作在一定的时间内处于完成状态。ThePresentProgressive现在进行体ThePastProgressive过去进行体Thepresentperfectprogressive现在完成进行体Thepastperfectprogressive过去完成进行体Thepresentperfect现在完成体Thepastperfect过去完成体ThePresentProgressive现在进行体ThePresentProgressive现在进行体1.Present1.与说话同时进行的动作。持续动作（与一般现在时比较）Theaudienceischeeringandsinging.2.表示一个临时持续的事情，某段时间的习惯.一段时间，会变化的（与一般现在时比较）MikelivesinParis,butheisstayingatSheffieldformyweddingatthemoment.3.与频率高的时间副词连用表示人物特性或者习惯。失去语法意义。(非赞同语气)Mywifeisalwayslosingherkeys.2.Past1.刚刚发生的事情(与说话时)。Whatareyoutalkingabout?Youaredisturbingtheclass.3.Future1.与计划相关的未来事情。暗示要为将来发生的事做些准备。与begoingto可互换。比其更有可能性。BeijingishostingtheOlympic.ThePastProgressive过去进行体1.Present假设句.I‘dratherwewereleavingearlytomorrowmorning./It’stimewewereleaving.2.Past1.表示过去正在进行的事，接表示时间点，时间段的副词.WewerestilllivinginNYin1995.Whatwereyoudoingatthistimeyesterday?2.作家描写常用手段，表明事情的同时性。Iwashavingdinnerwhenafriendcametocme.3.一项仍在进行的事情.不完整性。（一般过去时）Themanwasdying./Themandied.3.Future1.虚拟，比一般过去时更加礼貌谦虚，不确定性。与hope,wonder等连用。Iwashopingyoucoulddousafever.体Aspect:Reflectthewayinwhichverbactionisregardedorexperiencedwith 5.2.3Presentperfect&PresentPerfectProgress现在完成体&现在完成进行体Basicallyusedtodenotearelationbetweenthepastandthepresent,1.现在完成体指状态，习惯或者事情。最主要的特征是：过去发生的事情持续到现在或者对现状有影响.Johnhaslivedherefor10years.(statues)I’vewalkedtoworksinceIsoldmylastcar.(habit)MywifehasbeentotheUStwice.(event)2.PresentperfectVSSimplePast现在完成时VS一般过去时现在完成体指对现状有影响的动作，事情等。（未结束）一般现在时指某个做完了的动作。Shehasworkedhardallherlife.(aliveandprobablystillworkinghard)Sheworkedhardallherlife.(workedhardtilldead)3.Finished&Unfinisheduse&PresentPerfectProgress1.Finisheduse:MomentaryVerb&TransitionVerbneed.Shehasrecoveredfromillness.HehasleftforBritain.(强调状态)heleftforBritain(强调动作)2.Unfinisheduse:指某个states，habit或者在否定说表明一件木有发生的事I‘veknownhimfor30years./Shehasn’tcalledyetsincesheleft.3.PresentPerfectProgress：未完成用法的加强Theyhavebeenlivingheresincetheirmarriage.l现在完成进行时也可用来表示刚刚过去对说话时仍有影响的事情。I’msureshehasbeencryingagain.–Yes,hereyesarered.5.2.4Thepastperfect过去完成体&Thepastperfectprogressive过去完成进行体1.Finish&Unfinisheduse&PastPerfectProgress1.Finisheduse过去的过去发生的事情。在一个特定时间点的之前发生的事情或者状态.Whenwearrivedatthestation,thetrainhadalreadyleft.Canbereplacedby“SimplePast+表顺序的Conjunction(BeforeorAfter)”HehadlivedherebeforeImovedin.==HelivedherebeforeIlivedin.2.Unfinisheduse:过去一直在做的事Hewasfrustratedbecausehehadworkedonhispaperforlonganddidn’tseemtomakeprogress.3.使用动态动词（wait,work）的从句可用过去完成进行时带起来加强语气（表unfinished）.Hewasfrustratedbecausehehadbeenworkingonhispaperforlonganddidn’tseemtomakeprogress.2.虚拟用法。指过去木有发生的情况或者事情，由于已经发生了，所以也是不可改变的。lIf,ifonly,asif,asthoughIfyouhadworkharder,youwouldn’thavelostthejob.Ifonlyyouhadlivedherewithus.lThat-clausefollowingwish,wouldrather.Iwishyouhadn’ttoldherthenews.lExpect,intend,mean,suppose,think,wanttoexpressanunfulfilledintension&plan. Ihadwantedtocallyoubutmyphonebrokedown.Progressiveverb&Non-progressiveverbProgressiveverbActionVerbTransitionverbSensationVerbDurativeMomentaryLeave,die,changeFeel,hurt,acheWrite,ReadJump,HitNon-Progressiveverb,DynamicVervRelationVerbPerceptionverb感知动词AttitudinalVerbBe,Have,own,equalSee,smell,tasteThink,wonder1.3Future英语中没有“将来时”,但是可用几种不同的方式表达。Future1.Will/Shalldosth.1.表预见性,侧重于说话者的假设，对未来状况的预计。(speakeroriented)Idon’tthinkitwillraintomorrow./Workharder,oryouwillneverpasstheexam.2.非预见性，表示说话者的意愿，意图。（Subjectoriented）Iwillnevertalktohim.2.Begoingtodosth1.预见性2.非预见性表非预见性时，可以与WILL互换.DifferencebetweenWillandBegoingto1.预见性Begoingto:根据一定的证据对未来作出的推测。Will：说话者的随意猜想推测。2.非预见性Begoingto:接人物主语时，表示一个已经考虑好了的意图。Will:可表示在说话同时出现在说话者脑中的新想法。3.PresentProgressive现在进行体。（见现在进行体）1.与计划相关的未来事情。暗示要为将来发生的事做些准备。与begoingto可互换。比其更有可能性。BeijingishostingtheOlympic.与Begoingto可互换，比Begoingto可能性更大。*未来相关的事不包括人类力不能及的事情。4.SimplePresent一般现在时1.表示未来坚定不移会发生的事情。TomorrowisFriday.Possibility: SimplePresent>PresentProgressive>Begoingto>Will1.另一些表将来时的结构1.Willbedoingsth.1.将来持续性的时间。I’llbewaitingforyou..2.认为将来理所当然要发生的事情，帮助避免了自主选择的尴尬.I’llbedrivingat65milesanhour.（表示65公里时限速）I‘lldrivingat65milesanhour.(soundslikeapromise)2.Beabouttodo1.ANearfutureThebusisabouttocome.2.用在过去时中，表示一个马上要完成但是没有完成的动作.Iwasabouttoleavewhenshecame.3.Betodosth.1.与presentprogressive现在进行体相似，表示一个将来的安排或者计划。Themajoristovisitourschooltomorrow.2.表示MustYouaretofinishyourhomeworkbeforeyoucanwatchTV.2.表示假设，虚拟1.SimplePast:表示与现实相反，或说话者的意愿，（非独立句，需用if引导）：IfIwereaboy.2.ThePastProgressiveIt’stimewewereleaving./I’dratherwewereleavingearlytomorrowmorning.3.ThePastperfect假设过去没有发生的事情。Ifyouhadworkedharder,youwouldn’thavelostthejob.Iwishyouhadn’ttoldherthenews./Ihadwantedtocall,butmyphonebrokedown.3.礼貌用语1.SimplePast表委婉Didyouunderstand?2.ThePastprogressive+Hope/Wonder比一般过去时更加礼貌。Iwashopingyoucoulddousafever.4.连词Conjunction1.AlreadyandYetAlready–PositiveYet–Negative2.JustorNowNotincombination,canbeusedwithPresentPerfect.Justnow,denotingresentpast.Hewasherejustnow.3.ForUsedwithDurativeverbs,as“Live,read,work”.4.SinceDonottakenegativeform.MomentaryverbMarksthestartingpointdenotedbythePresentPerfect. TheDurativeverb,referstoastateleadinguptothatpointoftime.HehashadseveraljobssincehegraduatedforYale.HehashadseveraljobssincehewasastudentatYale.