自考现代英语语法学习笔记 第二章 句子类型 4页

第二章句子类型Sentencetype考点12.0Introduction句子类型和作用4种主要句型，陈述句(declarative)，疑问句(interrogative)，祈使句(imperative)，感叹句(exclamatives)1.Statementsareassociatedwithdeclarativesandprimaryconcernedwithgivinginformation.2.Questionsareassociatedwithinterrogativesandprimaryconcernedwithrequiringinfo.3.Commandsareassociatedwithimperativesandprimaryconcernedwithrequiringactions.4.Exclamationsareassociatedwithexclamativesandprimaryconcernedwithexpressingthespeaker’simpressionofsomething.2.1Statements陈述句陈述句通常分为肯定陈述句（Assertion肯定句）和非肯定句（NonAssertion非肯定句），与这两种陈述句用法相关联的有3类词，肯定词(Assertive)，否定词(Negative)和非肯定词(Nonassertive)。AssertionPositiveandDeclarativePositiveSentenceInterrogativeNonAssertionNegativeNegative考点22.1.1肯定词(Assertive)，否定词(Negative)和非肯定词(Nonassertive)以及使用AssertiveNonassertiveAssertiveWordsNonassertiveWordsNegativeWordsSomeAnyNoSomebodyAnybodyNobody….….…OneortheotherNeitherNeitherStillAnymore,AnylongerNomore,NolongerAlreadyYet*Positivestatementsusuallymakeassertion,thereforeweuseassertivewords.Questionsareusuallynonassertive,buttheycanbeassertivewhenanpositiveanswerisexcepted,therefore,bothassertive&nonassertivewordscanbeused.*Negativestatementsoftenuse1:not+Nonassertiveword;2:NegativewordIdonothaveanynewsforyou.Ihavenonewsforyou.*NonassertivewordsinNonassertivecontext.1.接在有否定意思的词后Theyrefusedtostayhereanylonger.2.If从句ifanyonecallsme,itmustbeJohn.3.putativeshould从句it’soddthatsheshouldsayanythinglikethat.4.比较句，heisbetterthananyoneelseintheclass. 2.1.2Negation否定句a.否定词一般是no,not,加强否定词：never,notatall,notasingle,bynomeans,notabit,notintheleast,考点3半否定词，negativeinmeaningbutnotinappearance.Seldom,Hardly,Rarely,barely,scarcely,little,few…b.否定范围1.thescopeextendsfromnegativewordstotheendofthesentence.2.Differentintonationonendplaceadverbial.3.thescopedoesn’tincludedisjunctionorconjuncts.4.Aparticularstress.(intonation)5.Allandeveryindifferentstress.(Intonation)考点4c.否定转移transfernegationnormallyoccurswiththewordsexpress”:opinion”think,believe,suppose,image,expert,Idon’tthinkhewillcome.butthesewords:assume,fear,surmise,presume.Idon’tassumethatthey’vealreadywonthegame.≠Iassumethattheyhaven’twonthegame.2.2Questions疑问句4种句型，一般疑问句YES-NOQuestion,特殊疑问句WH-question,选择疑问句alternativequestion,附加疑问句tagquestion.YES-NOQUESTIONS作用:queryingthetruthofastatement.特点：用non-assertivewords.作用:askingforconfirmationofspeaker’sassumption.特点:AYES-NOQuestionwithpositiveorientationuseassertivewordsinsteadofnonassertive.Doyouhavesomequestions?(expecttosayyes,)作用:expressthespeaker’snegativeattitudetowardshisownassumption.特点：negativeorientation,withnegativewords.Don’tyouhaveanysenseofhumor?(Ithoughtyouhad,butyoudon’t)作用：asimperative特点：negativeorientation,withnegativewords.Won’tyoucomein?/sitdown?作用：asexclamation特点：negativeorientation,withnegativewords.isn’titlovely?WHQUESTIONS特殊疑问句作用：requiresomespecificinformationInthereply.Notquerythetruthofthestatement,but askfordetailsaboutapartofit.AlternativeQuestion选择疑问句Twosubclasses:1)formedonthebasisofYES-NOQuestion,2)formedonthebasisofWH-Question.Wouldyouliketeaorcoffee?Tea,please.No,thanks.(coffee升调)Whatwouldyoulike,teaorcoffee?Tea,please.TagQuestion附加疑问句Thetagcanbespokenwithrisingtoneandfallingtone.Risingtone(likeayes-noquestion):Expressthespeaker’sneutralexpectationofthehearer’sresponse,andinvitethehearertoverifythetruthofthepropositioninthestatement.Fallingtone（similartoexclamation）:thespeakeraskforthehearer’sconfirmationofthestatementratherthanverificationthetruth.考点5Irregularquestiontags.*Let’s…..,shallwe?*Everyoneishere,isn’the?Isn’tthey?*Have做助动词时，反义疑问句用haven’tYouhavealreadyheardthenews,haven’tyou?Haveto词组，用doTheyhavetoliveontheirown,don’tthey?Have除了表述“占有，拥有”时，都用don’tYouhadyourhaircut,don’tyou?Youhavealotoffriends,haven’tyou?Don’tyou?May用can’t做反义疑问句。Oughtto用shouldn’t做反义疑问句。2.3Commands祈使句祈使句的强调形式：考点61.加主语You,但不可加please了。Youbepatient;youshutup.2.句首加doDobequiet.祈使句的否定形式1.Don’t+Nonassertivewords.EatsomethingDon’teatanything.2.Let祈使句，在let后加not或在句首加don’tLetmetryagain.Letmenottryagain. Don’tletmetryagain.考点71.4Exclamations感叹句2majortypes:What-exclamationsandHow-exclamations.What-exclamations:canbesubject,object,complement,adverbial可修饰单数，复数以及不可数名词。Whatalargeantisapproaching!(Subject)Whatastrangefriendyouhave.(Object)Whatagoodideaitis!(Complement)Whatalongtimeheisbeenworking!(Adverbial)介词一般在what前面Inwhatadangeroussituationtheserefugeesare!How-exclamations:adjective,adverb,verbHowfoolishyouare!HowIloveyou!How+Adj.onlymodifiessingularnoun.